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about the authors
James Cameron is a founder of Climate Change Capital and head of Climate Change
Policy Advisory and Chairman of the Advisory Board. He is Counsel to Baker &
McKenzie and was the founder and until recently, the head of their Climate Change
Practice. Mr. Cameron is an international lawyer who has spent much of his career
working on climate change matters. He was a founder director of CIEL and FIELD,
he negotiated the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol as an adviser to the Alliance of Small
Island States (AOSIS) and he wrote the first law review article on climate change and
State Responsibility in 1990. He has held academic positions at Cambridge, London,
Bruges and Sydney and is currently affiliated with the Yale Centre for Environmental
Law and Policy. As a barrister he appeared in several of the leading cases in
environmental law and the most significant international law case in recent times,
that concerning the arrest of General Pinochet. He is the Chairman of the Carbon
Disclosure Project and of Cameron May, the international law publishers. He is also
a member of the governing board and treasurer of REEEP (Renewable Energy &
Energy Efficient Partnership).
Paul Curnow is a Senior Associate in Baker & McKenzie's Global Climate Change and
Clean Energy Practice and is at the forefront of the law and policy around carbon
markets and emissions trading. He advises a range of Australian and international
private sector clients on carbon market opportunities, including a number of marketleading funds on CDM, JI and voluntary carbon transactions in a range of
jurisdictions. Mr. Curnow has also advised a range of government clients, including
the Australian and Chinese governments, on climate change law and policy. Prior to
Baker & McKenzie, Paul worked for the Australian Greenhouse Office representing
the Australian Government in the international climate change negotiations.
Kevin Doran joined the faculty of the University of Colorado Law School in 2004. As
a Senior Research Fellow to the School of Law's Energy and Environmental Security
Initiative – an interdisciplinary research and policy center – his scholarship and
teaching focus on the geopolitical, environmental, and socioeconomic dimensions of
energy law and policy. Most recently his work has involved analyzing the efficacy of
U.S. state and regional clean energy and climate change initiatives; and examining the
effectiveness of international energy treaties in addressing global poverty and other
sociopolitical issues through the medium of energy services. He is managing director
of the International Sustainable Energy Assessment, a global project to analyze the
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impact of international law on the deployment of sustainable energy technologies,
and has served as the PI for numerous funded research projects that examine the
interface between law, energy security, and climate change. He also serves as a faculty
affiliate at the Colorado Energy Research Institute, located at the Colorado School of
Mines, and is co-author of the forthcoming International Environmental Law in a
Nutshell (3d ed., West) with Dr. Lakshman Guruswamy. He has organized numerous
interdisciplinary symposiums, of which recent examples include: “Energy Choices for
the New Century” (2006), “Legal Dimensions of Coalbed Methane and Water
Quality” (2006), “Energy and the Geopolitical Landscape” (2006), “The Economic
Reality of Energy Choices” (2005), and “Building the Hydrogen Economy” (2005).
Prior to his current appointment he worked as an attorney and research associate at
the Natural Resources Law Center in Boulder, Colorado, specializing in international
environmental law. He attended the University of Colorado Law School, where he
served as an editor of the Colorado Law Review and President of the Environmental
Law Society. He is currently a member of the governing board for the National
Association of Environmental Law Societies.
Louisa Fitz-Gerald is a lawyer in Baker & McKenzie’s Global Clean Energy and
Climate Change group. Ms. Fitz-Gerald’s key focus is advising on opportunities in
global carbon, emissions trading and renewable energy markets, as well as
international climate and renewable energy law and policy more broadly. She has
undertaken several projects in conjunction with REIL, including a case study on the
impact of Australia's international obligations on the renewable energy industry and
an assessment of the newly developed framework Renewable Energy Law in China.
Bradford S. Gentry is a Senior Lecturer and Research Scholar at the Yale School of
Forestry & Environmental Studies, as well as Co-Director of Yale’s Center for Business
and the Environment.Trained as a biologist and a lawyer, his work focuses on
strengthening the links between private investment and improved environmental
performance. He is also of counsel to the international law firm of Baker & McKenzie,
an advisor to GE’s office of corporate environmental programs, and a member of the
advisory boards of Climate Change Capital in London and the Trust for Public Land
in Connecticut, as well as the governing board for the Institute for Ecosystem Studies
in New York. Mr. Gentry received his B.A. from Swarthmore College (Phi Beta Kappa)
in 1977 and his J.D. from Harvard Law School (Magna Cum Laude) in 1981.
