A FOLLcL-UP STUDT
c
mg ISTITUflONAL ON-FARM RAINfl
IN OREGON
by
WILLIAM ROBERT
ATIESIS
submitted to
OREGON 5Tki
COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requiremente for the
degree of
MAR P EDUCA!ON
June 19%
PROGRAM
APPROVED:
Redacted for privacy
In Charge of
jor
Redacted for privacy
Agricultural Education
Head of Dop
Redacted for privacy
Chairman of
SChOOl.
Graduate Committee
Redacted for privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Date thesia iz preeented
August
, 19
Typed (with exception of tables) by Betty IA. Cohen
CONTEN1
CHAPR
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INTRODUCTION
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Purpose of Thesis
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for Study .
BACKGROUND
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Origin and Description
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Scope of the Program
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Administration of the Program in Oregon .
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The Problemof Evaluation...
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Review of Literature Evaluation of Agric
Education
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The Author and A Prel
Planning the Study
III.
THE THESIS
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Limit of Study
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Method of Measurement
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Procedures of theStudy.
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Definition of Objectivez Establishment in Farming
Definition of Terms
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CHAPk
FINDINOS
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Scope Completed . .
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Results of keaeurements. .
Summary of Findings. . . .
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stThRytCoNCLusIoNS...,...........
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGL
Summary by Centers of Veterans In].ved
Within the Limitation of the Study
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Summary by Centers Showing Tots]. Incroa
Net Worth, Productive Man Work Unite and
Tots). Capital Investment by Veterans .
53-57
Summary by Centers Showing the Number of
Veterans in the Range of the Change of
Increase or Decrease in Productive Man
Work Unite
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58-62
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ry by Centers Showing the Number of
Veterans in the Range of Change of Decrease
or Increase in Capital Investment
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63-67
Summary by Centers Showing the Number of
Veterans in the Range of Change of Decrease
or Increase in Net Worth
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Summary by Centers of Skills and Approved
Practices Adopted by Veterans Since the
Beginning of Their
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71-77
LIST (X FIGURES
FIGURES
ITP].AForm(pagel)
ITP1AForm(page2)
Survey Form ICPSF #3
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A List of Productive Man Work Units (page 1)
S.
A List of Productive 1an Work Unite (page 2)
SurveyFormIOFSFj5
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Survey Form ICPSF #6 (page 1) .
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SurveyFormISF#6(page2),.,......
Samp1eJarrative
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SurveyFormIOFSF#1
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8
A FOLLON-
TIU1IONAL ON-FARE
1!
AINING PROGRAM IN OREGON
CHAPR I
INRCtJC TION
rpose of Thesis
The purpose of this
is to measure the progress of
former students of the Institutional On-Farm Training Program in
Oregon in becoming established in farming. The study is limited to
those atudenta who have completed 12 or more monthe of training and
'eho are currently engaged in farming in the community in which they
received their training.
Need for the Stt
The Inetitutior
rapidly drawing to
Training Program in Oregon is
and those who have contributed to the
program recognise a need for a study of its accomplishments
They
believe that such a study should be made while the means and in-
formation is available to determine the degree of progress those
students have made in becoming better established in farming.
Teachers and administrators are concerned with the program's out-
come, accomplishments, and its current and future effect on the
total educational program in their comurzities. All contributors
of the progran are entitled to know its accplishments as well a
the coat.
The program began in Oregon in July
19146.
From that date
October 1, 1953, approximately 14,300 veterans participated in the
program in Oregon. After the first two or three centers in local
communities were established in 19146, the number of centers in the
state increased gradually. At one time, there were as many as 2,300
veterans in training under the supervision of more than 120 tnstructore in 7]. local communities throughout the state. The coat of
providing the training to the veterans in Oregon for the period of
July 1, 19146 to October 1, 1953, has been estimated at $2,750,000.
This amount does not include the payment. made to veterans in the
form of subsistence allowances.
A program of such scope and nature Warrants an extenaive
evaluation and it is recognized that such an evaluation is * very
complex process. An over-all evaluation of the Institutional On-
Farm Training Program in Oregon entails a series of related studies
involving the primary objective of ducation and Vocational F4ucation
in Agriculture, It is hoped that this study will contribute to that
end.
CHAPa II
fl&CGR0UND
Origin and Description of t
The Servicemen's
eadjustment Act (Public Law 3I6, 78th
Congress) of 191a4 as amended by Public Law 377, 80th Congress,
provided for the Institutional CFarm Training Program for
veterans of World War II.
Provisions for disabled veterans were
made under Public Law 16.
The Congressional Act as amended authorises the Administrator
of Veterans Affairs to enter into contract with appropriate institu
tions to provide the course of instruction for eligible veterans.
The Act further provides for an approved course of
Ins titu-
tional On-Farm Training which in time provides, organised group
instruction in agriculture and related subjects of at least 200
hours per year (at least eight hours each month) at an educational
or training institution," along with "supervised work experience on
a farm or other agricultural establishment."
It further provides
that the course shall be developed "with due consideration to the
size and character of the farm on which the veteran is training,
for proficiency in planning, producing, marketing, farm mechanics,
conservation of resources, food conservation, farm financing, farm
management and the keeping of farm and home accounta.'
Veterans of World War II in the service for at le*et ninety
days and who received honorable discharges, are eligible to partici
pate in the program, providin
they are in control of the management
of a farm of sufficient else and character to provide maximum
opportunity for training on a full-time basis, or as an employee of
a farmer providing similar opportunity.
In addition to stating the nature of the Course of Instruction
for the Institutional On-Farm Training Program, Public LaW
377,
80th Congress, let Session (6, pp.1-2) further specified thstx
"(1)
If the veteran performs part of his course on a farm
under his own control:
He shall receive not less than one hundred hours
of individual instruction per year, not less than
fifty hours of which shall be on such farm (with
at least two visits by the instructor to such farm
each month). Such individual instruction shall be
given by the instructor responsible f or the veteran's
institutional instruction and shall include ins truction and horne-etudy assignments in the preparation
of budgets, inventories and ststemente showing the
production, use on the farm, and sale of crops,
livestock and livestock products.
He shall be assured of control of such farm
(whether by ownership, lease, management agreemeat, or other tenure arrangement) until the
completion of his course.
And such farm shall be of a size and character
which:
1.
Together with the group instruction part of the
course, will occupy the full time of the veteran.
Will permit instruction in al]. aspects of the
management of a farm of the type for which the
veteran is being trained,
if
And
the veteran intends to continue operating
such farm at the close of his course, will assure
him a satisfac tory- income under normal conditions.
(2)
If the veteran performs part of his course as the
employee of another:
He shall receive, on his employer 'a farm, not ieee
than fifty hours of individual instruction per year
(with at least one visit by the netructor to such
farm each month). Such individual instruction shall
be given by the instructor responsible for the
veteran 'a institutions]. ma true tion.
His employer's farm shall be of a size and
character 'uhich:
Together with the group instruction part of
the course, will occupy the full time of the
veteran.
WIll permit instruction in all aspects oX
the management of a farm of the typo for tiich
the veteran is being trained.
(e
His employer shall agree to instruct him in various
aspects of farm management in accordance with the
training schedule developed for the veteran by his
instructor, working in cooperation with his employer."
Scope of the Program
A related study entitled Education of Veterans in Farming
(1, p.10), conducted by the American Vocational Association, found
that 75,000 veterans were enrolled in the Institutional
On-Farm
Training Program in the United States from the time it was created
through December 31, 19S1. According to the same study, the United
Statea Veterans Administration expended approximately $l,O0,0O0,O00
for ubeistence payments to veterans enrolled in the program during
this period. It also spent an estimated $300,000,000 for instruc-
tional costs. This latter figure is 1.7 times the expenditures of
6
the Federal Government for
Vocational
Education in Agriculture from
1918 through 19l, under the Vocational Education Ac
In most states, the Institutional
On-Farm 1'raining Program is
conducted under contracts between the Veterans Administration and
the State Board of Vocational Education.
Administration of the Program in Oregon
In Oregon the Institutional On-Farm Training Program is being
conducted under a contract between the Veterans Administration and
The State Board of Education, Division of Vocational Education.
number
of veteran, have
A
entered training under Oregon laws estab1sh-
ing educational benefits for veterans of this state.
The administration of the program on the community school
level in Oregon is delegated by the State Dtvieion of Vocational
Education to the local public school districts on approval of the
school facilities for conducting the program.
are reimbursed for the
through the
The achool districts
total cost of conducting the programs
State Division of Vocational Education. Memorandums of
agreement on policies clarify the reimbursements to the local school
districts.
Employment of teachers under existing State laws govern-
ing teacher employment and certification is the responsibility of
local school diatricte.
Each school district has an advisory committee for the Inatitu-.
tional On-Farm Training Program.
