Qingzang railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Side 1
Help us provide free content to the
! world by donating today
Qingzang railway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Qingzang railway, Qinghai–Xizang railway, or Qinghai–Tibet railway (simplified Chinese: 青藏
铁路; traditional Chinese: 青藏鐵路; pinyin: Qīngzàng Tiělù; Tibetan: mtsho bod lcags lam
), is a high-altitude railway that connects Xining, Qinghai Province, to Lhasa,
Tibet Autonomous Region, in China.
The total length of Qingzang railway is 1956 km. Construction of the 815 km section between Xining
and Golmud was completed by 1984. The 1142 km section between Golmud and Lhasa was inaugurated
on 1 July 2006 by president Hu Jintao: the first two passenger trains were "Qing 1" (Q1) from Golmud to
Lhasa, and "Zang 2" (J2) from Lhasa.[1] This railway is the first to connect China proper with the Tibet
Autonomous Region, which due to its altitude and terrain is the last province-level entity in the People's
Republic of China to have a conventional railway. Testing of the line and equipment started on 1 May
2006.[2] Trains run from Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Xining and Lanzhou.[3]
Map of the railway
The line includes the Tanggula Pass, at 5,072 m (16,640 feet) above sea level the world's highest rail
track. The 1,338 m Fenghuoshan tunnel is the highest rail tunnel in the world, at 4,905 m above sea level.
The 3,345-m Yangbajing tunnel is the longest tunnel on the line. It is 4,264 m above sea level, 80
kilometres north-west of Lhasa.
More than 960 km, or over 80% of the Golmud-Lhasa section, is at an altitude of more than 4,000 m.
There are 675 bridges, totalling 159.88 km, and about 550 km of the railway is laid on permafrost.
The world's highest railway, which
traverses the vast terrain of Tibet.
Contents
1 Stations
2 Trains and tickets
3 Oxygen supply
4 Construction
4.1 Future Extensions
5 Engineering challenges
6 Economic impact
7 Environmental impact
8 Criticism
9 Fleet
10 References
11 External links
Stations
In the Golmud to Lhasa part of the line, 45 stations are open, 38 of which are unstaffed, monitored in
the control center in Xining. Thirteen more stations are planned. [4]
Golmud
Nanshankou
Ganl
Yuzhufeng ong
Nachitai
Wangkun
Xiaonanchu
an
Budongquan
Trains and tickets
Wudaoliang
Chumaerhe
Xiushuihe
The trains are specially built for high altitude environment. The diesel locomotives used on GolmudLhasa section were made by GE in Pennsylvania, and the passenger carriages are Chinese-made 25T
carriages: on train T27/T28, between Beijing West and Lhasa, BSP carriages are from Bombardier.
Carriages used on the Golmud-Lhasa section are either deep green/yellow or deep red/yellow. Signs
in the carriages are in Tibetan, Simplified Chinese and English. The operational speed is 120 km/h,
100 km/h in sections laid on permafrost.
Riaquchi
Jiangkedong
Tuotuohe
Tongtianhe
Yanshiping
The 1,142-km Qinghai–Tibet railway from Golmud to Lhasa was completed on 12 October 2005. It
opened to regular trial service on 1 July 2006.[5] During the one-year trial period, three passenger
trains ran from Beijing, Chengdu/Chongqing, and Xining/Lanzhou, numbered T27/T28, T22/T23/
T24/T21, T222/T223/T224/T221, N917/N918, K917/K918, respectively. Train T27 from Beijing to
Lhasa takes 47 hours 28 minutes, covering 4,064 km (2,500 miles), departs at 21:30 from Beijing
West, and arrives in Lhasa at 20:58 on the third day. A ticket costs CNY¥ 389 for hard seat, CNY¥
813 for a lower hard sleeper (a lower bunk in a basic sleeping car), or CNY¥ 1,262 for a lower soft
Buqiangge
Tanggula
Zhajiazangbu
Tuoju
Anduo
Cuonahu
Diwuma Gangxiu
Naqu
Tuoru
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzang_railway
02.10.2008 14:15:53
Qingzang railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
sleeper (a bunk in a more luxurious sleeping car). T28 from Lhasa to Beijing West departs at 08:00
and arrives in Beijing at 08:00 on the third day, takes 48 hours.
