Report to the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission
2008–2009
1.
Title:
Broccoli Breeding, Evaluation and Seed Production
2.
Project Leaders:
James R. Myers, Horticulture
Brian Yorgey, Food Science and Technology
3.
Cooperators:
None
4.
Project Status:
Terminating 30 June, 2009
5.
Project Funding:
$6,902
breeding
$3,769
processing
$10,671
total
Research efforts were focused on testing various inbred combinations for hybrid
production, and evaluating commercial cultivars for adaptation to Oregon growing conditions. Trials at the Vegetable Research Farm included a yield trial of OSU derived hybrids, observation trials of OSU inbreds and hybrids, and an observation trial. We see
progress in the OSU material with the most recently derived inbreds being the best.
Breeding funds were used for a major portion of the support of a vegetable breeding
technician, student labor, supplies, and research farm expenses. Processing funds were
used for processing samples of experimental hybrids.
Objectives:
1. Develop broccoli varieties adapted to western Oregon with suitable quality, high
yields, and disease resistance. Specific traits include:
a. Early to midseason maturity
b. Concentrated yield potential
c. Head rot and downy mildew resistance
d. Large openly branched heads that are well exserted and have clean stems
for easy trimming and separation into florets
e. Firm, uniform florets of good color
f. Fine beads with short pedicels, which are retained after freezing
2.
Use cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) to produce field scale quantities of F1 hybrid seed.
6.
Report of Progress:
Greenhouse inbred and hybrid seed production: Cuttings were taken from inbreds and
breeding lines grown in the field in 2007 to establish material for crossing and hybrid
seed production in the greenhouse during the winter of 2007-2008. A total of 13 cross
combinations (Tables 1) were obtained with sufficient seed for replicated trials. Twentyfive inbreds were selfed for seed production and 11 additional hybrid combinations with
seed only sufficient for a single plot trial was produced.
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Yield Trial: Thirteen hybrid combinations were tested in a replicated yield trial (Tables 1
& 2, Figure 1). Entries were direct seeded on 1 July into 30 ft rows spaced 30 in between
rows with four replications. Plants within rows were thinned to 12 in. Data were collected at harvest maturity on plant and head characteristics, and yield, and a sample of
each hybrid was sent to the OSU Food Science and Technology Pilot Plant for processing
and evaluation. Data from the Pilot Plant had not been completed at the time of this report and will be reported separately. Two check hybrids (Arcadia, and Emerald Pride)
were included for comparison to experimental hybrids. Because of poor stand, Emerald
Pride was omitted from the trial.
All of the experimental hybrids but S454 x S456 were significantly earlier than
Arcadia (Table 1). Number of blind plants per plot varied widely in this trial as shown
by the large LSD value (14.8) with this effect being more prevalent in the second and
third reps. Two hybrids (S411 x S455 and SS445 x S461) had reduced plant stands. One
of these experimental hybrids (S411 x S455) had similar unadjusted yield similar to Arcadia, but had significantly higher net T/A following adjustment for reduced stand. Five
hybrids were not significantly different for Arcadia as measured by net T/A and seven
had significantly lower yield compared to the check. Head diameters were all in the 1215 cm (4.5-6 in) range. OSU hybrids generally had lower proportion of leaves attached
to the stem of harvested heads although only two had significantly fewer leaves compared to Arcadia (11%). Two experimental hybrids (S454 x S447 and S445 x S461) had
significantly greater percent leaves than the check (Table 1). Percent florets relative to
total head weight was calculated to determine if OSU experimental materials had a
greater weight in florets relative to stems. None were significantly greater than Arcadia
(63%) and seven had significantly less percent floret than the check. It would be interesting to look at this variable for a number of commercial hybrids beyond Arcadia. Observational data from the yield trial (Table 2) shows that OSU hybrids are generally taller
and more exserted than Arcadia. Most of the hybrids have finer bead texture compared
to the check and superior color, segmentation and uniformity. Four hybrids (S454 x
S446, S454 x S447, S454 x S449, and S454 x S456) received overall scores of 7 or 8 on a
1-9 scale (9 is best). S454 inbred appears to be a good combiner and brings many superior attributes to a cross (Table 4.)
