T D /B /C ,4 /2 2 2 /R e v .l
UNITED N^TIDN^ CONFERENCE ON TR^DE ^N D DE¥ELO?^ENT
Review
of maritime transport, 1980
UNITED N^TION^
UNITED N^TIDN^ CONFERENCE ON TR^DE ^N D DE¥EEO?^^ENT
Geneva
Review
of maritime transport, 1980
Report by the secretariat
‫م‬
٠/ UNCTAD
I
UNITED N^TION^
New York, 1983
NO TE
Symbols o f United N ations docum ents are composed o f capital letters
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T D /B /C .4/222/R ev.l
UNITED NATIONS ?UBEIOATION
Sales No. E.83.II.D.4
00700P
CONTENTS
A bbreviations,
E xplanatory notes
In tro d u c tio n
Vi
...
Sum m ary o f m ain d ev e lo p m e n ts in 8 0 ‫و ل‬.
Paragraphs
Chapter
I.
1-11
‫د‬
12-^6
7
12-19
20-24
25
26
7
8
11
D.
Size and o ١٧ners ‫ ط‬ip o f tlie world Beet . . ٠ . . . ٠ . ٠ . ٠
T p e s o f v e s s e ls
A ‫ ج‬e distribntion o f the world m erehant Beet . . . . . .
C om parison o f cargo turnover with Beet ownership
T he
productivity of the w orld fleet
27-32
17
A.
B.
Estimates o f tons and ton-m iles per dwt
Estimates o f tonnage over-snpply . . . . . .
27-^9
30-32
17
17
S h ipruildino . .
33-46
19
A.
B.
33-36
37-44
45-46
19
19
23
47-54
24
47-52
24
53
54
24
26
T he
development of international seaeorne trade
O evelopment
A.
B.
c.
II I.
IV.
٧ .
c.
VI.
c.
marrets
................................................ ..
Freight rates o f m ain cargo se c to rs......................................................
Einer freight rates as a percentage o f prices of selected comm odi t i e s ............................................................... ...............................................
Estimates o f global freight c o s ts ..........................................................
C ther
A.
B.
.........
Ship prices
Tonnage on o r d e r . . . . . . . .
deliveries o f new bnildings
F reight
A.
B.
of the w o rld merchant fleet
.
develgpm ents .....................................................................
55-60
Code o f C onduct for Einer Conferences . . . . . . . . . .
C onvention on international m nltim odal tra n s p o rt. .
U N CTA D technical assistance in shipping and ports
55-56
5?
58-60
TABLES
1. Developm ent o^lnte^n^tlon^l $e^^o^ne trade, 1965, 19?5? 19 , ‫ ه‬and 19??-19?9 .
2. W orld ^еабогпе trade in 1965, 19?6, 19?5 and 19??-19 ‫ ﻫ ﺔ‬, by type^ o f cargo . . .
3. W orld seaborne trade in 1965, 1970, 1977-1979, by type^ o f cargo and $lrare$ of
gronp^ o f conntrie$
4. D istribution o f world tonnage (grt and dwt) by groups of countries of
registration, 1965, 1970, 1979 and 19^0
5. True m anagem em o f open-registry fleets, 1980
6. Benellcial ownership o f open-registry fleets, 1980 . . ٠ ..٠ . . . . . . . . . . . .
٠. . . . .
7. Analysis o f tire world fleet by principal types of vessel, 1970, 1975 and
1978-1980
8. € o n tain e r tr a f ic in selected ports of developing countries, 1978 and 1979 . . . . .
9. ?ercentage shares o f w orld tonnage by type o f vessel (as at 1 July) 1965, 1970,
1979 and 1980
10. D istribution of world fleet and TEU capacity o f fully cellular container ships
by groups o f countries, mid-1980
11. Age distribution o f world m erchant fleet by type o f vessel as at 1 July 1980 . . .
12. € om parison between total cargo turnover and fleet ownership by groups o f
countries, 1970, 1975, 1977 and 1978
13. € a rg o tonnage carried, and ton-m iles per dwt o f total world fleet, 1970 and
1973-1980
14. Estim ated productivity o f tanl‫؛‬ers, bulh carriers, combined carriers and the
residual fleet: ton-m iles perform ed per dwt, 1970 and 1973-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. Estim ated productivity o f ta n ^ r s , bul^ carriers, combined carriers and the
residual fleet: tons carried per dwt, 1970 and 1973-1980
16. R p re sen ta tiv e new building prices, 1 9 7 5 -1 9 8 0 ..... ٠٠ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
٠. . . .
17. W orld tonnage on order at the end o f each quarter, 1978-1980 ٠
...
٠ . ٠. . ٠ . . . .
18. D istribution of tonnage on order by type of vessel and by country o f registry,
as at 30 September, 1978-1980
19. W orld tonnage on order as at 30 $eptem ber 1980
20. D istribution of tonnage on order by groups of country o f build, 1970 and
1978-1980
21. Deliveries o f new buildings, 1978-1980
22. D istribution of deliveries o f new buildings by groups o f countries o f build,
1978-1980
23. Freight rate indices, 1978-1980
24. The ratio o f liner freight rates to prices o f selected commodities, 1970 and
1 9 7 6 - 1 9 7 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ٦٠ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. Estimate of total freight costs in w orld trade, 1970 and 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 7 9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
4
5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
22
25
26
26
ANNEXE.‫؟‬
I.
II.
€lassiEcation o f countries and te rrito rie s
٠. . ٠ . . . . . ٠ . ٠
W orld seaborne trade according to geographical areas, 1965, 1970, 1977 and
1978
III. M erchant fleets o f the world by flags of registration, groups o f countries and
territories and types o f ships, in grt and dwt, as at 1 July 1980
29
31
34
ABBREVIATIONS
b.h.p.
c.i.f.
dw t
EEC
f.o.b.
GDP
GNP
grt
I^ C O
I^ F
LN G
EPG
OBO
OECD
r o /r o
TEU
ULCC
UNDP
VLCC
brake horsepower
cost, insurance, freight
deadweight tons
European Econoinic Com m unity
free on board
gross domestic product
gross nationai product
gross registered tons
Inter-G overnm ental M aritime Consuhative O rganisation
In te r n a tio n a ^ o n e ta r y Fund
liquefied natural gas
liquefied petroleum gas
o re/b u lk /o il
Organisation for Econom ic C o-operation and Development
roll-on/roll-off
^©-foot equivalent unit
ultra large crude carrier
United N ations Development Programme
very large crude carrier
EXPLANATORY NOTES
" "
to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, nnless otherwise
specified.
References to tons are to metric tons, nnless otherwise specified.
A h‫^؛‬phen between }?ears, e.g. 1980-1983, signifies the fnll period
involved, including the first and last years.
An obliqne stroke between two years, e.g. 1980/81, signifies a financial
year.
Two dots ( ..) signify that data are not available or are not separately
reported.
A dash ( - ) signifies that the am onnt is nil or less than half the nnit
nsed.
n.e.s. indicates that data are not elsewhere specified.
The classification o f countries and territories used in the Review is
intended for statistical convenience and does not necessarily imply any
Judgement regarding the stage o f developm ent o f any particular country.
IN TR O D U CTIO N
The Review o f M aritime Transport is an annnal publication prepared by
the secretariat o f U N CTA D in accordance with section V of the program m e
o f w or^ o f the Committee on Shipping . ‫ ا‬The purpose o f the Review is to
outline and analyse the m ain developm ents in world m aritim e transport in
the past year and to assess expected future short-term developments. To the
extent possible, historical data are included to reflect long-term trends.
Em phasis is given to developm ents in developing countries, in particular to
the developm ent of their m erchant m arines, and how they com pare with
developm ents in other groups o f countries. The usual chapter on port
developm ents has not been included this year because o f the initiative taken
by ^he Com m ittee on Shipping to undertake a pilot study on a port data
bank. 2
١ $٠٠ the report of the Committee 0‫ ه‬its foorth session (Official Records o f the Trade and
Development Board, Tenth Session, Supplement No. 5) (TD/B/301), ^nne^ III.
‫ أ‬See the report of the Committee on its ninth session (ibid.. Twenty-second Session,
Supplement No. 4) (TD/B/825), nnne^ I, resolution 35 (IX), para. 4.
SUMM ARY O F M AIN D EV ELO PM ENTS IN
(‫ )ل‬There was wide variation in the growth o f seaborne trade during
1980, with t a n ^ r eargoes declining, dry-bulk cargoes increasing significantly and liner cargoes increasing moderately.
(ii) The si^e and distribution o f the w orld fleet rem ained essentially
unchanged, but the developing countries increased the‫؛‬r share from 9.4 1t‫؟؟‬
p er cent o f the world deadweight tonnage, thus achieving the target they had
set for the Second United N ations Oevelopment Decade.
(iii) Reflecting the trends in world trade and in freight m arkets, th‫؟‬re
were distinct differences in shipbuilding trends as regards vessels o f different types. There was a large increase in orders for bulk carriers and
com bined carriers, while orders for tankers and other types o f vessels
declined.
(iv) In the dry-bulk cargo sector, charter rates increased significantly,
especially in the coal and grain trades. D n the other hand, tanker rates were
generally depressed. Liner tariff rates appear to have increased moderately,
but total rates are being further increased by surcharges.
(v) In 1981, it is likely that trends in seaborne trade, world shipping
and freight m arkets will follow the same pattern as in 1980.
Chapter I
TH E D EV ELO PM EN T O F INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE TRADE
1. The volume o f world seaborne trade
increased signiEcantly in 1979, with total trade
increasing by 8.9 per cent. Trade in each o f the
m ain cargo sectors also increased: tanker cargoes
by 8.3 per cent and dry cargoes by 9.6 per cent, o f
which the m ain dry-bulk commodities rose by
14.2 per cent.^ The bulk cargo sector accounted for
75 per cent of total world trade (of which 48.3 per
cent consisted o f tanker cargoes, 26.3 per cent of
m ajor dry-bulk commodities and 6.4 per cent o f
m inor bulk items).^ Gargo carried in the liner
sector, tram p and other specialized cargoes, for
which data are not available, accounted for the
rem aining 25 per cent. The details o f seaborne
trade from 1965 to 1979 (the last year for which
data are available) are shown in table 1.
2. D n the basis o f prelim inary data, in 1986
there was an overall decline in the volume o f world
seaborne trade, although trade in some commodities increased signiEcantly.‫ ؛‬Tanker cargo declined
by around 8.4 per cent and iron-ore trade by
5.2 per cent. Dn the other hand, coal trade
increased by 8.2 per cent, grain trade by 1.6 per
cent, ^ n d there was a notable increase in the
shipm ents o f sugar. The rem ainder, including cargo
carried in the liner sector, increased by about 3 per
cent.
3. The decline o f the total world seaborne trade
in 1986 was largely due to a deceleration of the
w orld economic growth, especially in the m ain
industrialized countries, and to various other related factors, including inflation, which had a
depressive im pact on dem and, and the wide use o f
im port restrictions by m any countries as a means to
overcome their external deEcits. In 1986, the G D ?
o f the O EC D countries is estimated to have
increased by a mere ‫ ا‬per cent (3.3 per cent in
1979) , ‫ ه‬that o f developing countries ha ‫ ة‬been forecast to increase by 5.3 per cent (5 per cent in 1979)
and the planned growth o f national incom e of
socialist countries of Eastern Europe was 4.1 per
cent (2.2 per cent actual growth in ‫ل‬979 (. ‫آ‬
‫ أ‬tJ^ited Nations, Monthly Bulletin ٠/ Statistics, January
issues for the years 1965-1978; for 1979, data reeeived from th‫ف‬
tJnited Nations Statistical Office.
٠ B^sed 0‫ ؟‬Fearnley and Egers ‫ ؟‬bartering €o. Ltd., World
Bulk Trades J979 and Review /‫( ﻣﻤﺤﻮ‬Oslo).
‫ ؛‬Fearnley and Egers Chartering €o. Ltd., Review 1980
(Oslo).
٠ OECD, Economic Outlook, No. ^8, December 198B.
‫ أ‬Ororvth rates for developing countries and for socialist
countries of Easter‫ ؟‬Europe ^re tahen from the report by the
UNCTAD secretariat, “World economic outlool،, 198B-1981”
(T D /B /8 0 3 /A d d .l).
4. A part from the world eeo!romle recession,
the decline in the t a n ^ r cargo trade was cansed by
increased efforts to conserve energy and by the
increased use of coal and other snbstitntes for oil in
pow er generation. A nother factor was the existence
o f large stochs o f oil in the m ain consuming conntries, accum ulated partly as a means to offset
supply uncertainties and partly for speculative
stockholding in expectation of oil price increases.
W hereas in 1979 the bnilding of oil stoc،:s had
resulted in increased trade, in 1980, the lim itations
set by storage capacity restrained any such
increases. Finally, increased dom estic oil production in some m ajor oil-consum ing areas, including
the United States of America and the U nited Ringdom o f ^ re a t Britain and N orthern Ireland,‫ ؟‬offset
some o f the dem and for oil imports.
5. The fall in the iron-ore trade can be attributed to a decline in world steel production. This
decline, due m ainly to the economic recession and
the running down o f stocks, affected the m ajor
iron-ore importing countries, including Japan, EEC
and the United States.‫؟‬
6. The increase in coal shipm ents, which was
m ainly o f therinal coal and not coking coal,
resulted from increased substitution of coal for oil
in power generation rather than from expansion in
industrial output. The expansion in the shipments
o f grain and o f sugar was due to poor harvests
during 1979/8© in some o f the large importing
countries. The m oderate increase in the trade carried in the liner sector reflected the general slowdow n in the overall world industrial production.
7- The world seaborne trade in terms of tonmiles in shown in table 2. D uring 1979, the total
ton-m iles had increased following a rise in tonnages of most cargoes. By contrast, in 198©, total
ton-m iles declined by 5.5 per cent, largely as a
result o f the decrease in cargo tonnages of crude
oil, oil products and iron ore. Fart o f the decline
was also attributable to a reduction in the average
length o f haul, especially for oil whose increased
shipm ents from Mexico and the N orth $ea were
closer to im porting areas than are the custom ary
shipm ents from the G ulf area, the size of which
shipm ents was reduced. However, the ton-m iles of
some cargoes, including coal and grain, increased
as a result o f increases in tonnage volumes.
•‫ ؟‬Petroleum Economist (London), vol. XLVIII, No. 1 (January
1981).
‫ ﺀ‬Based on estimates of tire International Iron and $teel
Institute.
T a b le 1
Development of international seaborne trade,197 ,1970 ,1965 < ‫ﺀ‬$ and 1977-1979
{Goods loaded)
Dry cargo
Total
(all goods)
O f which : main bulk
Tanker cargo
Total
Year
970
975
977
z
862
1446
1644
1 891
1856
2 663
9
13
-1 6
2.6
-2 .2
8.3
6
327
812
1 165
1 428
1 577
1626
1775
16
645
: ‫ ة‬.‫ﺀ‬
762
3.4
14.2
1674
2 605
3 072
3 468
3 470
3 778
11
-4
$.0
0.‫ا‬
8.9
Sources; (1) For tanlter cargo, total dry cargo and all goods: data communicated to
the UNCTAD secretariat b‫ ار‬the Statistical Office o f the United Nations. Owing to
possible subsequent revisions or other facto», these detailed data may di№ r marginally from the aggregated figures reported in the United Nations, Monthly Bullelitt ٠/
Statistics, January issues.
(2) For main built commodities: Featrtley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., World
‫ﺳﻪ‬،?<‫ ﺀﺀﻫﻪ‬, ‫ ﺀا‬/ ‫( ﺀ‬Oslo).
“ Including international cargoes loaded at ports of tlte Great Laites and St. Lawrence s‫^؛‬stent for unloading at ports of tlte sante s‫؛‬tstent, But excluding suclt trairic in
main Built commodities; also including petroleum imports into Netherlands Antilles
and Trinidad and ToBago for refining and re-export.
although for the grain trade the increase in the
average length o f haul was the m ain contributing
factor.
9. W ith regard to prospects for ‫ ا‬98 ‫ ل‬, available
estiinates predict that there may be some recovery
from the curreut world economic recession but that
the rate of growth may I30t differ sig^iBcaiTtly from
th at o f 1980. ^ e a l ‫ ? □ ة‬of O ECD countries is
expected to grow by 1 per cent, the same as for
19‫ ة‬0 , ‫ ﻣ ﻞ‬the G D P o f developing countries by 5.8 per
cent, and that o f socialist countries o f Eastern
Europe by 5 per cent.‫ ؛؛‬Industrial output, particularly in the O EC D countries, is expected to increase
only slightly.
8. The distribution o f seaborne cargoes by
groups o f countries o f loading and unloading from
1965 to 1978 (the last year for which complete data
are available) is shown in table 3. In 1978, the
distribution of goods loaded showed only negligible
changes in relaBon to 1977. The developing countries had a share of 59.1 per cent (59.5 per cent in
1977), the developed m arket-econom y countries
34 per cent (33.4 per cent) and the socialist countries 6.9 per cent (7.1 per cent), ? o r im ports, (h‫؟‬
developed market-ecoi)omy countries unloaded
72.6 per cent (76.5 per cent), the developing countries ^1.7 per cent (18.2 per cent) and the socialist
countries 5.7 per cent (5.3 per cent).
، Iron ore, grain, coal. Bauxite/alumina and phosphate.
10. As a result o f the lack of signiBcant
improvements in economic growth, total world sea!٠ OECD, ‫ ﺀﺀاﺀﺀم«مﺀﺀ‬Outlook, N ٠. 28, December 1980.
١٠ $ee the report by the UNCTAD gecretBrl^t, “Worl4 ecouom‫؛‬c outlooh, 1980-1981” (TD/B/803/A<l<l.l).
T able 2
W orld ‫؛‬
‫ ؛‬trade !a 1965, 197a, 1975 aad 1977-
, by types of cargo
{Billions o f ton-miles)
Сто،/«
Oil
Year
1965
1976
..............
٠٠
...........
٠٠. . .
1977
1978 ‫ م‬. . . . ‫ م‬.. ‫ ﻣ ﻢ‬.. ‫ م‬.. ‫م‬
1 9 7 9 ................
1986 ( e s ti m a t e d ) ......
9 614
8 656
Iron
ore
527
693
471
472
995
16 ................