Lakshman Guruswamy, the Nicholas Doman Professor of International Environ-
mental Law, was born in Sri Lanka, and is one of the world’s recognized experts in
International Environmental Law. He teaches International Law, International
Environmental Law, and U.S. Environmental Law at the University of Colorado Law
School, and is widely published in these subjects in legal and scientific journals. Prior
to joining the University of Colorado in 2001, he taught in Sri Lanka, the UK, and the
Universities of Iowa and Arizona. Dr. Guruswamy is a frequent speaker at scholarly
meetings around the country and the world, and was among 20 distinguished
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about the authors
international law scholars (and 3 Americans) specially chosen by the International
Court of Justice to speak at the symposium celebrating the 50th anniversary of the
World Court. He is the author of International Environmental Law in a Nutshell (2d
ed. 2003), Legal Control of Land Based Sea Pollution (1982), and the co-author of:
International Environmental Law and World Order (2nd. 1999), Biological Diversity:
Converging Strategies (1998), and Arms Control and the Environment (2001). Dr.
Guruswamy is also the Director of the School of Law's Energy and Environment
Security Initiative, in interdisciplinary research and policy center that seeks to find
renewable energy solutions for the energy deficits confronting not only the United
States, but more particularly the developing countries of the world. He has organized
numerous interdisciplinary symposiums including: “Energy and the Environment:
Intersecting Global Issues” (1992), “Biological Diversity: Exploring the Complexities”
(1994), “Redefining Environmental Protection” (1997), “Bioinvestment, Biobanks and
Bioproperty” (1998), “Arms and the Environment: Preventing the Perils of Arms
Control” (1999), and “The Cartography of Governance: Exploring the Province of
Environmental NGO’s” (2001). He is the author of over 30 scholarly articles published
in law reviews as well as peer reviewed journals.
Jennifer A. Haverkamp, an independent consultant based in Washington, DC. and an
adjunct professor of international environmental law and policy, is the Principal
Trade Expert for REIL (Renewable Energy and International Law). From 1995 to 2003
she was the Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Environment and Natural
Resources at the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) within the
Executive Office of the President. Prior to that appointment, she served as the Deputy
Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Environment and Natural Resources and as a
director in USTR’s Office of North American Affairs and Office of Intellectual
Property and Environment. She was responsible for the negotiation of environmental
components of U.S. bilateral, regional, and multilateral trade agreements, including
the World Trade Agreement’s Doha Development Agenda, and the U.S.-Chile and
U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreements. She also headed the U.S. delegation that
renegotiated the International Tropical Timber Agreement in 1994; participated in the
negotiation of the environmental and labor side agreements to the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); and oversaw the negotiation of the trade-related
components of multilateral environmental agreements, including the Cartegena
Biosafety Protocol and the U.N. agreement on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
Before joining USTR in 1993, Ms. Haverkamp was the Special Assistant to the
Assistant Administrator for Enforcement of the Environmental Protection Agency;
an attorney with the U.S. Department of Justice’s Environment and Natural
Resources Division (receiving the Attorney General’s John Marshall award for her
work on the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act); an Associate with the
Conservation Foundation, an environmental think tank now merged with the World
Wildlife Fund; and a law clerk to the Honorable Betty B. Fletcher, U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. She earned her J.D. at Yale Law School, an M.A. in
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Politics and Philosophy from Oxford University (as a Rhodes Scholar), and a B.A. in
Biology from the College of Wooster. Ms. Haverkamp serves on the Board of Trustees
for the College of Wooster, the Board of Directors of the American Bird Conservancy,
the U.S. Trade Representative’s Trade and Environment Policy Advisory Committee,
the International Advisory Expert Group of UNCTAD’s BioFuels Initiative, the
IUCN’s Commission on Environmental Law, and the Advisory Board of the Center
for International Environmental Law. In 2003-04 Ms. Haverkamp served as one of
two U.S. representatives on the North American Commission on Environmental
Cooperation’s Ten Year Review Advisory Committee, producing recommendations
for the CEC’s future direction.
Robert Howse is an internationally recognized authority on international economic
law and is also a specialist in 20th century European legal and political philosophy,
particularly the thought of Alexander Kojeve and Leo Strauss. Professor Howse
received his B.A. in philosophy and political science with high distinction, as well as
an LL.B., with honours, from the University of Toronto, where he was co-editor in
chief of the Faculty of Law Review. He also holds an LL.M. from the Harvard Law
School. He has been a visiting professor at Harvard Law School, Tel Aviv University,
and Osgoode Hall Law School in Canada and taught in the Academy of European
Law, European University Institute, Florence. Since 2000, Professor Howse has been a
member of the faculty of the World Trade Institute, Berne, Master’s in International
Law and Economics Programme. Professor Howse is Alene and Allen F. Smith
Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School. Professor Howse is a frequent
consultant or adviser to government agencies and international organizations such as
the OECD, UNCTAD, and the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights. He is a Reporter for the American Law Institute on WTO Law. He has acted
as a consultant to the investor's counsel in several NAFTA investor-state arbitrations.
