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ReducedEmissionsfromDeforestation
andForestDegradation(REDD)in
EastKalimantan,Indonesia:
BarriersandAdvantagestoProjectEquitability
Benjamin Blom, MF 2010
9,++PU0UKVULZPHHUK[OL9VSLVM
Communities
NV]LYUTLU[Z HUK I\ZPULZZLZ JVU[YVS SHYNL [YHJ[Z VM
land in the tropics, which may serve to make REDD
WYVQLJ[ZVUNV]LYUTLU[HUKI\ZPULZZJVU[YVSSLKSHUK
more cost effective than small, community-based
;OL0U[LYNV]LYUTLU[HS7HULSVU*SPTH[L*OHUNL WYVQLJ[Z :L`TV\Y ;OPYKS` KL]LSVWPUN HUK
(IPCC) claims that tropical deforestation accounts for PTWSLTLU[PUN Z\JJLZZM\S JVTT\UP[`IHZLK 9,++
VMHUU\HSNSVIHSJHYIVUKPV_PKLLTPZZPVUZ07** WYVQLJ[Z JHU IL L_[YLTLS` KPMÄJ\S[ HUK JVTWSL_
2007). REDD (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation (Blom, Sunderland, and Murdiyarso 2010).
HUK -VYLZ[ +LNYHKH[PVU H MYHTL^VYR [V PTWYV]L
[YVWPJHSMVYLZ[THUHNLTLU[HUKJVUZLY]H[PVUMVY[OL Research Objective
W\YWVZLZVMJSPTH[LJOHUNLTP[PNH[PVUOHZ[OLYLMVYL
LTLYNLK HZ H THQVY JVTWVULU[ VM NSVIHS JSPTH[L +\YPUN[OLZ\TTLYVM 0JVUK\J[LKYLZLHYJO
JOHUNLKPZJ\ZZPVUZ0UKVULZPHILJH\ZLVM[OLL_[LU[ on REDD in Indonesia. The objective of this research
HUK JHYIVU KLUZP[` VM P[Z MVYLZ[Z HZ ^LSS HZ P[Z OPNO was to identify, in a representative context, the likely
YH[LZVMKLMVYLZ[H[PVUPZHTHQVYLTP[[LYVMNYLLUOV\ZL IHYYPLYZ[VHUKHK]HU[HNLZVM[OLPUJS\ZPVUVMMVYLZ[
NHZLTPZZPVUZ[V[OLH[TVZWOLYL7,(*,(ZH dependent communities in the implementation and
YLZ\S[ 0UKVULZPH OHZ YLJLP]LK ZPNUPÄJHU[ H[[LU[PVU KLZPNUVM9,++
MVY [OL WV[LU[PHS \ZL VM P[Z MVYLZ[Z MVY NSVIHS JSPTH[L
JOHUNLTP[PNH[PVU
:[\K`:P[L
9,++OHZ[OLWV[LU[PHS[VWYV]PKLZPNUPÄJHU[
ILULÄ[Z [V MVYLZ[K^LSSPUN JVTT\UP[PLZ )YV^U
:L`TV\Y HUK 7LZRL[[ " 3\[[YLSS :JOYLJRLUILYN
and Peskett 2007). Despite this potential, some
YLZLHYJOLYZOH]LPKLU[PÄLKHTHQVY[YHKLVMMIL[^LLU
LMÄJPLUJ`HUKLX\P[`PU[OLM\[\YLMVY9,++*OOH[YL
HUK(NYH^HS ":L`TV\Y7YVQLJ[Z[OH[^VYR
PU[PTH[LS`^P[OI\ZPULZZHUKNV]LYUTLU[PU[LYLZ[ZH[
[OLL_WLUZLVMMVYLZ[K^LSSPUNJVTT\UP[PLZ^PSSSPRLS`
OH]LHNYLH[LYLMÄJPLUJ`PU[LYTZVMJHYIVUJVUZLY]LK
per dollar spent. This is true in many contexts for
YLHZVUZ -PYZ[S` MVYLZ[K^LSSPUN JVTT\UP[PLZ PU
many countries of the tropics have poor land tenure
HUKSHUKTHUHNLTLU[JSHPTZ)V`K.\[PLYYLaHUK
*OHUN " 3HTIPU HUK .LPZ[ :LJVUKS`
Benjamin Blom graduated with a Master of
Forestry degree from F&ES in May 2010. His
interests include forest policy, management and
conservation. He is now working for the Bureau
of Land Management in Colorado as part of the
Presidential Management Fellowship program.