When examining hybrids that have been tested over several years (Table 3), we
found that several had consistent performance across years. S445 x S454 and S410 x
S454 showed consistently good yields over six years, and S449 x S454 over two years.
Observation Trials: These trials included 25 conventional inbreds with 2 lines under selection, 18 hybrid combinations, and six CMS inbreds. (Table 4 and 5). After evaluation, cuttings from inbreds were rooted in the greenhouse to be used in selfing and crossing during the winter of 2008-09. Among the newer inbreds, those that stand out are
S456, S458 and S463. The latter, while having large heads and fine bead structure has
soft heads, and it will be necessary to determine how this trait combines with firmer
headed inbreds. A number of inbred line cross combinations have been tested in the past
8 years (Table 6) but additional testing is still needed among the S440 series inbreds.
Cytoplasmic Male Sterile (CMS) Facilitated Hybrid Seed Production: Selected OSU
conventional inbreds (S387, S447 and S454) were used as pollen parents in isolated
crossing blocks at the Vegetable Farm with six CMS inbreds in the S410, S411, and S454
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
backgrounds. The trials were used to evaluate potential crossing ability with 3 OSU inbreds, and to produce seed (table 7). Four cross combinations produced greater than 2 g
seed per plot including (CMS 5-3 x S410) x S387, (CMS 5-3 x S410) x S447, (CMS 6-1
x S411) x S447, and (CMS 14-1 x S411) x S454. Because seed set amounts have been
low, we have wondered if reduced fertility was associated with the modified floral morphology of the CMS lines (they have reduced petal size and may have distorted carpels).
We included the crosses (CMS 9-1 x S454) x S454 and (CMS 13-1 x S454) x S454, the
former of which set 2 g of seed while the latter only produced 0.5 g. The variability between these two lines suggests that selection for improved floral morphology may indeed
be necessary in some backgrounds.
7.
Summary:
Trials at the Vegetable Research Farm included a yield trial of OSU derived hybrids, and observation trials of OSU inbreds and hybrids. Several promising hybrid combination were identified and the newest cycle of inbred lines are showing improved horticultural characteristics. There are still many cross combinations that need to be assessed
and will be the subject of the crossing program in the 2008-09 greenhouse. Selection for
more normal flower type in CMS lines will be investigated.
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Table 1. Yield data from a hybrid broccoli trial, Corvallis, 2008.z
Days to
Harvest
No.
Plts/
Plot
%
Blind
Plants
Gross
T/A
Adj
Gross
T/Ay
Young
Heads
T/A
Culls
T/A
Net
T/A
Adj
Net
T/Ay
Net
Heads/A
Adj
Heads/Ay
Head
Diameter (cm)
%
Leaves
%
Florets
S454 x S387
83
22.3
12.7
2.91
2.91
0.31
0.17
2.24
2.21
9583
9383
12.9
7
57
S454 x S410
83
21.8
4.5
4.98
5.02
0.16
0.05
4.36
4.39
10309
10385
14.8
9
60
S454 x S445
83
24.8
7.1
4.32
3.83
0.03
0.06
4.02
3.57
12923
11476
14.1
5
63
S454 x S446
83
27.0
10.7
3.90
3.19
0.19
0.00
3.42
2.80
10164
8311
14.1
7
64
S454 x S447