Maxiang
Lhasa
Lhasa west
Apart from hard seat tickets, there is an extra charge for forward-facing seats/berths. Compared with
standard pricing for the same class, the soft seat, hard sleeper and soft sleeper tickets have an added
charge of 0.09, 0.10 or 0.16 yuan per kilometre per person respectively.
Trains from Shanghai and Guangzhou started on 1 October 2006. Train T264/5 from Guangzhou
departs at 10:29 every other day and arrives in Lhasa at 19:50 on the third day (duration: 57 hours 21
minutes), while T266/3 (from 4 October 2006) departs Lhasa at 08:32 and arrive in Guangzhou at
19:37 on the third day (duration: 59 hours 5 minutes). Trains T164/5 from Shanghai to Lhasa depart
at 16:11 from Shanghai, via Wuxi, Nanjing, Bengbu, Zhengzhou, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Xining, Golmud,
Nagqu, arrive in Lhasa at 19:50 on the third day (duration: 51 hours 39 minutes). Trains T166/3 from
Lhasa to Shanghai depart at 08:32 and arrive in Shanghai at 13:45 on the third day (duration: 53
hours 13 minutes). Therefore, the Beijing and Lhasa journey is the shortest in terms of time duration.
A Passenger Health Registration Card is required to take the train. The card can be obtained when
purchasing the ticket. Passengers must read the health notice for high-altitude travel and sign the
agreement on the card to take the train. On 28 August 2006 a 75-year-old Hong Kong man was
reported to be the first passenger to die on the train, after he had suffered heart problems in Lhasa but
insisted on travelling to Xining. [3] (http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/
story/0,20867,20286280-23109,00.html) On 19 November 2006 a woman died giving birth to a child
on her own in a toilet.
Ticket prices for five-carriage trains in the testing period were as follows: (Unit: Chinese Yuan)
Train
From/To
Kilometres
Hard
Seat
Hard Sleeper
(lower berth)
Soft Sleeper
(lower berth)
T27/28
Beijing west Lhasa
4064
389
813
1262
T22/23/24/21
Chengdu Lhasa
3360
331
712
1104
T222/223/224/221
Chongqing Lhasa
3654
355
754
1168
T164/5
Shanghai Lhasa
4373
406
845
1314
T166/3
Lhasa Shanghai
4373
406
845
1314
T262
Guangzhou Lhasa
4980
451
923
1434
T264
Lhasa Guangzhou
4980
451
923
1434
K917/K918
Lanzhou Lhasa
2188
242
552
854
N917/N918
Xining - Lhasa 1972
226
523
810
There are no differences from
other railway tickets used in
China.
Oxygen supply
From October 2006 five pairs of passenger trains run between Golmud and Lhasa, and one more pair between
Xining and Golmud. The line has a capacity of eight pairs of passenger trains, and the carriages are specially built
and have an oxygen supply for each passenger.
Construction
Passenger Health Registration
Card
Since the formation of the Tibetan Autonomous Region in early 1950s, the
Chinese government has dreamed of building a railway connecting Tibet to
China proper. Engineers were sent to investigate the possibility, but shortage of
technology and money prevented the project from starting.
The 815 km section from Xining, Qinghai to Golmud, Qinghai opened to traffic in 1984. Construction of the
remaining 1,142 km section from Golmud to Lhasa could not be started until the recent economic growth of China.
This section was formally started on 29 June 2001. This section was finished on 12 October 2005, and signalling
work and track testing took another eight months. It was completed in five years at a cost of $3.68 billion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzang_railway
Liuwu tunnel (柳梧隧道), near
Lhasa station.