384
985
6619
1 645
926
486
6462
896
5975
Го
Source: Feamley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review ‫ هﺀﺀا‬Gslo.
• Ineluding wheat, maiae, barley, oats, rye, sorghum and soya beans.
Other
Coal
Grair^
216
481
621
643
664
786
876
449
475
734
861
945
1626
1676
£ ٠^٠
1537
2 118
2 816
3 226
I 'm
3 696
Total
trade
Гз!
15 363
17 517
17 634
17 675
16 716
11.
The coal trade is expected to continue to
increase substantially by inore than 10 per cent in
view o f the expected increase in t^ie dem and for
steam ‫ ﺀ‬0‫ق‬1. ‫ ﻟ ﻞ‬Likewise, grain trade is likely to
expand significantly be‫ ؟‬ause o f large im port
requirem ents in some m ajor consuming cou‫؟‬itri‫ ؟‬s.
The trade in m inor bulks and cargo carried in the
liner sector is expected to increase only m o‫!؛‬erateJ^
in view of the projected low growfh of world
industrial output.
borne trade is expected to stagnate, although the
growth pattern experienced in 198^ may be repeated, with trade in some commodities increasing
significantly. W ith dem and for oil expected to continue to decline, owing to low economic growth
coupled with oil conservation and increased use of
coal, the oil trade is likely to continue to decrease
in 1981. While world stee‫ ؛‬production is forecast to
increase by 3.2 per cent,‫ ^؛‬this may not stimulate
m uch growth in the iron-ore trade, especially since
the additional production will not take place in the
m ain iron-ore im porting countries, including Зарап
and EEC.
‫ أ ل‬Based on H.P. Drewry (Shipping Consultants) Ltd., The
Growth ofSteam Coal Trade—A Review and Forecast o f International Trade in Thermal Coal ،،«،‫ ؛‬Shipping Requirements: ‫ﺢ ﺀ ئ‬،‫ا‬-‫ﻣ‬
1990, Survey No. 22 (London, 1980), ahd other sourees.
on estimates of the International Iron and Steel
Institute.
T a b le 3
World seaborne trade ‫ ﺀ‬In 1965, 197© and 1977-1979 b,
by types of cargo and shares of groups of conntries ‫ﺀ‬
{Millions o f tons and percentages o f world total)
Goods I
Total all
‫ أ‬and year
Dry cargo
Crude
Petroleum
Crude
Total all
Dry cargo
Trade in millions o f tons
W orld
240
330
812
1 165
1978 ............................................... 1 604
296
1 9 7 9 ٠٠ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0032
1650
1775
1965 ...............................................
1970 ...............................................
1965 ...............................................
1970 ...............................................
1977 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
1979.......................
622
1 110
37.2
42.6
46.1
45.2
14.3
12.7
8.5
8.3
53.0
1674
2 605
3 468
3 550
3 778
622
1101
1 585
1 634
2 039
832
1 127
1536
1570
1742
Percentage share o f each category ofgoods in total
49.7
100.0
11.9
44.6
43.5
44.7
100.0
9.3
44.6
46.1
45.4
100.0
44.5
46.4
9.1
100.0
46.5
46.1
47.0
100.0
Percentage share o f trade by i
Developed marhet-economy eountries
1965 ...............................................
1970 ...............................................
1977 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
0.1
2.0
5.3
3.4
23.3
27.1
30.2
28.8
Soeialist countries of Eastern Europe
and Asia
1965 ...............................................
1970 ...............................................
1977 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
4.6
3.4
5.0
5.6
8.9
8.0
16.5
16.6
4.6
3.4
4.1
5.0
8.9
8.0
16.0
15.6
6.8
6.9
6.4
5.4
6.2
—
—
0.9
0.6
—
—
0.5
1.0
1.4
0.6
O f which:
Eastern Europe
1965 ...............................................
1970 ...............................................
1977 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
Asia
1965 ...............................................
1970 ...............................................
1977 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
222
302
321
321
55.9
60.0
62.5
64.7
7.4
6.4
1.0
1.0
78.1
79.9
76.5
5.9
2.4
8.9
5.7
0.9
2.4
1.4
‫ ه‬7
3.7
4.2
4.9
0.1
0.1
1.7
0Л
0.5
2.1
0.8
1.1
1.0
3.9
4.0
74.8
6.9
0.4
1.7
3.1
0.4
1.0
5.6
5.9
1.0
‫ أ‬ofcountries
1.0
1.1
34.0
0.5
0.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
76.5
79.5
71.7
78.9
7.1
6.9
1‫ س‬.‫م‬
79.0
79.6
79.1
79.3
31‫د‬
6.1
1676
2 530
3 442
3 525
3 781
2 .4
T a b le 3
{continued)
I
Goods i
Petroleum
Total ٠//
‫ﺢ‬٠٠‫ﺀ ﻣ‬
Country grouping and year
Developing countries
1965 ....................................
1970 ...............................................
1977 . ٠................................
1978 .. ‫ م‬... ‫ ﻣ ﻢ‬... ‫ م‬.. ‫ م‬. ‫ م‬... ‫ ﻣ ﻢ‬.
Ofwhich:
Africa
1965 ..............................................
1970 ........................................
1977 ..............................................
1978 ..............................................
95.3
94.5
89.6
91.0
16.0
25.4
16.6
21.0
America
1965 ...........................................
20.9
1970 ..............................................
12.2
1977 ...........................................
6.0
1978 ...........................................
6.3
Asia
1965 ..............................................
58.4
1970 ...........................................
56.9
1977 .............................................. 67.0
1978 ...........................................
63.7
Europe
1965 .....................................................
1970 .....................................................
1977 .....................................................
1978 .....................................................
Dceania
1965 ...............................................
—
—
1970 ...............................................
1977 ...............................................
—
—
1978 ...............................................
67.8
64.7
53.3
54.6
35.9
1.7
10.6
2.4
9.1
6.1
42.8
36.2
26.2
11.1
1.7
10.8
16.0
10.9
10.7
Total all
Dry cargo
1.0
; ٠ ^٠
20.0
17.6
17.8
18.5
18.3
18.8
16.7
20.2
22.2
1«7
5.1
4.1
3.6
4.1
3.6
4.5
4.7
‫ل‬6
.
6.0
4.3
4.4
7 -7
5.7
7.0
7.1
10.5
9.0
6.0
9.0
29.4
2.9
7.5
7.5
6.4
10.3
10.8
35.9
7.3
8.6
11.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.4
.0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.2
20.7
17.9
16.2
22.0
21.0
23.3
23.0
24.5
61.8
62.8
59.5
59.1
Petroleum
Crude
Source .*Annex II to the present review.
٠ Including international cargoes loaded at ports o f the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence s^^stem for unloading at ports of the same s^^stem, but excluding such traffic in
main bulk commodities. Including petroleum imports into Netherlands Antilles and
Trinidad and Tobago for refining and re-expo«.
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
9.5
0.1
0.2
07
0.2
ь Preliminary estimates from data to be published in the United Nations, Monthly
Bulletin ofStatistics.
٠ See annex I below for the composition of these groups.
Chapter II
D EV ELO PM EN T O F TH E W ORLD M ERCHANT FLEET
A. Size and ownership of the world fleet
12. A summ ary o f the size o f the world fleet
and its distribution by groups o f countries for
selected years is given in table 4. The tonnage of
the w orld fleet showed an insignificant growth in
1979-1980; from mid-1979 to mid-1980, it increased
by merely 1.7 per cent in grt and 1.4 per cent in
dwt. These rates o f increase were similar to those of
1978-1979 (1.7 per cent o f grt and 1.6 per cent of
dwt) and they com pare unfavourably with the average annual growth rate of 6.7 per cent o f grt and
7.4 per cent o f dwt tonnage achieved over the
longer-term period o f 1971-1980.
13. As in 1978-1979, the stagnation in the size
o f the w orld fleet in 1979-1980 resulted from the
continued decline in the volume of new deliveries
com bined with a relatively high volume of scrapping, and also from a large am ount o f tonnage lost.
Indicative figures show that during the period July
1979 to July 1980, there was a total of 13 million
tons grt o f new deliveries,‫ ^؛‬while over the same
period the total tonnage scrapped or lost was
around 9 m illion ton? g rt.‫ ^؛‬Therefore the net
increase was so small that it left the total tonnage
essentially unchanged. ‫ه؛‬
14. In 1981, the size o f the world fleet is likely
to continue to stagnate in line with the situation in
seaborne trade. ١Yhile there was some significant
increase in the volume of new orders during 19791980, the size o f the increase was not sufficient to
cause a significant increase in the volume o f new
deliveries during 1980-1981, especially as delivery
periods have tended to become long during the
shipbuilding recession, furtherm ore, the volume of
tanker tonnage to be scrapped is expected to be
large in 1981 in view o f the current and future
deterioration o f tanker freight ^ a r ^‫؟‬ts, and also
owing to high costs associated with the m aintenance of old tankers in conform ity with new
IM GD tanker safety regulations.
15. At mid-1980, the developing countries
reached the target of 10 per cent ownership o f the
w orld dwt which they had set themselves to achieve
١٠ Based on figures supphed by Shipping information $ervices of Lloyd’s Register o f Shipping and Elo^d’s of Eondon
Press Etd.
‫ ﺀ ا‬Estimated from figures given in tnstitpte of Shipping Economics, Bremen, Shipping Statistics : Monthly Figures o f Shipping,
Shipbuilding, Ports and Sea Trade (edited by the institute). No.
2, February 1.1? ‫و‬
١٠ The implied figure of a net increase of 4 million tons grt
does not equal the fl,gure of increase of 6.9 million tons grt in
table 4 because o f dif] erences in the sources o f data on deliveries
on the ^ne hand and on scrapping and losses on the other.
by the end o f the ^eeond U nited N ations Developnient Decade, that is, by 1980. The com bined share
o f developed m ark t-eco n o m y conntries and openregistry countries dropped from 8^.1 per cent in
19?9 to 82.4 in 1980, although there were notable
variations am ong some im portant flags, with
Greece and Panam a showing large increases while
the Liberian tonnage fell slightly. The share o f the
socialist countries rem ained unchanged from 19?9.
10. T a ^ n g the long-term Developm ent Decade
period (1921-1980), the tonnage share owned by
developing countries declined in the early part of
the Decade, but subsequemly, between 19?4 and
1980, their fleet recorded higher growth rates than
the fleets o f the other groups and, as a result, their
share increased from 5.4 per cent in 19?4 to 10 per
cent in 1980. However, m ost of this growth was
confined to a few developing countries.
1?. With regard to the other groups o f countries, there was a m a r ^ d increase in the share of
open-registry countries, from 22.? per cent in 1971
to 31.1 per cent in 1980. This trend was directly
related to the decline in the share o f developed
m arket-econom y countries (from 64.5 to 51.3 per
cent) which were m aking an increasing use o f open
registries. An indication o f the extent o f the use o f
o‫ ؟‬en reg‫؛‬strie‫ ؟‬by ‫؟!؛‬vel^ped i‫ ؟‬ar^ ‫ ؟‬t-ec‫ ؟‬nom y countries is given in tables 5 and 6 which show, respectively, true m anagers and beneficial owners o f
open-registry fleets in 1980.
18. The tonnage share of the socialist countries
o f Eastern Europe and Asia rem ained fairly stable
throughout the Development Decade, inCreasing
from 6.5 per cent in 19?1 to 7.1 per cent in 198©,
although, taken separately, the socialist countries of
Asia have increased their share very substantially in
the last few years.
19. In the near future, changes in the relative
sizes o f the fleets o f the individual groups of
countries will largely depend on the ability of
developing countries to increase their fleet in the
bulk sector. Pursuant to resolution 42 ( I^ ) of the
Gommittee on Shipping, a group o f experts has
draw n up a questionnaire for submission to m ajor
im porters and exporters o f iron ore, phosphate and
bauxite/alum ina; the group is to reconvene in
Novem ber 1981 to evaluate the responses and to
draw up a report for submission to the Gommittee
on Shipping at its tenth session.
17
the report of the Group of Experts on Problems faced
by the Developing Countries in the Curriage o f Bulk Cargoes on
Its «rst session (TD /B /C .4/221-T D /B /C .4/A C .2/3).
T a b le 4
Distribution of world tonnage^ (grt and dwt) by groups of countrii ‫ ؛‬of registration, 1965, 1970, 1979 and
{Mid-year figures)
Tonnage and s
in groups o f countries
! .W
o rld
T O T A L ............
3.Dpen-reg!stry c o u n trie s....
4. Total 2 and 3 . . . . . . ٠٠. . . .
5. Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asi a. . . .
O f which:
Eastern Europe. . . . . . . . .
A sia
6. Developing countries . . . . .
) 100.0 )(100.0
102.7
(70.0)
22.1
124.8
141,
(65,
40,
(18,
182,
10.9
(7.4)
19,
10.3
(7.0)
0.6
18,
(8,
(0.4)
(8.
0.
(0.
10.4
14.
(6,
Ofwhich:
A ^ica . . . . . . . . ٠ ٠. . ٠ . .
America...............
A sia
Europe ٠ ..٠٠. . ٠. . . . . . .
D cea^a . . . . ٠ ٠ . ...... ٠ .
7. Dtlrer—unallocated . . . . . . .
i o f dwt
1979
1970
1980
673.7
217.9407.6
!4 6 .8
( 100.0)
2. Developed marketeeonomy countries . . . . .
1970
1965
^ o f grt
1979
0. 6
4.8
5.0
—
(
212.1
(loao)
( 100.0)
348.0
(51.6)
212.3
(31.5)
560.3
(52.0)
114.1
(28.0)
214.3
(51.7)
114.2
)‫ق‬7.5(
211.9
(65.0)
(80.0)
79.2)(
(8б!б)
(9.3)
‫إئ‬
10.2)(
0,
6,
7.
70.3
(21.6)
(6.6)
46.9
(7.0)
32.0
20.5
36.9
‫أ؟‬
10.0
0.4)(
20.5
6.3)(
(1.5)
63.4
(9.4)
Source: €ompiled on the basis ٠٢ data supplied by Shipping Information Services
o f Lloyd’s Register ofShipping and Lloyd’s o f London ?ress Ltd.
٠ Excluding the reserve fleet o f the United States o f America and United States and
B. Types of vessels
20. Table 7 gives the composition of the world
fleet by types o f vessels in grt. D uring 1979-1980,
the absolute size of the world tanker tonnage
rem ained essentially unchanged because the tonnage of new deliveries and other additions was
alm ost fully offset by an equivalent volume of
scrapping, conversions and losses . ‫ ﺀ ا‬In contrast to
1978-1979, when the tonnage volume o f tankers of
150,000 dwt and over increased, while that o f
smaller ones decreased, in 1979-19^0, both size
groups showed no significant change in volum e.9‫ل‬
21. Goncerning the other m ain types, bu lk /o il
carriers showed a m arginal decrease, while ore and
bulk carriers showed a small increase of nearly 2
١‫ ؟‬Based on dala supplied by $liippin£ Information Services
of Lloyd’s Register ofShipping and ‫] ا؟‬0‫ ة’ ﺟ ﺰ‬f^ o p d o n Press E(d.
and on lobn I. Jacobs ahd €o. Etd., World Tanker fleet Review
‫ س ﺀ‬، ‫ س ؛‬January-June 1980.
> ‫ و‬$lrippin^ Inforptation Service of Lloyd’s Register o f Shipping and Llyod’s of Eondon Press Etd.
)‫ ئ‬5(
Canadian ^reat
100
100
414.5
) 100. 0(
350.1
(51.3)
41.7
212.6
34.4
1.5
76.1
33.4
10.6
18.8
361
10.1
311
209
517
(31.1)
7.1)(
217
10.9
1.6)(
) 10‫ت‬
0(
47.8
430
27.5
817
302
500
7.2
3.6
20.0
39.1
0.2
0.1
—
0.7
(0.5)
682.8
( 100.0)
Index
1980
1965-100)(
)‫ ﺗ ﺔ‬4(
(9.5)
,‫ئ؛‬
1980
Share o f
increase (percent
19801965
/ ‫ و‬/ ‫و‬- ‫مﺀوم‬
3.0
0.5)(
!
fleets,
0.5
—
١^^^
١٧in 1980 amounted respectively to 1.7, 1.7
^.٠ million grt.
b The shares an shown in t
per cent. C ontainer tonnage continued to register
SigniBcant growth a^ it had done in the five previous years, and in 1979-198G, its ahsoiute incr‫ ؟‬ase
was the largest ever except ^ r the one achieved in
1978-1979. This continued expansion is due to a
num ber of factors, including increased com petition,
which has induced expansion in capacity in order
to preserve acquired shares of cargo, and the extension o f containerization to new routes and commodities. The extent o f the increase o f containerization to new routes is illustrated in table 8, in which
the levels of container traffic in selected ports of
developing countries between 1978 and 1979 are
compared^ Tonnage of general cargo vessels
showed no significant growth.
22.
Lack of significant changes of the absolute
tonnage volumes o f the different types o f ships in
1979-1980 m eant that the distribution o f the total
world fleet by type o f ship rem ained essentially
unchanged, although it is notable that the sh‫ ؟‬re of
oil tankers continued to decline for the fourth
successive year.