;OLZ[\K`ZP[LMVYT`ÄLSKYLZLHYJOPU0UKVULZPH
^HZ 4HSPUH\ KPZ[YPJ[ SVJH[LK PU ,HZ[ 2HSPTHU[HU
WYV]PUJLVU[OLPZSHUKVM)VYULV-PN\YL4HSPUH\
KPZ[YPJ[PZPUOHIP[LKI`H[SLHZ[L[OUPJNYV\WZTVZ[
VM ^OVT JSHPT PUKPNLUV\Z L[OUPJP[` 4VLSPVUV HUK
3PTILYN +LZWP[L ^PKLZWYLHK KLMVYLZ[H[PVU
[OYV\NOV\[ )VYULV V]LY [OL WHZ[ VY TVYL `LHYZ
VM 4HSPUH\ e TPSSPVU OLJ[HYLZ YLTHPUZ
MVYLZ[LK4HSPUH\+PZ[YPJ[.V]LYUTLU[
Pressure currently exists for deforestation in
Malinau, particularly for the establishment of oil palm
and Acacia mangium plantations (Sandker, Suwarno,
HUK *HTWILSS (Z H YLZ\S[ 4HSPUH\»Z MVYLZ[Z
OH]LYLJLP]LKH[[LU[PVUMVY9,++WPSV[WYVQLJ[6UL
carbon project developer has attempted to move
forward with a REDD project in a tract of primary
MVYLZ[ Z[YHKKSPUN [OL ^H[LYZOLKZ VM [OL 4HSPUH\ HUK
4LU[HYHUN YP]LYZ .SVIHS ,JVYLZJ\L -PN\YL
;OPZMVYLZ[PZYLMLYYLK[VHZ3VUN2L[YVRWYV[LJ[LK
MVYLZ[I`[OL4HSPUH\KPZ[YPJ[NV]LYUTLU[
Much
has
been
written
about
the
Tropical Resources Bulletin 59
Benjamin Blom
Figure 1. Location
of East Kalimantan
and Malinau
district (shown by
arrow within East
Kalimantan) in
Southeast Asia and
Indonesia.
JVUZLX\LUJLZVM[OLWYVJLZZVMKLJLU[YHSPaH[PVU[OH[
VJJ\YYLKPU0UKVULZPHMVSSV^PUN[OLMHSSVM[OL:\OHY[V
KPJ[H[VYPHS YLNPTL PU 4J*HY[O` " 3HYZVU
" 4VLSPVUV >VSSLUILYN HUK 3PTILYN -VSSV^PUN KLJLU[YHSPaH[PVU KPZ[YPJ[ NV]LYUTLU[Z
PUJS\KPUN [OL 4HSPUH\ +PZ[YPJ[ .V]LYUTLU[ ^LYL
NP]LU[OLH\[OVYP[`[VNYHU[MVYLZ[JVUJLZZPVUZJHSSLK
0772HUKJVTWHUPLZ^LYLYLX\PYLK[VULNV[PH[L[LYTZ
with local communities prior to the start of forest
VWLYH[PVUZ :PUJL KLJLU[YHSPaH[PVU SVJHS L[OUPJP[PLZ
have come to occupy many positions of power. The
J\YYLU[ KPZ[YPI\[PVU VM WV^LY HTVUN L[OUPJP[PLZ PZ
SHYNLS`HWYVK\J[VMJVSVUPHSLYHWVSPJPLZ^OLYLPU[OL
Dutch favored some ethnicities (i.e. the Merap) over
V[OLYZ PL 7\UHU 4VLSPVUV HUK 3PTILYN +LZWP[L[OLMHJ[[OH[THU`PUKPNLUV\ZL[OUPJP[PLZHYL
OPNOS`YLWYLZLU[LK[OLKPZ[YPJ[NV]LYUTLU[JVU[PU\LZ
[VIL\UYLZWVUZP]L[V[OLULLKZVMSVJHSPUKPNLUV\Z
communities (Rhee 2009).