Qingzang railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Side 3
Track-laying in Tibet was launched from both directions, towards Tanggula Mountain and Lhasa, from Anduo
Railway Station on 22 June 2004. On 24 August 2005, track was laid at the railway's highest point, the Tanggula
Pass, 5,072 m (16,640 feet) above sea level.[6]
Forty-four railway stations are to be built, among them Tanggula Mountain railway station, at 5,068 m the world's
highest (Cóndor station, at 4,786 m, on the Rio Mulatos-Potosí line, Bolivia, and La Galera station at 4,781 m, in
Peru, being the next highest). The Qingzang Railway project involved more than 20,000 workers and over 6,000
pieces of industrial equipment, and is considered one of China's major accomplishments of the 21st century.
Bombardier Transportation provided 361 high-altitude passenger carriages with special enriched-oxygen and UVprotection systems, delivered between December 2005 and May 2006. Fifty-three are luxury sleeper carriages for
tourist services.[7]
Tanggula railway station,
located at 5,068 m, is the
highest elevated in the world
The construction of the railway was part of the China Western Development strategy, an attempt to develop the western provinces of China, which
are much less developed than eastern China. The railway will be extended to Zhangmu via Shigatse (日喀则) to the west, and Dali via Nyingchi (林
芝) to the east. A further extension is planned to link Shigatse with Yadong near the China-India border [8] (Map [9]). The railway is considered one
of the greatest feats achieved in modern Chinese history by the government, and as a result is often mentioned on regular TV programs. ChineseTibetan folk singer Han Hong has a song called Tianlu (Road to Heaven; 天路) praising and glorifying the Qingzang Railway.
Future Extensions
In a meeting between Chinese and Nepalese officials on 25 April 2008, the Chinese delegation announced that
country's intention to extend the Qingzang railway from Lhasa to Khasha on the Nepalese border. Nepal had
requested that the railway be extended to enable trade and tourism between the two nations. Construction of the
extension is planned to be completed by 2013.[10] On 2008-08-17, a railway spokesman confirmed plans to add
six more rail lines to the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The six new tracks include one from Lhasa to Nyingchi and one
from Lhasa to Xigaze, both in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Three tracks will originate from Golmud in Qinghai
province and run to Chengdu in Sichuan province, Dunhuang in Gansu province, and Kuerle of the Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region. The sixth will link Xining, capital of Qinghai, with Zhangye in Gansu. The six lines
are expected to be completed and put into operation before 2020. [11]
The bridge on permafrost
horizon
Possible stations include:
Khasa
Yatung
Nathu La - a mountain pass near Indian state of Sikkim.
Nyingchi - an important trading town north Arunachal Pradesh, at the tri-junction with Myanmar (1000mm gauge).
Birganj - nearest railhead in Nepal of 1676mm gauge Indian Railways
Raxaul in Bihar state - 1667mm gauge and/or 1000mm ?
Engineering challenges
There were and are many technical difficulties for such a railway. About half of the second
section was built on barely permanent permafrost. In the summer, the uppermost layer thaws,
and the ground becomes muddy. Chinese engineers dealt with this problem by building elevated
tracks with foundations sunk deep into the ground, building hollow concrete pipes beneath the
tracks to keep the rail bed frozen, and using metal sun shades.[12] Similar to the Trans-Alaska
Pipeline System portions of the track are also passively cooled with ammonia based heat
exchangers.
The Vertical Sectional Diagram of Qinghai-Tibet
Railway (Golmud-Lhasa section)
The air in Tibet is much thinner, having 35% to 40% less
oxygen than at sea level. Special passenger carriages are used,
and several oxygen factories were built along the railway. At this altitude in these latitudes, water in toilets must
be heated to prevent freezing. The Chinese government claimed that no construction worker died during the
construction due to altitude sickness related diseases. [13] The railway passes the Kunlun Mountains, an earthquake
zone. A magnitude 8.1 earthquake struck in 2001. Dozens of earthquake monitors have been installed along the
railway.