85
26.0
6.7
2.91
2.45
0.31
0.00
2.05
1.70
9728
8063
12.3
21
57
S454 x S449
80
25.3
3.8
5.58
4.90
0.07
0.57
4.76
4.19
12778
11164
14.8
4
60
S410 xS456
83
19.0
5.1
2.85
3.25
0.30
0.00
2.29
2.61
7986
9224
15.0
10
58
S410 x S461
85
20.3
16.3
2.02
2.17
0.00
0.07
1.79
1.92
9583
10339
12.6
9
62
S411 x S455
83
15.3
12.5
3.83
5.48
0.00
0.00
3.77
5.40
7550
10801
15.4
2
55
S445 x S456
83
19.0
10.4
3.01
3.52
0.12
0.01
2.78
3.23
8712
10082
15.3
4
64
Hybrid
S445 x S461
83
15.3
17.9
1.38
1.96
0.07
0.00
1.05
1.45
5372
6929
13.6
20
65
S454 x S455
83
22.3
6.8
3.98
3.95
0.38
0.10
3.09
3.09
10164
9903
14.4
10
58
S454 x S456
87
23.8
20.8
3.77
3.49
0.14
0.00
3.35
3.10
11180
10225
14.1
7
62
Arcadia
87
24.3
8.2
5.07
4.60
0.20
0.04
4.25
3.87
11180
10207
14.8
11
63
5.0
14.8
1.15
0.90
0.21
0.29
1.14
0.93
3955
2912
1.6
7
3
LSD 0.05
z
Planted July 1 in 30' plots, rows 30" apart, thinned to 12" between plants. Mean of four replications.
y
Adjusted to a stand of 22 plants per plot.
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Table 2. Observation notes from a broccoli yield trial, Corvallis, 2008.
Line
S454 x S387
S454 x S410
S454 x S445
S454 x S446
Maturity
(days)z
83
83
83
83
Head
Ht
(cm)
68
56
63
58
Plant
Ht (cm)
63
62
65
60
Head
Shapey
7
6
7
7
Bead
Sizex
M
M
M-C
M
Stem
colorw
7
7
3
5
Exsertionw
8
6
6
7
Segmentationw
6
7
5
3
Uniformityw
3
6
7
8
Branch
- ingw
5
5
3
3
Overallw
5
6
5
8
S454 x S447
S454 x S449
S410 xS456
S410 x S461
S411 x S455
S445 x S456
S445 x S461
S454 x S455
S454 x S456
Arcadia
85
80
83
85
83
83
83
83
87
87
61
57
48
57
59
63
57
60
58
52
59
53
53
58
66
65
56
56
64
75
7
7
5
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
F
M
F
F
M-C
F-M
M
F-M
M
M-C
4
5
5
3
7
5
5
7
7
5
7
7
5
6
5
9
5
5
5
4
8
5
8
6
7
9
3
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
5
3
4
7
5
2
7
3
7
3
3
5
5
5
1
7
7
5
5
4
4
3
5
7
5
z
Planted July 1.
Scale of 1 - 9 where 1 = concave and 9 = extreme dome.
x
F = fine; M = medium; C = coarse.
w
Scale of 1-9 where 1 = poor and 9 = excellent.
y
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Notes
Highly variable maturity
Table 3. Yield data (net T/A) from nine years of broccoli yield trials, Corvallis,
2008z
Entry
S387 x S410
S387 x S411
S387 x S438
S387 x S445
S387 x S446
S387 x S454
S410 x S442
S410 x S445
S410 x S446
S410 x S447
S410 x S454
S410 x S456
S410 x S461
S411 x S445
S411 x S446
S411 x S454
S411 x S455
S438 x S442
S440 x S446
S442 x S411
S442 x S454
S445 x S454
S445 x S456
S445 x S461
S446 x S454
S447 x S410
S447 x S411
S447 x S454
S448 x S454
S449 x S454
S454 x S455
S454 x S456
Arcadia
Excelsior
Legend
Regal
Emerald Pride
LSD 0.05
2000
2001
2002
Tons/Acre
2003
2004
4.62
2.45
2005
1.39
2006
2007
2008
1.32
4.27
4.17
2.21
2.82
3.79
3.83
2.73
4.14
5.67
5.40
6.40
3.34
2.32
3.87
3.43
3.79
3.72
3.49
3.70
3.96
5.35
5.70
1.36
1.46
3.79
4.39
2.61
1.92
3.58
5.30
3.30
4.23
4.22
2.72
5.40
4.22
5.10
3.65
4.07
4.32
6.10
3.92
3.40
3.70
4.83
2.31
3.73
2.43
3.23
3.95
3.63
0.52
0.84
3.78
4.97
4.71
1.39
5.28
3.65
3.31
3.68
4.29
3.41
2.24
4.16
2.79
4.30
3.90
3.43
2.25
4.45
5.30
3.40
0.90
4.17
4.54
0.93
3.30
4.32
0.79
3.62
3.91
z
Uneven number of plots in 2006 prevented
calculation of an LSD.