2, Table 1). The total number of community interviews
^HZ0H[[LTW[LK[VPU[LY]PL^TLUHUK^VTLU
]PSSHNLSLHKLYZHUKV[OLYYLZPKLU[ZHZ^LSSHZHTP_
of ethnicities.
Constraints/Barriers to
Equitable REDD
Land Tenure Disputes
0U [OL KPZ[YPJ[ NV]LYUTLU[ VMÄJPHSZ YLMLY [V
[OL Z[\K` ZP[L HZ 3VUN 2L[YVR HUK JVUZPKLY [OL HYLH
[VIL\UKLYKPZ[YPJ[NV]LYUTLU[JVU[YVS/V^L]LYH[
[OLSVJHSSL]LS[OLUHTL3VUN2L[YVRPZ\URUV^UHUK
]PSSHNLYZILSPL]LPUKP]PK\HSJVTT\UP[PLZJVU[YVS[OPZ
HYLH*VTT\UP[PLZ\ZL[OPZHYLHMVYO\U[PUNHUK[OL
collection of rattan, wood resins, medicine, and food.
+LZWP[L [OL PTWVY[HUJL VM HJJLZZ [V 3VUN 2L[YVR
for local communities, the Minister of the Malinau
+LWHY[TLU[ VM -VYLZ[Y` JSHPTLK [OH[ HJJLZZ [V [OL
Methods
ZP[LHYLH^V\SKILYLZ[YPJ[LKMVYHU`[OPUNV[OLY[OHU
I conducted interviews in Bahasa Indonesia LJV[V\YPZTPM9,++^LYL[VILNPUPU[OLHYLH([[OL
^P[O]PSSHNLYLZPKLU[ZHZ^LSSHZPU[LY]PL^ZPUHTP_ ZHTL [PTL THU` ]PSSHNLYZ JVUZPKLY [OLPY JVU[PU\LK
VM)HOHZH0UKVULZPHHUK,UNSPZO^P[OTPUPZ[LYZPU[OL access to forest products from the primary forest a
4HSPUH\+PZ[YPJ[.V]LYUTLU[HUK^VYRLYZMVY9,++ deal breaker in their decision to support REDD.
PTWSLTLU[PUNVYNHUPaH[PVUZ=PSSHNLPU[LY]PL^Z^LYL
JVUK\J[LK PU ]PSSHNLZ [OH[ Z\YYV\UK THUHNL HUK 3HUK [LU\YL JVUÅPJ[Z IL[^LLU ULPNOIVYPUN
JSHPTWHY[ZVM[OL3VUN2L[YVR7YV[LJ[LK(YLH-PN\YL ]PSSHNLZ HYL HUV[OLY WV[LU[PHS ZV\YJL VM JVUÅPJ[ [OH[
60 Volume 29, 2010
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in East Kalimantan
Figure 2. Study site within Malinau district, East Kalimantan. White dots mark villages where interviews
were conducted at community level, except for the white dot to the upper right which marks the location
of the district capital, Malinau City. The area outlined in black is approximately the extent of the primary
forests of Long Ketrok. This area has been identified as a potential REDD site and is currently managed
and claimed by all five communities, in addition to at least two other villages.
