Energy use among migrant workers in
the cities: Results from a survey
among floating population in Shanghai
ZHU Qin
School of Social Development and Public Policy,
Fudan University, China
Supported by The Research Council of Norway (No. 199491/S50)
7 May 2013
Final LDE workshop in Oslo
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Floating households
Spending on energy
Drivers of spending on energy
Summary
Outline
1. Introduction
–
–
–
–
2.
3.
4.
5.
Floating population in Shanghai
About the survey
Sampling
Questionnaire
Floating households
Spending on energy
Drivers of spending on energy
Summary
Floating population in Shanghai
Floating;
8.98 ; 39
%
Local;
14.04 ;
61 %
Total: 23.02 million
Floating population in Shanghai
million
Population in Shanghai 2010
(million, %)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
3.5
2000
Source: SHSB (2011)
2010
Floating population in Shanghai
• Definition
– registered as permanent resident (HuKou) in a region other than
Shanghai
– has continuously lived in Shanghai more than half a year
• Special group
– Work in modern cities but cannot enjoy the same welfare as
local residents
– Most of them come from rural area
• energy consumption pattern differs
– from local residents in urban area
– from their families in rural area
• It is important to study the implications of floating household
characteristics for energy consumption
Survey among floating people in Shanghai
• Time: April 2011
• Purpose
– Collecting necessary data to study
• income and expenditure of floating households
• especially energy spending and their divers
• Respondent
– At least one of memebers continuously lives in Shanghai for
more than half a year without Hukou in Shanghai
• Survey implemention
– personally visited
– Supervision groups
– Data coding for standardization (area code, occupation code,
etc.)
– Check each questionnaire twice
Sampling
• Random sampling method
– Indicator: social economic status (SES)
• per capita tax, proportion of urban population, population
density
– proportionate systematic sampling (PSS)
• Samples:
– 33 towns (or streets)
– 65 villages (or neighborhood committees)
– 1504 households
Sample distribution
Chongming County
• Downtown:
– 302 households, 20%
– 682 people
– 27 communities
• Suburbs:
– 1022 households, 68%
– 2545 people
– 28 communities
• Outer suburbs:
– 180 households, 12%
– 466 people
– 27 communities
The questionnaire
• Household members
– Gender, birthday, education, stay period and purpose,
hometown, occupation, and social relations
• Housing situation
– House type and in-house facilities, monthly rent, and appliances
• Income and expenditure
– Monthly income, spending on main items such as food,
education, and health
– Spending on non-oil energy, vehicles and transport
Last month & last year
• Double check
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Floating households
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gender and age structure
Household size
Residence period
House types
Location
Vehicles
Income and expenditure
3. Spending on energy
4. Drivers of spending on energy
5. Summary
Samples of floating people in Shanghai
70+
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
The gender and age structure of local
registered residents in Shanghai
Age
Age
The gender and age structure of the
samples of floating people in Shanghai
Male
Female
400
200
0
200
400
70+
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
Male
Female
1000
0~14
16.1%
15~59
80.9%
0
500
1000
103 Persons
Persons
Age
Proportion
500
60+
3.1%
Age
Proportion
0~14
7.9%
15~59
62.4%
60+
22.1%
Floating households
Household size and generation relations
(unit: households)
Household
size
1 generation
1 person
253
-
2 persons
578
3 persons
2 generations 3+ generations
Total
Proportion
-
253
17%
37
-
615
41%
6
70% 414
7
427
28%
4+ persons
-
132
77
209
14%
Total
837
583
84
1504
100%
Proportion
56%
39%
6%
100%
-
.
