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E-WasteinIndonesia:
TheCaseofPersonalComputers
Fauziah Rochman, MESc 2010
Introduction
PC waste as a resource
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nations in recent decades. As the nations develop
HUK[OLPYLJVUVTPLZNYV^JVUZ\TW[PVUVMYLZV\YJLZ
NYV^Z JVYYLZWVUKPUNS` /\IHJLR L[ HS Electronic waste or E-waste for short is a
NLULYPJ[LYTLUJVTWHZZPUN]HYPV\ZMVYTZVMLSLJ[YPJ
HUK LSLJ[YVUPJ LX\PWTLU[ [OH[ OH]L JLHZLK [V IL
VM HU` ]HS\L [V [OLPY V^ULYZ >PKTLY L[ HS .LULYH[PVU VM ,^HZ[L PZ YLJVNUPaLK HZ [OL TVZ[
YHWPKS`NYV^PUN^HZ[LWYVISLTPU[OL^VYSK>P[O[OL
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HUK [YHKLK ^VYSK^PKL PZ [OL 7*(IV\[ TPSSPVU
PCs reached the end of their service lives between
HUK >P[O [OH[ HTV\U[ [OL` JVU[HPU
,^HZ[LPZHULTLYNPUNNSVIHSLU]PYVUTLU[HS HWWYV_PTH[LS` [VUZ VM WSHZ[PJZ problem in the current world. While we are [VUZ VM SLHK [VUZ VM JHKTP\T HUK [VUZ
V]LY^OLSTLKI`PU]LU[PVUZVMTVKLYU[LJOUVSVNPJHS VM TLYJ\Y` )(5 HUK :=;* " )LLJO NHKNL[ZPU]LU[PVUZVM[OLPYYLJ`JSPUN[LJOUVSVN`HYL
JVUZPKLYHIS` SLZZ 7YVWLY LSLJ[YVUPJZ YLJ`JSPUN PZ
The abundance of electronic products causes
deemed as inconvenient, and they are also cheaper to their prices to decrease. With the increase of economic
dump rather than to process. Most of the time, these HMMVYKHIPSP[`HUKYHWPK[LJOUVSVNPJHSPUUV]H[PVUZP[PZ
[LJOUVSVNPJHSNHKNL[ZHYLUV[YLJ`JSLK0UZ[LHK[OL` UV^JOLHWLY[VW\YJOHZLHUL^7*[OHU[VÄ_VY\WNYHKL
HYLKPZWVZLKMHYH^H`MYVT[OLZV\YJL-VYPUZ[HUJL an old one (StEp 2009). This would further shorten the
developed countries, such as the United States, SPML ZWHU VM LSLJ[YVUPJ WYVK\J[Z(Z H JVUZLX\LUJL
KPZWH[JOHYV\UKVM[OLPY,^HZ[L[V(ZPHHUK(MYPJH VSKLY HUK V\[KH[LK LSLJ[YVUPJ P[LTZ HYL ILJVTPUN
+HOS"/\VL[HS"AVL[LTHUL[HS VIZVSL[L HUK HYL ILPUN KPZJHYKLK PU ZPNUPÄJHU[
HTV\U[Z^VYSK^PKL*\S]LY">VUNL[HS
9HWPKLJVUVTPJNYV^[OJV\WSLK^P[OHNYV^PUN
KLTHUKMVYJVUZ\TLYNVVKZOHZPUJYLHZLKIV[O[OL
E-waste is often richer in precious materials
production and the consumption of electrical and compared to natural sources. A ton of ore from
LSLJ[YVUPJLX\PWTLU[PU0UKVULZPH;OLNYV^[OPU[OL H NVSK TPUL WYVK\JLZ N VM NVSK VU H]LYHNL
JVUZ\TW[PVUHUKWYVK\J[PVUVM[OLZLNVVKZOHZILLU whereas a ton of discarded mobile phones can
L_WVULU[PHSPU[OLSHZ[[^VKLJHKLZNLULYH[PUNHIV\[ `PLSKHTPUPT\THTV\U[VMN4VYL[OHU
[VTPSSPVU[VUZVM^HZ[LL]LY``LHY^VYSK^PKL VM [OL ^LPNO[ VM [OL JVTWVZP[PVU VM H ^OVSL 7* ZL[
2HW\YHUK.YHLKLS"7PU[V"3P\L[HS JVUZPZ[ZVMZPSPJHNSHZZWSHZ[PJZPYVUHUKHS\TPU\T
0U[OPZWHWLY0PU[LUK[VL_WSVYLHUKJOHYHJ[LYPaL[OL 4** " ,47( " @VZOPRH^H ;OLZL
YLJ`JSPUNVM7LYZVUHS*VTW\[LYZ7*ZPU@VN`HRHY[H numbers demonstrate that we should not waste
E-waste because they contain valuable resources.
