Requirements Process Overview
Michael F. Lembeck, Ph.D
ESMD Requirements Division
The Vision for Space Exploration
The fundamental goal of this vision is to advance U.S. scientific,
security and economic interest through a robust space exploration
program
• Implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic
program to explore the solar system and beyond
• Extend human presence across the solar system,
starting with a human return to the Moon by the year
2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and
other destinations
• Develop the innovative technologies, knowledge, and
infrastructures both to explore and to support decisions
about the destinations for human exploration
• Promote international and commercial participation in
exploration to further U.S. scientific, security, and
economic interests
Exploration Strategy Outline
•
Re-establish competencies for crewed lunar and
interplanetary flight spirals
– Ultimate “System-of-Systems” architecture not known a
priori
– Stepping stone “spiral” approach
•
•
•
•
•
Spiral 1 – Crew transportation demonstration in LEO
Spiral 2 – Extended duration lunar missions
Spiral 3 – Long Duration lunar missions, testbed demos
Spiral 4 – Crewed Mars flyby
Spiral 5 – Humans on Mars
– Lunar testbed incrementally validates systems and
operations concepts
•
Robotic precursors identify locations of interest and
demonstrate technologies
•
Extend capabilities and reduce dependence on logistics
train
– Enable affordable and sustainable exploration of Mars
– Open new commercial opportunities for products and
services
Preparing for Mars Exploration
Our Moon as a test bed
–Technology advancement
reduces mission costs and
supports expanded human
exploration
–Systems testing and technology
test beds to develop reliability in
harsh environments
–Expand mission and science
surface operations experience and
techniques
–Human and machine collaboration: Machines serve as an
extension of human explorers, together achieving more than either
can do alone
–Breaking the bonds of dependence on Earth: (e.g., life
science/closed loop life support tests)
–Power generation and propulsion development and testing
–Common investments in hardware systems for Moon, Mars and
other space objectives
Strategy-to-Task-to-Technology Process
Operational
Environments
Nation’s Vision
Available
Technologies
NSPD
Level 0 Requirements
Affordable
System Design
& Development
Exploration / Science
Goals & Objectives
Operations Concepts
Functional Needs
Operations Concepts
Technology Needs
Rationale Packages
Deficiencies
(Capabilities / Technologies)
Functional Interfaces
Level 1
Requirements
Cost & Operational
Performance Trades
Coordination responsibility with other Enterprises
MISSION
OPERATIONS
Modeling & Simulation
Cost / Effectiveness
Modeling & Simulation
PROGRAM
Investment Plan
Quality Functional Deployment (QFD) Flowdown
Operational
Environments
Available
Technologies
Nation ’s Vision
NSPD
Level 0 Requirements
Affordable
Affordable
System
System Design
Design
&
& Development
Development
Exploration / Science Goals
& Objectives
Architectural
Campaigns
Operations Concepts
Functional Needs
Operations Concepts
Technology Needs
Rationale Packages
Operational
Operational
Operational
Tasks
Tasks
Tasks
QF
D
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
B
BB
MISSION
Modeling & Simulation
Cost / Effectiveness
Modeling & Simulation
PROGRAM
OPERATIONS
Investment Plan
Matrix
C
Scores
Technologies
Matrix
D
Scores
Supported by Cost,
Operational &
Performance Trades
(SBA)
Affordability
Technologies
Scores
Scores
Scores
Level 1 Requirements
Operational
Attributes