‫‪ООО‬‬
‫ت؟"‪-‬ﺀ أم وﺀ ‪٠٠‬‬
‫‪١ 00‬ﻣ؛؟ﺒ ﻤ‪٣٦‬ﺈ ‪ 0 0‬ﺛ إل ؟أأﺀ ‪I00 Tt 00 00 <s‬‬
‫ﺞ؛‪гг‬إ‬
‫ﺋ ﻲ؛‪ 2‬ﺟ‬
‫وج‬
‫أ ‪ P 00‬؛و ‪ о‬و ‪j‬‬
‫ا ا ﻳ ﻤ ﺎ ا ا ا ﺳ ﺎ ا ا ا ا ا ا ﺳ ﺎ ا ا “ ة ا ص‬
‫| | |آ‪1‬‬
‫ص ﺀ‬
‫ا ا إل‬
‫^ ق‬
‫ﻗ ﻮ‬
‫| | | ت? ك | | إل‬
‫| ة ﺀ‬
‫ا ا ا ا ﻳ ﻤ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎ ا ا ﺳ ﺎ ا ^ ا ﺣ ﺖ‬
‫| | |ﺗ ﺔ |‬
‫ج‬
‫ق‬
‫‪ГЧ‬‬
‫‪ Й‬م? ‪S 5‬؟ ؟‬
‫أ‬
‫‪^rs‬‬
‫‪٠ 00‬‬
‫وص‬
‫؛ ؛ ؟‪I ٠‬‬
‫‪ 0 ٠ ٠ ٠٠‬ﻣﻢ ‪ 0‬ام‬
‫‪٢١‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪I 00‬‬
‫‪ГЯ‬‬
‫‪I II‬‬
‫م ‪٣٦‬‬
‫و ‪■S‬‬
‫'‬
‫ؤ اض‬
‫‪(N‬‬
‫ﻗ ﻮ ^ ﺀ ﺗ آل؟‬
‫ﻗﻘﻖ^ﺳﺴﻘﻘﺼﺔأص‬
‫ﻗ ﻤ ﻢ ﺀ ﻗ ﺘ ﺔ‪ 00‬أ ة ؟؟؟؛ و؛ ة ث ﺀ ﺀ‪00‬و ﺀ‬
‫^‪04‬‬
‫<‪00‬‬
‫آل‪ 0‬ا‪ 0‬ﻣ ﻣﻢ ﺎ‪-‬ﺗ ﻤ ﺒ ﻤ ﻢ‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫'‪*~OÔ‬؟‪IOO«N‬‬
‫‪ ïi‬ئ‬
‫‪ët‬‬
‫|;‪f‬‬
‫‪fl‬‬
‫ؤ خ<ق•‬
‫م ﺀ;‬
‫ةأ‬
‫؛‪ 0‬م‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫إؤ‬
‫‪fi‬‬
‫ﺀق‬
‫‪ ٧‬ﺀ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫| ة|‬
‫ﺋﺔ|!!‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺀة |‬
‫ق؛ث‬
‫؛ إل ق‬
‫‪<3ъ‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪ ٢ op 00 о‬؟ '‪-‬ﺀ ص ‪00‬‬
‫و ‪о 00‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﻳﻢ‬
‫—‬
‫ص‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫\‪о‬‬
‫© ؛‪٠٨о‬‬
‫ص‪٢١‬‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪٠٠‬؛ﻳ ﻢﻳ ﻢ و‬
‫‪٢٢١ 0 0‬‬
‫‪٠٠‬ﺄ ﻣ ﺂ ﻣ ﻖ ’‬
‫‪٨‬ﻣ‬
‫ﻫ ﺎ ﻗ ﺌ ﺜ ﻘ ﺘ ﺘ ﻮ ﻳ ﻤ ﺖ؛ و ﻣ ﺢ ‪ 0 0‬أ م ‪0 0‬‬
‫^ " ‪1 1 1 1 1‬‬
‫‪٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬
‫ص‪۶٠00٩۶‬‬
‫؛ | | | | | | | |‬
‫و‬
‫ا ا ا ا ا مي ﺴ ﺎ ا ا ا ا ا ا ا ‪ -‬ا ص‬
‫‪I I »I ٠‬‬
‫| | ة؟ ؛ ‪I‬‬
‫|‬
‫‪I I I‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ ر ر‬
‫“ | | |‬
‫أ ؟ | | و‬
‫| " | | |‬
‫و م‬
‫ﻣ ﻢ | |‬
‫ص ر‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٣١‬‬
‫ﺑمء‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫| | | " |‬
‫‪٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪ ٠‬ج س و ‪٢٨‬‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬
‫؛‪٢٨‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫يم‬
‫ق|ﻣﺢ‬
‫'‪00‬‬
‫‪N 00‬‬
‫‪1 ^ 1 1‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫؛ ‪1‬‬
‫ر‬
‫‪I ١٨‬‬
‫ﺀو ‪•٠‬‬
‫وة‪.‬‬
‫ﻳ ﻢ ‪٢٨‬‬
‫م ‪-‬م ؛‪0‬‬
‫أ ﻗ ﻮ § ة‬
‫وﺻﻮﺑﻤﻴﻤﺞ ‪0 0‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻤﺊ‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ص‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬
‫ﻳ ﻢ^‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫‪٢١^٢٨‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪rf‬‬
‫ي‬
‫ﻳﻢ ‪٢٨‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ق‬
‫‪0 0‬‬
‫ق‬
‫‪!٤‬‬
‫إﺀ ﺀ ه‬
‫‪0 'S‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ق§‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫زة‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫‪1‬؛ ‪ 2‬ﺗﺒﻢ ‪P‬ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫إ‬
‫■‬
‫‪ | 11‬ة | ة ق | ﻗ ﺄ‬
‫©‪١‬‬
‫&‬
‫ه‬
‫| §‬
‫هﺀ‬
‫أق‬
‫| أ |‬
^3. The distribution o f the world tonnage in grt
by groups of coumries and by types of vessel is
given in table 9. As in 1978-1979, the tonnage
shares o f developing countries increased in most
types of vessels, which resulted in the achievement
o f the 16 per cent share in 1986. However, during
1986, the changes in the relative shares were very
small.
try countries have a very high share (87 per cent) of
totai world TEU capacity; the developing countries
have a share of 7.3 per cent, praC ically all of
which is in Asia, and the socialist countries have a
share o f 3 per cent. The developed m arket-econom y
countries own most o f the fully cellular vessels
which account for the largest share o f the world
T E U capacity. As fully cellular vessels have the
fastest turn-rounds and hence the greatest cargo24.
Table 16 gives the distribution o f the world carrying capacity, ownership o f these vessels by the
fleet o f fully cellular container ships in terms of
developed market-econom y countries may offset the
T EU capacity for 1986. Its shows that the develgains which the developing countries have achieved
by building up their largely conventional fleets.
oped m arket-econom y countries and the open-regis-
T able 7
! of the world fleet
principal t^pea of vess<
1970, 1975 and 1978-1980 ‫ﺀ‬
(Thousands ofgrt^)
change
Principal types
1970
1975
1978
1979
1980
86 14©
(37.9)
15© ©57
(43.9)
175 035
(43.1)
174 213
(42.2)
175 00 4
(41.7)
135©
(0.6)
2 999
(0.9)
5 530
(1.4)
(1.6)
(1.8)
451
(©.6)
967
(0.3)
1930
(0.5)
2 079
(0.5)
2 249
(0 .5 )
114
189
247
237
- 4 .0
9 317
(3.7)
23 716
(6.9)
26 372
(6.5)
2 6 242
-1.0
(6.4)
(6.2)
Ore and bulk carriers.
38 334
(16.9)
61 832
(18.1)
80 173
(19.7)
81 827
(19.8)
83 355
(19.9)
Oeneral cargo (including passenger/cargo)
72 396
(31.8)
7© 399
(29.6)
79 675
(19.6)
81677
(19.8)
8 2 610
(19.7)
Container ships (fully cellular) . . . . . . . . . .
19© 8
(©.8)
6 244
(1.8)
8 674
11‫ ه‬tankers
Liquefied gas carriers
Chemical carriers .
Miscellaneous tankers
—
Bulk/oil carriers (including ore/oil carriers) .
Lighter carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ٠..
—
796
773
0.2)(
(0.2)
686
(0.2)
(0.2)
(0.3)
(0.4)
(0.4)
12 372
12 444
(3.0)
(3.1)
7 804
(3.4)
Ferries and passenger vessels - - - - - - - - -
2 991
I
(1.3)
To?AL (1 0 0 .0 )
Source: Lloyd’s Register o f ،!
1 9 7 0$9 ‫ة‬-‫( ا‬m idyear Figures).
‫ ﺀ‬The data in this table are
c.
763
1200
Fish ^ctories and carriers
Fishing (including factory tratvlers) . . . . . .
(3.1)
(1.8)
7 799
(3.4)
5 737
(1.7)
7 215
(1.8)
(1.9)
227 49 0
342 162
406 002
413 021
Ig: Statistical raWw (London), 1970, 197 ‫ و‬and
li?
16.2
7 250
(1.7)
1.9
11274
(2.4)
0).‫( أ‬
All other vessels
10.7
(2.1)
Vehicle carriers٠ . . . . . . ٠. . ٠. . ٠. . ٠٠. ٠. . .
0.5
4 .8
(1.8)
8 499
8 .4
(2.0)
419911
1.7
include the reserve fleet of the United $tutes of America and the United $tates and
Canadian Great Lakes fleets,
ь Figures in parentheses indicate the share of tonnage in the world total.
mparable with the data in table 4 because the^
Age distribution of the world
merchant fleet
In recent years there has been a ccntlnunus
Increase in the average age of the w orld fleet. Thus,
from 1977 to 1986, the average age o f the total fleet
25.
Table 11 shows the age، distribution o f the increased by 1^ per cent, o f tankers by 22 per cent,
and of bulk carriers by 18 per cent, but for general
w orld m erchant fleet. The average age o f all types
o f vessels, except general cargo vessels, increased.
cargo vessels it decreased by 3 per cent.
11
D.
developed m arket-econom y countries continued to
have a substantial share o f the world fleet (84.5 per
cent) relative to the cargo they generated (53.2 per
cent), while the developing countries’ share o f the
world fleet rem ained very small (8.6 per cent)
relative to their cargo turnover (40.5 per cent). As
in previous ^ears, the socialist countries’ shares of
the world fleet and cargo turnover were almost of
the same order o f m agnitude.
Comparison of cargo turnover
with fleet ownership
26.
Table 12 shows that in 1978, the share of
both cargo turnover tonnage and o f fleet tonnage
owned by the developped m arket-econom y countries decreased, while the corresponding shares
applicable to developing countries and socialist
countries increased. Uowever, in spite of this, the
T able 8
€ontainer traffic in i
ports of developing countries, 1978 and 1979
Container ^ ٠^
Country or
territory
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . .
Republic of Korea . . . . .
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . .
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . .
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . .
United Arab Emirates ..
^ m a ic a
T h ailan d
K u w a it
Mala^^sia . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ivory C o a s t . . . . . . . . . . .
N ig e ria
I n d ia
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trinidad.............
United Arab Emirates . .
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . .
C y p ru s
Egypt
P anam a
B altrain
P anam a
Mal aysi a. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . .
H a iti
United Arab Emirates . .
Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Republic of
Cameroon..........
Papua New Guinea . . . .
C h ile
Brazil
M e x ico
Jo rd an
K enya
I n d ia
P anam a
Papua New Guinea . . . .
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . .
El Salvador. . . . . . . . . . .
Benin
Others...............
Port
1979
Hong Kong
Singapore
Pusan
leddali
Manila
Dammam
Dubai
Kingston
B ang^k
Slruwaiklr
Port Kelang
Abidjan
Eagos/Apapa
Bombay
Casablanca
Port of Spain
Sltarjalr (Port Klralid)
Buenos Aires
Eimassol
Alexandria
Cristobal
Mina Sulman
Balbao
Penang
Puerto Cortes
Cebu
Port-au-Prince
Jebel Ali
Beirut
1 303 923
698 506
632 835
496 390
322 050
211250
169 825
153^80
146 432
122 256
117 281
116 385
98 086
77 832
57 825
51346
50 836
49 862
48 846
45 605
42 672
42 569
39 546
35 179
32 539
32 191
29 ^67
29 267
25 422
Doula
Eae
Valparaiso
Rio de laneiro
Tuxpan
A‫ﻫﻮ‬b
1
6
Mombasa
Cochin
Bahia Eas Minas
Port Moresby
Guayaquil
Acajutla
Cotonou
7
T otal
Percentage of world tra fic
Source: Containerisation International ^
٠^ 1981 (London).
4
25 097
22 810
22 118
21 030
19 639
2
‫ه‬
15 146
13 829
13 265
12480
12 438
11 051
8 525
50319
5 544 136
18.7
(TEUs)
1978
539 379
506 556
34 0 537
209 976
158 445
136 046
143 297
106 964
91246
98 913
19 466
143 964
30
25
46
53
25
19
498
4‫ أ‬2
11
41
54 205
25 573
31309
12411
32 402
30 765
31277
8 821
23 023
21 391
19 521
13 214
17 648
18 700
11587
4 326
10807
95
56
267
32
29
47
4
19
16
17
67
19
44
220
23
0
30
45
16 720
4 327 770
16.3
201
T able 9
Percentage shares o f world tonnage
type 0^ vessel (as at 1 July),
5, 1970, 1979 ав© 19^0 ‫ﺀ‬
(In terms o f grt)
All ships
oflOOgrt
and over
Country grouping andyear
Millions
ofgrt
Percentage
o f world total
Ore and
bulk carriers,
including
combined
carriers^
Tankers
General
cargo
ships'^
Barge-
caring
Container
ships
Other
ships
‫ﺀﺀم‬-‫؛» ﺀﺀ‬،‫ ﺀﺀا‬share by vessel type
W o r l d total
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
1 9 7 0 . . . . . . . . . ٠٠
1979 ...........
1980...........
146.8
100,0
100.0
100.0
414.5
100.0
‫ة‬:‫ن‬
42.7
42.1
11.1
2 17.9 20.2
4 0 7 .6 25.8
25.7
30.^
19.7
19.5
0.9
2 .4
0.2
0.2
Percentage share by groups ofcountries
Developed marketeconomy countries
1965...........
1970...........
1979 . . . ٠٠. . . . . .
1980...........
102.7
141.8
70.0
65.1
52.0
214.3
67.6
74.4
53.3
53.3
212.1 53.7
53.4
26.4
34.4
34.1
20.3
24.1
31.0
30.3
65.6
43.5
42.3
61.3
77.7
81.7
50.9
10.4
11.6
Open-registry
countries
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
1970...........
1979...........
1980 . . . . . . . . . . .
22.1
40.9
114.1
114.3
15.0
18.8
27.5
6.7
7.6
20.3
1.0
20.2
, ‫ث‬:‫ة‬
Socialist countries of
Eastern Europe and
Asia
1965 . . . . . . . . . ٠٠
1970 ...........
1979 . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4
39.3
4.5
4.7
4.3
4.2
10.2
18.5
4.3
4.6
10.9
19.5
38.0
^9.1
17.8
18.2
2 5 .2
2 5 .2
O f which ;
Eastern Europe
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
1970...........
1979 . ٠٠. . . . . . . .
1980...........
32.0
7.7
7.7
12.0
31.3
4.3
4 .‫ﺀ‬
2.4
24.5
24.1
Asia
1965
1970
1979
1980
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.7
1.0
6.7
7.3
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . ٠٠٠. . . . . ٠٠
1979 . . . ٠٠. . . . . .
1980...........
10.4
0.5
0.5
2.1
1.6
0.1
1.6
0.7
0.7
1.7
0.3
0.7
4 .4
4.8
1.1
Developing countries
7.1
6.7
4.0
4.7
10.2
44.6
14.5
4 1 .4
10.8
4.3
8.6
9 .4
17.6
18.4
0.2
6.7
11.1
11.5
O f which ٠•
Africa
1965 . . . . . . . . ٠٠ .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . .
0.4
0.4
4.9
0.1
0.2
1.1
1.1
0 .6
0.8
4.7
0.5
0.7
0.2
0.2
2.0
2.1
America
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . ٠. . .٠. . . .٠
1979 . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
2.6
6 .4
13.4
14.5
0.9
1.4
2 .9
3.4
0.2
4.0
0.3
3.7
T a b l e ‫» مﺀ ) و‬، ‫)ﻣﺢﺀ » اا'ﺀ‬
AU ships
o f 100 grt
and over
Country grouping and year
Millions
o fg rt
Ore and
bulk carriers,
Percentage
o f world total
Asia
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
5.0
9 7 0 ‫ ا‬. . . . . . .7.3
....
1979 . . . . . . . . . . .
23.1
1980...........
25.0
combined
carriers
Tankers
3.8
0.7
Container
ships
i.7
3.4
5.7
6.1
cargo
ships’^
1.7
2.9
carrying
vessels
4.9
—
6.9
—
Other
ships
4.2
4.5
5.5
5.8
9.6
9.9
4.9
6.4
0.2
—
2.6
5.1
5.7
Europe
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
1970...........
1979...........
1980...........
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Oeeauia
1965...........
1970 . . . . . . . . . . .
1979...........
1980...........
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Other—unallocated
1965...........
1970...........
1979...........
1980...........
0.7
1.2
2.0
2.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
—
0.3
0.8
0.6
1.1
0.8
0.9
—
0.7
1.7
—
—
—
0.1
0.3
0.3
Source: compiled from Lloyd’s Register ofShipping: ‫ ﺀ‬،‫ ه) ه‬،‫هﺀر‬/ Tables (London), and
supplementary data on the Great lakes fleets o f the United States of America and
Canada.
• Excluding the reserve fleet o f the United States of America and ©nited States and
Canadian Geat lak es Be^s.
0.7
، ©re and bulk carrier‫ ؛‬of 6,000 grt and above, including combined ore/cil
ore/bnlk/oil carriers.
٠
‫{ ه‬ncluding passenger cargo vessels (both !iner and tramp).
T a ble 10
Distribution of world fleet and TEU capacity of fully cellular
container ships by groups of countries, mid-1980
TEU capacity
Number
ofships
Flags ofregistration in groups ofcountries
shares (in parenthes
1.
W orld
............................
662
500 959
2.
Developed marliet-economy countries . . . . . . . .
415
38 0 595
(76.0)
3.
©pen-registry countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
4.
Total 2 and 3 ٠
٠ ٠. . .
535
436 459
5.
Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia .
42
15 329
total
( 100.0)
(11.1)
٠٠ ٠. .٠........... . . .
(3.1)
Ofwhich:
Eastern E urope. ٠ . . . . . ٠ . . . . . . . . .
٠. . ٠٠. . .
41
A sia
6.
Developing countries . . . . ٠. . .
15 059
(3.06)
270
(0.04)
٠.٠٠.٠ . . . . . . . .
Ofwhich:
A fr ic a
37 991
(7.6)
1
America
15
Asia ٠ ٠.. . . . . . ٠ . . . . . . . . ٠٠ . . . . . . . . ٠. . . . .
52
1484
(0.3)
(7.3)
T a b l e 10
{continued)
TEVcapaàty
Number
Flags o f registration in groups ofcountries
shares(
Europe . . . . . . . .
Oceani a- - - - - - - 7.