The committee is organised and
appointed by the school and consists of farmers and other agricul-.
ture leaders in the community. This lay committee is representative
of the area served by the training center. In most schools, the
committee is composed of five or more members, with membership
voluntary, Its purpose is to assist the instructor in planning
the Instruction for the veterans enrolled in the program.
Committee
members, experienced in agriculture and familiar with local farms
and farming problens, are a vital resource for the teacher.
The
advisory committee also evaluates applIcants' training facilities
and recommends the length of training for each veteran approved for
training.
Organisation and use of advisory committees on the community
school level has been a result of experience in administering and
teaching in the Institutional On-Farm Training Program. CommIttees
were first tried on the state level and again on the county level.
They were found to be moat successful on the community school level
where the committee members were personally acquainted with the
students, the students' farms and farming problems. Advisory oom-
mittees have offered direction to the program and have served as *
means in the never-ending problem of evaluation.
Prob
ua tion
The Institutional On-Farm Training Program in a sense has been
continuously evaluated frczi its very beginning. Thachers have been
employed and released on the basis of school hoards' and school
administrators' evaluation of the program. Advisory committees in
local school districts have recommended curtailment or extension
of training for individual students depending on their appraisal
of the program. Farmers and
business men have voiced their opinions.
On the basis of individual veteran's progress in the program, the
writer has experienced the responsibility of deciding whether
training should be interrupted or continued.
or withdrawn
from training
Students have enrolled
depending on their views of the program.
Such evaluation is necez3sary and important even though it is soms
times based on incomplete knowledge and is the result of inadequate
measuring devices or defined objectives.
Recognising this problem, a meeting of txelve Institutions).
On-Farm Training instructors and representatives of the Agricultural
ducation Department of Oregon State College was held in Salem in
October 19S3 to outline some approaches to an extensive evaluation
of the program. Many suggestions were made at this gathering arid
at later meetings with other instructors. Some instructors felt
that the administrative phase of the program should be strossv.
Other instructors felt that an approach to the evaluation of the
total program should be a study of the effect of the program on
local schools and communities.
It was pointed out at these meet-.
inge that any appraisal of the program should include the effect of
the high school agriculture program for high school studente and
adults, Agriculture Extension Service, Farm and Home Administration,
Soil Conservation Service as well as other similar organisations.
Some instructors felt that the program accomplished many
desirable, yet Intangible, results of a social nature.
atruc tore considered this type of an approach Important.
Thee
in
Other
instructors expressed their opinion that the school facilities and
location in relation to the
students affected
be considered In an evaluation of
the program and should
the total program. The course of
instruction and its adaptability to the needs of the students was
suggested.
Almost all were conscious of the cost of the program
rnd felt that it should be included.
essential of an
It was pointed out that one
evaluation would have to include the number of
veterans enrolled, their length of training, changes in farming
statue and accomplishments of objectives of th. program.
As a result of the conferences with instructors and members
the staff of the State Division of Vocational ducation, the writer
has concludeth
1.
The problem of an over-all evaluation of the Ins titu-
tional OnFarm Training Program is large in scope and
complex in nature.
That any study contributing to the over-all evaluation of
the program would have to be limited to a specific phse
or objective which must be defined, studied and measured or
evaluated by the best means possible.
10
Review of Literature: Evaluation of Agriculture F4ucation
"Objectives and evaluation are inextricably interwoven" acco'
ing t Hainlin (li, p.61) in his book, "Agricultural Tducation
Community Schools".
He points out (14k pp.89-90) that much confusion
has arisen because of the tendency to confuse agricultural and
educational objectives. "Changes in farming procedures and results
are possible but not certain evidences of educational achievement,"
he states,
Deyoe (3, pp.1428-3l) emphasizes that part-time instruction
wi].]. stand or fall on the basie of whether or not it contributes to
establishment
in farming. He lists the following
as some of the
evidences of achievement of the objective establi&iment in farming
and development of operative and managerial abilities:
"1.
Changes in farming status of 'oung farmers, such as
number of partnerships with definite agreements,
placement on farms as manars or in other capacities,
and rentals and purchase of farm or parts of farm.
Increase in value of livestock, crops, equipment, an
other assets of young farmers.
Adoption for the first time (on the farm) of approved
practices related to soil conservation and soil Improve-.
utent.
Improved efficiency of enterprises as shown by efficiency
factors appropriate f or each enterprise under consideration.
Improvements In home living conditions through added
conveniences, increased value of materials from the farm
which contribute to the family living, better family
relationships, etc.
The develomient of group projects and cooperative
activities."
uation of student growth
Hammonds (S, p.331) in discussing e
points out that
"ow1edgee and manipulative abiit a are easier to
nil abilitIes.
Ability
several
variable factors are involved(re
1vedJre needed by
farm operators.. Management ienade up or several abilities.
These abilities are developed through meeting and solving
measure and evaluate than are mans
to manage, competency in makinLd
managerial problems. The teat of a managerial ability is
how well the student can meet and solve the problems
Hoakine (1, p.18) summarizing procedures of a portion of the
study made by American Vocational Association dealing with establieh-
ment in farming of veterans states
"There was little atteu.t to attribute the iinproven*nt or
advances made i'i farming to single factors, such as approved
practices, time or place, or special qualifications of certain
veterans. The 'wholeness' of the farm business of veterans
waa the basis of the evaluation. Though this approach to
evaluation is Gestalt in theory, t should show that 'the
whole is greater than any of its parts' in actual practice.
Certain local successes or failures during the period under
study might have been caused by weather conditions, fluctuat!ing price levels for certain commodities, or many intangible,
interrolated, or personal factor.. If the businessea succeeded, they were rated highly. Though this it clearly
oragmatic in theory, locally the neighbors would say, 'That
veteran is getting along .11 right'."
The Au
A Preliminary Study
The writer has been aesociatd with the Institutional On-Farm
Training Program in Oregon for the last four and one-ha]! years.
He
has served in the capacity of student teacher, instructor, ares
supervisor and assistant state supervisor of agricultural education
employed by the State Division of Vocation*l ducation.
In addition to supervision duties as an employee of the State
Division of Vocational Education, the writer has been prima:
responsible for a follow-up atudy of former
students of the
Institutional On-Farm Training Program.
The study consisted of establishing the number of veterans
enrolled by centers in the state determining their length of
training as well as their farming statue and changes in farming
tatus that occurred during their training. The study also determined the present occupational status of veterans trained during
the perIod July 1, 19146, through October 1,
1953.
The study was developed by conferences with agriculture instructors, representatives of the Agricultural Education Department
of Oregon State College and members of the staff of the State
Division of Vocational Education. The portion of the study concerning the present occupational statue of the former trainees
consisted of a
check list type of questionnaire.
Thi. questionnaire
was completed by high school ocationa]. agricultural Instructors,
and Institutional On-Farm Training Program instructors in the
communities where the program was in operation.
where neither high school instructors nor the
In sorae cases
Institutional On-
Farm Training Program Ins truc tore wore available, the writer
visited the communities and completed the questionnaires on the
basis of Information received from teachers, administrators, county
agents, former students and farmers.
The survey was completed on all former students in centers
where more than five student. were enrolled.
Findings of this study are the basis for this thesis because
they establish the number, location, farming statue and length of
training of veterans to be studied. A summary of this study i
included in the appendix.
the Study
If ter the initial meeting in October 193, ares conferences
were held throughout the etate with agriculture instructors in
conjunction with supervision of teachers.
The problem of conduct-
ing a study of the Institutional On-Farm Training Program was diecussed. As a result of these meetings and conferences with me.bsru
of the Department of Agricultural Education at Oregon State College,
a topic was selected and a tentative plan for the study was initiated,
Measurement of progress toward establishment in farming, a primary
objective of the Institutions]. On-Farm Training Program, Was
selected as the topic for the study.
A planning committee was organised and met regularly with a
member of the Department of Agricultural Education at Oregon State
College.
Five agriculture instructors and the writer participated
in the committee.
The purpose of the planning committee was to
review research procedures
approach to the
and atteffl.t to formulate a practical
problem in the state.
With the help of the State Supervisor of the Institutional
On-Farm Training Program in Oregon, a plan was developed. The study
would be state-wide arid administered by the State Division of
Vocational Education. It would be conducted, if possible, in every
community where a training center was established. The study would
be a part of a larger study enco. ssing over-all evaluation of
the Institutional On-Farm Training Program in Oregon. Measurement
of the veteran's progress in becoming better established in farming
would be the limit of the study. Institutional On-Farm Training
instructors and agriculture ins truc tore in comr*unities where the
program has been in operation were to be asked to cooperate in the
study.
cAPIR III
or st
With the objective of establishment in farming
progress veterans have made toward that goal is to be measured.
is realised that there are several social fac tore
objective.
It
related to this
Therefore, this study is further limited to tangible
measurements of progress of The farm management nature.