Fauziah Rochman is originally from Central Java,
Indonesia. She has a BSc in Biology from Gadjah
Mada University. She worked on various industrial
waste research projects in Indonesia before earning a Master’s of Environmental Science at Yale.
Her research interests include industrial environmental management and waste management.
,U]PYVUTLU[HSHUKZVJPHSJVZ[VM
E-waste
0SSLNP[PTH[LTV]LTLU[ZVM,^HZ[LHJYVZZIVYKLYZ
WVZLHULU]PYVUTLU[HSLX\P[`[OYLH[;OLPZZ\LPZRUV^U
to be responsible for environmental, health, social, and
developmental conditions impacts worldwide (Iles
Tropical Resources Bulletin 71
Fauziah Rochman
Figure 1. The
collection and
manual dismantling
of CRT Monitors
waste in Yogyakarta,
Indonesia.
"9V`[L"2PT0TWYVWLYKPZWVZHSHUK
YLJ`JSPUNVM,^HZ[LPZJVTTVUPUTHU`KL]LSVWPUN
countries in Asia and Africa. With a lack of available
waste removal infrastructure and the necessary
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E-waste that is improperly disposed of or
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environment and human health. There are concerns
VM [OL SLHJOPUN VM [V_PJ JVTWVULU[Z MYVT ,^HZ[L
The toxic chemicals commonly used in electronic
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cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and mercury)
HUK VYNHUPJ JOLTPJHSZ Z\JO HZ )YVTPUH[LK -SHTL
9L[HYKHU[Z )-9Z *H[OVKL YH` [\ILZ *9;Z MVY
instance, may contain barium, cadmium, copper,
SLHK aPUJ HUK ZL]LYHS YHYL LHY[O TL[HSZ ,SLJ[YVUPJ
KL]PJLZHSVUN^P[OSLHKëHJPKIH[[LYPLZHYL[OLTHQVY
contributors of lead in the municipal solid waste
Z[YLHT<:,U]PYVUTLU[HS7YV[LJ[PVU(NLUJ` "
@HUN "3LLL[HS"1HUNHUK;V^UZLUK"
>OP[LL[HS".VYKVUL[HS"3PL[HS that includes neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic,
[LYH[VNLUPJVYT\[HNLUPJLMMLJ[Z,^HZ[LOHZHSZVILLU
SPURLK[VH]HYPL[`VMOLHS[OWYVISLTZPUKL]LSVWPUN
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respiratory disorders, and birth defects (Schuhmacher
L[HS ")HRLYL[HS"9V`[L"+H]PZ
E-waste in Indonesia
;OL0UKVULZPHUNV]LYUTLU[PZH^HYL[OH[,^HZ[L
PZ H WV[LU[PHS LTLYNPUN WYVISLT PU [OL JV\U[Y`
E-waste in Indonesia is created by fast product
VIZVSLZJLUJL HUK YLWSHJLTLU[ HZ ^LSS HZ PSSLNHS