Operational
Attributes
Scores
Functional Interfaces
Cost & Operational
Performance Trades
Operational
Tasks
Matrix
A
Architectural
Architectural
Architectural
Campaigns
Campaigns
Campaigns
Strategic
Objectives
Deficiencies
(Capabilities / Technologies)
Matrix
E
Scores
Requirements Development Flowdown
Broad Trades
•
•
•
•
•
Architectural Variants
Technology Infusion
Operational Concepts
(Examples)
(Examples)
(Examples)
Moon Short Stay
Moon Long Stay
Global Access
Single Site
Multiple Sites
•
•
•
•
•
High-Earth Orbit
Libration Points
Mars Orbit
Mars Short Stay
Mars Long Stay
Safety
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical
Nuclear
Fuel Cells
Solar
ECLSS Closure
•
•
•
•
•
Open Loop
Storables
Cryogenics
Thermal Protection
Breakthroughs
Effectiveness
•
•
•
•
•
Pre-Deploy
All-Up
Lunar Orbit
Libration Point
Tandem
Extensibility
•
•
•
•
•
Convoy
Surface Stay
Abort Options
Staging Altitude
Staging Strategy
Affordability
Focused Trades
Architectural Variants
Technologies & Sensitivities
Mission Capture
(Examples)
(Examples)
(Examples)
• Launch Constraints
• Return Strategy
• Staging Altitude
• Plane Change
• Tandem / Convoy
• Surface Strategy
•
•
•
•
Propellants
Power
Crew Size
Surface stay
•
•
•
•
Payload Down
Payload Returned
Launch Frequency
Radiation Shielding
•
•
•
•
Lunar Short Stay
Lunar Long Stay
Polar / Equatorial
Global Access
OAG/STT Decision Panel
Concept of Operations and Draft Requirements
• Libration
• Mars Staging
• Mars Return
POD- Lunar Trade Architecture
MOON
Earth Departure
Stages
Expended/Reuse
CEV performs ascent
plane change
Expended/
Reuse
Lander performs
descent plane
change
EDS performs LOI
CEV performs
TEI Burn
CEV
loiter 4 –
98 days
EDS performs
TLI
EDS
LSAM
EDS
Low Lunar
Orbit
Service Module
CEV
Earth
Orbit
CEV crew size of
4 – all travel to
lunar surface
Direct Entry
Water Landing
Entry
capsule
Reused?
EARTH
Continue
Missions
Commercial Crew Delivery
Lunar Trade Architecture
MOON
Earth Departure
Stages Expended
Expended
Low
Lunar Orbit
Service Module
Expended
Earth
Orbit
TBD
LSAM, CEV
CEV EDS
LSAM EDS
Crew
Crew
Launch
Direct Entry
Water Landing
Entry
capsule
Reused?
EARTH
Continue
Missions
Commercial Prop Delivery
MOON
Earth Departure
Stages
Expended/Reuse
Expended/
Reuse
Fuel EDS’s
EDS
Propellant
Propellant
Transfer
Transfer
LSAM
Low Lunar Orbit
(500/100 km)
Service Module
CEV
407 km
Launch
Launch
Propellant
Propellant
Direct Entry
Water Landing
Entry
capsule
Reused?
EARTH
Continue
Missions
Modular Reusable Architecture
MOON
Lunar Surface
Access Module
Transition to In-Situ
Propellant Production?
Low Lunar
Orbit
Propellant
Propellant
Transfer
Transfer
Earth
Orbit
SEP Freighter
w/ Prop Tanker
Launch
Launch Propellant
Propellant
and
and Reusable
Reusable
Flight
Flight Elements
Elements
Propellant
Propellant
Transfer
Transfer
Emergency
Emergency
Return
Return
LEO Prop Depot
CEV
Launch
EARTH
CE&R contractor mid-term summary
CE&R
1
CE&R
2
CE&R
3
CE&R
4
CE&R
5
CE&R
6
CE&R
7
CE&R
8
CE&R
9
CE&R
10
Architecture Related
(to go work)
CEV Requirements Related
(vs. key requirements)
Landing Site
(Global Access)
Crew size
(4-6)
Surface Stay
(S1:4-14, S2:4298 days)
Staging location
Commercial
Earth ascent
aborts?
Acquisition Strategy
Anytime return?
Launch Vehicle
CEV EVA
capable?
Analysis of Alternatives
Degree of Reuse?
Land or water
return
Fully Fueled?
Dev / AoA
Spiral 3 Studies
CEV launch
mass
Cargo launch
mass
Element reuse?
ISRU used?
In-flight
refueling?
Very Similar
Dissimilar
Somewhat Similar
Unclear / No Data
CE&R
11
Crew Exploration Vehicle Overview
CAPT Mike Hecker
ESMD CEV Project Manager
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