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
4.07
3.57
3.23
1.45
2.80
1.70
4.09
4.19
3.09
3.10
3.87
5.21
4.23
0.95
0.93
Table 4. Broccoli observation trial, OSU inbreds, Corvallis, 2008.z
Inbred
S387
S410
S411
S437
S438
S440
Maturity
(days)
92
86
86
85
86
84
Head
Ht
(cm)
73
55
60
50
62
54
Leaf
Canopy
Ht (cm)
59
55
65
61
49
56
Head
Diam
(cm)
13
14
16.5
14
13
10.5
Head
y
Shape
7
7
5
6
7
9
Stem
Colorx
7
7
5
3
7
7
Head
Colorx
5
5
5
5
5
5
Bead
Sizew
F
M
C
C
F-M
C
Head
Exsertionx
9
8
5
5
9
9
Head
Segmentationx
7
8
3
3
9
1
Plot Uniformityx
1
4
9
6
5
6
Branch
-ingx
7
7
3
3
7
5
Overall
Scorex
7
5
7
6
7
5
S442
S443
S445
S446
S447
94
94
86
92
86
61
57
68
65
58
66
57
61
72
55
14
11
13.5
12
13
6
7
8
6
8
5
5
5
5
7
5
5
7
5
7
F
F
M-C
M
F
6
6
8
6
7
5
5
1
1
8
3
3
7
9
8
7
5
5
1
3
5
5
6
8
9
S448
86
74
66
14
6
7
5
F
9
7
3
7
5
S449
S454
92
86
45
53
67
56
15
12
5
6
7
5
5
7
F
F
3
5
3
5
3
6
1
5
3
7
S455
92
58
58
17
6
7
7
VF
7
7
5
5
5
S456
S457
S458
S459
86
90
80
86
57
55
49
60
59
67
52
63
18
14
14
10
7
7
5
7
7
5
7
7
5
7
5
7
F
F
F
F
7
6
7
6
8
7
9
7
5
8
8
3
3
1
1
5
8
7
8
5
S460
86
66
63
16
6
5
3
F
9
5
7
3
7
S461
92
65
63
16
6
3
3
F-M
6
3
5
5
5
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Notes
Soft heads
Soft heads; extensive cat's eye
Rosetting
Soft heads
Soft heads; nice
plants with exserted heads
Soft heads; short
plants; heads not
exserted
Some cat's eye
Soft heads with
very fine beads
Firm heads; some
cat's eye
Firm heads
Small firm heads
Very tall, exserted
plants; some cat's
eye
Firm heads; some
cat's eye; beads
with long pedicels
Table 4. (continued) Broccoli observation trial, OSU inbreds, Corvallis, 2008.z
Inbred
S462
S463
Maturity
(days)
92
86
Head
Ht
(cm)
57
56
Leaf
Canopy
Ht (cm)
57
52
Head
Diam
(cm)
15.5
17
Head
y
Shape
4
6
Stem
Colorx
7
5
Head
Colorx
6
5
Bead
Sizew
F
F
Head
Exsertionx
7
6
Head
Segmentationx
7
8
Plot Uniformityx
7
7
Branch
-ingx
3
5
Overall
Scorex
6
9
S464
83
62
62
16.5
5
5
1
VF-F
8
3
5
5
1
S465
86
59
58
16
6
8
5
F
7
8
5
3
7
z
Planted July 1 in 30" rows, thinned to 12" apart.