1?
Other—unallocated
11 180
Source: Shipping Information Services o f Lloyd's Register ofShipping anti Lioyd’s of London Press Ltd.
T able 11
Age distribution of world merchant fleet
type o f vessel as at 1 July
{Percentage o f total in terms o f grt)
Average
Country grouping I
t o f vessel
Total
0-4
years
100
100
100
100
24.2
23.8
24.6
21.2
years
My
10-14
years
ISyears
and over
19^
(years)
1979
(years)
19.5
17.5
23.8
18.8
21.1
14.7
14.1
42.0
9.93
8.89
9.07
13.18
9.38
8.00
8.50
13.20
19.0
17.3
22.5
19.2
19.1
14.2
14.5
38.9
9.55
8.72
9.11
12.54
9.09
8.00
8.45
12.74
8.50
9.05
14.81
7.42
8.61
14.74
9.56
8.64
9.09
13.26
9.00
7.77
8.50
34.4
42.0
17.1
39.1
2.44
11.81
11.95
8.76
12.93
25.1
17.0
10.34
9.20
World total
All s h ip s ............................................................
T a n fe rs ..............................................................
Bulk c a rrie rs ،..................................
Oeneral c a rg o ...................................................
Developed nrarket-econo^y countries
All s h ip s .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
T an k ers....................................
٠٠٠ . . . . .100
. . ..
Bulk c a rrie rs ،.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
Genera] cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
35.2
44.0
37.5
18.0
25.4
25.6
23.7
25.1
36.5
42.9
39.3
16.8
100
100
100
100
21.8
20.6
22.8
15.5
41.6
51.9
All s h ip s ............................................................
T an k ers..............................................................
Bulk c a rrie rs،....................................................
General ca rg o ....................................................
100
100
100
100
24.1
23.6
23.4
22.0
5. Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia
All s h ip s ............................................................
T ankers..............................................................
Bulk c a rrie rs،....................................................
General ca rg o ...................................................
100
100
100
100
18.9
16.2
33.2
14.3
22.2
20.2
24.5
28.0
21.2
‫ﺋﻖ‬:‫ن‬
100
100
100
100
29.1
28.9
30.6
24.7
25.2
32.2
28.4
18.2
20.(
21.'
27.'
16.:
3. Dpen-registry countries
Ah s h ip s ............................................................
T an k ers..............................................................
Bulk c a rrie rs،...................................................
General ca rg o ...................................................
17.9
18.4
I
11.6
52.6
4. Total 2 plus 3
39.1
17.2
18.7
16.8
23.6
17.6
18.9
43.2
8.99
3.42
6. Developing countries (excluding open-regisUy
countries)
40.6
9.90
8.24
8.03
12.91
Sources: Compiled on the ba$i$ o f data aupphed hy Shipping In^™ ation Servioea of Lloyd's Register ofShipping and Lloyd’s of London
٠ Including combined carriers.
b To c^lculale average age, it has been assumed that the ages of vessels are dist^buted even^ between the lower and upper limit o f each age
group. For the 15 years and over age group, the mid-point has been assumed to be 22 years.
T able 12
Comparison between total cargo turnover and fleet ownership
by groups of countries, 1970, 197?, 1977 and 1978
Total o f
Goods loaded and unloaded
(millions o f tons)
Country grouping and year
‫ﺀ‬٠‫ﻣﺢﺀﻣﺤﻪ‬
merchant
ofworid
total ٠/
Unloaded
unloaded
(millions
٠/
tons)
(millions
٠/
tons)
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
813.1
351.1
794.5
765.1
282.2
477.5
548.8
560.4
54.8
54.7
goo^
/‫ﻣﺢﺀﻣﺤﻬﻢ‬and
o f world
total o f
merchant
fleet
owned
(dwt)
Developed !^arket-economy and openregistry countries
802.7
1970 ................................................................
1 9 7 5 ................................................................ 1 0 08.8
1977 ................................................................ 1 159.6
1978 . . . . ٠٠ .. . . ٠
. . . . . . . . . .٠. . .. 1 2 0 6 .6
0 1 0 .4
342.3
6 34.9
558.5
87.4
Socialist countries of Eastern Europe
and Asia
1970
1975
1977
1978
158.8
188.4
2 45.2
243.7
87.6
123.6
180.7
2 01.2
264.4
312.0
425.9
444.9
21.7
33.0
39.8
43.0
4.8
6.3
6.5
1
1
2
2
643.3
875.0
0 63.4
099.8
4 31.6
074.9 '
40.4
40.2
6.3
626.9
765.5
690.3‫؛‬
20.5
33.3
504
2
3
3
3
604.8
072.2
4 68.2
550.1
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
6.2
Developing countries
1970
1975
1977
1978
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
6.1
40.5
W o r l d TOTAL‫؛‬،
1970
1975
1977
1978
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
2
3
3
3
5،)МГС«.• Annexes II and III In various issues of the Review.
‫ ﺀ‬World total includes unallocated tonnage.
16
529.6
054.8
442.5
525.2
5
6
6
7
134.4
127.0
910.7
075.3
546.3
641.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Chapter III
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE ^ O R E D FLEET
A. Estimates of tous and ton-miles per dwt
29.
In !9^1, it is expected that the world fleet
will continue to stagnate. On the other hand,
growth of the world trade will vary hetween different cargo categories, with the result that fleet productivity will show corresponding variations. Thus,
the productivity of tankers and the residua! fleet is
lively to decrease, while that o f bulk carfiers and
com bined carriers is likely to rise.
27. Estimates o f tons and ton-miles per dwt of
the world fleet for selected years are shown in
table 13. D uring 1979, both tons and ton-miles per
dwt had increased following a significant increase
in the total volume of seaborne trade and in the
average length of haul. By contrast, in 1980, they
both decreased, reflecting a decline in the total
cargo tonnage carried m atched against a more or
less constant volume of fleet tonnage.
28. However, unlike 1979, when all t^pes of
vessels increased their productivity, in 1980 there
were significant variations, as shown in tables 14
and 15. The productivity in ton-miles per dwt of
tankers, and the residual fleet, which includes liner
vessels, decreased by 10.5 and 17.2 per cent respectively. This was a direct result of the decline,
respectively, o f tanker and general cargoes. Dn the
other hand, a significant increase in dry-bulk cargo
trades led to an im provem ent in the productivity of
bulk carriers (7.6 per cent) and o f combined carriers (6 per cent). For the combined carriers,
im proved productivity was possible largely owing
to Ihe shift o f a significant am ount of tonnage from
oil trades to dry-bulk trades. It is estimated that, at
the beginning o f 1980, about 54 per cent o f the
active com bined carrier fleet was trading in drybulk cargo, but by m id-year this had increased to
72 per cent .‫ﺀ ة‬
B. Estimates of touuage over-supply
30. Previous issues o f the Review provided estimates o f the world tonnage surplus based on the
assum ption that the world fleet was productively
employed in 19?3-19 ?‫ ه‬when vessels were full^
utilized while mostly steaming at full speed,
dem and and supply being m ore or less balanced.
However, the 19?3-1 ‫ ﺑﻢ ?إل‬period can no longer be
used as a bench-m ark for productivity because in
the m ean time slow-steaming and the use of tankers
for storage purposes have become virtually perm anent features of international shipping. Fartherm ore, operating patterns have been changed by the
increase in m ulti-port loadings in ‫ م‬e tanker trades.
F or these reasons, it is not considered practicable
to assess the m agnitude o f the world surplus of
tonnage.
31. However, on
available, it appears
plqs for tankers was
although the extent
٠^ H. p. Drewry (Shipping Consultants) Ltd., Shipping Statistics and Economics, No. 123 (London, 1981).
the basis of such data as are
that in 19^0 the tonnage surprobably higher than in 1979,
o f the surplus varied among
T able 13
0‫ ؛‬tonnage carried and №n-nr!les per dwt of
total world fleet 1970 and 1973-1980
٠^٢٠/
Worldfleet
(millions ٠/
dwt)
(millions
oftons)
ton-miles
performed
(thousand
millions ٠/
ton-miles)
326.1
444.6
486.9
546.3
601.2
641.3
662.8
673.7
682.8
2605
3 274
3 304
3 072
3 391
3 453
3 461
3 778
..
10654
15 403
16 386
15 363
17 053
17 476
17 022
17 675
16 710
Total cargo
1970
1973.......................................
1974...................
1975 .......................................
1976 ......................................
1977 ......................................
1978 ......................................
1979 .......................................
1980 .......................................
Tons o f
carried
per dwt
Ton-miles
performed
per dwt
(thousands)
32.67
34.64
33.65
28.12
28.36
27.25
25.68
26.24
24.47
Sources: w©^<، ‫؛‬١٠٠!: Lloyd's Register o f Shipping: Slatislical Tables (London), various issuos (mid-yoar figuras); ‫؛‬o!al ،argo
£arriad: Unit‫؟‬d Nations, Monthly ‫»■ ا) ﺀاا» ﺀ‬
٠/ Statistics, January issuas; !on-miias: Faarnlay and Egars Ciiartaring Co. Ltd.,
Review (Oslo), various issuas.
17
tankers o f different sizes. The tonnage surplus for
bulk carriers and combined carriers appears to have
decreased from 1979, while for general cargo carriers it may not have undergone much change.
32.
The volume of laid-up tonnage, which is a
p a rt o f the total surplus tonnage, decreased between
1979 and 1980 in all categories of the bulk fleet:
from 17.6 m illion to 10.1 million dwt for tankers,
1.8 million to 0.4 million dwt for combined carriers, and 1.9 m illion dwt to 0.9 million dwt for
bulk carriers. 2 ‫ ل‬For combined carriers and bulk
carriers, the reduction in laid-up tonnage was
largely a direct result o f the im provem ent in the
overall dem and/supply balance; but for tankers the
m ain underlying factors were an increase in the
sub-optim um utilization of capac^y, including
slow-Steaming and m ulti-port loading, and an
increased use of tonnage for storage purposes. It is
estim ated that towards the end o f 1980, approxim ately 1? m illion dwt o f VLCCs, representing 5
per cent of total ta‫ ؟‬ker tonnage, were being
Employed for storage. 22 A nother element o f surplus tonnage is excess port waitjng time, ^ e r e are
indications that the average waiting time for general cargo ships at ports intermittently subject to
congestion increased from 5.4 waiting days per ship
in 1 9 ?‫ ؤ‬to 6.4 days in 1980.
2‫ ؛‬Based on Fearnley and £ ‫ ؟‬ers Chartering Co. Ltd., World
Bulk Fleet, July 1980 (Oslo) (mid-year figures).
Lloyd’s Shipping ‫ﺀ آ »ﺀ م» م ﺀ ﺀ‬، (London), vol. 2, No. 11
(Novembre 1980).
T able 14
Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combiued carriers and the residua■ fieet:^
ton-miles performed per dwt, 1970 and 1973-1980
Ton-miles
Year
970.
Ton-miles
o f oil and
grain by
tankers
(billions)
6 039
Ton-miles
per dwt o f
tankers
(thousands)
bulk cargo
by bulk
earners
ofover
18,000 dwt
(billions)
(thousands)
4 3.82
1 891
39.40
973.
4 5.00
974.
,1
41.40
10 527
3 2.16
978.
9 950
30.16
3 387
979.
9 997
30.52
3 575
27.33
3 912
975.
976.
977.
980.
Ton-miles
per dwt o f
bulk
earners
33.91
2 791
bulk^i^o
Ton-miles
per dwt o f
""ofover
ISvOOOdwt
(billions)
745
1 812
Ton-miles
per dwt
ofthe
residual
restua
(ЫШот)
(thousands)
2 917
29.11
Sources: Compiled on the basis of Fearnley and Egen‫ أ‬€ha«er‫؛‬ng Co. Ltd.,
World Bulk Trades and World Bulk Fleet (Cslo), various is‫؛‬
1660
27.76
1 524
30.75
1752
5.69
52.46
1979
51.11
2 070
14,
45.87
2 240
16, 64
3 6 .64
2 141
14,
35.55
2 176
14,
31.36
2 161
34.19
2 438
!‫ئ‬
36.27
2 114
11
14, 19
1 578
32.69
33.71
Ton-miles
ofo il
arid dry-
‫ة‬
‫ ﺀ‬The “residual fleet” refers to all vessels included in tahle 4, excluding tankers,
hulk carriers of over 18,000 dwt and combined carriers of over 18,000 dwt.
T able 15
Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined carriers and the residual fle e ts
tous carried per dwt, ■970 and ■973-1980
Year
970.
Tons o f oil
and grain by
tankers
(millions)
Tons per
dwt o f
tankers
Tons o f drybulk cargo by
bulk carriers
ofover 18,000
dwt (millions)
Tons per
dwt o f
bulk
carriers
Tons o f oil and
dry-bulk cargo
by combined
carriers o f over
18,000dwt
(millions)
Tons per
،‫؛‬١٧ ،٠/
combined
carriers
1 182
403
97
1479
573
206
6.35
Tons carried
by the
residual
‫ﺀﺀﺀم‬
(millions)
800
241
6.10
219
5.14
875
1563
607
244
5.39
910
1 591
643
5.65
921
6.32
5.63
1 038
1 681
1 561
s
785
Sources: Compiled on the hasis of Fearnley and Egers Chartering Co, Ltd., Review,
World Bulk Trades and World B u lk ‫ ﺀ‬/‫ﺀه) ﺀﺀ‬
، ‫ ا‬0‫ر‬, various issues.
261
308
320
‫ﺀﺀﺀم‬
6 .3 4
6.15
‫ة‬
1491
Tons per
dwt o f
the
residual
937
966
• The “residual fleet” refers to all vessels Included in tahle 4, excluding tankers,
hulk carriers of over 18,000 dwt and cotnhined carriers of over 18,000 dwt.
Chapter IV
SHIPBUILDING
high increases in 1979, but prices for seeond-hand
tankers declined, the largest decline occurring
am ong the large sizes. These priee movements
reflected the state of the freight m arkets, in which
charter rates for dry-bulk cargo vessels increased
while those for tankers were depressed.
A. Ship prices
33. Table 16 shows prices o f new buildings for
selected years. Except for the liner-type vessel,
these are based on Japanese yards. There were
notable increases in prices o f bulk carriers and
tankers in 1980, averaging around 27 per cent,
which was slightly lower than the average increase
for 1979. These increases can be attributed to a
com bination of higher building costs and an
increased order-book, m atched against a reduced
shipbuilding capacity. However, the dollar values
also reflected the appreciation o f the yen against
the dollar in the second half o f the year.
34. The ?airplay price for a hypothetical linertype vessel inereased by nearly 11 per cent, but this
m ay not be representative of the wide variety of
liner vessels on the m arket for which there are no
reliable data.
B. Tonnage on order
^7. Table 17 gives the quarterly figures o f tonnage 0^ order. The upturn in the volume of total
tonnage on order which had commenced in the
second quarter o f 1979 continued up to the third
quarter o f 1980 (the latest period for which eom^lete data are available). D uring the first nine
m onths of 1980, approxim ately 23 m illion tons dwt
o f new orders were placed, com pared with 18 million tons dwt in 1979. At the end o f the third
quarter, about 67 per cent o f the order-book was
scheduled for delivery at the end of the following
year, com pared 3vith a corresponding figure of 70
per cent in 1979‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬
35. The continued recession of the shipbuilding
industry induced Governments to continue and to
increase various forms o f aid to the industry, thus
enabling m any shipowners to pay prices which
were significantly lower than published indicative
contracting prices.
36. Available inform ation would indicate that
in 1980 there were m oderate increases in prices for
second-hand bulk carriers in contrast to the very
38.
Praeticaliy all the increase in tonnage on
order during 1980 was concentrated on dry-bulk
carriers and, to a lesser extent, on small- and
‫ أ؛‬Based on Lloyd's Register ofShipping: Merchant Shipbuild■Return (London), various quarterly issues, 1980.
T able 16
Representative new building ‫ا‬
,1975-1980
{Prices in millions o f dollars at year-end, except for
liner-type vessels which refer ،٠ thousands ofpounds at mid-year)
30 ООО dwt b u l k
30 ООО dwt product tan k er
70 ООО dwt b u l k
87 ООО dwt tan k er
96 ООО dwt G B ©
120 ООО dwt b u l k
210 000 dw tta!}ker
400 000 dwt ta n k er
125 ООО ‫ أ ص‬L N G
75 000 ru ^ L ? G
5 000 d w t r o / r o
11 000/13 ООО dwt، liner-type vessel . . . . . . ٠. . .
1975
1976
1977
1978
‫ﺀا‬/‫ﺀ‬
‫هﺀا‬،‫ا‬
!3.5
18.0
20.0
22.0
30.0
32.0
38.0
62.0
125.0
52.0
16.2
3 950
IL O
15.0
16.0
16.0
23.0
24.0
34.0
56.0
105.0
42.0
10.0
4 200
11.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
21.0
22.0
32.0
45.0
115.0
40.0
10.0
4 600
1^.0
16.0
19.0
20.0
24.0
26.0
38.0
54.0
115.0
45.0
12.0
4950
15.5
^3.0
26.0
30.0
35.0
33.0
45.0
60.0
125.0
60.0
14.0
5 200
^0.0
^6.0
30.0
36.0
47.0
44.0
57.0
85.0
150.0
75.0
16.0
5 750
Sources: ? ٢^ $ of tankers, bulk carriers, LNG and L?G carriers and ro/ro vessels: Fearnley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review (Oslo)
various issues, u p to 1975, the prices were based on >^est European yard quotations; for 197‫ ة‬and later years, Japanese yard prices are used,
?rices of 11,000/13,000 dwt liner-type vessels: Fairplay International Shipping Weekly (London), vol. ^77, No. 5033 (^9 C anary .( ‫ل‬9‫ﻟﺔ‬
٠ The data refer to the cost of constructing a hypothetical open/closed shelter-decker of 11,000/13,000 dwt propelled by a 7,000 b.h.p. diesel
engine giving a speed of 15 knots. The price quoted is payable on delivery with no discounts involved.
‫ا‬9
T able 17
‫ ؛‬on order at the end of each qnarter, 1978-1980
World
All
ships
(millions
ofdw t)
٠on order as at
31
30
30
31
31
30
30
31
31
30
30
March 1978 . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . ٠
Septemher 1978 . . . . . . .
