OBJECTIVES
1. Demonstrate proper use and care of eye protection.
2. Describe hard hat protection and proper maintenance of your hard hat
suspensions.
3. Identify proper work gloves and foot protection for work on a given
job site.
4. Breathing and hearing protection applications.
5. Describe proper preparation of a safe job site.
6. Perform advanced planning for the event of an emergency.
7. Identify proper work habits used with ladders and scaffolding.
8. Explain how to use and maintain hand tools and power tools.
9. Explain how to lift and handle materials correctly.
10. List low-voltage wiring installation and handling practices.
11. Describe how to correctly respond in an emergency situation.
12. Display proper first aid hygiene.
13. Demonstrate proper treatment using basic first aid practices.
14. Describe the proper application of various CPR methods.
15. Explain how to treat electrical shock.
IMPORTANT!
The information provided in the “Cable
Installation Safety” chapter is provided
as an overview of key workplace safety
issues, and is NOT a substitute for
professional safety training.
Figure 1-1: Safety Glasses with Side Shields
Figure 1-2: Hard Hats
The suspension system in the hard hat
normally consists of a network of bands
designed to:
Fit the hard hat to different sized
heads
Absorb the impact from an object
impacting the shell of the hard hat
Figure 1-3: Hard Hat Suspensions
Replace your hard hat when:
Cracks appear in the shell
Its shiny surface appears dull
or chalky
The shell becomes brittle
Replace your suspension when:
The suspension becomes brittle
One or more of the mounts break off
The suspension no longer holds securely
to the head
Cradling straps break or become worn
Figure 1-4:
Synthetic
Gloves
Examples of synthetic gloves include:
Neoprene - a synthetic rubber characterized by
superior resistance to liquids such as water or oils.
Nitrile - provides excellent abrasion resistance.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) - liquid and solvent
protection; PVC dipped gloves are used in
electrical installations.
Rubber - provides gripping power as well as cut
and puncture resistance.
Vinyl - a breathable substance that allows easy
gripping and minimizes the absorption of water,
oil, or grease.
Examples of synthetic gloves include:
(continued)
Latex - a natural rubber created from a
white fluid produced by the cells of various
seed plants. It is the most elastic natural
substance known. Latex provides some
resistance to liquids such as water or oils.
Disposable Latex - manufactured in medical
and industrial grades, they allow the user
better dexterity while having elasticity. They
provide protection from bodily fluids.
Examples of synthetic gloves include:
(continued)
Disposable Vinyl - medical/industrial
grade, durability, softness, no latex
allergens.
Disposable Polyethylene - 1.25-ml
thickness, promotes good hygiene,
and is often used for the distribution
of food products.
Figure 1-5: Cotton Gloves
Examples of cotton gloves include:
Inspectors - cotton or nylon, reversible, may be
used as gloves or glove liners.
Canvas - 8-oz, 10-oz, or 12-oz fabric for generalpurpose work. May also have PVC dots for
gripping ability and longer wear.
Jersey - 9-oz jersey for general-purpose work. May
also have PVC dots for better gripping ability and
longer wear.
Terry Cloth - seamless knit styles in various weights
for specific degrees of heat protection.
Examples of cotton gloves include:
(continued)
Chore - quilted for heavy work, plus
heat protection, and for general-purpose
work.
Double Palm - quilted for heavy work,
minimal heat protection.
Hot Mill - quilted for heavy work,
moderate heat protection.
Figure 1-6: Strings
Strings are designed for general-purpose work
applications and for cut and abrasion resistance
using high-performance yarns. Various weights,
where needed, provide longer durability or
additional dexterity.
Multi-purpose yarns - 100% cotton,
cotton/polyester, 100% synthetic, PVC
coating (provides better grip and longer
wear).
High-performance yarns - Kevlar knits,
stainless steel (Steelcore, Steelcore II, Spectra
Fiber), Survivor.
Figure 1-7: Leather Gloves
The main types of leather are:
Cow - the most commonly used leather within the
glove industry due to its plentiful availability. The
United States and Australia produce the majority
of these hides. The advantages include comfort,
durability, excellent abrasion resistance, and
breathability. Chrome tanning of this leather
provides greater wear and heat resistance.