Scale of 1-9 where 1 = concave, 3 = flat, 5 = slight dome, 7 = moderate dome and 9 = extreme dome.
x
Scale of 1-9 where 1 = poor and 9 = excellent.
w
F = fine, M = medium, C = coarse.
y
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Notes
Flat heads
Fairly soft heads
Very small florets
with uneven bead
development; discard
Vigorous plants;
small heads
Table 5. Broccoli observation trial, OSU hybrids and breeding lines, Corvallis, 2008.z
Leaf
Canopy Ht
(cm)
68
64
59
51
62
61
71
69
70
67
69
63
63
58
63
54
60
58
69
Head
Diam
(cm)
11.0
15.5
17
13.5
19
10.5
13.5
13
18
12
13
11
13
13
14
15
15.5
13.5
15.5
Head
Exsertionx
6
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
7
6
5
7
6
8
6
6
8
5
8
Head
Maturity
Head
Stem
Bead
Bead
Shapey
Hybrid
(days)
Ht (cm)
Colorx
Colorx Sizew
CMS1-1
86
53
6
5
7
M
S387 x S454
64
6
7
7
F-M
83
66
7
7
5
M
S410 x S454
83
52
5
7
7
F-M
S410 x S455
86
55
5
7
7
F
S455 x S410
86
57
6
5
3
C
S411 x S445
84
61
6
7
5
C
S411 x S446
86
57
6
5
5
C
S446 x S411
86
69
6
5
5
M
S411 x S447
85
64
7
7
5
M-C
S411 x S449
83
50
5
5
5
F
S449 x S411
83
64
7
7
7
M
S411 x S456
85
64
6
5
5
C
S411 x S461
86
66
7
7
7
M
S445 x S454
84
55
7
7
5
F
S445 x S457
90
55
6
5
7
F-M
S445 x S456
86
S447 x S454
62
6
7
9
F
86
S449 x S454
53
7
7
5
M
85
S454 x S456
72
8
5
5
M
84
CMS1-1 x
S454
56
56
16
5
7
7
F
6
86
CMS6-1 x
S411 BC5
57
58
18
5
7
7
M
5
86
CMS7-2 x
S410 BC5
44
50
8
6
7
5
F
6
86
CMS12-1 x
S410 BC5
52
53
12
7
7
5
F
5
86
CMS13-1 x
S454 BC5
44
54
10
7
7
7
M
5
88
CMS14-1 x
S411 BC5
66
58
17.5
5
7
5
M
7
86
z
Planted July 1 in 30" rows, thinned to 12" apart.
y
Scale of 1-9 where 1 = concave, 3 = flat, 5 = slight dome, 7 = moderate dome and 9 = extreme dome.
x
Scale of 1-9 where 1 = poor and 9 = excellent.
w
F = fine, M = medium, C = coarse.
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Head
Segmentationx
7
5
3
9
7
1
3
7
3
1
3
7
1
3
7
5
3
3
5
Plot
Uniformityx
5
7
7
7
5
8
3
7
7
6
3
7
5
7
8
7
7
6
5
Branchingx
5
3
5
3
3
1
7
1
5
3
1
1
5
3
1
1
3
7
7
Overall
Scorex
6
8
7
7
7
3
3
4
5
3
5
7
3
7
7
7
9
4
5
3
7
5
6
5
7
3
6
7
3
3
3
5
7
5
5
7
7
5
6
Stunted plants
8
7
5
7
Some cat's eye
Notes
Firm heads
Large firm heads
Rosetting
Firm heads
Stunted plants with
small heads
Table 6. Inbred line combinations tested in 9 years of broccoli yield trials, Corvallis, 2008z.