Progress
toward the objective is to be measured by charges that have occurred
during the period when the veteran enrolled in training to
of this study.
date
the
The changes that occurred are to be measured by com-
parison of economic
factors and approved practices which influence
establishment in farming.. Such measurements limit the Study to those
veterans who currently
are self-employed at farming in the community
in which they received their
Part-time farmers are in-
training.
cluded but veterans receiving less than 12 months of training are
omitted.
Only those veterans who have completed their training
during the period July 1, l916, through October 1, 193, are
included,
Definition of Objective:
stabliehment in Farming
t is important to recognise that establishment in farming is
a process of up-grading andprogreesion,
according to Deyoe
(3, pp.3633áS). He discusses establishment
in farming as beginning
when an individual asumee full or joint responsibilIty for managing
an enterprise oran entire farm business.
Beard (2, pp.147.514) refers to the progressive
tepa of start-
ing to farm as rungs of the agriculture ladder
employment on
beginning with
a farm and culminating with ownership and managerial
control of a farm,
HamlIn (14, pp.270-271) cites a study of Sol]. Conservation i4uc*-
tion in a
middle western county. He includes the
followi.g quotationx
. Every individual has a set of basic motivations,
desires, life goals, or values which he lives by.
They
are shaped and determined by the group or culture into
which ho was born or with which he has associated himself.
Differences in the prevailing beliefs and vluee of
groups (neighborhoods, comnnrnitiee, regions, nationalities,
religious denominations, etc.) are the principle reason
for the differences in what they do or
don't do . .
With a definition of the objective of establishment in
farming
in mind, the writer presents the following *ssumpt&ones
That establishment In farming is a relative term.
Farmers
differ in their ambitions, interests and accepted standards
of living.
That certain related factors are evident
if
a student 1*
to become an operator and reain engaged In the business
of farming for a living.
The farm business must be of
sufficient size and charaóter to
standard of living.
provide for his accepted
He must have effective managerial
control of a farm business.
He must maintain the farm
17
business.
That if a student is to have effective managerial control
of a farm business he should progress toward ownership of
a farm or increase hie equity in the farm business.
This
is necessary to afford stability of tenure and to provide
the necessary time to utilize his managerial ability
effectively.
That if a student is to maintain the farm business, he
must accept approved practices in his coimninity which wiU
maintain or improve the facilities and conserve the basic
resources of the farm. This involves iou and/or water
conservation, poultry, livestock and cropping practices and
construction, maintenance and repair of farm buildings,
machinery and equipment.
That if the farm 13 to provide the accepted standard of
living, the student desires, he must adjust the size of
the farm business to meet these requirements. This involves planning, financing and management on the level of
doing.
It Is the application of skills, understanding
working habits, acquired knowledge and technical infartion.
In summary, a veteran's progress towards establishment in farm-
ing is his demonstrated ability to progress toward effective
managerial control of a farm business, to maintain his farm bus
and to adjust his farm businese to meet the requirement of his
18
accepted standard of living. Other social factors are involved but
are beyond the scope of this study
Definition of Terms
In order for the reader to proceed with the study the following
terms are defined:
Net Worth
For the purpose of this study, net worth is defined ac the
difference in total of all asaeta (personal and farm) and the total
of all liabilities (personal and farm). This net worth encompasses
household goods, persona]. savings, value of real estates livestock,
crops, machinery and supplies owned as well as indebtedness of the
farm business and persons). obligations of the veteran.
Total Capital Xnves ted in Farming
For the purpose of this study, total capital investment in-'
cludes the value of all buildings, land, machinery, equipment,
livestock, poultry, crops and supplies held in inventory.
?roductive Man Work Units
A productive man work unit is a common denominator used for
the purpose of expressing nunthers of livestock, poultry, and acres
of crop. as a common unit. The unit as d,termined by agricultural
economists is calculated as equivalent to an average tenhour day
of productive labor on a farm in a given area. The productive work
units used in this study were suggested by the Department of Agri..
cultural Economics at Oregon State College. They are the estimated
average numbers of days of man labor requ:
enterprises.
Approved Practices
Farming practices which have been shown to be desirablE
experimental evidence or successful use by farmers 'will be c
sidered as approved practices for the purpose of this study.
The
term includes conservation and management practc.s which contribute
to establishment in farming.
Total Farm Bus mesa
For the purpose of this study, the term farm business will
encompass the business aspects of the whole farm nd will include
the personal business of the farm family as well as the businees
involving the total capital invested in farming.
ITI' 1A
ITP U is the code number for a financial statement form which
has been used In Oregon in the ami nistration of the Institution
On-Farm
aining Program.
I(PSF
IC'SF
is the code for forms used in conjunction with this
study,
Program
For the purpose of this study, the terms program and Institu-
tional On-Farm framing Program will be used interchangeably.
Method of Measurement
In order to devise a method of measuring the progress veterans
have made in
becoming established in farming, the scope of the study
was considered first.
A previous study has revealed that this study
would invo]. vs approximately 2,000 former students
are located in 71 cente
These students
the state.
Realizing that the nuiiber of students was
sample of the veterans was made.
or more months of training and
The
large, a random
veteran, who had
were stiLl farming in
received 12
the community,
were listed alphabetically by the cntere where they had received
their training.
Every fifth veteran was selected to be interviewed.
Inasmuch as the veterans were farming in 71 different coimrnmi-
ties in the state, high school vocational agriculture and Institu-
tional On-Farm Training inetructors were asked to
study.
cooperate on the
They were to interview the specific veterans assigned to
them in their communities.
As a means of making the measurement, the following meth
were planned:
1. Progress was to be measured by changes that have occurred
between the time the veteran enrolled in training ait the
date of
this study. These changes were to be measured in
terms of economic factors, skiUs, and approved practices.
The economic fac tore are net worth, total c ital invested
and productive work
units. The approved practices are
relative in nature and are to be determinE
community concerned.
2.
The information reflecting changes that have occurred
would be obtained by personal interview with the veterans
concerned.
The interview would involve a description of
the veteran 'a farm business, a peraonal financial statement
and a recording of those approved practices the veteran
has adopted since the time he enrolled in the Institutional
C*.Farm Training Program.
The information obtained in the interview would be recorded
on survey forms supplied to each interviewer.
In addition,
each interviewer would write a narrative report concerning
the
veteran's present farming situation. A sp1e copy of
the desired type of narrative report was to be given to
each interviewer,
1.
The information obtained by
would be compared
with sinir information on file in the school districts
where the veteran received his training.
The changes
that occurred would then be recorded on the survey forms
and mailed to the State Division of Vocational Education
for final summarization on a state level.
In the centers wbere agriculture instructors were not
available, the writer was to attempt to secure the information by visiting the community and contacting the
veterans.
22
6.
A special file was provided by the State Division of
Vocational Education to facilitate the anticipated
correspondence,
Following the above plan, the survey forme necessary to record
and summarize the desired information were devised.
for persons who would be
Instructions
interviewing veterans were also
devised.
Sample copies of the survey forms axi the instructions are included
in the following pages of this thesis.
The next three
pages of this thesis are a sample copy of instruc-
tione, form IOSF #7, given to all persons ho participat.d in the
study by interviewing veterans.
roy's? lo/l/3
#7
Ins truotion to Persona
Former Students of the
Institutional OnFarm Tra
'.
Comple
oram
p half of page 2 of the Farm and Home
Plan ITP 11 for each veteran on his present farming situation.
Values of machinery should be the book value as recorded in
the depreciation schedules in the veteran's account book.
The
value of livestock (if they are not in the depreciation
schodu1e) should be current market value.
II.
w
krrative on each veteran euitrizing his progress
in farming.
irat paragraph should indicate the
and scope of the veteran's farming operation it the beginning of training and urnriarize his present farm situation.
The following paragraphs should fill in the details.
Particular attention should be given to the approved
practices and other accomplishments in farming.
Complete lOPS!' #3, lj and 5.
The information .111 be obtained
by comparing the veteran 's ITP IA at the beginning of hiS
training with the one that applies to his present farm
situation.
A.
IOFSF form #3.
The total productive work unite are
to be computed from the veteran's ITP lÀ at the
beginning of training and the IT? 1A for his present
farm operation.
The difference La to be recorded and
accounted for, An example of accounting for the
difference of a large increase or decrease would be
a change in enterprises, from seedgrain crops to
livestock and row crops. Another example would be
the natural increase of livestock or purchase of
additional land and livestock.
IOFSF form #14.
The veteran's net wor
figure on the bottom of page 1 of the form IT? I
amount of the veteran's net worth is to be recorded at
the beginning and at present. The difference is to be
accounted for by indicating the amount in one or
of the following three oategoriee
Farm" and "Inflation or Deflation"
be:
"C'I Farm", "Of
An example would
If the veteran had earned income from the farm
rid reinvested it in the farm business by purchase
of additional land or paying off $ mortgage, the amount
would be recorded under the column, "The Farm"
If
the veteran inherited same property or had income from
off the farm it should be recorded under the heading
"Off Farm".