Kunlun Pass
Economic impact
With limited industrial capacity in Tibet, the Tibetan economy heavily relies on industrial products from more developed parts of China. Transport
of goods in and out of Tibet was mostly through the Qingzang Highway connecting Tibet to the adjacent Qinghai province, which was built in the
early 1950s. The length and terrain have limited the capacity of the highway, with less than 1 million tons of goods transported each year. With the
construction of the Qingzang railway, the cost of transportation of both passengers and goods should be greatly reduced, allowing for an increase in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzang_railway
02.10.2008 14:15:53
Qingzang railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Side 4
volume—the cost per tonne-kilometer will be reduced from 0.38 RMB to 0.12 RMB. It is projected that by 2010 2.8 million tons will be carried to
and from Tibet, with over 75% carried by the railway[14]. This is expected to boost and transform the Tibetan economy.
Environmental impact
The environmental impact of the new railway is an ongoing concern. The increase in passenger traffic will result in greater tourism and economic
activity on the Tibetan Plateau.
Dejectas and junks are collected into two vacuum containers in every car and not chucked on the tracks. They are taken out after arriving at the
terminus.[15]
Wood is the main fuel source for rural inhabitants in certain regions of Tibet. The damage to the ecosystem caused by cutting trees for fuel takes
years to recover due to slow growth caused by Tibet's harsh environmental conditions. The railway would make coal, which is not produced in
Tibet, an affordable replacement. However, the increase in fuel combustion due to increased human activity in an already-thin atmosphere may
affect the long term health of the local population.[16]
The effects of this railway on wild animals such as Tibetan antelope and plants are currently unknown. Thirty-three overpasses were constructed
specifically to allow continued animal migration. Here (http://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ll=35.290258,93.27075&spn=0.004843,0.006416) is the
Google Maps satellite image of one such bridge.
Criticism
Opponents of China's Tibet policies claimed that the railway was built to strengthen its political control over Tibet. [17]
It is alleged by these opponents that the railway will encourage further immigration from the rest of China, reducing the proportion of Tibetans in
the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans find it increasingly difficult to compete in the job market against skilled Han workers (most of the workers
on the railway were of the Han ethnicity).[18]
Tibetans independence supporters have also expressed concerns that the Chinese government will use the railway to strengthen its military presence
in the Tibet Autonomous Region as well as to further exploit Tibet's natural resources and damage its environment. As a result, Bombardier
Transportation, a Canadian company, has faced international criticism from some pro-independence organizations for its involvement in
constructing rail cars for the project.[19][20][21]
Fleet
361 Bombardier Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd./Power Corporation of Canada/China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock
Industry (Group) Corporation High-Grade Coach - 308 standard cars and 53 special tourist cars
GE Transportation NJ2 locomotive (78 GE designation C38AChe locomotives were built)
Qishuyang Locomotive Factory DF8CJ 9000 series locomotive - similar to the Bombardier Transportation-GE Transportation Blue Tiger
diesel electric locomotive
References
M.W.H., Railroad in the clouds, Trains March 2002
1. ^ [1] (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/home/index.html) Report of inauguration, accessed 1 July 2006
2. ^ Shanglin, Luan, editor (2006-04-13). "Tibet's 1st railway to start unmanned operation (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/13/content_4421588.htm) ",
Xinhua. Retrieved on 2006-04-14.
3. ^ China Tibet Information Center. Shanghai strives for straight train to Lhasa (http://www.tibet.cn/english/zt/040719_qztl/040719_
qztl/200402006317155623.htm) . Retrieved 7 April 2006.
4. ^ 连线青藏铁路总设计师：沿途尚预留13个车站_新闻中心_新浪网 (http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-07-01/193210306837.shtml)
5. ^ China rolls out railway (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5133220.stm) , BBC News. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
6. ^ Xinhua News Agency (24 August 2005). New height of world's railway born in Tibet (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-08/24/content_3397297.htm) .
Retrieved 25 August 2005.
7. ^ Bombardier (25 February 2005). Bombardier Awarded A Contract For High Altitude Passenger Rail Cars In Tibet (http://www.bombardier.com/index.jsp?id=0_
0&lang=en&file=/en/0_0/pressrelease.jsp%3Fgroup%3D0_0%26lan%3Den%26action%3Dview%26mode%3Dsearch%26year%3Dnull%26id%3D2748%
26sCateg%3D1_0) . Retrieved 25 August 2005.