December 1978 . . . . . . .
March 1979 . . . . . . . . . .
U ne 1 9 7 9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Septemher 1979 . . . . . . .
December 1 9 7 9 . . . . . . .
March 1980 . . . . . . . . . .
3nne 1 9 8 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Septemher 1980 . . . . . . .
Change
(percentage)
50.5
45.3
41.0
36.7
35.4
35.7
38.2
41.5
46.6
50.0
50.9
-10 .3
Tankers
(millions
ofdw t)
Change
(percentage)
17.6
-
+ 1.0
+ 6.8
+ 8.4
+ 12.3
+ 7.3
+ 1.8
1.0
-1 0 .4
+ 0.4
+ 11.4
14.9
17.3
17.0
17.1
+
10.1
+ 1.3
+ 14+
+ 0.7
Change
Change
(percentage)
-1 4 .2
11.1
-
-1 0 .5
Bulk
carriers
(including
combined
carriers)
(millions
ofdwt)
12.1
9.8
9.4
11.3
15.2
18.2
-1 9 .0
17.3
16.3
15.4
14.7
-6.0
-4 .1
-6.6
- 7 .0
+‫ ةآ‬:‫ة‬
22.0
23.3
34.5 +
20.3 +
20.8
+
5.9 +
1^.0
11.2
11.1
11.0
10.5
-1.0
-4 .7
Sources: Shipping Information Services of Lloyd’s Register ofShipping and Lloyd’s of London ?ress Ltd.
T able
Distriibution of tonnage on order by type o f vessel and by country of ]
as at 30 ^epteinber, 1978-1980
Tankers
Countries ofregistry andyear
All
ships
dwt
٠»،‫ ؛‬over
Tankers
under
/‫ﺳﻬﺘﻢ‬
،‫؛‬١٧/
Bulk/oil
earners
(including
ore/oil)
Ore and
bulk
carriers
container
ships
container
ships
Ro/ro
cargo
General
cargo
ships
Other
ships
(Millions ofdwt)
! . W o r l d TOTAL
41.0
1978 ......................................
38.2
1979 ......................................
1980.................
50.9
1978 .....................................
1979 .....................................
1980 .....................................
100
100
100
7.9
3.0
10.2
5.6
9.7
14.2
19.3
25.4
1.7
1.1
20.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
(Percentage share by type o f vessel)
4.4
0.6
4.7
24.9
4.5
0.3
24.3
2.1
0.2
39.3
7.7
5.4
4.2
3.7
4.8
3.4
2.7
18.8
14.1
10.2
66.8
50.5
44.1
1.4
1.0
0.9
(Percentage share by country grouping)
2.
Developed m a r^ teconomy conntries
1978 .........................................
1979 .........................................
1980 .........................................
53.6
51.2
46.9
71.4
55.6
44.9
41.4
64.7
44.8
47.0
4.1
7.7
26.8
45.3
42.9
43.8
42.2
67.0
3. Dpen-registry conntries
1978 .........................................
1979 .........................................
1980 .........................................
4.
16.5
11.1
20.1
—
11.7
‫ﺋﻖ‬: ‫ة‬
Total 2 and 3
1978 .........................................
1979 .........................................
1980 .........................................
5.
14.8
22.0
33.2
I:‫؛‬
55.8
53.3
6 8 .4
73.2
80.1
9.7
6.7
5.9
2.5
0.9
8.4
32.7
66.5
91.5
57.0
64.1
18.0
10‫م‬
. ‫ ة‬:‫ة‬
72.0
59.1
54.4
i
32.7
36.3
0.4
5.0
65.9
70.3
76.3
7.0
6.8
6.9
7.0
Ofwhich .•
in Eastern Europe
1978 .........................................
1979 .........................................
198 0 .........................................
6.4
5.2
2.0
18.0
10.0
1.4
0.7
0.3
0.4
26.3
33.7
6.5
in Asia
197 8 .........................................
1979 .........................................
1980 .........................................
0.3
0.7
0.5
1.4
0.2
6.4
0.9
20
19.7
64.0
53.0
56.0
Socialist countries
1978 .........................................
197 9 .........................................
1980 .........................................
56.4
56.6
٦٦
T able i s
Countries ofregistry and year
All
ships
Developing countries،
!978 - - - - - - ٠٠ . . . .22.0
..
!979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.5
!98© . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
!6.4
Ofwhich ;
in Africa
1978 . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
1979 . . . . . . . . . .
2.0
1980 . . . . . . . . . .
0.7
in America
1978 . . . . . . . . . .
13.4
1979 . . . . . . . . . .
11.2
1980 . . . ٠٠ . . . . .
in Asia
1978 - - - - - - - 1979 . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . .
8.4
in Dceania
1979 . . . . . . . . . .
7. Other—unallocated
1978 - - - - - 1979 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
1980 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0
Sources: Compiled on the ١
Serviees of Lloyd's Register ٠/
Tankers
150,000
dwt
and over
Tankers
under
150.000
dwt
14.3
10.6
19.6
9.2
9.4
10.4
(continued)
. .. ...
٠٢« and
carriers
(including
ore/oil)
bulk
carriers
42.5
Full
container
ships
Part
container
‫صﺀﺀ‬
17.1
12.6
Ro/ro
cargo
ships
General
cargo
ships
9.7
24.4
36.3
36.5
8.0
7.6
0.2
0‫ت‬6
7.3
7.2
2.7
6.4
10.4
10.7
15.0
0.5
1.0
—
0.3
14.3
10.6
7.2
7.2
4.6
42.5
19.1
10.2
0.2
0.1
7.1
19.6
6.9
—
6.7
18.3
18.8
Other
ships
24.5
17.2
16.7
14.0
10.2
0.9
1.7
0.3
0.5
1.7
4.0
7.1
14.;
4.6
10.‫؛‬
0.2
0.9
1.7
0.6
٠ Developing countries in Europe ‫ا‬،‫ ل>ق‬no tonnuge on order for the whole period
:nd in Oceania for 1978 and for 1980.
; of inforntation provided by Shipping information
ipingand Lloyd’s of London Press Ltd.
T able
19
World tonnage on order as at 30 September :
(Thousands o f dwt)
1. W © B L D r © r A L .............................................
2. Developed market-economy countrie^ ...................................................
3. Opert-registry countries . . . . . . . . .
4. Total 2 plus 3 ..................................
5. Socialist countries total . . . . . . . . .
Ofwhich:
In Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . .
In Asia
6. Developing countries to ta l، . . . . .
Ofwhich:
I nAr iica
347
In A m erica
In Asia
7. Other—unallocated
Tankers
Tankers
150,000 dwt
under
and over
150,000 dwt
All
ships
Countries ofregistry
50 917
2 965
23 875
16 933
40 808
1264
1430
594
2 024
150
1 003
261
8 331
150
Source: Shipping Information Services of Lloyd’s ،
of London Press Ltd.
3 716
4 267
54‫ا‬
14 159
12 513
172
‫ﺀ^ م‬/ ‫ ام‬/
and OBO
carriers
Other
bulk
carriers
311‫؛‬
20 022
142‫؛‬
890
031‫؛‬
8 769
7 325
16 094
79
Full
container
ships
container
Ro/ro
cargo
ships
Other
071
110
921
8 357
729
136
865
110
110
-
-
491
10
501
334
4 345
1324
5 669
529
—
—
310
24
70
418
111
2 114
—
79
581
126
1474
581
652
817
210
280
280
—
3 738
63
2 035
1640
111
‫ ﺀ‬ofShipping and Lloyd’s
74
—
70
74
132
‫ ه‬Developing countries in Europe and in ‫ا‬
—
—
‫ أ‬had no t
16
1 155
45
on order,‫؛‬
84 per ce^I o f the total iDcrea^e 1^ world tonnage
on order between 1979 and 198^. Available Inforn a tio n shows that within the bulk carriers, the
largest increase in orders was for the “pananrax”
size o f 50-80,000 dwt, which appears to have been
a m ore suitable size for the growing traffic of
coal, grain, bauxite and other minor bulks. This
medinm-sized tankers, follow ing an im provem ent
in both the dem and and dem and/snpply balance
during 1979-1980, and given expectations for
expansion in dry-bulk trades, the volnme o f tonnage on order for bulk carriers increased throughout the first three quarters o f 1980. As indicated in
table 18, ore and bulk carriers alone accounted for
21
per cent in 1980. The m ain reason was the 75.7
,substantial increase in orders placed in Jap an
-which saw its individual share o f the world order
book increase from ^9 to 38 per cent, while at the
same time there were no signiEcant increases in
-tonnage ordered at ship^^ards in the socialist conn
expansion in bulk traffic also e‫ ؟ ؟‬o‫؛‬iragefi new
orfiers for combined carriers, for which the orderhook increased by 65 per cent.
39. The volume of tonnage on order for tankers
increased in the first quarter of the year hut hegan
to decline in the second quarter in line with actual
and expected developments in the tanker freight
m arkets, whereby tanker charter rates began to
decline at the beginning of the year; this downward
trend was expected to continue in 19^h-19^1.
40. The tonnage on order for other ships,
including container, ro /ro and general cargo ships,
continued to decline as in 1979, m ainly as a consequence o f a continuation o f surplus capacity and
lack o f significant im provem ent in freight markets.
41. For the shipbuilding industry as a whole,
the overall volume o f new orders which was
achieved could also be attributed to the continu‫؛‬Ition o f the widespread use of governm ent snbsid-
able
T
21
Deliveries of new buildings
1978
1980‫؛‬، ,
N u m b e r o f s h i p s) ،‫ ﻣﺢ » ا‬،/ ‫ ﻣﺎ‬،،‫ ) ﺀﻣﺢ « ه ﺀ‬o f g r t / d w t
Tankers
Bulk/oil carriers
Dre and bulk carriers
42. Jt is expected that in 19^h-19^1, owing to
depressed freight markets, there may be a decline in
the volume o f the totai order-book, although orders
for certain categories of dry-buik carriers, especially
vessels suitable for the carriage o f coal, may show a
significant increase.
Ceneral cargo ships b
Dther ships
T able 20
Distribution of tonnage on order by groups
of countries o f build, 1970 and 1978-1980
d ٠٠
w t.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .
Total
( Thousands ofgrP)
Country grouping
Developed marketeeonomy countries
As ٠‫ ؛‬end ofthird quarter ofeach year
70
1978
1979
19
063
67
96.2)(
Developing eountries
1.3)(
^oeialist countries . . .
20 810
(74.0)
4 657
(16.6)
2 146
7)
‫و‬.‫إ‬6(
Dtber—unalloeated.,
175
(0.2)
W orld
total
69 714
1.8)(
124
28
(70.7)
4 681
) ‫ل‬7.5(
6042
9.8)(
527
2.0)(
^ ٠«^^.' Information provided by $b‫؛‬pp‫؛‬ng Information Services of Lloyd’s Register
ofShipping and Lioyd’s of London Press Ltd.
‫ ﺀ‬This table has been completely revised. The figures refer to the period JanuarySeptember for each year,
ь Vessels of 2,000 grt and over.
24 959
(75.7)
5 026
) ‫ل‬5‫م‬3(
21 ‫ل‬0
6.4)(
T a b le 22
869
Distribution of deliveries of new buildings by
groups of eou^ries of build, 1978-1980 ‫ﺀ‬
2.6)(
(Thousands o f grt
964
32
Country grouping
Source: Compiled on the b^sis of data contained in Lloyd’s Register ofShipping:
Merchant Shipbuilding Return (London), respective quarterly issues.
٠ Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage of the world totai.
1978
Developed market-economy
countries
43. The distributicn ©f tonnage on order by
type of vessel and by groups of countries o f registry
is shown in tables 18 and 19. Jn both 1979 and
1980, vessels ordered for registration in the developed m arket-econom y countries and open-registry
countries together accounted for an increasing and
substantial share o f tonnage on order, while the
shares o f socialist countries and developing countries declined.
44. The distribution o f tonnage on order by
groups o f countries of build is given in table 20.
The decline in the share o f tonnage on order
experienced by developed m arket-econom y countri^s in recent years was reversed in 1980, when
their share increased from 70.7 per cent in 1979 to
Developing eountries . . . . . . . . .
10 948
(83.8)
797
(6.1)
Sociaiist countries . . . . . . . ٠. . ٠.
Dther—unallocated
W orld
total
995
(7.6)
1979
8 036
(82.0)
930
(9.5)
664
‫ أآ‬.‫ﺛﺄ‬
)
10.9)(
478
(6.8)
324
‫ل‬64
1.7)(
197
13 064
9 794
0599
Source: Compiled by the UNCTAD secretariat on the basis of data contained in
Lloyd’s Register ofShipping ; Merchant Shipbuilding Return (London), quarterly issues
of the respective years.
٠ As in the case of table 21, this table has been completely revised and based on
January-September information. However, the total tonnages are not exactly the same
as in table 21 because of possibly incomplete figures given in the quarterly returns.
‫ ظ‬Figures in ‫ل‬
22
‫ ؛‬indicate the percentage of the world total.
1980 are presented in table ^1. The tntal tnnnage
delivered enntinued to d e c ea se in 1980, as it had
done in 1979. However, deliveries o f tonnages o f
different types o f ships increased or deceased
aooording to related ehanges in tonnages of new
orders plaeed dnring 1979-1980. Thus, deliveries of
tankers and bulk earriers increased, while those o f
general cargo and other ships declined.
46.
In table 22, it is shown that the respective
tonnage shares o f new deliveries from the shipyards
o f developed m arket-econom y countries and socialist countries decreased, while the share of developing countries increased.
tries and the developing countries.^^ The only developing country whose share showed a significant
increase was ^ e Republic of Korea, rising from
about 3 per cent in 1979 to neafiy 7 per cent in
198©.
c.
Deliveries of new buildings
46. The tonnages o f new buildings delivered in
the first three quarters o f each year during 1978Based on Lloyd’s Register ofShipping: Merchant Shipbuilding Return (London), various issues.
23
Chapter V
FR EIG H T MARKETS
51. The index of liner freight rates, applicable
only to trades o f the fed eral Republic o f Germany,
is shown in table 23. Gn a wider basis, inform ation
on liner conference rates around the world^^ shows
that during 1980, there were a total of 11?
announced general rate increases, with an averag‫؟‬
increase of 11.4 per cent, com pared with 9?
announced increase‫ ؛‬, with an average increase of
10.? per cent, in 1979. These announced rate
changes exclude special rates for speci^c commodities and thus they can only be regarded as a rough
indication of trends. Furtherm ore, although the
general increases in tariff rates imposed in 1980
appear m oderate, they do not indicate the trends
with regard to the total rates taking into account
surcharges.
52. In 1981, freight markets are expected to
show the same pattern of chang‫ ؟‬as in 1980. In (he
dry-bulk trades, the predicted expansion in coal
and grain shipments is likely to resuh in an
increase in charter rates in the two trades. However, the transport dem and for other dry-bulk
trades, especially iron ore, is not likely to increase
sufficiently to cause a significant rise in charter
rates. In the tanker sector, not m uch improvement
in charter rates is expected since the same factors
which depressed oil dem and in 1980, including
higher oil prices, low economic growth, oil conservafion and increased proxim ity o f supply sources to
consuming areas, are likely to continue. The lac^ of
a substantial increase in world industrial output is
likely to prevent large rate increases for general
cargoes.
A. Freight rates of main cargo sectors
47. Table 23 shows freight rate indices for various cargo sectors. During 1979, the charter rates of
the tanker and dry-bulk cargo sectors had ah
increased. By contrast, in 1980 there was a distinct
difference between the tanker and dry-bulk cargo
charter markets such that (he rates for dry-bul^
cargoes rose substantially, while those for tanker
cargoes fell.
48. Both (rip and time dr^-cargo rates moved
upw ard. The Norwegian Shipping News freight indices show that the average (rip charter index in 1980
was 213, com pared with 179 in 1979, an increase of
19 per cent, and the General Gouncil o f British
Shipping tram p time index increased b^ 37 per
cent, from 194 to 266. These rate increases can be
attributed to the overall expansion in the transport
dem and in the dry-bulk cargo trades and the consequent reduction in tonnage surplus. A related
factor which helped rates to rise was port congestion and long waiting times at certain loading
ports, which caused m uch tonnage to be tied up
and hence reduced tonnage available for trading.
49. However, within the dry-bulk cargo sector,
charter rates differed significantly according to the
dem and situation of each trade. Available data^‫؛‬
show that, for example, rates per ton for coal from
H am pton R oad to Japan reached a high o f $29 and
a low o f $16.50 in 1980, with corresponding figures
in 1979 o f $19.95 and $8.25; and the rates for
heavy grain from the G reat Lakes to H o llan d /
Belgium reached a high of $33.5 ànd a low of $30.5
in 1980, with corresponding figures of $24.5 and
$17.25 in 1979. Dn the other hand, in the depressed
iron-ore trade, the rate for ore from Brazil to the
C ontinent reached a high o f $13 and a low of $9.5
in 1980, com pared with a high o f $14.5 and a low
o f $6.52 in 1979.
50. In the tanker sector, charter rates for all
categories of vessels were lower in 1980 than in
1979. The fall followed the decline in the volume of
oil seaborne trade and a significant increase in
surplus tonnage. Dn the other hand, there were a
num ber of factors which helped to prevent a larger
decline in the tanker charter rates. These included
the wide use o f tankers for oil storage, which
removed a significant am ount o f tonnage from
active trading, the large shift o f combined carrier
tonnage from oil to dry-cargo trades, and an
increase in slow-steaming and m ulti-port loading.
B. Liner freight rates as a percentage ©f prices
of selected commodities
53.
Table 24 shows the ratios of liner freight
rates to prices o f selected commodities. As in previous years, there were m arked variations in the
changes of the ratios reflecting, on the one hand, a
long-term overall increase in the freight rates and,
on the other, large differences in the price ^ o v e ments o f the individual commodities. The freight
rates o f all commodities increased between 1978
and 1979, except for very m inor decreases in freight
rates for rubber, and for coffee from Brazil, which
capsed the freight rate price ratios of these two
‫ ﺀ أ‬Based on Journal de /٠ marine marchande ‫ﺀ‬، de la naviga،‫؛‬٠« aérienne (?arls) and Journal pour le transport international
(Basel), 1980 Issues; also on information provided to tire
UNCTAD secretariat by liner conferences.