The effect of inflation or deflation
should be considered and accounted for.
would be an increase in the value of the farm land cit
only to the fact that the land ifl eeil for mo
money now than it would hen the veteran entered
training. Improvements to the land whtch have ini
creased the value of the land should be accounted
for under the heading, KThe Farm0, providing the coat
the improvements was paid for by income from the
arm or by the
C.
lOPS? form #5.
the
of A
labor.
The veteran's capital investment is
9btal of Veteran's Interest (Column I
&D)
, in the middle of page 1 of the form
IT? U. This figure should reflect the value at the
land, buildings, equipment, livestock and supplie* the
veteran owns. Do not subtract the amount that the
veteran oses. An example would be a $3,000.00 truck
(inventory value). The veteran owes the bank
$1,500.00 on the truck. The amount recorded should be
$3,000.00 rather than $1,500.00. Rented land should
not be included in co1uxn 1 or reflected in the
veteran's capital investment.
IV.
Complete lOPS? #6.
Read instructions on the form. AU its
checked on the form should be substantiated in the narrative as
to scope and importance of the approved practice to the veteran's
farming operation.
26
Figures 1 and 2 are a sample copy of form II? )A. This form
has been used in the administration of the Institutional On-Farm
Training Program in Oregon. With the exception of minor revisions,
it is the same form which was used at the beginning of the program
in 1916. All self-employed veterans completed the form as a require..
ment for entrance into training. A copy of the original form, eoimpleted by each self-employed veteran, is present3y on file in each
training center where the veteran was enrolled. The origal pur-
pose of the form was to provide local school advisory coitteea,
the State Division of VocatIons). Education and the United States
Veterans Administration a portion of the inforntion necessary to
determine Individual veteran 'a eligibility for training In the
Program.
The Veterans Administration also used some of the informa-
tion to determine the amount of subsistence each veteran was to
receive. The form was completed annually in the light of changes
that occurred in farming
rati.
The form IT! ]A was used in this study for the purpose of
convenience, simplicity and as a means of gathering specific in-
formation about veterans' current farm buainea. It was the baa
for determining veterans' net worth, total capital investment, the
number of lIvestock and acres of crops. It was recognized that
many of the persons who would be interviewing veterans were
fm11 iar with the form and it would help to standardize the
inventory of the farm business.
eq
A:pn
xo; pepuo osi
ge*t iu.oj aw
o. uTw.xd .ou
92nd Jo
jo
op u
'uose
euiø
5ad jo jr wooq
'Vt
i uuo; eq. Jo
pei.0 'uwnto3 a
iy.o
uo
doq.
28
Figure 1
State Board of Education
DEPARTMENT OF VCATIONAL EDUCATION
Form ITF..
(7/1/SO)
114.
Sa].em, Oregon
Institutional OnFarm Training
FARL AND HO
PLAN 19
(For S. E. Student3
cT)
Address
Other Dependents
Acres, Soil Types
Acrcs,Rcnt
Location, type and ycar of' farm experience aft;r age 12
Name
Marries (Ys,No)
tVET3RY OF 'ACILfTIE
Veteran's
Interest
$
Total
Value
Veterar.'s
Total
Value
Interest
C. Livestock
1. Dairy No.
Beef No.
Sheep No.
14. Hogs No.
Work Stock
A. Real Estate
1. Land
i1dings
2
Total Real Estate
cW1FD Ok USED
$______
a.
B. Equipnent
b.
P.i1try
Auto & Truck $_______
Tractor
Harvesting eq._______
14. Tillage eq.
S.
Drills
Dairy eq.
Haying eq.
Other
Total Tivtock
D. Supplies and Crops on Hand
1.
2.
C.
d.
Total Equirinent
Total
Total
3.
14.
Tot'.l Supplies
$
.3
of Veteran's Interest (001. 1 of
Value of Inventory (Gol. 2 of A+B4.c4)
RSONL FIjA1LLL TATNT
Liabilities
Cash on Hand
4
Accnts Receivable
I.
S.
1. Notes payable
a.
a.
Stocks and Bonds
a.
b.
b.
2. Mortgages
Hisehold goods
3. Accnts payable
a
b.
Other assets
a.
b.
6. Veteran's Interest in
Farm Inventory
Total Assets
4
Net Worth
b.
4. Other IridbtcdnesS
a.
b.
Total Liabilities
4
29
Figure 2
Or.
lI4EP, LC;3. E
TIP - 1A page 2
Orope ar,d Crop Pr3daicts
Yield
Total Carry Used on Value of Product
cras Per cre Yield Over Facn
to Sell
Item
LPvotrck and Lj'yestock Products
No. on To add or To be
item
Hand
Replace
Carj Used on
Produced Over
Farm
5.
:scollaneous
Value ef farm furnisnor feaily Lying
inventory increase (if anp).
1' r1 itimrted Irorme
Zaxos
__, insurance 3
,
'
aer
rat
Pired lEPer
, fertiliz3r
Livestock expense; veterinary _, bredig
Scd
P. Lrchasr af be y cricks, pults, fe ecLr stuck
hu.Llding ani f roe repair
nte'at en debts
ut
$
,
feed 3
, weed control
and trock oxpnso
ot r oncrition arid raintorence cr hire
, hire.
3. erhiniry repairs
IC. 1 rrciaticn on buildiris, cejuipacat, livestock, etc
II. Lar:t P 5 on farm capital investment less interest on cio1gage.
12. Invnter'y decreirse (if any)
r
11.
1 '3.
Total Estimated Expenses
Ixie imber mccxc (Tetal gross income niuiu total expenses)
Trainee' s Si'mature
Instructor' a Signature
$
$
Date
e next three pages of this thesis are a sale copy of the
form, IOF
#3 (Figure 3), and a list of productive man work units
for the State of Oregon (Figures 1 and
Form IOFSF #3
was designed for persons interviewing ve
in a training center. The inforina tion used to complete the form
was obtained from form IT? IA. For exaaples
to obtain the number
of productive man work units a veteran had at the beRinning of his
training, the person interviewing the veteran would multip]y the
number of livestock and acres of crops on the IT? IA, completed by
the veteran at the beginning of his training, by the value indicated
in the lie t of productive work units.
Following the same procedure, the interviewer would determine
the number of productive man work unite for the veteran's current
farm business.
The difference would be determined by subtracting
the two columns and indicating the amount as plus or minus.
5710
STUD! OF INDIVIDUAL VERAN'S
53
AINING PROGRAE
Ins truc tar's Signature
corip1eted by Inetruc tore
Summary of Increase or Decrea
Total Number of Productive Unite
'eterana Name
iflI!
Present
Difference
ork Units
Increase or Decrease Accounted for by
NO
Study of Individual Veteran's Training Programs
TIMATED AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAIS (F MAN LABOR REQUIRED ANNUALL!
B FARM ENTERPRISFS
e ten hour day = One Productive Man Work Unit
P
head or
V
5.0
cows
bul3.s
heifer's
1.3
::::.:::::':.::.:.:::
........ . ......
I.ambs
Shee;
Beef, cow and calf
Saws and litters to weaning
Hogs, weaning to market age
Chickens (layers)
Chicks (pufl.ets)(to prod.)
Turkeys (layers)
..
00*
Turkeys(market).........,....
Bess, per co1oxr
eld crops
Alfalfa
Clover hay
0*******
0
Wild hay
Vetch hay ...... .........
Corn
Wheat
....... .......
.........
.3
.2
3.0
3.0
'S
.2
.1
.14
.1
.5
2.3
1.0
1.0
1.14
2.2
.6
....**040 ........
. 0 0 0 0 0 0......... 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0
Irrigated wheat . * . * . . . . ........, *
Irrigated oats . . ......... -. . . . . * *
Irrigated barley . . . . . * ......... . .
Austrian winter fIeld peas .......
Alfalfa and clover seed ....
Ladlno clover eeed
.*..
Common ryegrass seed
..........
Cozston vetch seed ,........
Hairy veteh seed
Highland bent grass
Perennial ryegrass seed .......
00
Alta fescue seed
Chewings fescue seed
Flax seed ........... ...............
rL&x, fiber ....
Sugar beets (forseed)
Sugar beets ....
Succulent crops
Corn silage
Vetch silage . . . . . . . . . . .
................-0000
.6
.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
.7
1.0
2.0
.7
.9
.3
.3
.5
.5
2,0
3.1
5.0
8.2
0*
3.7
*
2.14
P.MW.U. per
Item
head or acre
Grass silage
a1e ..........
2 .1
. S...
8.8
15.0
1.2
.0
Ladino clover, irrig. past.
Ladino clover, 1st yr. (W.V.)
Dry improved pasture (LV.)
Irrigated pasture
Cannery vegetables
Corn . . . . * . * . . . . .
Beets .. ........
S -0
............... *
Carrots. . . .- ....................
Toatoee
Sna.p(pole)beans .....
Peas . .......