Pig - affords the greatest breathability due to the
porous texture of this hide. Additionally, pigskin
tends to become softer with use and withstands
moisture without stiffening. When laundered, this
leather will return more readily to its natural soft
texture than other leathers.
The main types of leather are: (continued)
Goat - independent tests have proven it to be a
stronger and more durable type of leather. The
natural lanolin produced by goats helps create
the softest, most abrasion-resistant leather. This
leather is highly recommended for applications
requiring tactile sensitivity.
Figure 1-8: Boots
Figure 1-9: Respirators
Figure 1-10: Noise Exposure
Figure 1-11: Hearing Protection
Disposable earplug fitting instructions:
1 Hold the earplug between your thumb and
forefinger.
2 Roll and compress the entire earplug to a small,
crease-free cylinder.
3 While still rolling the earplug, use your other
hand to reach over your head and pull up and
back on your outer ear. This straightens the ear
canal, making way for a snug fit.
4 Insert the earplug and hold for 20 to 30 seconds.
This allows the earplug to expand and fill your
ear canal.
Reusable ear plug fitting instructions:
1 Hold the stem end of the earplug and insert
it well inside your ear canal until you feel it
sealing and the fit is comfortable.
2 Reach over your head and pull up and back
on your outer ear; this straightens the ear
canal, making way for a snug fit.
3 Insert the earplug into your ear canal.
Figure 1-12: Ergonomic Safety Devices
Knowing and understanding your working
environment (and the potential hazards that may
arise) is an important part of any safety program.
For example:
Always read any safety warnings that deal with
your equipment.
Attend any safety training courses such as basic
first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR), both offered by the American Red Cross.
Implement a notification plan to inform everyone
around your work area of potential hazards.
Make sure you consider coworkers, building
employees, or other construction workers.
Figure 1-13: Warning Signs
Figure 1-13: Warning Signs (continued)
Figure 1-14: Ladders
Key tips for proper ladder safety include:
1 Before using a ladder, inspect it for the
following conditions:
Ladders SHOULD:
Be free from oil, grease, or similar materials
Have rounded corners to prevent the snagging of
clothing
Be properly rated for weight capacity
Have nonconductive side rails when used around
energized circuits
Ladders should NOT:
Be painted with any type of opaque substance that
may obstruct inspection for cracks or defects
Have any missing steps or supports
Key tips for proper ladder safety include:
(continued)
2 Basic safety tips for using a stepladder include
the following:
Always move the ladder in the closed
position.
Use the ladder only on a level surface.
Open the ladder fully with the retaining
arms extended and locked in place.
Always face the ladder when climbing the
steps.
Only one person should be on a ladder at
any time.
Key tips for proper ladder safety include:
(continued)
2 Basic safety tips for using a stepladder include
the following: (continued)
Do not stand above the safe working height
of the ladder.
Do not use a ladder if the side rails are
broken, cracked, or damaged in any way.
Do not use a ladder as a support for staging
or to support cable reels.
Never leave tools or stock on stairs or rungs.
Key tips for proper ladder safety include:
(continued)
3 When using an extension ladder, the following
safety rules apply:
All entrance and exit areas to and from the
ladder should be clear of tools, materials, and
other obstructions that may contribute to
someone falling.
Do not use an extension ladder on any surface
that does not equally support the side rails.
The extension ladders should have non-slip
footing to prevent kick out.
Key tips for proper ladder safety include:
(continued)
3 When using an extension ladder, the following
safety rules apply:
Tie off the extension rope to the bottom
section when the ladder is extended.
The top of the ladder should extend 36 inches
above the working surface.
The rail section should overlap a minimum
of three rungs when extended.
Key tips for proper ladder safety include:
(continued)
4 The OSHA regulations also require an employer
to provide training to employees in the following
areas with respect to ladder safety:
Identifying potential fall hazards
Proper procedures for use and maintenance
of fall protection
Proper inspection, use, and placement of
ladders
Load-carrying capacity of ladders
Figure 1-15:
Scaffolding
To prevent accidents associated with scaffolding,
a number of safety precautions should be taken
during its construction and use:
Avoid the use of makeshift platforms. Plan each
job carefully to ensure that scaffolding is used
only when required, and that the scaffolding
conforms to all applicable construction and safety
regulations.
Scaffolds should be designed, built, and
inspected by trained and experienced workers.