Lloyd’s List (London), 5 January 1981.
24
‫‪ о.‬ﺀ‬
‫‪0о0‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ﺑﻢ ﺑﻢ ﻣﻦ ض ﺗﻦ ض‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ز‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫‪٣١‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪ о‬ن‪-‬م ‪О О ٣٦‬‬
‫ط‬
‫‪ о ،N‬ض‬
‫أﺀ |■‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫\ ‪<s об о‬‬
‫‪ ٣٦‬دض ‪٣١‬‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫ري ‪N>٣١ ٣١‬‬
‫‪(N‬‬
‫‪<N‬‬
‫‪On‬‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫— ‪40 0‬‬
‫‪О' p О О‬‬
‫ص‬
‫‪ I‬ة‬
‫وو‬
‫؛'‪t‬‬
‫‪٣١‬‬
‫مﺀ‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫هﺀ‬
‫‪î!l‬‬
‫ؤ||‪I‬‬
‫أ إإإ؛إإلأإل؛إ‬
Estimates ©f I
commodities to decrease. The ratios for tin, sisal
hem p, coconnt oil and palm kernels also decreased,
because prices increased by more than the increase
in freight rates. On the other hand, the ratios for
jute, eocoa beans and coffee from Colom bia
(Atlantic ports) increased because their prices fell
while their freight rates increased, while the ratios
for tea and coffee from Oolombia (?acific ports)
(ncrease^ bee^use rates increased by m ore than the
m crease in prices.
freight
54.
Table 25 gives estimates ©f freight c©sts and
©f freight c©sts as percentages ©f imp©rt values f©r
a num ber ©f gr©nps ©f c©nntries. The w©rld rati©
©f freight c©st t© imp©rt value appears t© have
stabilized in 1979. The ratios ©f the developing
countries continued to be higher than those o f the
developed market-econom y countries and higher
than the world average.
The ratio of liner freight !
! commodities, 1970 and 1976-1979
Freight rate ‫ ﺀه‬a percentage o f price ^
Route
1970
19760
‫ ﺀا‬77‫ﺀ‬
‫ وا‬7‫ﺀﺀ‬
R u b b e r ....................................
T in .............................................
3 u te ...........................................
Sisal hem p................................
۩coa b e a n s ............................
€©c©nut ©il..............................
T ea.............................................
€ © f!ee......................................
?aim kerneis............................
c©ffee ......................................
Singaporc/Malaysia-Europe
$ingap©re/Malaysia-Europe
Bangladesh-Europe
East Africa-Europe
Ghana-Europe
Sri Lan^a-Eur©pe
Sri Eanka-£ur©pe
Bra^i‫؛‬-Eur©pe
Nig€ria-£ur©pe
£©i©mbia (Atlantic
10.5
1.2
12.1
19.5
2.4
8.9
9.5
5.2
8.8
11.9
1.4
19.1
17.2
1.7
8.3
9.6
4.4
28.4
11.9
12.1
P © rts)-E ur© pe
4 .2
3.0
€©c©a b e a n s ............................
c©ffee ......................................
?ra^ii-Eur©pe
€©l©mbia (PaciEc
p©rts)-Eur©pe
7.4
6.4
4.5
3.2
Commodity
1.0
1.0
11.9
17.4
1.7
٠ c.i.f. prlees were quoted for rubber (London-RSS (rlbhed smoke sheet)), tin, )me
(United Ringdom-pwe (Pakistan white cuttings)), sisal hemp, cocoa beans (GhanaEurope), and palm kernels. For eoeoa beans (Eraall-Europe), and coffee (ColombiaEurope and Brazil-Europe), unit values of exports were quoted. Prices of the
remaining commodities are quoted on f.o.b. terms.
T a b ee
6.0
6.4
3.1
23.6
11.9
3.0
5.0
2.0
4.6
25
s in world trade in !97© and! ‫و‬77 -! ‫ و‬7‫ و‬،
Estimate ٠/
totalfreight costs
on imports
(millions ٠/
dollars)
Value o f
imports
(c.if.)
(millions ٠/
dollars)
Freight cost
ofvalue
ofimports
/ ‫ و‬/، ‫ا‬
W o r l d T O T A L .......................................
20
8.0
10.1
٠ For 1976, the prices for sisal hentp and coconut oil were ta^en from UNCTAD,
Monthly Commodity Price ‫»ه‬/‫ ﺀ ا‬،‫»آ‬, ‫ ﺀﺀمﺀ‬،،‫ا‬/ ‫ ﻣﻢ« ة‬/‫ﺀ>«ﺀ‬/‫ا‬، ‫ه ﺀا‬،‫ ﺀ اإ‬7‫( ﺀ‬revised) (September
1977); for 1977, the price of eoeonut oil was ta^en from Monthly Commodity ‫ﺀﺀ '»م‬
Bulletin (September I97S): for 1978, the priees of coconut oil and sisal hemp ^ere
taken from Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin, ‫ ه'رﺀﺀمﺀ‬/ Supplement 1960-1978 (revised)
(April 1979); and for 1979, the prices for eoconnt oil and sisal hemp were taken from
Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin (November 1980).
، Freight rates ‫؛‬delude Suez Canal varying sureharges, when applicable, bunker and
currency ad)ustmem factors, and, for coconut oil only, a “tank cleaning surcharge’’.
Whenever a conversion o f freight rates to other currencies has been necessary for
Year and country group
0.9
16.1
1979, this was based on currency parities as given In IMF, /»(‫« ﻣﺎ) ﻫﺎ?اﺀ‬،‫ر‬/ Financial
Statistics (Washington, D.C., November 19$‫ رم‬and valid at the end of 1979. Annual
freight rates were ealeulated by taking a weighted average of various freight rates
quoted during the year, weighted
their period of duration.
Source: Compiled by the UNCTAD secretariat on the basis of data supplied by the
Royal Netherlands Shipowners’ Association.
Estimate of tota] freight I
1.0
‫ﺀئ‬7‫مﺀ‬
22 626
292 ©7©
17 483
5 143
24© 847
51 223
7, 26
1©,‫ م‬4
1144
1 819
2 ©98
—
82
1©51©
17 358
22 552
—
8©3
1©,
1©,
9, 3‫م‬
—
!©,
Developed market-economy eountr ie s ........................................................
Developing countries t o t a l . . . . . . . . .
Ofwhich ;
I n A ^ ie a ...........................................
In A m e rie a
In A s i a .............................................
In E u ro p e
In © c ra n ia .......................................
26
?
able
T
25 ) ‫» م ﺀ‬، ‫ﺑﻢﺀ » ا<ا‬
Estimate o f
total freight costs
on imports
!^٠٢ and country group
‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬/»‫ مﺀ‬/
imports
(c-if.)
(millions o f dollars)
Freight cost
aspercentage
ofvalue
ofimports
1977
W o rld
total
Developed market-economy countrie s
Developing eountries to tal . . . . . . . . .
Ofwhich ;
In ^ ric a
In A m erica
In A s i a
In E u ro p e
In D c e a n ia
68 520
03
955
6
6.61
45 365
23 155
808
615
228
3 40
1‫ م‬.1‫ه‬
5 234
6 0 74
1681‫ا‬
371
48
514
63
114952
16.82
9.56
16.16
166
5031
11.04
79 142
207
887
6.55
27 739
933
2 04
27
683
4
io!io
874
57
10.89
130
143
. ‫ة‬:‫ة ؛‬
5.61
—
1978
W o rld
t o t a l ..............................................
Developed market-economy counD‫؛‬eveloping coumries to ta l . . . . . . . . .
Ofwhich ;
I n A frie a ....................................................
In A m erica ..............................................
In A s i a
In E u ro p e .........................................
In D e e a n ia ...............................................
6 303
6 672
14 569
—
195
1755
99 765
1 5773
22
66 761
33 004
850
1931
7 113
8 489
17 174
015
65
110
93
6168
94
10.18
104
2
10.84
1979
1. W o r l d t o t a l
2. Developed market-eeonomy
3.
coun-
tr ie s
Developing countries t o t a l . . . . . . . . .
Ofwhich ;
In A frica
In A m eriea
In A s i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ٠ ٠ . ٠ ٠ . . .
In E u ro p e
In O c e a n ia
‫ئ‬
10.94
—
228
Source: Derived from I ^ F f.o.b./c.i.f. factors ٤ ‫ ا‬IMF import(
٠ Excluding countries not members of IMF.
27
Chapter VI
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
A. Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences
55. As o f 17 February 1981, 51 countries‫؟‬
accounting for 2^.29 per cent o f the relevant world
tonnage, had become C ontracting Parties to the
Convention on a Code o f C onduct for Liner Conferences. 2‫ ؟‬This is an increase o f 8 countries, and
3.93 per cent o f the relevant world tonnage, ‫؟‬ince
1 Jahuary 1986. Article 49, paragraph 1, o f the
C onvention provides that the C onvention “?hall
enter into force six m onths after the date on which
not less than 24 States, the combined tonnage of
which am ounts to at least 25 per cent o f world
tonnage, have become C ontracting Parties to
i t . . . ” .2»
56. The status of the Convention was considered at the ninth session o f the Committee on
Shipping held in September 1986, at which time a
num ber of representatives indicated the intention of
their Governm ents to become C ontracting Parties
to the Convention in the near future. 2‫و‬
В. Convention on international
multimodal transport
57. The first p art of the U nited N ations Conference on a Convention on International M ultim odal
T ransport was held from 12 to 36 Novem ber 1979
and a resumed session from 8 to 24 M ay 1986. At
the resumed session, the Conference adopted the
U nited N ations Convention on International Multim odal Transport o f Goods. 2،‫ ؛‬At the same session, the Conference also adopted the Final Act of
‫ آ ؛‬See the note by the UNCTAD secretariat reporting on the
status of de^nitive signatures, ratifications or accessions to the
Convention (TD /B /C.4/IN F.31).
‫ ؟أ‬See United Nations Conference ٠/ Plenipotentiaries ٠« a
Code ٠/ ‫ ﺀ» ه»م ﺀ‬/ ٠٢
‫ ؛‬Liner Conferences, vol. II, Final + ‫ﺀﺀ‬
(including the Convention and resolutions) ،‫ ﻣﺢ»ا‬tonnage require‫»ﺀ»ﺀ‬،‫( ﺀ‬United Nations pubhcation, Saies No. E.75.II.D.12).
^٠ See the report of the Committee on Shipping on its ninth
session (Official Records ٠/ the Trade and Development Board,
Twenty-second Session, Supplement No. 4) (TD/B/825).
٠‫ ل‬For the text of the Convention, seeUnited Nations Confer‫ ﺀﺀ »ﺀ‬٠« a Convention ٠« International Multimodal Transport,
vol. I, Final Act and Convention ٠« International Multimodal
Transport ٠ / ٠٠٠^
(United Nations publication. Sales
No. E.81.II.D.7 (vol. !)).
the Conference which was subsequently signed by
?1 countries. The Convention will enter into force
1^ m onths after 30 States have become contracting
partie‫؟‬, either by definitive signature, ratification or
accession.
c.
UNCTAD technical assistance
in shipping and ports
58. During 1980, the U N CTA D secretariat executed a total o f 30 (40 in 1979) technical assistance
projects financed by U N D P. These projects were in
(he (orm of advisers and c o n s u lta is , (raining (fellow‫؟‬hips, study tours and group training) and
equipm ent p‫؟‬ocuren(ent. Five projects (12 in 1979)
were ipiti^te^, and 7 (14 in 1979) were completed.
A to(al of 48 experts were engaged in the projects
(60 in (97‫ ) ؟‬and 48 fellow s/course participants
were trained (64 in 1979). The total prdject budget
during the year was $3 m illion ( $ 5 .‫ ق‬m illion in
1979).
59. In 1980, the U N CTA D secretariat started,
on an experimental basis, to establish the Inform atio‫ ؟‬Service for Technical Assistance in Shipping
and Ports to Developing Countries (SHIPASSIST).
This service collects and presents inform ation on
various bilateral and m ultilateral sources o f assist^nce in the form o f advisory services, training and
‫ ؟‬nance available to developing countries. A first
directory of available source‫ ؛‬o f assistance has been
published, and in future it is expected to be
updated biannually. Furtherm ore, the secretariat
expects to establish, on an experimental basis, an
inquiry service for assisting developing countries in
the assessment o f their requirem ents for assistance
and the presentation o f their requests to the institutions listed in the SHIPASSIST directory.
60. The project on training developm ent in the
field of maritime transport (TRA IN M A R) was
launched in January 1980. Three training centres,
located in India, Ivory Coast and Kenya, were
‫ ؟‬stablished to train teams o f course developers. The
first model course in port planning toolr place in
January 1981 in Bombay. The first courses in port
operations, basic legislation and shipping operétions are being planned for July 1981.
ANNEXES
Annex I
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
Notes
1. This elassification is for statistical purposes only and doe‫؛‬
not imply any )udgemem regarding the stag‫ ؛‬of developrnem of
any eountry.
2. Trade statistics are based on data recorded at the ports of
loading and unioading^ Trade originating in or destined ^ r
neighbouring countries is attributed to the country in which the
ports are situated; for this reason land-locked countries do not
figure in these tabuiations. On the other hand, statistical tabuiations on merchant fieets include data for land-locked eountries
that possess fieets; these countries are marked “(L)”.
3. Th‫ ؟‬group‫ ؛‬of eountries or territories used for presenting
statistics in this Review are made up as follows:
Developed market-economy ‫»»مﺀ‬،»'‫ ﺀﺀ‬،‫ ﻣﺢ» ا‬territories:
Codes I, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia:
Codes 6 and 7.
Developing countries ‫ ﻣﺢ»ه‬territories:
Codes 8, 9, !٠, II and 12.
Ofwhich:
Africa: Codes 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3.
America; Codes 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and 9.5.
Asia: codes 1 1.‫ م‬and 19.2.
Europe; Co d e l l .
Oeeania: Code 12.
4. In certain tables, where appropriate, five “open-registry
countries” (Cyprus, Liberia, Oman, p ‫ ة‬٥ ama and $ingapore) are
recorded as a separate group.
C ode 1
Canada
United States of Ameriea
C ode 2
C ode 3
New Zealand
C ode 4
Austria (L)
Belgium
Denmark
Faeroe Islands
Finland
France
Germany, Federal Republic of
Gibraltar
Greeee
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Itaiy
Monaeo
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland (L)
Turkey
United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ire]
Vugoslavia
C ode .
$outh Africa
C ode 6
Albania
Bulgaria
Czeehoslovakia (L)
Germau Democratic Republic
Hungary (L)
C ode 8
Northern Africa
Moroceo
Tunisia
Algeria
L h ^an Arab Jamahiriya
Renin
Cape Verde
Congo
Equatorial Ouinea
Oabon
Oambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Rissau
Ivory Coast
Liberia
Western Africa
Mali
Mauritania
Nigeria
St. Uelena
Sao Tome and Prineipe
Sierra Leone
United Republic of Cameroon
Western Sahara
^aire
Eastern Africa
Reunion
Seychelles
Somalia
Sudan
Burundi (L)
Comoros
D)ibouti
Ethiopia
Kenya
United Republie of Tanzania
Zambia
Maurilius
Mozambique
C ode 9
Caribbean and North America
Haiti
Antigua
Jamaica
Rahamas
Martinique
Barbados
Bermuda
Montserrat
Saim Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla
British Virgin Isiands
Saint Lucia
Cayman Islands
Saint Pierre and Miqueion
Cuba
Saint Vincem and the Grena•
Dominica
dines
Dominican Republic
Turks and Caicos Islands
Greeniand
United States Virgin Islands
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Central America
Honduras
Belize
Me^ieo
Costa Rica
Nicaragua
El Salvador
Panama
Guatemala
9.3. South America: northern seaboard
French Guiana
Guyana
9.1.
Japan
Australia
Co d e ?
China
Viet Nam ‫؛‬
Democratic People’s Republic
of Korea
Poland
Romania
Union of $oviet Socialist
Republics
* Statistiea) data for the former Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam !
the former Repubiic of South Viet Nam for 1975 and earlier years
ineluded under Viet Nam.
^et)ieriand$ Andlles
Trinidad and Tobago
Suriname
Venezuela
9.4. South America: western seaboard
Chile
Ecuador
Colombia
Peru
9.5.
United Arab Emirates
‫ ﻣﺎ‬. Southern a n d
Bangladesh
Bhulan
Brunei
Burma
South A m erica: ‫ﻣﻢﺀ‬،‫ﺀﺀ »مﺀ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻤﻤﻤﻬﺎ‬
Argentina
Bolivia (L)
Brazil
Democratic Kampuchea
East Timor
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) ٠
Paraguay (E)
U ru ^ a ^
C ode I©
!©.!
Bahrain
Cyprus
Democratic Yemen
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Yemen
.2 ‫ﺀ» ﺀ‬،‫ ا?ﺀﺀ‬Asia
Macau
Ma‫ ا‬a‫ل‬٢sia
Maldives
Western Asia
Kuwait
Lebanon
Gman
Malta
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Singa^jore
^aiiand
€‫ س‬£ ‫ ا‬1
C ode
American Samoa
D^ristmas Island (British)
Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
E ^nch Polynesia
Guam
٠ A dispute exists between t،te Gnvernmems of Argentina and tite
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireiand eoneerning
sovereignty over tbe Paikiand Isiands (MaNinas).
Kiribati
Nauru
New Caiedonia
30
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Wake Island
Annex II
WORLD SEABORNE TRADE “ ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS, 1965, 1970, 1977 AND 1978
(Millions o f tons)
Petroleum
Dry
cargo
Crude
Area^ and year
Developed market-economy countries
Tatal
٠//
goods
Crude
232.0
314.0
370.0
390.1
73.4
342.4
339.6
65.3
103.6
107.0
101.6
17 o !4
14.0
30.4
Total
Dry
cargo
،،»،‫؛‬
territories
North America
1965
1970
1977
1978
0.1
0 .7
308.0
0 .6
376.4
8 .2
155.2
170.0
177.7
167.0
294.0
347.0
627.0
608.2
3 .4
5.3
4.1
5.5
198.7
« 5 .9
0 .8
0.3
557.9
0.3
34.4
1.2
1.3
2.8
2 .2
Japan
22.0
—
22.8
41.6—
78.6
—
41.9
78.6
81.1
1965
1970
1977
1978
25.2—
92.3—
172.6
0 .2
0.1
178.1
26.5
93.6
175.5
180.4
18.7
18.8
11.3
1965
0.3
183.7
244.8
338.4
380.2
235.3
355.6
505.2
503.1
327.9
1965
1970
1977
—
1978
236.3
230.1
235.1
318.1
Australia and New Zealand ،
12.1
2.0
2.9
4.7
5.0
19.9
35.8
Europe
1977
1978
8 5 .:
4 5 .'