PTWVY[H[PVU -PLSK PUZWLJ[PVUZ I` [OL 0UKVULZPHU
Ministry of Environment also found out that
PTWVY[H[PVUVM,^HZ[LVJJ\YZ^P[OTPZSLHKPUN[LYTZ
on importation documents. Common terms such as
¸TP_TL[HSZZJYHW¹VY¸WSHZ[PJMVYYLJ`JSPUN¹HYLVM[LU
used for E-waste as attempts to avoid Indonesian
JYVZZIVYKLYJVU[YVSZ2YPZOUH"(N\Z[PUH
;OLÅV^VM,>HZ[LPU0UKVULZPHJHUILMVSSV^LK
[OYV\NO [OYLL PU[LYJVUULJ[LK WH[O^H`Z! UL^S`
W\YJOHZLK LSLJ[YVUPJZ" OHUKPUN V]LY LSLJ[YVUPJZ [V
ZLJVUK OHUK \ZLYZ" HUK [OL KPZWVZHS VM LSLJ[YVUPJZ
Toxic elements that leach into the environment 3HJRVMZ\MÄJPLU[YLJ`JSPUNMHJPSP[PLZJH\ZL[OPZ^HZ[L
HUKL_WVZLPUMVYTHS^VYRLYZWVZLZPNUPÄJHU[OLHS[O [V IL WHZZLK [OYV\NO ZL]LYHS PUMVYTHS WOHZLZ ;OL
risks. Elements such as cadmium and chromium are presence of this informal economic cycle becomes
JHYJPUVNLUPJ^OPSLV[OLYTL[HSZZ\JOHZSLHKTLYJ\Y` [OL RL` [V ,>HZ[L 4HUHNLTLU[ PU 0UKVULZPH
and thallium possess a wide spectrum of toxicity YLNHYKSLZZ VM [OL HJ[\HS YLZV\YJL WV[LU[PHSZ HUK [OL
72 Volume 29, 2010
E-Waste in Indonesia
Figure 2. The hierarchy of the E-waste stream in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
household and/or an institution intends to discard
their PC. Typically, households sell their unused
LSLJ[YVUPJZ [V ^HZ[L ZJH]LUNLYZ I` PUMVYTHS
transactions, while institutions sell their bulk
;OLÅV^VM7*^HZ[LPU@VN`HRHY[H
KPZJHYKLK 7*Z KPYLJ[S` [V JSHZZPÄLYZ :JH]LUNLYZ
HYLVU[OLSV^LZ[SL]LSVM[OLOPLYHYJO`THRPUN[OL
>P[OHWVW\SH[PVUVMHIV\[@VN`HRHY[HPZ SV^LZ[PUJVTLV\[VM,^HZ[LYLJ`JSPUN;OL`JVSSLJ[
one of the major cities in Indonesia. The city produces HUKW\YJOHZL^HZ[L[VILZVSK[V^HZ[LHNNYLNH[VYZ
HWWYV_PTH[LS` TL[YPJ [VUZ VM ^HZ[L KHPS` VM
^OPJO ,^HZ[L PZ LZ[PTH[LK [V HKK \W [VUZ -PN 0UZ[P[\[PVUZZ\JOHZ\UP]LYZP[PLZHUKNV]LYUTLU[HS
-YVT[OLJ\YYLU[WVW\SH[PVUVM[VUZ VYNHUPaH[PVUZ MV\UK P[ LHZPLY [V KPYLJ[S` ZLUK [OLPY
VM ,^HZ[L NLULYH[LK KHPS` PZ LX\P]HSLU[ [V H MHTPS` KPZJHYKLK 7*Z [V JVTW\[LY ^HZ[L JSHZZPÄLYZ ;OLYL
VMÄ]LKPZJHYKPUNH7*L]LY``LHY0U[OPZYLZLHYJOH HYL[^VZPNUPÄJHU[7*^HZ[LJSHZZPÄLYZPU@VN`HRHY[H
PC set includes a CRT monitor, motherboard, Central ;VRLLW[OLPYI\ZPULZZLZY\UUPUN[OL`THPU[HPU[OLPY
7YVJLZZPUN<UP[*7<9HUKVT(JJLZZ4LTVY`9(4 networks with institutions and auction sales in the city.