could be exacerbated by REDD. Incompatibility
between customary land tenure and the tenure systems
\ZLK I` [OL NV]LYUTLU[ PZ H THQVY ZV\YJL VM [OLZL
JVUÅPJ[Z:JV[[ 5V^OLYLPZ[OPZTVYLL]PKLU[
[OHU PU [OL KPZW\[LZ Z\YYV\UKPUN [OL SHUK JSHPTZ VM
:L[\SHUN:L[\SHUNPZHYLSH[P]LUL^JVTLY[V[OL3VUN
2L[YVR HYLH HUK L_WHUKLK P[Z IV\UKHYPLZ [OYV\NO
HNYLLTLU[Z THKL ^P[O [OL KPZ[YPJ[ NV]LYUTLU[ UV[
^P[O [OL V[OLY ]PSSHNLZ PU [OL HYLH ;OLYLMVYL P[Z
JSHPT[V[OPZHYLHPZJVUZPKLYLK[VILPSSLNP[PTH[LI`
ULPNOIVYPUN ]PSSHNLZ ;OPZ SHUK [LU\YL JVUÅPJ[ ^HZ
MYLX\LU[S` IYV\NO[ \W K\YPUN PU[LY]PL^Z SHYNLS` V\[
VMMY\Z[YH[PVU^P[O:L[\SHUN»ZYHWPKL_WHUZPVUHUK^P[O
[OL WLYJLW[PVU [OH[ V\[ZPKLYZ *0-69 PU WHY[PJ\SHY
facilitated this expansion. Despite the possibility for
JVUÅPJ[L_HJLYIH[PVU[OL4PUPZ[LYVM[OL+LWHY[TLU[
VM[OL,U]PYVUTLU[PU4HSPUH\WYLKPJ[LK[OH[:L[\SHUN
would receive more REDD compensation than other
]PSSHNLZ
Compensation Distribution Problems
Within Villages
>OPSL WYVISLTZ HYPZPUN MYVT JVTWLUZH[PVU
KPZ[YPI\[PVUIL[^LLU]PSSHNLZJV\SKHJ[HZHIHYYPLY[V
LMMLJ[P]L HUK LX\P[HISL 9,++ PU 3VUN 2L[YVR JVTWLUZH[PVU WYVISLTZ ^P[OPU ]PSSHNLZ JV\SK IL LX\HSS` WYVISLTH[PJ 4HU` ]PSSHNL YLZPKLU[Z PU :LU[HIHU
HUK:L[HYHWJSHPTLK[V^VYY`HIV\[JVUÅPJ[ZHYPZPUN
^P[OPU[OLPY]PSSHNLZV]LY[OLKPZ[YPI\[PVUVMJVTWLUZH[PVUMYVT9,++5V[Z\YWYPZPUNS`[OLZL]PSSHNLZHYL
HSZV]PSSHNLZ^OLYLTHQVYPU[YH]PSSHNLJVUÅPJ[ZL_PZ[
IL[^LLUL[OUPJP[PLZHUKIL[^LLU]PSSHNLSLHKLYZHUK
UVUSLHKLYZ ;HISL 0U[YH]PSSHNL KPZ[Y\Z[ PZ SHYNLS`
the result of experience with compensation from
ZTHSS SVNNPUN JVUJLZZPVUZ 0U ]PSSHNLZ [OH[ YLJLP]LK
SVNNPUN YL]LU\LZ JVTWLUZH[PVU TPZOHUKSPUN ^HZ
^PKLZWYLHK 3PTILYN 0U :L[HYHW KPZ[Y\Z[ HUK
QLHSV\Z` HTVUN L[OUPJP[PLZ ^HZ ZV ^PKLZWYLHK [OH[
Tropical Resources Bulletin 61
Benjamin Blom
Table 1. Data showing the demographics, livelihoods, accessibility and measures of likelihood
of future conflict for the fi ve villages where interviews were conducted during my fi eldwork.
