FYS3510 – Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics.
Part II. Nuclear Physics and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
2. Nuclear Phenomenology.
7. Models And Theories Of Nuclear Physics.
8. Applications Of Nuclear Physics.
9..2 Hadrons and Nuclei.
9.2.1 Hadron struture and the nuclear environment
9.2.2 Nuclear structure
9.2.3 Nuclear synthesis
9.7 Nuclear Medicine.
Appendix A: Some Results In Quantum Mechanics.
or little Big Bang
Quark Gluon Plasma and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions.
Signatures of Quark Gluon Plasma
Relativistic Heavy Ion Program at CERN LHC
ALICE experiment at CERN LHC
FYS3510 – Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics.
Literature:
Brian Martin Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction
2. Nuclear Phenomenology.
2.1 Mass Spectroscopy.
2.1.1 Deflection spectrometers
2.1.2 Kinematic analysis
2.1.3 Penning trap measurements
2.2 Nuclear Shapes and Sizes.
2.2.1 Charge distribution
2.2.2 Matter distribution
2.3 Semi-Empirical Mass Formula: the Liquid Drop
Model.
2.3.1 Binding energies
2.3.2 Semi-empirical mass formula
2.4 Nuclear Instability.
2.5 Radioactive Decay.
2.6 β Decay Phenomenology.
2.6.1 Odd-mass nuclei
2.6.2 Even-mass nuclei
2.7 Fission.
2.8 γ Decays.
2.9 Nuclear Reactions.
Problems.
or little Big Bang
FYS3510 – Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics.
7. Models And Theories Of Nuclear Physics .
7.1 The Nucleon-Nucleon Potential.
7.2 Fermi Gas Model.
7.3 Shell Model.
7.3.1 Shell structure of atoms
7.3.2 Nuclear magic numbers
7.3.3 Spins, parities and magnetic dipole moments
7.3.4 Excited states
7.4 Non-Spherical Nuclei.
7.4.1 Electric quadrupole moments
7.4.2 Collective model
7.5 Summary of Nuclear Structure Models.
7.6 α-Decay.
7.7 β-Decay.
7.7.1 Fermi theory
7.7.2 Electron and positron momentum
distributions
7.7.3 Selection rules
7.7.4 Application of Fermi theory
7.8 γ-Emission and Internal Conversion.
7.8.1 Selection rules
7.8.2 Transition rates
Problems.
or little Big Bang
FYS3510 – Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics.
8. Applications Of Nuclear Physics.
8.1 Fission.
8.1.1 Induced fission and chain reactions
8.1.2 Fission reactors
8.2 Fusion.
8.2.1 Coulomb barrier
8.2.2 Fusion reaction rates
8.2.3 Stellar fusion
8.2.4 Fusion reactors
8.3 Nuclear Weapons.
8.3.1 Fission devices
8.3.2 Fission/fusion devices
8.4 Biomedical applications.
8.4.1 Radiation and living matter
8.4.2 Medical imaging using ionization
radiation
8.4.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
Problems.
or little Big Bang
Nuclear Physics
....... 2
...... 23
......92
5
6
The main textbook B.R.Martin “ Nuclear and Particle Physics”
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
02/23/10
02/23/10
02/23/10
ρ0ch=0.06-0.08
ρ0=0.17 nucl/fm3
R=1.07A1/3 fm, a=0.54 fm
t=2.3 fm
02/23/10
02/23/10
02/23/10
02/23/10
Expanding plane waves
into series of spherical waves:
02/23/10
02/23/10
02/23/10
02/23/10
02/23/10
02/23/10
Wave-optical model and total cross section
Initial w.f. is the sum of incoming and outgoing waves
the phase and amplitude of the outgoing
wave are modified due to scattering:
Is elastic scattering because k is unchanged.
=
the scattering wave is ther difference between
total and incident waves:
02/23/10
Wave-optical model and total cross
section
-
elastic cross section
Scattering amplitude:
ηl = 1 –
elastic cross section
if δl =0 – no scattering potential – σel=0
ηl <1 – inelastic cross section
OPTICAL THEOREM:
02/23/10
Wave-optical model and total cross
section
OPTICAL THEOREM connects total cross section wit h imaginary part of
forward scattering amplitude.
If ηl = 0
02/23/10
2.1-2.3 Measurements of the masses
MASS SPECTROSCOPY: DEFLECTION SPECTROMETERS
A relatively simple way of
measuring masses is by passing
ion beams through crosset
magnetic and electric fields (J.J.
Thomson, 1912)
Velocity filter: F (el) = F (mag)
qE
qvB
vE
/B
1
1
Radius is unique for particles with fixed ratio q/m
mv qB2
q
m
E
2
B
if
The beam continues through
a second magnetic field
where it bends in a circular
path
B1 B2
B
In practice, the device is used to measure mass differences rather than masses
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
~~
2
a(E
,
p
)
A
(
m
c
,
0
)
a
(
E
,
p
)
A
(
E
,p)
i
i
A
f
f
a
2
2
E
(
init
)
E
m
c
m
c
tot
i
a
A
~
2
2
~
E
(
final
)
E
E
m
c
m
c
tot
f
a
A
A
(1)
~ m)c
E (m
A
2
~
px
(2)
p
pf cos,
i


~
py
2
2
2
~
p
p
p
f
i
~
2m
2m
2m
a
a
pf sin
m
m
m
1
/
2
a
a2
a
E
E
1
E
1
(
E
E
)
i
f
if co
~
~
~
m m
m
 Iteration procedure:
~ m into Eq.(2)
m
A
~
m
determine
from Eq.(1)
~ into Eq.(2) …
m
insert
 insert
~
E
E
E
i
f
and find
E
PENNING TRAP MEASUREMENTS
Ion trap, which uses a combination
of magnetic and electric fields to
effect confinement. Magnetic field
– circular motion; electrostatic field
– prevents the spiralling of ions out
of the trap along the field lines.
Coordinates of the electrodes:
r2
r02
Potential inside the electrode configuration:
axial oscillation frequency
z
qU
2
md
z2
z02
1
U
12 2
22
1
/
2
(
z
,
r
) 2
(
2
zr
)
,d(
2
z
r
)
00
4
d
2
circular magneton frequency
circular cyclotron frequency
c
2
2
c
2
z
4 2
c
2
2
c
2
z
4 2
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
For even-even, even/odd and odd-odd nuclei
53
Odd mass number A
Even mass number A
Odd-odd
Even-even
54
Odd mass number A
Ruthenium
Antimony
Beta decay
Tin
Electron
capture
Palladium
Cadmium
55
Even mass number A
Odd-odd
Even-even
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161