optical disc drive, hard disk, keyboard, and mouse. 4HQVY7*WHY[ZHYLHSZV\IPX\P[V\ZPUZLJVUKOHUKVY
YLWHPY HUK YLM\YIPZOTLU[ THYRL[Z -PN 0U [OLZL
0UVYKLY[VOH]LHNLULYHSJVTWYLOLUZPVUVM[OL markets, valuable PC parts are dismantled and reused,
7*YLJ`JSPUNZ`Z[LTPU@VN`HRHY[H0JVUK\J[LK]HYPV\Z while broken parts are discarded into public dumpsters
PU[LY]PL^ZHUKYLZLHYJO[VPKLU[PM`HJ[VYZ[OYV\NOV\[ mixed with other types of waste, which could later
[OL^HZ[LÅV^(UPUP[PHSZ[\K`^HZHJJVTWSPZOLKPU IL JVSSLJ[LK I` ZJH]LUNLYZ VY LUK \W PU SHUKÄSSZ
+LJLTILY[VÄUKV\[^OH[OHZILLUKVULI`
[OL 0UKVULZPHU .V]LYUTLU[ 0U [OL MVSSV^PUN `LHY (NNYLNH[VYZ W\YJOHZL ^OH[L]LY TH[LYPHSZ
MYVT 4H` [V 1\UL 0 JVUK\J[LK ÄLSK YLZLHYJO [OL` JVUZPKLYLK ]HS\HISL ^P[OV\[ OH]PUN ZWLJPÄJ
PU@VN`HRHY[HJP[`[VJVSSLJ[KH[HHUK\UKLYZ[HUK[OL WYLMLYLUJLZ (U HNNYLNH[VY UVYTHSS` JVSSLJ[Z ^HZ[L
J\YYLU[ ZP[\H[PVU ;OYV\NO Z`Z[LT JOHYHJ[LYPaH[PVU MYVT ZJH]LUNLYZ (NNYLNH[VYZ [OLU ZLWHYH[L
I discovered a waste hierarchy in the process of [OL TH[LYPHSZ YV\NOS` PU[V KPMMLYLU[ NYV\WZ Z\JO HZ
7* ^HZ[L OHUKSPUN PU [OL ^HZ[L Z[YLHT ;OL ^HZ[L WSHZ[PJZ WHWLYZ HUK LSLJ[YVUPJZ;OLU [OL NYV\WLK
OPLYHYJO` OHZ Ä]L Z[YH[H! ZJH]LUNLYZ HNNYLNH[VYZ TH[LYPHSZ HYL ZVSK [V ]HYPV\Z ^HZ[L JSHZZPÄLYZ Z\JO
JSHZZPÄLYZ WYVJLZZVYZ HUK YLJ`JSLYZ -PN HZ 7* JSHZZPÄLYZ 0U H 7* JSHZZPÄLY MVY PUZ[HUJL
H TVUP[VY PZ KPZTHU[SLK HUK JSHZZPÄLK PU[V WHY[Z
;OL ÅV^ VM 7* ^HZ[L PU @VN`HRHY[H PZ based on their compositions, such as CRTs,
ZPTWSPÄLK PU -PN\YL ;OL WYVJLZZ ILNPUZ ^OLU H WSHZ[PJZ TL[HSZ JPYJ\P[ IVHYKZ HUK IH[[LYPLZ -PN
OLHS[O PTWHJ[Z I\YKLU +HTHUO\YP "(SP Tropical Resources Bulletin 73
Fauziah Rochman
Figure 3. The flow of Personal Computers (PCs) Waste in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
>VYRLYZ PU 7* JSHZZPM`PUN I\ZPULZZLZ OH]L UV
choice but to be exposed to the harmful impacts of
PTWYVWLY THU\HS KPZTHU[SPUN [LJOUPX\LZ <UH^HYL
of safety protections and procedures, they endure
VUL VM [OL SHYNLZ[ OLHS[O YPZRZ VM ,^HZ[L OHUKSPUN
WYVJLZZPUN PUK\Z[YPLZ PU[V KPMMLYLU[ WYVK\J[Z