Village name
Paking
7\UHU:L[HYHW
:LU[HIHUHUK
3VUN2LUPWL
:L[HYHW
:L[\SHUN
Year established
&
1909
209
U\TILYVM MHTPSPLZ
2001 Population
2001 Area (km )
5\TILYVM
villages in
village area
1
1
1
Access
4L[HYHUN9P]LY
Malinau River
Road
Malinau River
Road
Travel distance
MYVTKPZ[YPJ[
capital (hours)
1
Major
ethnicities
Mixed
Punan
Abai, Lundaye,
7\UHU2LU`HO
3\UKH`L2Lnyah, Punan
2LU`HO
Eco-tourism
Z\WWVY[MYVT
district
Yes
5V
5V
5V
Yes
4HQVYZV\YJLZVM (NYPJ\S[\YL[PTber revenues
income
(NYPJ\S[\YL
(NYPJ\S[\YL
(NYPJ\S[\YL
(NYPJ\S[\YL,JV
Tourism, Conservation
Eco-tourism,
Future addi[PVUHSZV\YJLZVM timber
income
6PS7HST(JHJPH 6PS7HSTWSHU[HTHUNP\TWSHU[H- tions
tions
6PS7HST(JHJPHTHUNP\T
plantations
Bottled water
*\YYLU[3HUK
*VUÅPJ[Z
5VUL
Setarap
:L[\SHUN
Setulan, Punan
Setarap
Setarap, Punan
Setarap, Sentaban
Current intra]PSSHNLJVUÅPJ[
5V
5V
Yes
Yes
5V
Previous IPPK
Concession?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5V
2
the majority of Punan residents decided to start their
V^U ]PSSHNL VU [OL V[OLY ZPKL VM [OL 4HSPUH\ 9P]LY
[VZ[YLUN[OLU[OLPYJSHPTZ[V[YHKP[PVUHSSHUK0SSMLLSPUNZ YLNHYKPUN [OPZ KPZW\[L HYL Z[PSS WYL]HSLU[ PU [OL
]PSSHNLVM7\UHU:L[HYHW0M]PSSHNLZHYLNP]LUHTHQVY
WHY[PJPWH[VY`YVSLPU9,++[OLUNV]LYUTLU[VMÄJPHSZ
HUKPTWSLTLU[PUNVYNHUPaH[PVUZ^PSSSPRLS`JOVVZL[V
KLHS L_JS\ZP]LS` ^P[O ]PSSHNL SLHKLYZ MVY [OL ZHRL VM
NYLH[LYLMÄJPLUJ`=PSSHNLSLHKLYZT\Z[OHUKSLJVTpensation transparently and fairly in order to prevent
PU[YH]PSSHNLJVUÅPJ[
62 Volume 29, 2010
Deforestation rates are not the result of
decisions made at the village level
Community participation in natural resource
THUHNLTLU[ OHZ UL]LY ILLU PUZ[P[\[PVUHSPaLK PU
0UKVULZPH ILJH\ZL 0UKVULZPH»Z [VWKV^U HWWYVHJO
[V MVYLZ[ THUHNLTLU[ PZ UV[ JVTWH[PISL ^P[O
JVTT\UP[`IHZLK YLZV\YJL THUHNLTLU[ 5HUHUN
HUK0UV\L0UVYKLYMVYJVTT\UP[PLZ[VTHUHNL
[OLPYV^UMVYLZ[Z[OL`T\Z[OH]L[OLKLJPZPVUTHRPUN
WV^LY[VKVZV+LZWP[LH[[LTW[ZH[KLJLU[YHSPaH[PVU
[OL0UKVULZPHUUH[PVUHSNV]LYUTLU[YL[HPULKJVU[YVS
V]LYWHY[PJ\SHYS`WYVÄ[HISLPUK\Z[YPLZHUK0UKVULZPH»Z
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in East Kalimantan
KLJLU[YHSPaH[PVU OHZ HS^H`Z ILLU JOHYHJ[LYPaLK I`
PUZ[P[\[PVUHS V]LYSHW HUK JVUM\ZPVU 3HYZVU Therefore, unless the entire system of top-down
MVYLZ[ THUHNLTLU[ PZ YLJVUÄN\YLK KLJPZPVUZ [OH[
KL[LYTPUL SHUK \ZL HUK THUHNLTLU[ V]LY SHYNL
scales will continue to be determined without the
PUW\[ VM JVTT\UP[PLZ 9LZPKLU[Z PU 7HRPUN ]PSSHNL
claimed that they believed that REDD could happen,
I\[ [OH[ P[ ^HZ [OL NV]LYUTLU[ HUK JVTWHUPLZ [OH[
J\[ [OL MVYLZ[ UV[ [OL ]PSSHNLYZ 5LHYS` HSS ]PSSHNLYZ
PU[LY]PL^LKJSHPTLK[OH[[OL]PSSHNL^V\SKUV[JSLHY
their primary forest even if REDD does not happen.