Other crops
Lettuce . . . . . -.
4
...........4.40.
Onion.s ........... ........
.1
1.0
5.0
11.0
114.0
19.0
82.0
20.0
P.M.W.U. per
head or acre
Item
Cherries (for proceasing).......... 32.0
.
30,0
Peaches ............
Pears .... ........... ........... 2I 0
Prunes (for processing)
Family orcl'ard .
...........
10 .0
Loganbex.ry ..
Raspberry (Blackeape) *4t*
Red raspberry ..... *
.......
..........
Apples
141.0
17.0
Loganberry .......5
12.0
Red raspberry . . . . * . . .. . . . . . . .
12.0
15.0
$trawberr
1ee fruits
38.0
30.0
58.0
Filberts (5-year period)
19.0
20.0
Walnuts (U-year period) .. . .-... .
* * * ..................... 16.0
B8enbe
Mint (for o
Walnuts
S
........
Establishing new planting
Hops (1-year period) . ......
Strawberry ......
Raspberry (Blackcaps) ............
Filberts .. .. . . .
3.0
5mfl Fruits
Boysenberry .........
Potatoes
6
12,0
Alta fescue
. ........... ..... . . * .
6.0
Chewinga fescue ....... * * . -. . . . * . . .
Highland bent grass (renovate)
Perennial ryegrass ...............
.3
'FL
The following txo pages of this thesis are copies of I(PSF
form #14 (Figure 6) and # (Figure 7).
These form were designed
for persons Interviewing veterans. The information used to come
the summary forms would be obtained from form ITP U and
information received from the veterans concerned.
verba3.
Xc's? 1o//53
STUD!
c'
INDIVIDUAL VETERAN'S 'IRAINING POGRA1&5
Instructor'e Signature
To be completed by Inntructore
Center
e
ISF lo/l/3
STUD! (F INDIVIDUAL VRAN'S NLINIl( ?ROGRA
Co
Center
Suary of
Litai Inves
Veteran's
egi
Instructor 'a Signature
by Instructors
e or Decrease in Veteran's Capital In'
Difference Accounted
arrnl.
go
Diff ore
mt of Increase or Dee:
g
nt
by
a
Other
chinery & Pou1tr
ui,nent Livestock
37
The next two pages of this thee is
of form IOFSF #6.
e 8 and 9) are copies
This form was designed for parsons interviewing
veterans, The form served as a check list for the interviewers.
The purpose of the form was to obtain some indication of the
approved practices and skills which veterans have adopted. Additional space wa left on page 2 for the interviewer to add practices
which may not be listed on the form.
a
Id
5)
0
c+'11O
(3:3
a
I-'
Q1
003
ad.
-.,im
#-ci-
C.
a
C)
I
C.
irrigation
Control of noxious weeds
Chemical weer control
Grass waterwars seeded
Supp'L "mental
Land improvnent and clearing
Maintaining a favorable soil
reaction
Land leveling
Permanent pature seedings
Draining and reclaiming land
FolThwing a planed c-'np rottiOfl
var' manurc
Use of covEr or ren
Proner utoi'go au u' cf barn-
TJy)) uer crc'P reiiduS
Appicat1on o' silnhur or lime
so f' cnrircial fertilizer for
hi 'nr crop yiers
1
I-i)
5)
c
:3
0
0
C)
5)
1
5)4.-I
'-:3
e-
a
C.
'-C.
01
'-C.
'
a
C)
'1Cm
aH
0
vention in ooultry and livestock
Use of certified or higher rity
test sced
Irnoc'ilation of
C.
0(3
Adequate sanitatton & disease pre-
Seed treatimnt
4-4
c+4cl
aD
Balanc'd rations "or livestock and
poultry
-U----11111111
IIII
11111
.<
1(503
...a,p1m
cnOs1(3
'-
,-._
C4.
ure-bred sires on livestock
of disease free chicks
LPurchase
I
CD
CD
s
+
.5)
Cb
ocJ.i
e
C)(t
o.. a ci
Artificial insnination or use of
(D
2
(h
(5
C)OIcf)3
Oci-1).4-
6
-
IirLtwL
1
6 exnt
lull
1111111
Proi-ctjo records
Ade ae r000rcl3 for filing
rot rns
coot records
fo.rr builiins
om form chop (presence and
I uo of)
ax
ard rnui oment
L.i-vLonarice and inrnrovement of
I'oer storae of farm machinery
ttrrico
_______
r
UUUUUUU
I
fl I
U
General farm
Continuous maintenance of farm
III________________________________
l_
lit
I 11111
III
Control of poisonous plants
Jaccination of livestock for
disease orevention
p3
a
Cl-
(DO
H
The following three pages of the theie
gure 10) are a
copy of a sample narrative report. This narrative report is *
actual case reported by Robert Berger, Institutiona]. OnFarm Training instructor at Molal].a, Oregon.
The purpose of this sample narrative was to standardize as
much as possible, the reports of all veterans interviewed.
The
first paragraph summarizes briefly, the veteran's present farming
situation. The second paragraph summarizes the farming situation
at the beginning of his training. The following paragraphs add
detail and explain information on forma ITP lÀ and IOPSF forms
Ii,
and 6.
Kenneth R. Coats
Coats lives on a
9S
acr, dairy farm located about 1/2 mile weet of
Ho now has 21 milk cows with ]3 heifers as replacements,
a grade HAN milking parlor, a silo for grass ensilage, a modern
sprinkler irrigation system, and a definite fertilizer program.
Coats was a man with no previous agricultural background or training. When he bought this rundown farm in 19l the land vas no
longer able to produce any crop economically.
He acquired 7 scrub
dairy cattle with the farm and was groping for a solution to the
age old problem of providing a living for him and lils family.
Here was a man with no previous experIence or training.
The
advisory board made a trip to his place and recognized the many
problems in bringing this farm up to its inherent capabilities in
production. After a careful interview of Coats by the board and
the discovery that
he was interested In dairying, the board decided
he was a man not only worthy of the training but very much in need
of it..
At the outset it was recognized by the instructor and Coats that a
definite program must be outlined with attainable goals and a chance
of financial 8ucie8$, Since he had indicated his interest in dairying and the fact that many of the surrounding farms are successful
dairy farms it was decided to try to develop this into a dairy.
With this as a bseis the following goals were outlinedz
Building a grade NAlt milking parlor. A pumice stone
elevated 3 unit Surge parlor was constructed in the summer
of 19S2 by Coats with his own labor at about
the
normal cost.
Enlargement of the milking herd. This goal haa not been
met completely as yet. Additional cows have been pur
chased as money became available, but much remains to be
done in eniargemsnt of the herd as well as improving the
quality of the cattle.
3, Establish and properly manage irrigated pastures. Irriga-
tion water from the
rigation district wa available
but only on a flood baste. A natural drainage and waste
area was used to locate and construct a holding reservoir
with a capacity of 3 acre feet of water in the summer of
l93. A completely modern sprinkler irrigation system was
installed as soon as the reservoir was completed and is
now being used.
A silo was built in the spring of l%3 with a capacity
for 100 tons of grass eiiago to supplexnt the pastures.
A fertilizer program was outlined for the pasture to get
the neximum yield of quality grass. Likewise Coats is
now practicing a good program of rotational grazing.
6.
A fertilizer program was outlined and is now in practice
for the cultivated fields to increase the product±on of
home groi feeds.
The milking herd was placed on DHI&
on Grade "A" and artificial inseminatlo
prove the quality of the replacements
a time of going
is used to liii-
A loafing shed was built in the fall of 1953 to give roo
for the expanding herd and to give a be tar quality of
manure to be added to the land.
A feeding area and corral are now in the process of being
constructed.
10.
A definite plan for the source of financial aid was planned.
His equity in a duplex in California was sold and this
money used to reduce the contract of purchase to a point
where th Federal Land Bank of Spokane was willing to step
in and refinance. Then the Farmers Home Administration is
financing the development of the irrigation system and
the purchase of the needed additional cows.
It is interesting to note that the net worth of this man has increased
hie total investment has gone up $10,000, and his
total indebtedness has increased by only &1,l00.
by some $14,0O0
To briefly summarize, this farm now has the ability to handle about
cows and
replacements. Coats is now able to produce
about 75% of the feed for these cattle.
35 milk
their
His wife too played a very important part in the developzient of this
farm as she was a very wiUing helper and gave much encouragement to
Coats. Their place in the community is assured as they are very
active in community and civic matters. Little more need be said,
except that this man now has a start and with the continued seal
and spirit this man has manifested in the past a living is going
to be assured for him and his family.
Procedures of the St
In communities where the Institutional. On-Farm Training Pro-
gram was in operation, the instructors were asked to interview
High
veterans who were selected in the random sample by the writer.
school vocational agricultural instructors were asked to interview
the veterans in
communities where the Institutional
ing Program was no longer in operation,
On-Farm Train-
Some of the instructors
participated in the study as a part of their assignment for inservice
training clssses
being conducted for agricultural teacher..