6UL ZPNUPÄJHU[ L_HTWSL PZ [OL YL\ZL VM *9; MYVT
discarded monitors for new television sets. In this
case, the television industry is considered as a
YLJ`JSLY I` YLJV]LYPUN [OL M\UJ[PVU VM ^HZ[L [V
WYVK\JLUL^WYVK\J[Z6[OLYYLJ`JSLYZHYLNSHZZ^HYL
*SHZZPÄLK P[LTZ HYL [OLU ZVSK [V ]HYPV\Z manufacturers, aluminum cookware industries, and
WYVJLZZPUN PUK\Z[YPLZ 7YVJLZZPUN PUK\Z[YPLZ WYVJLZZ home industries that produce recycled objects such
the bulk item into raw materials for industry supplies. HZNSHZZ^HYLHS\TPU\TJVVRPUN\[LUZPSZPYVUJYHM[Z
6UL L_HTWSL VM [OLZL PUK\Z[YPLZ PZ [OL WSHZ[PJ WSHZ[PJ IHNZ WSHZ[PJ I\JRL[Z HUK [LSL]PZPVU JHZPUNZ
WYVJLZZPUN PUK\Z[Y` 7SHZ[PJ WHY[Z MYVT LSLJ[YVUPJZ
are typically considered “hard plastics.” This type
of plastic is collected in sacks and delivered to the ;OL,JVUVTPJ=HS\LVM7*^HZ[LPU
WSHZ[PJ WYVJLZZPUN PUK\Z[Y`;OLYL HYL HWWYV_PTH[LS` @VN`HRHY[H0UKVULZPH
WSHZ[PJ WYVJLZZPUN JLU[LYZ PU @VN`HRHY[H [OH[
E-waste in Indonesia tends to be perceived
HYL TVZ[S` OVTL PUK\Z[YPLZ 6U H]LYHNL [OL` OPYL
HYV\UK^VYRLYZ¸/HYKWSHZ[PJZ¹HYLJOVWWLK as used objects that possess an economic value
\W PU[V WPLJLZ \ZPUN H THJOPUL KYPLK HUK ÄUHSS` +HTHUO\YP (U PU[LYLZ[PUN MHJ[ KPZJV]LYLK
processed into pellets. Processed plastics are packed PZ [OH[ 7*^HZ[L PZ OPNOS` ]HS\LK [OH[ H ZJH]LUNLY
in sacks and they become raw material supplies ^V\SK ÄUK [OH[ H *9; TVUP[VY ^V\SK WYVÄ[ OPT HZ
to many industries, both in and out of the city. T\JOHZ[OYLL[VÄ]LKH`ZVMZJH]LUNPUNV[OLY[`WLZ
VM^HZ[L;OPZJVTWHYPZVUPZZOV^UPU-PN\YL^OLYL
6U [OL OPNOLZ[ Z[YH[H VM [OL OPLYHYJO` HYL [OLLJVUVTPJ]HS\LVM7*^HZ[LLX\P]HSLU[[VV[OLY
[OL YLJ`JSLYZ 6M[LU YLJ`JSLYZ HYL SVJH[LK V\[ZPKL ,^HZ[L [`WLZ WHY[Z OPNOS` L_JLLKZ V[OLY [`WLZ VM
VM @VN`HRHY[H HUK L]LU V\[ VM [OL JV\U[Y` ;OL` ^HZ[LZ\JOHZWSHZ[PJIV[[SLZNSHZZJHUZHUKWHWLYZ
JHU IL IPN JVTWHUPLZ VY ZTHSS OVTL PUK\Z[YPLZ 7* WHY[Z HYL HSZV OPNOS` ]HS\LK ^OLU [OL` YLHJO
Recyclers process raw materials supplied from secondhand or repair and refurbishment markets.