8. ^ Extension plans (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-06/29/content_629162.htm) . Retrieved 28 June 2006
9. ^ Sun Bin: Qinghai Tibet railway videos (http://sun-bin.blogspot.com/2006/07/qinghai-tibet-railway-videos.html)
10. ^ "China to link Nepal with Tibet railway line (http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=438911&sid=SAS) ", Zee News (2008-04-25). Retrieved on
2008-05-01.
11. ^ "Qinghai-Tibet railway to get six new lines (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-08/17/content_6943311.htm) ", China Daily (2008-08-17). Retrieved on
2008-08-17.
12. ^ Wired Magazine Issue 14.07. [2] (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/chinarail.html?pg=2&topic=chinarail&topic_set=)
13. ^ News on Chinese government website (in Chinese) (http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-06/14/content_309850.htm) quotes: The vice president of Qinghai Medical
University, Dr Gerili, said "Because of proper preventions and treatments, among tens of thousands of workers from low altitude, no one died due to altitude
sickness. You cannot deny that it's a miracle."
14. ^ News - Qingzang railway transported .73M passengers, boosts Tibet economy, in chinese (http://www.cnradio.com.cn/2004news/internal/200611/t20061110_
504324840.html)
15. ^ News - 旅客“三急”排泄物会熏臭青藏高原吗？ (http://www.ycwb.com/gb/content/2006-07/01/content_1156528.htm)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzang_railway
02.10.2008 14:15:53
Qingzang railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Side 5
16. ^ News - 修建青藏铁路　造福各族人民 (http://www.qh.xinhuanet.com/qztlw/2003-06/25/content_639390.htm)
17. ^ International Campaign for Tibet: Tibet News: New ICT Report Finds Tibet Railway Built for Political, Not Economic Reasons; Under Current Framework of
Chinese Rule, Railway Stands to Benefit Chinese Military and Migrants - Not Most Tibetans (http://www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php?id=497)
18. ^ The China Post (http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asiapacific/detail.asp?ID=84633&GRP=C)
19. ^ Bombardier: OUT OF TIBET ! (http://www.bombardieroutoftibet.org)
20. ^ Bombardier Out of Tibet (http://actionnetwork.org/sft/alert-description.tcl?alert_id=3492803)
21. ^ http://www.tibet.ca/en/wtnarchive/2005/6/18_3.html
External links
Railway map of China (http://www.johomaps.com/as/china/chinarail.html)
China Travel Guide - Qinghai-Tibet Railway
Environmental Protection Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/ptr/Qingzang-Railway-prt.htm) , US
Embassy report
The Guardian, 20 September 2005, "The railway across the roof of the world" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/
story/0,7369,1573971,00.html)
Wired Magazine, July 2006, "Train to the Roof of the World" (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/chinarail.html)
Tibet railway construction (http://home.c2i.net/schaefer/tibetrail.html)
Tibet railway videos (http://sun-bin.blogspot.com/2006/07/qinghai-tibet-railway-videos.html)
Actual Images published in the Wired Magazine (http://www.wired.com/wired/images.html?issue=14.07&topic=chinarail&img=1)
CCTV report regarding the railroad (http://www.cctv.com/english/special/C16259/01/index.shtml)
A train travelling near the Tsonag Lake, Cuonahu railway station. [4] (http://v2.56.com/spaceDisplayMy.php?flvid=1454563) [5] (http://
v2.56.com/spaceDisplayMy.php?flvid=1454521) [6] (http://v2.56.com/spaceDisplayMy.php?flvid=1454483)
"The train to Tibet", The New Yorker, 16 April 2007 (http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_mishra)
Life on the Tibetan Plateau: Train to Lhasa (http://kekexili.typepad.com/life_on_the_tibetan_plate/2007/01/lhasa_train.html)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzang_railway"
Categories: Railway lines in the People's Republic of China | Mountain railways | Rail transport in Tibet
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2008
This page was last modified on 30 September 2008, at 13:43.
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzang_railway
02.10.2008 14:15:53