The writer interviewed veterans in centers where neither high
school agricultural, instructors nor Institutional. On-Farm Training
instructors were avillable. In a few cases, graduate students at
Oregon State College participated in interviews with veterans as
part of their training in adult work.
It was necessary to contact and orient sU persons participating in the interview of veterans.
After orientation, assign-
mente were made by correspondence and a duplicate copy of such
aignments was kept on file for the purpose of administering the
study.
All persons who participated in the interviews were given the
following forms and
inetruction:
Form 1W lÀ
Form IOFSF #
Form IOFSF #14
14.
Form lOPS? #5
Sample Narrative
List of Productive an Work Unite
letruction Sheet
Names of veterans to be interviewed w
tor
lOPS? #3, 14, 5 and 6.
on the suiary
These suimary fornis arI instruction
sheets were mailed to persons conducting the interview
veterans.
.th
CHAPTER IV
8cope Completed
Veterans were interviewed iii h8 centers of the total
centers in the State of Oregon. KLeven centers were omitted because adequate arid competent personnel were not available to
conduct the interviews.
In thirteen centers the interviews with veterans were not
completed because of changes in personnel, misunderstandings and
inadequate time on the part of instructors and others conducting
the interviews.
The following five pages of this thesis (Table 1
in table form the nuniber of veterans involved within the limits at
the study.
SOMART B! CENT F:RS OF VETERANS INVOLVED WITHIN THE LIMITATI(1 OF THE S
_____________ eta]. Number
f Veterans
Assigned to
be Interviewed
Total Veterans Veterans Refusing Unable
Reported
Interview
to Contact rt Frmin
Interviewed
citted
Arock
I
-
-
2
Lr'r. .
li'4-
1.
6
Burns
0
Canb
Ca 'onvi11e
Central Po1nt
I
titted
10
:
2 No reort r ceived
itted
Claverdale
--
SW4ILRT BI CENT1'RS OF VFTERANS INVOLVLI) WITHIN TRI! LIMITATION OF THE STUD!
Center
or,ralli
Fosøil
ota]. number
f leterans
Assigned to
be interviewed
Reperted
nab1e
Total Veterans Veterans Refusing
to Contact not Farming
Interview
Interviewed
7
Incan.lete
SUMMART B! CENTERS OF VETERANS INVOLVEDMITHIN THZ LIMITATION OF TH! STUD!
saig
to
be Interviewed
Hillaboro
Inde *endence
nitted
Medford
Molafla
Monument
Mt. Vernon
titted
ane
e
Interview
epo
not Ta
&UMMAB! B! CENTERS OF VETERANS INVOLVED WtTHIN THE LIMITATION OF ThE STUDY
S1MMARY B! CENTERS 01 VETERANS INVOLVED EITh1N THE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
It
Total Number
of Veterans
0080
Total Veteran
ssigned to
be Intervieied Interviewed
18
Dd
B
bon
6
Lies
ok
itepor
veterans terus1n: nable
to Contac not Farmi
Interview
26
6
B No reort -ceived
6 No resort eceived
6
Tamhili
Grand Total
+ 31 partially
can *leted interviews
No reports received
errors in Sam.le
Reeult of Measuremen
The following five pages of this thesis (Table 2) summarize
in table f aria, by centers, the results of riaouroments of a farm
management nature applied to the farm businesses of the veterans
interviewed.
The first table on the next five pages of this
thee is, surwnarizes the number of veterans interviewed in each
center, the total increase in productive man work units, capita).
inveetent and net worth. Following the table mentioned above
are similar tables showing the range of increase or decrease in
amount as indicated by the three meaeurenmnte.
I_i_
''iii
B! C!TRS SHOWING TOTAL INCREASE IN N? WORTH,
N WORIC UNITS AND TOTLL CAPITAL INVESTMENT 131 VETERAN8
Increase in
CentSD
I
Interviewed
PJ(,WIU.
Increase in
Increa8e in Total
Caita1 Investment
Total
$81
Net Worth
$118 666
62
280
96
I et'ta
69,122
26
28.
0
8
3J1
70 8 8
I
6 Iti
C
Centr
I,
a
Culver
119
626
10 7:2
6
80
11 800
1.
I' '
NITS AND TOTAL CAPITAL INVZSTMT 3!
Rood River
JW*ttozt C1t7
117,159
SUMMART B! CENflES S}IOWING TOTAL INCREASE IN NET WCRTH,
PRcXJCTIVE MAN WX UNITS AND TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT B! VETERANS
SUMM&RI B! CENTEBS SHOWING TOTAL INCREASE II NET WORTH,
PR(CTIVE MAN WORK UNITS AND TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT BY VETERANS
S
Sherwood
PIM.W.U.
t_____________________________________________________
Inccn'1ete
Silv-erton
-
ncrease
l
Th26
ncrease n
Increase in ota].
C*jtal Investaent
Net Worth
________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________
2
6
1
Incaplte
6
_jis
9I0
IO 802
6 176
Inccsuelete
w
Ikcc,n.lete
Waflowa
Woodburn
Tamhill
Grand Total
t.
28
1 02
1062
20 182
tii. 688
2b2 voterans
2b veterans
SUWART I CENTERS SHOWING THE
OF THE ChANGE OF INCREASE C DECR'ASE
VETERANS IN THE RANGE
ttUCTIVE MAN WtEK UNITS
0100
*ULJ.I1
itt.d
As
1*
citt.a
itted
______-Central Point
Glovrd$h.s
I
citted
Incc1ete
-I..--
tt
at mc*'e
Corvallis
Ent.rise
I
I
IVP1_
etacada
I
Forest Grove
I
V
V
Gervais
I
1
I
V
2
I_
2
Heruista
V
j
V
V
6
___________I
________j_
I
LiIt. Ternan
-
ePoint
Newber-
I
I
I
Ontario
I
Ore:onCi
I
osT.I.
I
Pendleton
_I
I
__________I________________
Prinevifle
I
Rainier
Redmond
I
I
I
Richiand
Roeez
St. Nelene
I
I
_I
I
I
'-L
U4
OF VETER.US IN TM! RANG!
CKNTERS SH0ING THE
OF CHANGE OF 1)ECRE&SE OR INCREASE IN CAPITAL INVESTMENT
'ecrea
000
j
s'
cre
000
-I
Adrian
I
I
j. '
$
10 000
-
itted
Arock
I_____________________________ __________________________________________
Ltaria
I
I
________________________
I-
Clatekaie
Cloverdale
SUMMPJ! B! CENTERS SH0VING THE NUMBER OF VE.TFFANS IN THE RANCE
OF CHA1)E OF DECR1ASF OR INCRFASE IN CAPITAL INVE5TM1T
Decrease in Tol
Center
$O4,O00
Capital Invest.
$,000-or more
Increase in Total Capital Invest.
O4,O0O
Coz,rallis
Dayton
E1g
Enterprise
gene
t Grove
F
Halfway
Harper
}kppner
Hermiston
3
$,000410,0OO
$10,000 or more
UIAR! 1! CENTERS SH(YWING THE NIIMBR CW VETERANS 1$ THE RANGE
CHANGE OF DECREASE Oft INCREASE II CA?IT&L INVESTMENT
I est
Total Cat
Hereford
______________
Hood River
L1
La Grande
adford
Milton
Maro
Mt Vernon
I
-.
w
SUWABY 5! CENTFRS SHO'ING ThE NUMBER OF VTERLNS IN THE RAWE
0? CHANGF C)? DECREASE OR INCREASE IN CAPITAL INVESTHENT
Be
Can
$ca. oose
in Total Ca.ita]. Invest
Increas in Total Casital Invest.
10000 ormore
10000.
-
SWAB.! B! CENTERS SHOWING THE NUMBER OF VET!RANS IN THE RANGE
OF CHANGE OF DECfiASE OR INCRE&SE IN NE? WORTH
Adrian
Decresee in Wet Worth
000 or more
J 000
citted
£stcia
j
000
I
-I
BaMon
I
Barn.
Canb
nvil1e
Central Point
I
Clatekanie
Cloverdale
10 000 or more
I__________________
Baker
C
I.erease in Net Wth
t ii 10 000
I___
I
II
$UULRT B! CENTER3 ZHOWI* THE MJIR OF VETERANS IN
OF CRANGE OF DECREASE ca INCREASE IN NET WOR
I
3xs1( ** or inore(UIX.