He serves on the editorial advisory boards of the European Journal of International
Law and Legal Issues in Economic Integration. He has also held a variety of posts with
the Canadian Department of External Affairs, including as a member of the Policy
Planning Secretariat and a diplomat at the Canadian Embassy in Belgrade. He is the
author, co-author, or editor of five books, including Trade and Transitions; Economic
Union, Social Justice, and Constitutional Reform; The Regulation of International
Trade; Yugoslavia the Former and Future; The World Trading System; and The
Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the EU and the U.S. He is also
the co-translator of Alexander Kojève’s Outline for a Phenomenology of Right and
the principal author of the interpretative commentary in that volume. Howse was
named the Alene and Allan F. Smith Professor of Law in 2003.
Debra Jacobson is a Professorial Lecturer in Energy Law at The George Washington
University Law School. Since 2001, Ms. Jacobson also has served as the owner and
principal of DJ Consulting LLC, a consulting firm specializing in energy and
environmental issues. From 1974 to 1994, Ms. Jacobson served as a staff member in
the U.S. House of Representatives and then the U.S. Department of Energy advising
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Members of Congress and senior Department of Energy Officials on energy,
environmental, and procurement matters. Ms. Jacobson received her B.A. in
Environmental Studies from the University of Rochester and her law degree from The
George Washington University Law School. She currently serves on the Steering
Committee for the Department of Energy’s Wind Powering America Program and as
an Advisor to the Renewable Energy and International Law Project. She was a
member of the founding Board of Directors of the Women’s Council on Energy and
the Environment in Washington, D.C.
Maria Socorro Manguiat is a lawyer from the Philippines who has been working on
environmental issues for the last 10 years. She obtained her degree in Economics
(cum laude) from the Ateneo de Manila University College of Arts and Sciences, her
Juris Doctor degree (cum laude) from the Ateneo de Manila University School of Law
and her Master of Laws (LL.M.) from Harvard University. She was formerly a Legal
Officer at the IUCN Environmental Law Centre and now works as a Programme
Officer at the Climate Change Secretariat. Her areas of specialization include climate
change and energy law.
Helen McKay is Specialist Advisor with the Forestry Commission based in GB
Headquarters in Edinburgh. Her three main functions include: commissioning
research in the areas of physical environment, forest operations and modelling;
provision of advice; and support for development of alternative (non-construction)
markets. Dr. McKay has been responsible for commissioning Forestry Commission
research in bio-energy for the past 6 years. She chairs the internal FC Woodfuel Coordination Group for Britain, has led a major study quantifying the woodfuel
resource in Britain from primary and secondary sources, and is a member of Council
of the Institute of Chartered Foresters.
Leslie Parker is the founder and managing director of the Renewable Energy and
International Law (REIL), an international policy and law network for clean energy,
in association with the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership, Yale’s
Center for Environmental Law and Policy, the Center for Business and the
Environment at Yale, and Baker and McKenzie’s Global Clean Energy and Climate
Change Practice. REIL is a network of policy makers, business and finance, thought
leaders, lawyers, and technical experts, addressing policy and law and technical issues
arising in the mainstreaming of clean energy and the development of the clean energy
market. REIL was founded in 2003 from a 2002 initiative of the International Energy
Agency’s (IEA) Renewable Energy Unit, where Ms. Parker interned. Prior to that she
held various posts in New York City government, notably, as division director in the
Finance office of the Department of Social Services where she was responsible for
developing and enhancing city revenue and working with the Mayor’s Office on the
agency’s 12 billion dollar budget, and as an Assistant Director of the budget at the
Administration for Children’s Services where she oversaw 1.2 billion dollars of the
NYC city budget. She has a Masters in Art History, and worked for 11 years at the
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Metropolitan Museum of Art, including seven in the Department of European
Sculpture and Decorative arts. She attended Bryn Mawr College and New York
University.