;OPZZ\NNLZ[Z[OH[H[SLHZ[PUP[PHSS`[OLTVZ[LMMLJ[P]L
HUK LMÄJPLU[ KLZ[PUH[PVU MVY 9,++ M\UKPUN TH`
IL [OL KPZ[YPJ[ NV]LYUTLU[ VY JVTWHUPLZ UV[ [OL
]PSSHNLYZ [OLTZLS]LZ /V^L]LY [OLZL JVTWHU` HUK
NV]LYUTLU[MVJ\ZLK WYVQLJ[Z YHPZL PZZ\LZ YLNHYKPUN
WYVQLJ[LX\P[HIPSP[`HUKNV]LYUHUJLZLL*VUJS\ZPVUZ
section).
In this case, REDD would be similar to national timber
HUKTPUPUNJVUJLZZPVUZ[OH[I`WHZZ[OLYPNO[ZVMSVJHS
JVTT\UP[PLZMVY[OLZHRLVMNYLH[LYWYVQLJ[LMÄJPLUJ`
Is Pro-business/government REDD really
LMÄJPLU[&
Without community support, REDD projects
would be vulnerable to project disruption by
uncompensated communities.
As one Setarap
YLZPKLU[ JSHPTLK ¸0 KVU»[ ^VYY` HIV\[ V\Y ]PSSHNL
UV[ YLJLP]PUN JVTWLUZH[PVU ILJH\ZL PM ^L KV UV[
receive compensation the project will not work. We
will end the project.” This situation could lead to
OPNOLYLUMVYJLTLU[HUKTVUP[VYPUNJVZ[Z[OH[YLK\JL
LMÄJPLUJ`VY[VJVTWSL[LWYVQLJ[MHPS\YL
-YVTHKL]LSVWTLU[WLYZWLJ[P]L[OLPUJS\ZPVU
of communities could serve to actually increase
LMÄJPLUJ` 4VZ[ ]PSSHNL YLZPKLU[Z JSHPTLK [OH[
[OL` ^V\SK SPRL [OLPY ]PSSHNL [V IL JVTWLUZH[LK
Advantages to Involving
with development projects, instead of monetary
Communities in REDD
JVTWLUZH[PVU ;OL TVZ[ JVTTVU Z\NNLZ[PVUZ
were to compensation in the form of medical or
Establishment of a Future Constituency for LK\JH[PVUHSZ\WWSPLZVYI\PSKPUNZ(UPUJS\ZP]L9,++
project could promote community development
Conservation
HJYVZZT\S[PWSLZLJ[VYZ^OPSLHSZVZLY]PUN[VLUZ\YL
0U[LY]PL^LKYLZPKLU[ZPUL]LY`]PSSHNL]HS\LK local support for REDD.
the conservation of forest for a variety of reasons,
PUJS\KPUN [OL WYV]PZPVU VM MVYLZ[ WYVK\J[Z YLNPVUHS Conclusions
climate moderation and the preservation of cultural
PKLU[P[` 0U THU` PUZ[HUJLZ ]PSSHNLYZ ^LYL OPNOS`
The way in which Reduced Emissions from
supportive of initiatives to conserve forest and preferred +LMVYLZ[H[PVU HUK -VYLZ[ +LNYHKH[PVU 9,++ PZ
compensation for conservation to compensation for implemented as an institution in relation to previously
SVNNPUN TPUPUN VY WSHU[H[PVUZ 6UL WHY[PJ\SHYS` L_PZ[PUN PUZ[P[\[PVUZ ^PSS SPRLS` OH]L H THQVY PTWHJ[
pro-conservation advocate in Sentaban, when asked VUP[ZL]LU[\HSZ\JJLZZ;OLNV]LYUHUJLZP[\H[PVUPU
HIV\[OLYL_WLJ[H[PVUZYLNHYKPUNJVTWLUZH[PVUZHPK 4HSPUH\ PZ JOHYHJ[LYPaLK I` PUZ[P[\[PVUHS JVUM\ZPVU
¸0 KVU»[ ^VYY` VY JHYL HIV\[ JVTWLUZH[PVU 0 ^HU[ JVYY\W[PVUHUKKPZ[Y\Z[H[L]LY`SL]LSVMNV]LYUTLU[;V
[OLMVYLZ[MVYT`NYHUKJOPSKYLU¹(YLZPKLU[VM7\UHU ZPTWS`NYHM[9,++VU[VJ\YYLU[S`L_PZ[PUNPUZ[P[\[PVUZ
:L[HYHWJSHPTLK¸=PSSHNLZ[OH[OH]LMVYLZ[HYLJVVSLY will probably have very little impact on forest
7LVWSLPU]PSSHNLZ[OH[OH]LSVZ[[OLPYMVYLZ[HYLZPJR¹
THUHNLTLU[ WYHJ[PJLZ 0U MHJ[ Z\JO H TV]L JV\SK
L]LUZLY]L[VL_HJLYIH[LJ\YYLU[JVUÅPJ[ZJVYY\W[PVU
;OL 3VUN 2L[YVR HYLH PZ VUL YLNPVU ^OLYL HUKYLZV\YJLL_WYVWYPH[PVU6U[OLV[OLYOHUK9,++
9,++JV\SKIL\ZLK[VNHPUHSVUN[LYTZ\WWVY[P]L could be a transformative institution that promotes
constituency for forest conservation. Indeed, many of NVVKNV]LYUHUJLHUKJYVZZZLJ[VYJVSSHIVYH[PVU;OL