______I
1
_I
I
-V
V-I
6
St1MMkR
BT CENTERS SH0ING THE NtTMBER OF VETERANS IN THE RAJ}E
C
CHANGE OF DECREASE C INCRELSE IN NET WORTH
Decrease in Net Worth
Center
000
[ 000 or more
Increase in Net Worth
I
000
ai
)fIi*
10 000 or more
Hereford
Riflsboro
I
Hood Rirer
Ib1er
I
Inde'endence
Junction Cit
IItT
Madras
H
Uedford
I
Milton
I
Molafla
Monument
I
Moro
Mt.Vepncn
I
6
SUMMkR! B! CENTERS SHOV1NG TRF NUMBER OF VETERANS IN TflE 1ANGE
OF
CHANGE OF DEASE OR INCREASE IN NET WORTH
Decresee in Net Worth
'kii'
Increaae in Net Worth
I
Ontario
w
Pendleton
yt
Rainier
Redmmd
Rich].and
St. Helene
MMARI IT CENTERS SHOWING THE NUMBER 0? TTERLNS IN THE RANG!
0? CHAlK)! OF DECREASE OR INCREASE IN NE? WORTH
Center
$cappocse
Sjlvertcn
The Deuce
Tiilamoøk
ecreaee in Net Worth
Incresee xi Net Worth
10,000 or more
73
Approximately ten per cent of the grand total increase in net
worth of all the veterans intervi
be accounted for by inflation and o
etudy was reported to
income.
The remaining
ninety per cent was reported as being earned from the farm business.
Example. of off-farm income reported were salaries which wives re-
coived for off-farm work and which was reinvested in the veteran's
farm business; pension payments; sale of timber and gravel; wages
from custom work and part-time employment; and insurance premiums.
Only in a few cases gifts and inheritances were reported a. account-
ing for increase in net worth. Again, in only a few eases, inflation
was reported to account for the increase in net worth of the
veterans interviewed. An example of inflation was the difference
in land values that were not affected by cash impro
nts to the
land or by the veteran's labor.
Of the grand total of 2,82,969 increase in
h of all
the veterans interviewed in the study, $28b,78 was reported to be
accounted for by inflation and off-farm income.
The figure,
$28h,78S, is the amount reported by interviews in twenty of the
centers where the study us conducted,
In most
cases the inter-
views reported that the increase in net worth was derived from farm
income or that adjustments had been made in the inventories to
account for the effect of inflation,
The following table (Table 6) summarise. the number of skills
and the approved practices adopted by veterans since the beginning
of their training.
TABLE 6
OIWART B! CENTERS OF SKILLS AND APPROVED PRACTICES ADOPTED
VETERANS SINCE THE BEOINNIW) OF THEIR TRAINING
ero
rigeinnuzabero a
vaterana
ractices ado.ted
0 - 10
Veterana
Interv-ieed
Center
Adrian
a
6
6
-
itted
Arock
I
I
Astoria
I
I
Baker
I
Cnitted
I
Bandon
I
Chnitted
I
6
I
Burns
I
Canb
I
le
8
I
Caitted
Central Point
I
Quitted
C].atekanie
I
Omitted
Culver
I
Cloverdale
I
Coruaflis
I
Ba
I
8
1
6
C
Zuene
I
Estacad*
I
P a
ov
1
1-
I
I__
I
--
Incm1ete
Inccn let.
I
1
I
-
7S
TABLE 6
CENTERS OF SXILLS AND APPROVED PRkCTICES ADOPTED
VETERANS SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THEIR TRAINING
Range in number of skills and
Number of
Center
Fossil
cee ad.ted b ye
Veterans
Interyiewed
1..
.
10
1
Grants Pass
1
3.0
I
Gresham
I
¼
1
}Ialfwa
I
Li b w*L)
1
J
He.ner
1
Hermiston
I
Hereford
20 ov more
I
Grvai
S
Incc*nlete
0
6
8
I
I
6
_I
_______________I
HiUsboro
6
Hood River
10
Imb].er
b
Indeoendence
6
Junction Ci
I
La Grands
I
J
1
I
Omitted
I
Omitted
_______________I
8
IOmitted
Milton
I
I
Molalla
i0
Monument
Omitted
I
Inccn lets
I
Moo
I
I
10
76
6
SUMART Bi CENTERS OF SKILLS AND APPROVED PRACTICES DO]
VETERANS SINCE THE SEGINNING OF T}IEIR TRAINING
Number of
Veterans
Interviewed
C ante:
Range in
practices
0 - 10
her of skills and
opted b1terana
0ormore
10-20
Mt. ye
Point
Newber
am
2
Oreon Ci
IL
O.T.I.
Pendleton
Pa
dale
Prinevili
IncQu.lete
Redmond
Inccet.lete
Richiand
Rosebur:
Hele
IIricin1ete
Sa
Scm. .00
Incan'lete
Sherwood
Sil'u-erton
The Dallas
Tiilao*
fleD
I
Incn.1ete
6
8
100
Total
1
Woociburn
ete
Incb
Incctu.lete
-.
I
Incc*.lete
more or 20
10 - 0
20 - 10
b' adoted "ractices
ekills of number in nge
B!
Wallowa
Vale
Union
I
Interviewed
Veteran.
veterans
Center
of Number
and
TRAINING TBEIR OF BEGINNING TEP SINCE VETERANS
ADOPTED PRACTICES APPROVED AiD SKILLS OF fRS CENT B! SUMMLR!
6
TABLE
It should be understood that the units expressed in the pre
ceding form concerning skills and approved practices adopted by the
veterans do not describe quality and quantity of practices that are
common throughout the state.
practices
That constitute approved farming
or skills in a specific community is somewhat controver-
sial. One approved practice in a certain area may be considered
important while in another area the same practice would have little
significance. For example, a practice concerning beef cattle in
the John Day Valley of Eastern Oregon may not be as
truck crop area of
important in a
another section of the state. For the above
reason a suggested list of general practices was given to each
interviewer. They were instructed to record those practices which
have great significance and uvhich help the veteran become established
in farming.
veteran
Therefore, the opinion of the interviewer and the
interviewed enter into the practices and skills recorded.
Such opinions may be desirable.
Certainly the veteran is aware of
the importance of certain practices and skills to his farm business
and his opinion should be considered.
However, because of the
nature of such approved practices and &cll3s, and the method of
obtaining them, the units expressing them in this study should be
considered as indications, rather than precise amounts of improve-
ments in
farming techniques.
79
of Findi
ighte.n hundred and seventy veterans were
involved within the
limitations of this follow-up study of the Inetitutional On-Farm
Training Program in Oregon.
A random sample was made of the 1,870
veterans involved. An effort was made to interview, by training
centers, every fifth veteran reported by a previous study to have
received 12 months of training and known to be farming in the community where the training was received.
The random sample of the 1,870 veterans included 398 veterans.
Of this sample, 237 were interviewed and 31 additional veterari
reported as incornpleted interviews. Of those where
were
interviews were
completed, three measurements to determine progress in net worth,
capita]. investment and
productive man work
each veteran's
operation.
farming
units were applied to
The number of skills and
approved practices adopted since the beginning of his training in
farming was a]sc,
measurements
recorded
for each veteran.
The results of these
concerning the veterans interviewed are as fo1lowo
Net Worth (217 veterans interviewed; percentages
expressed are
approximate)
6 per cent were clae8ifjed
as showing aloes in net
worth of 0 to $5,000.
2 per cent were classified as having a loss of net worth
of more than
5,O0O.
25 per cent were classified as showing a gain in net
worth of 0 to $5,000.
Ii. 25 per cent were classified as showing a gain in net
worth of 5,OOo to 4].0,000.
1.i3. per cent were classified as showing a gain in net
worth of more than $10,000.
6. About 10 percent of the total increase in net worth
of all veterans interviewed was reported as derived
from off-farm income and inflationary values.
Productive Man Work Units (21i2 veterans interviewed; percentages
expressed are approximate)
3.3 per cent were classified as ehowin? a loss in productive man work unite of 0 to 100.
11 per cent were classified as showing a loss in
tive man work unite of 100 or more.
27 per cent were classified as showing a gain in produc.tive man work units of 0 to 100.
27 per cent were classified a. showing a gain in productive man work units of 100 to 300.
21 per cent were classified as showing a gain in productive man work units of 300 or more.
Total Capital Investnent (21i6 veterans interviewed; percentag
expreseed are approximate
1. 2 per cent were classified as showing a lose in capital
investment of 0 to $5,000.
2. 1 per cent were classified as showing a loe.e in capita].
invested of $5,000 or more.
37 per cent were classified as showing a gain in capital
invested of 0 to $5,000.
114 per cent were cisesified as showing a gain in capital
invested of $5,000 to $10,000.
I6 per cent were classified as showing a gain in capital
invested of $10,000 or more.
a and Approved ractice
(253 veterans interviewed; percontag
expressed are approximate)
30 percent wore classified as adopting from 0 to 10 skill.
nd practices.
2. 140 per cent were classified as adopting 10 to 20 skills
practices.
22 per cent were classified as adopting 20 or more skills
and practices.
CR&PTER V
SIJMIAR
AND CO}LUSION
In line with the purpose and limitations of this study and
based on the writer 'a assumptions concerning ostablis
nt in farin
ing, four measurements of a farm management nature were applied to
the farm business of a group of former students of the program.