Inbred Line
S410
S411
S438
S442
S443
S445
S446
S447
S453
S454
S387
S396
S398
S399
S400
S410
S411
S438
S440
S442
S443
S445
S446
S447
S448
S449
S454
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
3
2
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
3
2
1
4
6
5
0
0
3
1
5
5
4
1
2
S455
Number in each cell indicates the number of times this combination has been tested.
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
S461
1
1
1
1
1
1
z
S456
1
Table 7. Seed Set and Harvest for OSU Broccoli CMS Inbred Lines, Corvallis, Oregon, 2007 & 2008z
Inbred
CMS 5-3 x S410
CMS 7-2 x S410
CMS 6-1 x S411
CMS 14-1 x S411
CMS 9-1 x S454
CMS 13-1 x S454
CMS 5-3 x S410
CMS 7-2 x S410
Crossed
To OSU
Inbred
S442
S442
S442
S442
S442
S442
S445
S445
Year
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
% Silique
Set
near zero
near zero
1
near zero
1
25
10
near zero
Weight of
Harvested
Seed (g)
0
0
1.3
0
1.1
7.3
5.1
0
CMS 6-1 x S411
CMS 14-1 x S411
CMS 9-1 x S454
CMS 13-1 x S454
CMS 5-3 x S410
CMS 7-2 x S410
CMS 6-1 x S411
CMS 14-1 x S411
CMS 9-1 x S454
CMS 13-1 x S454
CMS 5-3 x S410
CMS 7-2 x S410
CMS 6-1 x S411
CMS 14-1 x S411
CMS 9-1 x S454
CMS 13-1 x S454
CMS 5-3 x S410
CMS 7-2 x S410
CMS 6-1 x S411
CMS 14-1 x S411
CMS 9-1 x S454
CMS 13-1 x S454
S445
S445
S445
S445
S446
S446
S446
S446
S446
S446
S387
S387
S387
S387
S387
S387
S447
S447
S447
S447
S447
S447
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
variable
50
near zero
near zero
none
none
1
near zero
1
25
10
near zero
near zero
1
near zero
near zero
15
1
5
1
5
near zero
7.6
70.0
0
0
0
0
1.7
0
0.9
6.2
3.0
0.0
0.0
<0.5
0.0
0.0
4.5
<0.5
2.0
<0.5
1.5
0.5
CMS 5-3 x S410
CMS 7-2 x S410
S454
S454
2008
2008
5
near zero
0.5
0.0
CMS 6-1 x S411
CMS 14-1 x S411
CMS 9-1 x S454
S454
S454
S454
2008
2008
2008
5
5
5
1.5
2.5
2.0
CMS 13-1 x S454
S454
2008
5
0.5
Notes
Variable seed set from plant to plant
Most plants with less than 0.01%
silique set; one plant with much better
set--this was saved as a single plant
selection
Variable seed set from plant to plant
Two plants with possibly better set-saved as a single plant selections.
One plant with possibly better set-saved as a single plant selection.
One plant with possibly better set-saved as a single plant selection.
z
Planted April 28 in 3 separate, isolated crossing blocks, based on OSU inbred parent.
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
Figure 1. Broccoli Yield Trial 2008
6.00
5.40
5.00
4.39
4.19
4.00
3.87
3.57
Adj. T/A
3.23
3.00
3.10
3.09
2.80
2.61
2.21
1.92
2.00
1.70
1.45
0.93
1.00
0.00
S411 x S454 x S454 x Arcadia S454 x S445 x S454 x S454 x S454 x
S455
S410
S449
S445
S456
S456
S455
S446
S410
xS456
2008-2009 Broccoli Breeding Progress Report
S454 x S410 x S454 x S445 x
S387
S461
S447
S461
LSD
0.05