Jennifer Ronk is the Deputy Director of Renewable Energy and International Law
(REIL). Her research includes international investment law and renewable energy
policies. Prior to joining REIL, she was the Vice-President of an environmental
consulting firm, Applied Environmental Solutions, Inc., where her work focused on
the investigation and remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. Ms. Ronk
received her Bachelor’s of Science degree in Geology from the University of
Wisconsin – Oshkosh and her Master’s of Environmental Management degree from
the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental tudies. She is a Wisconsin registered
Professional Geologist. Ms. Ronk was a member of the Interstate Technology
Regulatory Commission, and a technical reviewer for their Passive Diffusion Bag
Sampler Working Group, a former Vice-President of Women in Science in
southeastern Wisconsin, a member of Women Environmental Professionals, and a
past member of the Society of American Military Engineers.
Linda Siegele is a Staff Lawyer at the Foundation for International Environmental
Law and Development (FIELD). Her current areas of work involve intellectual
property, traditional knowledge and biodiversity issues. Prior to joining FIELD, Linda
served as the Principle Research Associate for the Renewable Energy & International
Law (REIL) Project in Washington, DC, where she investigated a wide range of issues
including the law and policy considerations behind the creation of a multilateral
renewable energy agreement. Linda holds an LLM degree from University College
London (UCL), and a JD with honours from the University of Denver. While at UCL,
Linda wrote a dissertation on the use of market-based regulation for encouraging the
development of renewable energy sources. Before pursuing a career in international
environmental law, Linda headed the tax department of PricewaterhouseCoopers in
St Petersburg, Russia. A native English speaker, she also speaks Spanish and Russian
and has taught law classes at the post-graduate level.
Martijn Wilder heads Baker & McKenzie’s global climate change and emissions
trading practice (with over 50 lawyers across the world) and is regarded as one of the
world's leading carbon and climate change legal experts, having worked in the area
for over 10 years. Representing an international client base he has advised a number
of governments on the development of climate change and emissions trading laws
and advises clients on international carbon transactions on a daily basis. Of particular
note he is the lead external counsel to the World Bank’s Carbon Finance Business, the
European Carbon Fund, Peony Capital, The Japanese Carbon Fund, the Climate
Change Capital Carbon Fund No.1 and Climate Change Capital Carbon Fund No.2
and works with other multi-laterals such as the Asian development Bank,
international financial instructions and corporations. Mr. Wilder is also: Chairman of
the NSW Premier’s Greenhouse Advisory Panel; on the Governing Board of REEEP:
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Vice-President of the International Law Association (Australian branch); a Governor
of World Wildlife fund; and President of TRAFFIC (Oceania). He has honours
degrees in both Economics and Law and a LLM (Master of Laws) from the University
of Cambridge where he studied as a Commonwealth Trust Scholar. He has published
widely in the climate change and international law area.
Monique Willis is a lawyer in Baker & McKenzie’s Global Clean Energy and Climate
Change practice. Ms. Willis advises multilateral institutions, government and private
companies on emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol and voluntary carbon
markets. Her clients include the World Bank, the European Carbon Fund, Japan
Carbon Finance Ltd., Standard Bank and Rabobank International. She is a co-author
of the UNEP Guidebook on Legal Issues and the Clean Development Mechanism.
yale school of forestry & environmental studies
REIL is an international network of policy makers, investors, thought leaders, lawyers, and
technical experts, addressing the policy, financial and technical aspects of the developing
clean energy markets.
Yale F&ES Publication Series
Report Number 11
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April 2007
Leslie Parker, REIL; Jennifer Ronk, REIL;
Bradford Gentry, Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies; Martijn Wilder,
Baker & McKenzie; James Cameron,
Climate Change Capital
Jane Coppock
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©AWC Images/SIME
Bryan Gillespie, Yale RIS
Dorothy Scott, North Branford, CT
Yale RIS
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Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
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To capture exciting environmental projects at Yale of interest to a broad
professional audience, the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental
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© 2007 Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
REIL provides key international policymakers and "agents of change" with guidance on the
development and implementation of tools for increasing still further the production and use
of clean energy. It does so by analyzing the challenges and opportunities for clean energy,
disseminating its findings through publications and events, as well as offering a place in
which businesses and policymakers can discuss, and thus inform, the development of clean
energy policy and finance.
www.reilproject.org
Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies
pre-publication draft
Report Number 11
From Barriers to Opportunities: Renewable
Energy Issues in Law and Policy
A report on the work of the Renewable Energy and International Law Project
(REIL), 2006–2007
Leslie Parker, REIL; Jennifer Ronk, REIL; Bradford Gentry, Yale School of Forestry &
Environmental Studies; Martijn Wilder, Baker & McKenzie; James Cameron, Climate
Change Capital, editors
Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies
publication series
205 Prospect Street
New Haven, Connecticut 06511
USA
www.yale.edu/environment/publications
yale school of forestry & environmental studies