The
measurements were applied to determine the degree of material progresa the veterans have made in becoming established in farming.
The measurements enconaased changes that occurred
farm businesses from the time they
this study was conducted.
in the
veterana'
entered training to the time
The measurements were net worth, total
capital invested, productive man work unite and skills and approved
practices adopted.
The measurements were applied by personal inter-
view of the veterans who were selected in a random sample of former
students who received 12 or iore months of training and who were
reported by a former study to be currently farming in the community
where they received their training.
The interviews were made by
high school vocational agriculture instructors, Institutional 0nFarm Training instructors, college students and the writer.
This study is representative of the State of Oregon to the
extent that it was conducted in i8 of the total 71 training centers
in the State,
Eleven centers were omitted from the study because
of the cost and insufficient personnel.
No reports were received
83
from 12 Center8.
The study involved 1,870 former students.
random samples included 398 students.
The
Two hundred end thirtyseven
students were interviewed. An adLiltional 3]. students were inter-
viewed and partially completed reports of the interviews were submitted. Of the veterans contacted, 17 veterans were reported not
to be farming. Interviewers reported that they were unable to
contact 50 veterans.
The results of the measurements applied to the veterans' farm
businesses show that of the veterans interviewed (percentages expressed are approxirnite):
8 per cent have lees net worth than when they started
training.
92 per cent have increased their net worth.
214 per cent have fewer productive man work
they had at the beginning of their training.
I.
76 per cent have increased their number of productive
man work units,
3 per cent have less capital investment than at the
beginning of their training,
97 per cent have increased the total capital invested
in their farm business,
62 per cent have adopted ten or more additional sklils
and approved practices in farming since the beginning
of their training.
The writer.f eels biased in writing the conclusions of th
etudy.
In his association with the Institutional On-Farm Training
Program, he has become deeply sympathetic with the teachers and
veterans concerned.
friends.
Many of those veterans and teachers are his
Working under such conditions has imbued this writer with
many assumptior
be unfounded.
concerning the training program, some
of which may
For the above reasons, the writer, in planning and
conducting the study, has bad difficulty in distinguishing between
his prejudices and the purpose of the study. With the above thought
in mind, the following conclusions are atateds
1. The purpose of thie etudy has not been accorplished in
its entirety. The concept of establishment in farming i
coniplex than recognied at the beginning of the study.
more
Establish-
inent in farming is a dynamic process and should be measured over
long periods of time.
applied to veterans'
It is also recognized that the measurements
farm business are not complete nor conclusive
evidence in themselves of progress in
farming. However1 the
measurements appear to be reliable indicators inasmuch as
reflect size of business and efficiency of labor in the ta:
businees.
This study wa
limited
nta which do not
account for individual initiative of veterans concerned,
ings do
The find-
not express the changes in quality of farming such as
increased production in crops and quality of farm animals,
They
merely give an indication of the changes. This study did not take
into account the length of time veterans have been farming, the age
and experience of the individuals, and the wide difference in
economic advantages among the veterans concerned.
Some of the veterans material accomplishments in farming
have been revealed
r thie study.
No attew.t should be made to accredit the accomplishmenta
of the veterans solely to the Inatitut&onal On-Farm Training Program.
It is recognised that the veteran's progress in becoming
better established in farming has been influenced by mare- other
complex factors in addition to specific educational influences.
However, to the extent that the results of the measurements reflect
accomplishments of the veterans, this thesis contributes in part, to
an evaluation of the program inasmuch as one of the objectives of
the program was to help the veterans become established in farming.
14.
Based on the findings of the study, the writer's assump-
tions concerning establishment in farming, and to the extent and
limitations of the study, the writer concludes that the veterans
are becoming better established in farming.
Asirican vocation association. Education of veterans in
farming. Washington, D.C., 192. 9Sp. (Its Research
bulletin no.
Beard,
lMard
19148.
P.
Starting to farm. Danville, Interstate,
26p.
3, Deyoe, George P. Supervised farming in vocational agrioultore. Danvflle, Interstate, 19147. 502p.
14.
Hamlin, Herbert 14. Agriculture education in community schools.
Danville, Interstate, 19149. l87p.
.
Hammonde, Carsie.
Teaching agriculture. McGraw-Hill, New York,
19S0. 3S3p,
6.
PublIc Law 377, 80th Congress, let session, 19146.
87
APPND]X
Suary
A FoU ow-up Study of Studenta 1{nrofled
in the Inetttutjon*]. On-Farm Training Program
in Oregon
The State Diviajon of Vocational Education
Salem, Oregon
Purpose o± the 8tudy
To determine the number of students who had
completed their training in the Institutional
On.-Farm Training Program from July 1, 191i6,
through October 1, 19S3.
To determine the length of training and
changes in status that occurred during the
period the above students were enrolled.
To determine the present occupational statue
of all students ivho completed training during
the period July 1, 191.i6, through October
1953.
(Page 1)
Procedure of the Study
A survey form (see sample on following page) was made up and
included the names of all trainees who terminated their training
during the period July 1,
19146k
through October 1, ].9S3.
This survey
form was completed by high school vocational agriculture inetruc-
tors and Institutional On-Farm Training instructors in communities
where the training program was conducted.
In some cases repreeents
tivee of the State Division of Vocational Education completed the
survey forms on the basis of information obtained from farmers,
county agents, teachers and former studente. This was necessary
in some areas of the State where neither high school vocational
agriculture instructors nor Institutiona]. On-Farm Training instruc-.
tore were available.
The names of veterans enrolled in the program were obtained
from the fuse of the State Division of Vocations]. Education at
the Stste Library Building in Salem, Oregon. At the time the names
were being recorded on the survey forms, such information as
length of training and changes in farming statue wore recorded
on a similar form (see page 14 of this summary for a sample copy).
(Page 2)
xsi' io-i-
#1
*To be completed
Center
Instructor
WTAL ENROLLMENT suRvEr*
Instructor
Applies Only to Veterans
No Longer in Training
Full
DrFORM&' ON ON PRE
T STATUS
Other'
r
Description
Date
(Example - Auto
mechanic, gas
station attendant,
field man for seed
company, etc.)
Name of
Veteran
I
I
IIINIHIIII
IIIUININ
______________NUIHhlI
_______________IIIUuuIIN
I
I
_iIIUIuIuIII
IllUAnlu
IIIUIHIIII
I
1
I
I
II
I
I____
I____
I____
I____
I
I
92
IOFF #lO-l-.53
TOTAL ENROT.TJNT SURVEY*
*To be completed
in State office
Applies Only to Veterane
No Longer in Training
Center
me truc tor
Date
Name of
Veteran
Moe
in
Training
STATUS OF VETERAN
Beginning o
Trainin..
__IT
HI__
HI__
HI__
HI__
HI__
II
HI__
lIli
Rent
Own Ren
(Page 14)
93
Findings of the Study
Forty-three hundred twenty-eight students had completed the
training in the Institutional On-Farm Training Progran in Oregon
during the period July 1, 19146, through October 1,
l93.
Approximately 140 per cent of the total number of students *o
had completed training (during the above period), enrolled in
training as owners of farms.
Approximately 30 per cent of the total number of students who
had completed training (during the above period), enrolled in
training as renters of farms.
Approrlm*tely 30 per cent of the total number of students who
had completed training (during the above period), enrolled in
training as employees of
another farmer.
Approximately O per cent of the students who completed traln-
jug during the period July 1, 19146,
through October 1,
are presently engaged in farming on a full-time basis.
19S3,
Another
8 per cent of the total are engaged in farming on * part-time
baa is.
6. Nineteen
per cent
of the total number of students who completed
training during the period stated above are engaged in
than farming.
rk other
914
About
23 per cent
of the total number of students who c
pleted training during the period etud&ed were unaccounted to:
About one4a3.f of one per cent were reported as deceased.
Of the 1,792 students who entered
training as owners of farms,
1,013. stIll own their farms, 138 are renting farms, 39 are
empicrees of other farmers, 87 are part-time farmers1 300 era
in work other than farming, and the remainder are unaccounted
for or deceased.
Of the 1,2146 students who entered training
as
renters of farms,
14i0are currently owners of farms, 298 rent farms, 33 are
employees of other farmers1 21i]. are in work other than farming,
23 are farming part tims, and the remainder
are unaccounted for
or deceased.
Of the L,2S0 students who entered training as employees of
another farmer, 209 are currently owners of farms, 22]. are
still employees of other farmers, 101 are renting farm
are farming on a parttim. basis, the
remainder are in other
work, unaccounted for, or deceased.
12.
Of the total number of students completing their training
during the period of July 1, 19146, through October 1, l93,
27 per cent received lees than 12 months of training, 26 per
cent received from 12 to 214 months of training, 2S per cent
received from
received 36 to
214
148
to 36 months of training and 21 par cent
months of
training.
(Page 6)