Average household size: 2.46 persons
83%
Floating households
Residence period
140
120
Households
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
2
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Years of the head stay in Shanghai
3+years, 75%
Floating households
Housing types
Villa; 1%
Downscale,
37%
Others; 2%
Over-13
stories; 5%
Upscale, 7%
8-12stories;
1%
Bungalow;
27%
2-7 stories;
56%
Old alley;
8%
Floating households
Location
Downtown
20 %
Suburb
80 %
Floating households
Vehicles
Floating households
Income and vehicles
Floating households VS local households
Average income and expenditure of households
per capita-month
3000
2500
2653
2369
1933
CNY
2000
Local
Floating
1365
1500
1005
1000
720
500
0
income
expenditure
savings
Source: data of local households are from Table 9.17 of SHBS (2011). Data of floating household from own survey
Floating households VS local households
Expenditure structure (%)
40
35
30
33.5
27.8
25
22.4
20
Local
15
Floating
12.5
10
7.9
5.1 4.7
5
0
4.3
5.9
1.1
Food
Transport
Communication
Housing rent
Helath
Source: data of local households are from Table 9.17 of SHBS (2011). Data of floating household from own survey
Floating households VS local households
Expenditure structure (%)
10
9.5
8.6
9
8
7
6
5
5.0
Local
Floating
3.9
4
3
1.9
2
2.3
0.9
0.5 0.8
1
1.5
0
Education
Entertainment
Water
electricity
gas
Source: data of local households are from Table 9.17 of SHBS (2011). Data of floating household from own survey
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Floating households
3. Spending on energy
–
–
Spending on domestic energy
Spending on transportation oils
4. Drivers of spending on energy
5. Summary
Floating households
Spending on energy
300
500
Households frequency
Average：10%
0
0
100
100
Frequency
200
300
Frequency
200
400
-- Domestic energy: 45%
-- Transportation Oil: 55%
0
200
400
600
en_tot (CNY)
800
1000
0
20
40
60
en_tot/expend (%)
80
100
Floating households
Spending on domestic energy
•
Spending on domestic
energy per household
last month: 146 CNY
Floating households
Spending on domestic energy
Types of domestic energy
Floating households
Spending on domestic energy
Appliances in the kitchen
45%
27%
Floating households
Spending on domestic energy
Shower appliances
40%
42%
11%
5%
2%
Floating households
Spending on transportation oils
Spending on gasoline and diesel per household
(CNY per month, %)
Diesel; 33;
18 %
•
Gasoline;
149; 82 %
Spending on gasoline
and diesel per
household last month :
182 CNY
Floating households
Spending on transportation oils
Spending on gasoline and diesel per household
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
Floating households
Spending on energy
Drivers of spending on energy
–
–
–
–
–
–
Income
House size
Residence period
Location
Housing types
Vehicles
5. Summary
Drivers of spending on energy
Income
900
800
12.6
12.3
770
10.5
700
600
8.7
10
9.3
8
500
374
400
300
200
100
0
12
%
CNY
14
6
256
107
Lowest 20%
(2118)
4
134
Lower 20% (3310)
2
Middle 20%
(4408)
higher 20% (6088)
Income groups
Spending
Spending share (right axis)
Highest 20%
(13237)
0
Drivers of spending on energy
Household size
700
18
12
10
618
7
200
501
401
8
6
4
239
2
117
0
0
1
2
3
Household size (person)
Spending
4
Spending share (right axis)
>=5
%
CNY
12
10
400
100
14
13
500
300
16
15
600
Drivers of spending on energy
Income and expenditure by
household size
12000
10000
CNY
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1
2
3
Household size
Income
4
total expenditure
>=5
Drivers of spending on energy
Residence period of the head
600
18
16
500
14
12
10
300
8
6
200
4
100
2
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Years
spending
spending share (right axis)
%
CNY
400
Drivers of spending on energy
Location
400
14
357
350
12
300
212
208
200
8
%
CNY
250
10
6
150
81
100
4
50
2
0
0
Downtown
Suburb
Expenditure groups
Spending on total energy
Spending on oil
Spending share on total energy (right axis)
Spending share on oil (right axis)
Drivers of spending on energy
Housing types
450
400
12
12
350
10
300
8
250
200
10
%
CNY
14
419
172
150
6
4
100
3
59
50
105
4
2
0
0
One-story
Others
Expenditure groups
Spending on total energy
Spending on electricity
Spending share on total energy (right axis)
Spending share on electricity (right axis)
Drivers of spending on energy
Private car
2500
40
35
2000
1613
1500
CNY
1264
500
25
20
1003
1000
30
15
10
187
5
59
0
0
0
1
No. of cars
2
Spending on total energy
Spending on oil
Spending share on total enegy (right axis)
Spending share on oil (right axis)
%
1958
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Floating households
Spending on energy
Drivers of spending on energy
Summary
Summary
•
•
•
•
•
Survey among floating households in Shanghai
Basic information of the floating households
Income and expenditure
Spending on energy
Drivers of spending on energy
•
Report:
–
Living status and energy consumption of floating people in
Shanghai 2010. By Huifen Liu, Taoyuan Wei, Qin Zhu, Solveig
Glomsrød, Xizhe Peng, and Zhongxin Su.
Further study
• Regression models
– To find out the key household characteristics for spending share of
total energy and the main energy goods
• Preliminary conclusion
– Several characteristics of floating population are important factors
to explain their energy spending and consumption patterns
– Key variables: income, expenditure, household size, residence
period, location, and house type
• Policy implications
• Paper under review:
– Energy spending and household characteristics of floating
population: Evidence from Shanghai. By Taoyuan Wei, Solveig
Glomsrød, and Qin Zhu.
Thank you!