74 Volume 29, 2010
E-Waste in Indonesia
Figure 4. Value of
E-waste (US$/kg)
compared to other
waste types in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
The entire transactions of daily E-waste
ÅV^Z PZ HWWYV_PTH[LS` ;OPZ ]HS\L PZ SLZZ
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^LLR HU HNNYLNH[VY THRLZ ^LLR HUK H JSHZZPÄLY THRLZ ^LLR
Income discrepancy is clearly evident in the
I\ZPULZZ:JH]LUNLYZH[[OLSV^LZ[SL]LSHYLRL`WSH`LYZ
PURLLWPUN[OL^OVSLI\ZPULZZY\UUPUN,UJVTWHZZPUN
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L_PZ[PUN Z`Z[LT HZ H ^H` [V VI[HPU LJVUVTPJ NHPUZ
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Conclusion
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has awakened the world to the importance of a
WYVWLY ^HZ[L THUHNLTLU[ Z`Z[LT 9HWPK LJVUVTPJ
NYV^[OJV\WSLK^P[OHNYV^PUNKLTHUKMVYJVUZ\TLY
NVVKZ OHZ PUJYLHZLK IV[O [OL WYVK\J[PVU HUK [OL
JVUZ\TW[PVUVMLSLJ[YPJHSHUKLSLJ[YVUPJLX\PWTLU[
:LYPV\ZH[[LU[PVU[V[OPZPZZ\LOHZPUJYLHZLK[OYV\NOV\[
the developed world, but there remains a lack of
H^HYLULZZ ^P[OPU [OL KL]LSVWPUN ^VYSK 0UKVULZPH
HZ H KL]LSVWPUN JV\U[Y` SHJRZ [OL [LJOUVSVNPJHS
and infrastructural capacity to deal with this type of
^HZ[LHUKHZHYLZ\S[[OPZ^HZ[LOHZILLUTVIPSPaLK
[OYV\NO ZL]LYHS PUMVYTHS WYVJLZZLZ -YVT [OL
YLZLHYJO0KPZJV]LYLK[OH[HSHYNLWVY[PVUVM,^HZ[L
is dismantled, recovered, and reused into different
functional components for a variety of other items.
0UMVYTHS,^HZ[LYLJ`JSLYZWSH`HZPNUPÄJHU[YVSLPU[OL
YLJ`JSPUNWYVJLZZ;OL`JHUILNYV\WLKPU[V,^HZ[L
ZJH]LUNLYZ HNNYLNH[VYZ JSHZZPÄLYZ WYVJLZZVYZ HUK
YLJ`JSLYZ 7YVWLY THUHNLTLU[ VM [OPZ Z`Z[LT JV\SK
IYPUN M\Y[OLY ILULÄ[Z [V [OL LU]PYVUTLU[ HUK SVJHS
economy, and help alleviate the potential harm that
TH` IL JH\ZLK I` PTWYVWLY OHUKSPUN VM ,^HZ[L
Acknowledgements
0^V\SKSPRL[V[OHUR7YVMLZZVY;.YHLKLS>(ZO[VU
) 9LJR 9 1 3PMZL[ HUK 4 ,JRLSTHU ^OVZL N\PKHUJL
HUK Z\WWVY[ MYVT [OL PUP[PHS [V [OL ÄUHS SL]LS LUHISLK TL
[VKL]LSVWHU\UKLYZ[HUKPUNVM[OLYLZLHYJOZ\IQLJ[0HSZV
NYH[LM\SS` HJRUV^SLKNL ÄUHUJPHS HUK PUZ[P[\[PVUHS Z\WWVY[
from the Yale Tropical Resource Institute, The Council on
:V\[OLHZ[(ZPH:[\KPLZ;OL*HYWLU[LY9LZLHYJO-\UK;OL
-,: .SVIHSPaH[PVU 9LZLHYJO -\UK HUK ;OL *LU[LY MVY
0UK\Z[YPHS,JVSVN`MVY[OL^VYRJHYYPLKV\[PU[OPZZ[\K`0HT
Tropical Resources Bulletin 75
Fauziah Rochman
also indebted to The Indonesian Ministry of Environment,
)HZLS*VU]LU[PVU9LNPVUHS*LU[YLMVY:V\[O,HZ[(ZPH7;
4\R[P4HUKPYP3LZ[HYP:[,75=47,^HZ[L:\TTLY:JOVVS
Participants and Committee, and various informal waste
sectors in Indonesia who contributed data and critical advice
PU[OLJV\YZLVM[OLZ[\K`+H[HJVSSLJ[PVUHUKÄLSKYLZLHYJO
would not have been possible without the assistance of T.
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