81.5
77.3
100.4
673.1
112.6
4‫ﺗﺺ‬0
578.6
775.^
190.4١
364.2 ‫ا‬
51.3
114.3
South Africa
—
0.3
1970
1977
1978
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
1965
1970
1977
1978
0 .4
29.3
86.0
53.9
1965
30.2
30.3
6.2
6.2
8.0
I
1.6
1.6
7.2
494.7
172.4
647.9
1 279.1
1 222.5
253.8
254.2
102.3
.081.8
1.9
3.0
4.1
22.6
2.4‫ا‬
17.6
25.5
24.7
Subtotal
467.7
699.9
067.3
525.1
818.3
1 159.6
1 206.6
22.1
26.1
2.4
‫ة;ق‬
10.8
1314.7
2 028.0
2 634.8
Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe ‫ ﻣﺢ»ه‬Asia
-Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe (e^clud
ing USSR (
1965
1977
1978
0 .4
0.2
—
—
1965
1970
1977
1978
28.3
38.0
65.0
80.0
1970
3.6
3.4
7.6
11.1
34.8
51.4
52.5
63.6
18.0
22.9
39.0
35.0
32.8
46.0
50.0
36.1
79.1
106.9
154.0
151.1
29.0
26.9
43.0
71.9
40.9
USSR
6.6
6.5
0.6
0.6
11.9
25.9
36.4
14.4
33.1
43.5
Socialist countries o f Asia
7.6—
—
1965
1970
1977
....................
٠٠. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978
0.1
—
15.4
15.0
916.6
.3
32.2
29.0
0.3
0.4
3.4
11.8
24.4
59.3
63.2
30.2
75.8
1.6
3.1
Petroleum
Crude
Total
Products
٠//
Dry
cargo
goods
٠^٢
Total
all
cargo
Crude
Subtotal
1 9 6 5 ......................................................
1 9 7 0 ......................................................
197 7 ......................................................
197 8 ...............................................
2.6
28.7
38.2
80.0
89.3
26.4
48.2
49.2
62.5
94.1
116.8
105.2
112.8
158.9
245.2
243.7
18.7
48.7
53.0
2.2
3.4
8.1
7.7
47.2
65.5
1^4.0
140.5
51.9
87.6
180.8
201.2
84.6
221.4
145.5
228.3
3.4
5.6
7.3
4.1
29.2
28.3
25.9
34.4
117.2
255.4
178.8
266.8
0.9‫ا‬
9.9
5.6
84.0
3.9
5.9
3.6
3.6
16.3
17.9
39.9
36.9
31.1
33.8
49.1
124.5
14.7
60.5
120.5
109.3
0.3
2.5
3.2
41.1
61.5
60.0
47.4
56.1
123.0
183.1
159.8
4.6
4.0
5.4
4.1
9.9
14.8
217
259
15.9
22.4
31.9
35.8
0.5
11.0
16.1
1.4
11.0
11.5
17.3
12.4
3.0
1.2
1.1
10.0
13.2
16.4
2‫ئ‬
17.5
0.2
1.4
7.2
7.0
1.0
—
10.4
18.8
21.6
Developing countries and territories
Northern Africa
1 9 6 5 ......................................................
1 9 7 0 ......................................................
197 7 ......................................................
197 8 ......................................................
Western Africa
1 9 6 5 ......................................................
1 9 7 0 ......................................................
197 7 ......................................................
197 8 ......................................................
1.0
з!б
4.8
5.8
Eastern Africa
11.1
3.3
5.5
5.8
5.1
2.4
2.1
6.0
8.3
8.0
10.3
20.4
28.4
24.3
24.2
^0.6
^9.8
31.5
31.1
4.8
23.5
47.7
48.6
3.0
4.5
8.5
6.7
7.7
112
11.4
11.8
15.9
39.2
67.6
67.1
2.6
3.7
0.8
0.7
9.9
11.9
15.8
17.7
13.5
15.6
27.1
37.2
3.5
6.0
5.8
4.5
3.4
5.5
1.6
4.9
4.1
6.5
12.6
14.7
10.9
18.0
7-©.0
24.1
123.3
131.1
77.9
73.4
99.2
11.8
66.2
67.8
22?
36.0
36.1
24«
250.2
^78.9
180.3
166.0
53.9
63.1
37.9
37.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
4.7
6.7
14.8
20.6
61.6
7^.9
55.7
61.6
6.0
4.6
7.1
7.7
0.8
1.6
70
3.3
25.9
25.6
23.9
3^.7
35.9
34.7
34.9
1.1
4.1
7.8
5.1
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
5.1
5.9
11.2
11.0
7.7
11.5
20.6
17.5
34.4
54.3
105.4
109.4
35.3
55.5
106.1
111.5
15.4
18.8
422
1.4
1.0
3.7
47.1
2 -7
13.1
19.8
28.7
31.1
^9.8
39.6
75.1
80.9
5.6
3.3
11.9
20.6
397.1
658.6
1 038.7
1001.0
7.0
0.1
8.2
18.4
1.8
1.0
5.6
5.9
11.3
13.1
50.7
56.7
707
14.2
64.6
81.0
93
148
23
55
90
0‫اا‬
1 9 6 5 ......................................................
1 9 7 0 ......................................................
197 7 ......................................................
197 8 ...............................................
2‫ﻁ‬
Caribbean and North America
1 9 6 5 ......................................................
1 9 7 0 ......................................................
197 7 ......................................................
197 8 ...............................................
Central America
1965......................................
1970......................................
1977.......................................
1978......................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
South America: northern seaboard
1965...................................... ..................................
1970...................................... ..................................
1977...................................... ..................................
1978...................................... ..................................
South America: western seaboard
1965.......................................
1970.......................................
1977.......................................
1978.......................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
South America: eastern seaboard
1965.............................................
1970.............................................
977‫ا‬
0.1
1978...............................................
0.4
0.8
1.1
0.6
1.5
348.7
588.7
983.9
933.8
4^.8
65.6
42.9
46.6
Western Asia
1965....................................
1970....................................
1977....................................
1978....................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
Southern and Eastern Asia (n.e.s. ) ‫ﺀ‬
!965.................................................
>07©
1977 .................................................
1978 .................................................
35
2‫ه‬
25
26
32
,i
^60
157
272
1?
23
62
108
22
26‫ا‬
‫ة‬
219
Goods loaded
Goods unloaded
Petroleum
Area
■Poiai
Petroleum
fatal
،<«،‫ ؛‬،
Crude
Produ
D eveloping countries in Europe
%‫و‬
—
—
0.
1970
1978
—
—
0.2
0.2
—
1977
0.4 0.7
—
—
O ceania (n.e.s.)
1965.........................................................................
1970.........................................................................
1977 .........................................................................
1978 .........................................................................
—
—
—
—
—
0.2
0.6
0.6
5.6
9.5
10.0
7.8
5.6
9.7
10.6
8.4
1965......................................................................... 592.9
1970.......................................................................... 1041.4
163.7
216.9
276.3
368.4
1 033.1
1 627.7
—
0.6
1.5
1.5
0.9
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.9
2.8
2.2
124.7
43.7
189.9
54.2
1977
1978
138.5
169.7
2.5
5.1
6.4
5.6
Subtotal
307.9
414.0
1432.7 56.0‫ا‬
1460.5
162.0
474.6
477.3
W o r ld TOTAL ‫ﺀ‬
622
1 111
1599
16 ‫ م‬4
246
339
293
297
812
1 165
1576
1659
1674 1965
2 665
1970
1977
3 468
5531978
‫م‬
622240812
1 1113301
1 5992931
1 6042971
1
165
576
650
674
2
3
3
Source: Compiled on ‫؛‬١١٠basis of data communicated to the UNCTAD
for ‫س‬،‫ ا‬re-export. Great Lakes and St. La^^nce’ trade (in dry
secretariat by the Statistical Office ofthe United Nations
ns. in
rgo)1965,42
amounted
million
to 37tons
million‫؟؟‬
970!
in‫؟؟‬
,
‫ﺀ‬
Including international cargoes loaded at ports of the Great Lakes
41 ‫م؛ا ب‬
tons1‫"ب‬
lllon and
tons
1978
1977
In‫؛؟‬
47
.
St. Lawrence system ^ r unloading at port^ of the system. Includingand
٠ ‫ﺀﺀأ‬
‫؛ ا‬٠٢ ،١١ .im
‫ ؟‬position of these groups
petroleum Imports into Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad and Tobago
‫ ﺀ‬figures rounded to the nearest million,
33
Annex III
MERCHANT FLEETS ©F THE WORE© BV FLAGS OF REGISTRATION,، GROUPS OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES,
AND TYPES OF SH IPS,h IN GRT AND DWT, AS AT 1 JULY 1980
(dwtfigures are shown in ‫»ﺀ^ ﻣﻢ‬/ ‫) ﺀﺀﺀﺀ ا‬
WORLD T O T A L ،
Total
٠«
tankers
Bulk
carriers V
General
cargo<t
Contatner
shtps
Others
414 487 912
(682 768 334)
174 695 169
(339 324 150)
106 309 729
(185 651 922)
(115 823 500)
11 274 078
(11 242 813)
41 233 182
(30 ?25 949)
(601 836)
784015
(1 330 173)
239 042
(298 554)
16140?
(85 358)
(62 824)
41 280
(60 132)
92 508
(91 806)
8 815
(13 330)
D ev elo ped m arket-econom y
c o u n t r ie s a n d t e r r it o r ie s
A u stra lia
1 642 594
(2 407 727)
88 784
(136 286)
A ustria
B elgium
Canada
D en m a rk
Faerne Islands
Finland
F ra n c e
Germany, Federal Republic o f . . . . . . .
G ib ra lta r
Greeee............. . . . . . 7
Iceland
Ire la n d
Isra e l
I ta ly
la p a n
\
M©nacD ٠ ٠.. . . . . . . ٠. ٠ . . . . . ٠. . . . . .
N etherlands
New Z ealand
p©rtngal
^© u th A friea
S p a in
829809 ‫ا‬
(2 732 271)
1 193 522
(1 041 623)
5 390 365
(8 702 549)
66 085
(35 060)
2 530 091
(3 831 139)
11 924 557
(20 861 286)
8 355638
332
1483‫)ا‬
(
2 291
293 734
(501 631)
220 050
(313 969)
2 807 849
5 380 640)
(15:
107
920)
481
648)
863
699)
766 512
(1 379 482)
219 105
(472 625)
639 031
(1 060 411)
535 999
(863 132)
1 539 870
(2 723 834)
1 680 577
(2910390)
11 ‫م‬780 460. . . ‫ م‬. . 16
4 4
471 39
‫ م‬355 368
(67 047 715)
(28 674461)
(22 463 899)
188 215
3 028
(4 667)
(175 424)
101464
208 986
(10 757)
(247 867)
(159 469)
450 216
217 027
(607 162)
(642)
(331 790)
11 095 694
3 914418
4 685 141
(8 777 331)
(17951 113)
(6 679 809)
12 996 324
17 671 022
40 959 683
(33 590 101)
(21 843 893)
(67 320 933)
31422
31422
(49 977)
(49 977)
5 723 845
2 503 367
654 109
(4 732 527)
(8 998 739)
(1 093 322)
263 543
52 309
(83 243)
1 355 989
(2 128 601)
728 926
(839 525)
8 112 245
(13 522 330)
‫أأة؛؛ام‬
117 316
(139 519)
972 953
(1 542 544)
9 493
(18 522)
532 719
(649 966)
1 277 832
(1 714 960)
2 120 292
(3 425 584)
(3 205)
10 432 972
(15 415 006)
82 172
(129 762)
41 890
(55 001)
(4 761)
410 155
(431 824)
1 227 211
(1 229 156)
37 795
(51 803)
(7 005 353)
4 956
(5 618)
139 027
(164 815)
207 525
(214 265)
1 571 327
(1 403 692)
1 583 627
(2 373 632)
119 475
(138 482)
342 727
(307 395)
42 276
(38 642)
72 418
(62 496)
6 260
(7 096)
(108 666)
1 055 582
(1 479 083)
12 082 393
(23 847 557)
775 050
(1 472 487)
6 024 139
(10 475 350)
73 204
(116427)
1 353 292
(2 029 954)
37 597
(62 554)
169 085
(287 228)
139 831
(189 978)
4 818 272
(9 058 094)
1 249 036
(2 156 208)
(1 722 056)
34
648
30
781
30)(
669
491
448)
131(
(439 247)
255 507
(240 356)
39 250
(56611)
314025
(303 ?13)
606 403
(84 ?29)
4?8 863
(270 823)
(16 538)
256 371
(94 360)
919 219
(664 020)
570 695
(350 319)
405
(600)
865 149
(442 546)
103 015
(40 995)
53 687
(17 022)
(1 249)
1 233 028
(800 625)
4 431 512
(3 477 894)
640 015
(491 863)
49 483
(18 812)
2 475 248
172 247
(93 344)
126 906
(59 409)
864 105
(529 361)
Bulk
Total
Sw eden
Sw itzerland
T u rk ey
United K ingdom
United States o f America . . . . . . . . . . .
Jug o sla v ia
S u b to ta l
O p e n - r e g is t r y
tanLrs
General
cargo^
Container
Others
70 362
(56 582)
493 613
(310 419)
4 2 3 3 977
(6 62 6 260)
1 871 9 6 6
(3 6 8 4 090)
69 2 802
(1 129 600)
1 105 234
(1 445 569)
310775
(477 265)
8 224
(8 6 8 1 )
175 649
(2 9 0 109)
120016
(166 616)
1 4 5 4 838
(2 134 112)
358 431
(603 6 8 0 )
475 172
(7 8 5 711)
481 028
(698 847)
27 135 155
(43 81 4 177)
13 22 9 64 2
(2 4 767 837)
6 22 0 9 0 4
(1 0 850 025)
3 0 3 0 179
(4 225 082)
15 028 136
(22 197 667)
7 653 861
(1 4 806 566)
323 140
(581 652)
2 001 721
(2 609 907)
1 671 865
(1 567 106)
1 904 975
(1 795 167)
2 466 57 4
(3 759 567)
213 015
(361 399)
93 7 199
(1 597 837)
1 232 613
(1 747 440)
20 226
(28 526)
404
122?(
439
1443
404
3752(
521
63
365
24)(
21 4 231 209
(3 5 0 146 769)
93 205 263
(178 146 432)
(97 855 762)
(50 277 494)
(8 352 577)
(15 514 504)
1 605 424
(2 332 921)
4 684
(6 677)
461 753
(556 860)
112718
(46 533)
1185)‫أ‬
140
20?
4)‫ ك‬4?
8(
c o u n t r ie s
C yp rus
2 091 089
L iberia
80 285 176
(157 977 559)
O m an
49 897 487
(104 470 965)
(408 464)
23 913 628
(44 746 545)
6 953
7 6 6 4 229
(12 548 385)
6 783 133
(13 137 002)
2 696 860
(5 122 520)
6 105 136
(10 345 444)
1 905 658
(3 255 657)
114 238 127
(2 1 2 542 091)
59 489 048
(122 903 137)
32 181117
Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 190680
(39 039 133)
Singapore
Su btotal
S o c ia l is t c o u n t r ie s
AND A sia
111568
(172 650)
oe
(6 030)
9 017 368
(13 421 079)
2 401 356
(3 401 812)
319 956
(395 438)
449 661
(558 178)
(24 128 981)
1 236 054
(1 517 153)
2 680 016
(3 236 050)
3 797
(3 739)
1 965 087
(1 740 170)
210 694
(210 218)
4972313
E ast er n E u r o p e
Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe
A lb a n ia
56 127
(78 949)
B ulgaria
1 233 303
(1 742 958)
C zechoslovakia
352 435
(563 259)
155 319
(2 3 2 912)
Oerman Oemocratic Republic
٠٠
1 532 197
(1 963 400)
. . . . .
Hungary
182 754
(327 141)
455 985
(698 045)
102 589
(164 382)
261 466
(403 179)
7 4 997
(105 601)
P o la n d
3 639 078
(5 101 343)
R o m a n ia
S u b to ta l
٠
.
1 297 455
(2 082 671)
23 443 534
(25 89 4 991)
4 728 079
(7 189 324)
799 609
(1 281 999)
1 950 834
(3 078 493)
31 9 9 0 847
(37 77 6 502)
6 080 893
(9 547 221)
4867 938
(7 708 769)
6 8 7 3 608
(1 0 217 483)
1 110928
(1 847 467)
23 0 695
(3 3 7 911)
77 908
(143 923)
32 032
(52 860)
1 856 292
Union o f Soviet Socialist Republics
570 698
(1 029 747)
246 927
(437 750)
(78 949)
305 714
(411508)
52 230
(68 530)
837 484
(1 097 274)
119 169
(70 146)
500
250 493
(135 806)
(105 601)
1 317 956
(1 717 258)
580 005
(789 381)
452 969
(271 667)
229 751
(147 218)
322 949
(328 578)
8 776 211
(5 278 034)
063'(
322 949
(328 578)
9 830 332
(5 902 871)
1 766 796
(2 995 916)
626!