[OLZL ]PSSHNLZ JSHPT [OH[ [OL` OH]L ILLU JVUZLY]PUN ability of REDD to do so is dependent on the ability
MVYLZ[ MVY JLU[\YPLZ ;OL 2LU`HO WLVWSL VM :L[\SHUN of implementers to draw on lessons from previous
YLMLY [V [OLPY Z`Z[LT VM JVUZLY]H[PVU HZ ;HUL 6SLU attempts at institutional transformation (Cashore et al.
and claim that this system has a history that dates "3L]PU4J+LYTV[[HUK*HZOVYL
IHJR[OYV\NO[OLPYVYHS[YHKP[PVU-PN\YL0^HUHUK
3PTILYN 0M9,++^LYL[VILKVUL^P[OV\[[OL
As mentioned previously in this article, a
participation and compensation of forest-dependent [YHKLVMM IL[^LLU LMÄJPLUJ` HUK LX\P[` PU 9,++
communities, REDD and conservation could come to will likely be an important characteristic of REDD
be viewed as another form of resource appropriation. :L`TV\Y"*OOH[YLHUK(NYH^HS :VTL
Tropical Resources Bulletin 63
Benjamin Blom
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TVYHS VISPNH[PVU MVY 9,++ [V ZPNUPÄJHU[S` PTWYV]L
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and Peskett 2007). If REDD is to be implemented in
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local communities then REDD is probably not worth
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basis - summary for policymakers, contribution of
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In The decentralization of forest governance;
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forests in Indonesian Borneo, edited by M. Moelio
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Earthscan.
Figure 3. 4 meter (>13 feet) DBH Dipterocarp
tree (Shorea meranti spp.) in Setulang’s Tane
Olen forest, which forms part of Long Ketrok
Protected Forest.
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Blom, Benjamin, Terry Sunderland, and D. Murdiyarso.
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64 Volume 29, 2010
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forestry sector. In The politics of decentralization,
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Earthscan.
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Indonesian Borneo, edited by M. Moeliono, E.
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Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in East Kalimantan
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forest policy and reality. International Review for
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and policies. The World Bank, Department for International Development of Indonesia.
Rhee, Steve. 2009. The cultural politics of collaboration
to control and access forest resources in Malinau,
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NV]LYUHUJL"WVSP[PJZLJVUVTPJZHUK[OLÄNO[MVY
control of forests in Indonesian Borneo, edited by
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Sandker, M., A. Suwarno, and B. Campbell. 2007. Will
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schemes to improve the human condition have
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Tropical Resources Bulletin 65