020
363
015‫(؛‬
3 984
(6 699)
)‫ث‬5 2 ‫( ةﺛ ﺚ‬
34 269
(51 785)
14 200
(23 713)
79 461
(113 287)
176 477
(262 363)
(10 020 562)
(14;
10 1 ‫ أ‬735
Socialist countries ofA sia
C h in a
Democratic Peoples Republic o f
K orea
Viet N a m
24 0 895
(347 135)
S u b to ta l
7 345 198
(1 0 9 0 2 5 2 9 )
057
39
916
28)(
186
18
1998)(
1 22 0 868
1 815 265
3 881 958
3 984
423 123
(2 0 4 4 250)
( 3 0 7 1 414)
( 5 3 9 1 013)
(6 699)
(389 153)
35
Oil
General
cargo^^
Total
(socialist countries of Eastern
Europe and A s ia )
Container
Others
S u b to ta l
39 33 6 045
(48 6 7 9 031)
7 301 761
(11 591 471)
6 683^03
(10 780 183)
(1 128 505)
3 138
(4 225)
(128 510)
14 770 693
(19 680 076)
3^6 933
(335 277)
10 253 455
(6 292 024)
D e v e l o p in g g o u n t r i e s a n d t e r r it o r ie s
OF A f r ig a
^09311
(299 054)
59 084
(91 885)
336 369
(^54 629)
3 445
(778)
( 834 8 ‫) ا‬
(4 330)
8 764
(15 932)
‫(ةق}أ‬
216
(350)
C o m o ro s ...........................................................
1 116
) ‫ ا‬824 (
139
(59)
977
(1 765)
Congo ................................................................
6 784
(1 0 833)
D jib o u ti ..............................................................
3 135
A lgeria
1 2 1 8 621
(1 810 698)
A ngola
65 667
(9 6 888)
B e n in
4 557
(4 859)
Cape V e rd e
١١ 426
Eg^pt...........................
555 786
(682 ^85)
1780
(2 300)
331 484
(421 977)
1^9 0^5
(210 188)
4462
5522)(
1206
(1 277)
6 784
(10 833)
1355
(1 065)
94 071
(48 843)
Equatorial G uinea .........................................
6 412
(6 5 9 4 )
E thiopia ..............................................................
23 8 1 !
(3 2 036)
2 051
(2 980)
20 768
(28 749)
992
(307)
G a b o n ................................................................
77 095
(143 062)
74471
(141 158)
(620)
2 169
(1 284)
6 412
(6 594)
G a m b ia ..............................................................
3 907
(4 405)
(3 650)
(755)
G h a n a ................................................................
2 5 0 428
(^ 9 4 691)
195 420
(^61 145)
55 008
(33 546)
210
5 438
(2 641)
370
G u in ea ......................................
5 648
(2 823)
Guinea Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(182)
387
757
(20)
fvor^ C o a s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kenya ................................................................ 17 37
(2 0 399)
1447
(2 021)
Eibyan Arah Jam ahiriya . . . . . . . . . . . .
889 908
(1 586 500)
795 616
(1 504 9^9)
M adagascar ......................................................
91211
(128 687)
(50 986)
M a li ......................................................................
200
(225)
(225)
‫ا‬
M auritania .........................................................
874
(311)
M auritius ...........................................................
37 675
(47 137)
(1 098)
46 154
(21 155)
7 615
(5 530)
874
(311)
3^913
(46 444)
359 552
(5 6 6 025)
113 074
(201 863)
M ozam bique ....................................................
37 887
(35 923)
N igeria ................................................................
498 202
(698 522)
6 549
(10 612)
144 606
(274 981)
St. H e ie n a .........................................................
3 150
(2 228)
Senegal ................................................................
3 4 499
(3 1 0 5 8 )
4 602
(3 834)
48 138
(60 416)
51012
(72 171)
15 991
(10 703)
200
Morocco ...........................................................
Seycheiles...........................................................
170 136
(224 263)
12 119
(17 280)
186 1^7
(2 3 4 966)
) ‫(ﺋﺔةةةا‬
) 1 831(
(112 639)
14 102
(19 419)
335 281
(420 472)
3 150
(2 228)
11 158
(15 544)
)‫؛؛‬S(
505
(513)
1422
4 76^
(693)
115 178
(151 022)
(5 892)
18 315
(3 069)
21919
(13 683)
2 502
(621)
Total
Sierra Leone
tankers
Bulk
carriers^
General
cargo ^
3 738
3 738
(١^ ١٠ )
Som alia.........................
S n d an
T ogo
T nnisia
Uganda
United Republic of Camer oon. . . . . . .
United Republic of Tanzania . . . ٠٠. ٠٠
Z aire
45 553
(60 666)
104 803
(141 589)
25 395
(35 919)
10 458
(16 450)
131079
(173 715)
5 510
27 030
(46 824)
62080
(76 184)
55 916
(67 934)
20 157
(32 217)
3 146
(4 703)
91894
(132 276)
Subtotal
4 922 376
(7 167 451)
938 720
!605 590)
1627
(1097)
1714
(43 119)
103 089
(141 589)
25 003
(35 919)
55 227
(72 653)
5 510
(9 115)
52 974
(72 087)
40 812
(58 373)
77 950
(118 368)
159 750
(261 228)
1 985 531
(2 680 815)
618 019
(1 029 797)
15 005
(24217)
1092
(1 460)
147
(250)
878 233
(1 209 367)
48 384
(71 115)
(22 021)
9 106
(4 097)
(4 858)
13 944
1206
(1 277)
837 169
(618 541)
D e v e l o p in g c o u n t r ie s a n d t e r r it o r ie s
OF A m e r ic a
A nguilla.
Antigua .
A rgentina.
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Ca^tman Islands
Chile
C olom bia.
Costa R ic a .
Cuba
1092
(1 460)
410
(250)
2 546 305
;3 676 632)
87 320
(119978)
5 257
(1 324)
620
(800)
811465
(1 267 530)
14 506
(22 166)
20 333
(18 030)
881 260
(1 097 223)
565 441
(951 513)
1 572 737
2 917 869)
17 462
(28 251)
41 132
(66 969)
30 344
(49 724)
64 505
(98 209)
Dominican Republic.
Ecuador
El Salvador
Fallrland Islands ٢ ,
G renada.
(60648)
275 142
(356 289)
501
(98)
7 907
(4 383)
—
>, ‫( ﻗﺔ‬
1 723 682
(2 924 909)
15 130
(18 830)
4 533 663
(7 545 531)
256 715
(373 236)
614 425
(972 015)
283 457
(364 745)
—
(1 609)
155)
77‫و‬
1 574 215
(2 764 577)
(105 481)
257 113
(493 038)
46 086
(74 683)
9 420
(16 297)
620
800)(
600
157
230)(
034
130
15
830
18)(
250
7471
68575^
1)
(
246
138
568
211)(
574
263
943
376)(
246
267
740
313)(
8508
920
12)(
626
579
789
768)(
180
27
742
42)(
600
158
194
188)(
537
(943)
238 588
(169 938)
9 425
(2 480)
(274)
17 287
(20 322)
132 996
(146 255)
10 555
(15 139)
135 964
(137 400)
24 464
(12 797)
52 606
(35 065)
(1 281)
(5 110)
191043
(155 542)
20 243
(12 323)
501
(98)
7 370
(3 440)
226
226
(340)
(340)
37
Total
G uatem ala
13 626
(20 109)
G uyana
18 261
(16 783)
1120
H aiti
Honduras........................
M exico
M ontserrat
7451)
(
P eru
St. Kitts, N e v is
976
16
351
30)(
2378
(2 951)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . . . .
19 679
(24 835)
S urinam e
14
921
(18 978)
Trinidad and T o b a g o
17
456
(11 994)
Tur^s and Caieos Islands ٠
٠٠ . . . . . . . .
2 408
Venezuela
279
796)(
108 360
(180 052)
114 989
(159 952)
(1 541)
8643)(
568
130
210)
572(
Virgin Isiands (British) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1540
10 475
(14 907)
)‫م ؛ﺋﺄق‬
3 429
(1 066)
145 585
(44 016)
(18 669)
239 402
(436418)
(314 050)
(90)
357
2 021
‫ ﻳ ﻢ‬70»
8507)(
208
(354)
1736
)2 000(
616
96
395
172)(
324
636
524
503)(
5 826
(7 382)
818
981)(
14 447 463
(21 793 783)
075
575
4
589
9137)(
(2 951)
11154
(15 479)
11 140
(16 125)
1343
(1 743)
(3 983)
1785
(2 850)
499
850)(
198478
(302 037)
848
540
Subtotal
9 384
(4 482)
280
) ‫ ا‬5‫( م‬
061
10
370)?
(
716
4
5142)(
804
287
628
271)(
8 591
(9 920)
Saint Lueia ٠ . . . . . . ٠ . . . . . . . ٠. . . ٠. .
Uruguay.........................
Others
1010
(1 541)
15
726
(20 697)
23 019
(23 599)
740
510
(1 005 056)
256
Paraguay ٠
Container
(10 556)
840
(1 173)
186 384
(237 510)
1010
N ic a ra g u a
General
cargo^
13 376
(20 109)
213 421
(275 231)
13 307
(12 434)
1 006 4 7 ‫ا‬
(1 407 911)
J a m a ic a
Bulk
carriers'^
Oil
tankers
13 203
(21815)
45 307
(77 584)
564
4293
322
1836)(
16 433
(13 171)
157 547
(77 008)
867
(909)
(94 656)
321 050
(442 295)
4 141
(5 492)
4 786 579
(6 546 648)
(1 506)
2 230
(756)
12 765
(6011)
124
29 185
(37 204)
1 492 195
(1 113 020)
D e v e l o p in g c o u n t r ie s a n d t e r r it o r ie s
OF A s ia
B a h ra in
10 248
(7 211)
353 586
(488 236)
899
(896)
87
519
(100 927)
Bangladesh
B ru n e i
B u rm a
Demoeratie K am puchea. ٠٠. . . . . . . . .
Democratic V em en
Hong K o n g . . . . . . . . . . .
India
Indonesia
12
٠٠٠٠ . . . .
>‫ﻗﺎ‬
(
504
45
222
71)(
752
55
026
93)(
938)‫ﺑ ﻢ‬
3 558
(3 779)
230
1 . 717
. . 230
(2 651 796)
5 911 367
(9 451 453)
1853)(
836
160
286)(
472
010
1351
397
0082)(
1411688
(1 863 699)
341
164
264)
587(
(400)
65 084
(87 569)
7 112
(2 961)
25 255
(10 986)
616
(496)
15 179
(4 422)
). ‫أ ة‬
2 560
(2 321)
(2 950)
227 075
(313 002)
4653
0405)(
1 085 597
(1 866 709)
462
004)‫و‬
199
78
677
120)(
517
166
488
202)(
026
9902
874
5622)(
640
963
673
3351)
(
6 879
(4 832)
(2 8 ^ 4 5 )
44 325
(13 482)
187 781
(106 486)
205 508
(142 762)
Bulk
carriers^
Oil
Total
I r a n .......................................................... 1^83 6^9
(1 932730)
Ira q
1 465 949
(2 564 6^3)
Jo rd an
Г
‫ﺀ‬
(4^18 818)
267 787
(374^53)
Lebanon
M a la y sia
Maldives
P akistan
478
Philippines
Q a ta r
12 860
(18 822)
>, ‫( ةة‬
03^
6
11816)(
037 36‫ل‬
(189 904)
6031)
(
289 140
(483 410)
44^
1
21903
(32 919)
019
(634 357)
459
355
644)
247(
0501)،
91934
Repnblie of Korea . . . . . ٠. . ٠ ٠. . . ٠. ٠
Saudi A ra b ia
471 93
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -
4 344 114
(6 836 190)
668
589 ‫ا‬
327
138)(
335
1761
5315152)(
539
1251
944
0962)(
;‫ي‬
(1^6 766)
1939^
200
36)(
Syrian Arab R e p u b l i e . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 255
(54 483)
Thailand .................................................
391 456
United Arab Emirates. . . . ٠٠ . . . . . . ٠.
158 210
(256 321)
979
(1 850)
Y em e n ......................................
2
Sortotal
Others
209 664
(140 434)
10? 48^
(8^ ?54)
) 1200(
347
792
604‫؛‬
680(
702 145
(1 011 754)
1 927 869
(2 910 262)
Container
407 5^4
(571 472)
‫ ت‬980
09
954
305)(
666 441
(1 220 824)
1 148 487
(2 175 915)
496
. .»'‫س‬
‫؛‬
General
cargo^
434
141 :
372‫؛‬
132(
7948
679
14)(
767
615
013^
131)
(
223
259
585
328)(
954
220
292)(
653
(97^25)
(1 543)
106 044
(121 696)
^133
(1 ^16)
660
132
085
187)(
439
180
795
595)(
59070^
019
5641)
(
2162
7733)(
838
3^
1
300
0^
2(1)
277 495
(313 926)
262
189
245)
189(
976
60
387
87)(
796
37
883
53)(
410
134
230)
330(
81330
669
151)(
318 59^
(366 078)
41 830
(43 035)
79 804
(102 179)
16 936
(5 643)
252 955
(195 962)
16 962
(15 516)
459 179
(318 397)
266 073
(295 761)
(3 179)
1459
(600)
17 1^4
(9 103)
20 229
(19 330)
838
337)(
651
56
322
85)(
1260
8501)
(
1719
728 072
(817 035)
^317912
(1 887 935)
25 010 834
(39 08^025)
7 813 274
(14 489 259)
6 146 837
(10 514 871)
8 004 739
(11 372 925)
132 861
(182 063)
4 92^
(7 355)
58 545
(90 959)
52 654
(73 085)
—
16 740
(10 664)
132 861
(18^063)
4 922
(7 355)
58 545
(90 959)
52 654
(73 085)
—
16 740
(10 664)
14 773
(14 007)
980
(618)
54
. . 004
....
(74 458)
24 904
(31 307)
4 765
(4 694)
254
(400)
D e v e l o p in g c o u n t r ie s o f E u r o p e
M a b a ........................................................
SURTOTAL
D e v e l o p in g €O U n ™ ie s a n d t e r r it o r ie s
OF ©GEANIA
^iji
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - - - -
-
Kiribati - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nauru . . . . . . . . . .
٠٠ ٠ .٠.. .. .
Papua New ©ui nea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samoa
----------------
Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 265
‫ أ‬254
‫ا‬723(
980
(618)
36 976
(1 686)
1)‫(ةﺋﺄق‬
)20 222(
500
4)(
2 668
1711
1218)(
11881
691
15)(
(1 870)
T onga
1>
‫اةة‬
39
3 179
(1 900)
8 143
(9 399)
927
(194)
1497
(652)
3 005
(2 375)
٠‫اﺀ‬١‫ﺀ‬٢٠/
٠٠٠
١١^
Oil
tankers
Total
Tuvalu
Others
353
(250)
(250)
Vanuatu .
Subtotal
Container
(16 288)
4 860
(7 394)
-
129 874
(161 558)
6 689
(9 480)
44 643 408
(68 386 880)
2 039 123
(3 013 563)
14315 659
(25 986 885)
360 417
(657 837)
130
7 551
(8 694)
(200)
36 976
(58 808)
61074
(72 8^7)
25 135
(20 443)
9 926 858
(17 092 891)
696 034
(1 150679)
14 890 577
(^0 746 300)
689 304
(990 649)
S u b t o t a l d e v e l o p in g c o u n t r ie s
Other—unallocated.
758 463
(855 516)
(182 290)
4 751 851
(3 705 288)
103 402
(32 108)
Source: Lloyd’s Register ،>/ Shipping: Statistical ‫ ﺀﻣﺂ‬/‫ ﺀﺀ‬,‫ﻫﻤﺊ‬،‫( ﺀ‬London), and supplemental data regarding the Oreat Lakes Oeets of the United
،٠$ of America and Uanada and the United States reserve Oeet.
; of registration and do not imply the expression of any
The '
lal in this table refer to ‫ا‬
‫ ا‬employed and the presentation of ‫ا‬
or concerning the
concerning the
of any country or territory, or of its
opinion by the Secretariat of the United
delimitation of its frontiers.
! reserve Oeet.
! of America and ‫ا‬
‫ ه‬Ships of 100 grt and over, excluding the Ureat Lakes fleets of the United
، and the United I
‫ ﺀ‬Ure and bulk carriers of 6,000 grt and over, including ore/bulk/oil Carrie'
d inr.ii,Hino
‫ ﺀ‬Excluding (
‫№«ه‬
Total
Canada Greal U kcs 490 75
‫ع‬,‫>ﺳم■ س‬
■
.‫ذ‬
‫س‬°*°*
reserve
‫""ة*س‬
٨٠٠‫؛‬
« » ،г)V.SS.1S e f I‫؛‬
604 986 1
» ‫ ا س‬7‫ﺳﻢ‬
. . . . . . . .٨٠٠ ‫؛‬... ٠. . ٠
(2 820 978)
Container
ships
earners'
(107 197)
and ٠٧٠٢(
I 648 881
(2341 412)
1 550
637 502
—
148 995
(211 573)
21175
190
1763)(
Others
238
113
)‫ﻫﺎ‬€? ‫ م‬6‫ر‬
405
79
546
132)(
1 464 309
585
6711 .........
481
089
2)( 575)
(1
763
‫ ؛‬foo ‫؛‬no ‫؛‬a d a b o v a .
،■ ٨ dispute exists ‫ ا‬،ween the Uovernments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Ureat Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty
over the Falkland Islar ! (Malvinas).
40
468
26
4
325
9
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺜﻮ رات ا ال ﻣﻢ ا ﻟﺘﺤﺪ ة‬
‫ا ﺗﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ن ا ﻟﻜﺒﺔ ا ﻟﻨﻲ ' ﺗﺎ ل ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬
•
‫ا ﺑﺎﻟﻢ‬
،
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ا ط‬
‫ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺔل ا ﻟﺤﺼﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺶ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات ا ال ﻣ ﻢ ا ﻟﺘﺤﺪت ض ا ﻟﻤﻜﺒﺎت ودرر اﻟﺨﻮزم‬
‫اس‬
‫أو ا ﻛﺐ اﻟﻰث أ آل م‬
■
‫ﺟﻴﻒ‬
‫;ورك اد ﺗﻲ‬.‫ﺀﺗﻢ ا ﻟﻤﻊ ﺗﻲ ض‬
,
‫ﺛﺒﻤﺲ‬
‫ ﻟﻔﺂﺀ ا‬1‫وأاا ﻫﺄ و آل ﻣﺤﻘﺒﻤ ال ﻫ آل ؛ ق ﺀ ال أة } و ﻫﺒﻢ‬
1
^
‫م‬
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Printed in France
G £.83-II!-5 5 4 4 3 6 1 7 ‫) ؟‬
Uctober 1983 — 3,830
00700P
United Nations publication
Sales No. S.83.I1.D.4