Place base plates, sills, or footers on solid ground;
make sure the scaffold is leveled or plumbed.
To prevent accidents associated with scaffolding,
a number of safety precautions should be taken
during its construction and use: (continued)
Do not use damaged end frames or braces. Make
sure to attach braces at all points provided; do
not shortchange bracing.
Use only scaffold-grade wood or metal catwalks
for platforms. Before each job, inspect each
scaffold platform thoroughly for breaks, knots,
cracks, or warping.
Planks should have cleats permanently attached to
keep the planks from sliding off the scaffolding.
To prevent accidents associated with scaffolding,
a number of safety precautions should be taken
during its construction and use: (continued)
Use guardrails and toe boards on platforms
higher than 6 feet.
Inspect the scaffold after it is erected and
each day during its use on the site.
Rope off the area underneath the scaffold.
Use a ladder when mounting the scaffold;
do not climb the braces.
To prevent accidents associated with scaffolding,
a number of safety precautions should be taken
during its construction and use: (continued)
Avoid an off-balance position when pulling,
pushing, or prying, especially when working
at heights.
Rolling scaffold units should be no higher than
four times their narrowest base measurement.
Always keep the casters of rolling scaffolding
locked when it is not being moved; never ride
on rolling scaffolds.
The following steps should be taken to ensure
protection from falls:
Determine the proper equipment; ask yourself
if the task would be safer to perform from a lift,
staging, or ladder.
Ensure that the working area and walkways are
free of debris.
Ensure that anchorage points are properly rated,
if a personal fall-protection system is used.
Inspect any fall-protection devices, such as safety
belts or harnesses, before using them. If any
component is damaged, remove it immediately
from service.
The following steps should be taken to ensure
protection from falls: (continued)
Verify that all guardrail systems are properly
installed and include toe boards and a midrail.
If a guardrail must be removed temporarily to
facilitate your job, replace it as soon as possible.
If aerial lifts are used on the job site, have all
personnel certified in their use.
Make sure that all through-floor openings are
covered and marked with an appropriate warning.
Ensure that all employees are trained to recognize
potential fall hazards and how to select and use
fall-protection devices.
Figure 1-16: Fall-Protection Devices
The following checklist provides some basic
guidelines for the proper use of hand tools:
Know the precise purpose for each tool in your
toolbox, and use them only for the specific task
they werrre designed to do.
Never use any hand tool or power tool unless
you are trained to do so.
Inspect tools before each use; replace or repair
tools if worn or damaged.
Clean tools after every use and keep cutting
edges sharp.
Never test a cutting edge with your fingers;
instead test it on scrap material.
The following checklist provides some basic
guidelines for the proper use of hand tools:
(continued)
Select the right size tool for the job; don't use
cheaters (i.e., do not use a circular saw to cut a
small piece of wood). A cheater is a tool that
will do the job, but is the wrong tool for the job
to be performed.
When working on ladders or scaffolding, be
sure that you and your tools are secure. (A
falling tool can seriously injure a coworker or
bystander.)
The following checklist provides some basic
guidelines for the proper use of hand tools:
(continued)
Carry tools correctly; never place sharp or
pointed tools in your pockets.
When carrying tools by hand, point cutting
edges away from you and toward the ground.
Lightly oil metal tools and store them in a
clean, dry place to prevent rust.
Wear personal protective equipment (PPE),
such as safety goggles, face shields, gloves, etc.,
as required.
Figure 1-17: Lifting Techniques
The following proper lifting and moving guidelines can help you avoid such injuries:
Before lifting, evaluate the size of the load
and get help if it is too large for one person.
Bring the object close to you, centering the
weight over your feet.
Lift smoothly and avoid quick, jerky motions.
When carrying a heavy load, shift your feet
instead of twisting your body.
When lifting a load above waist height, rest it
on a table or bench, shift your grip, and then
lift again.
The following proper lifting and moving guidelines can help you avoid such injuries:
(continued)
When carrying a heavy load, use two people
if necessary; plan in advance the route along
which the load will be removed.
Do not let the object you are moving obstruct
your vision; always have a clear view of where
you are going.
Scout your route by making sure the surface
you will be traveling on is clean and in good
condition; make sure to avoid steep ramps.
The following proper lifting and moving guidelines can avoid such injuries: (continued)
Carry conduit and other long objects on your
shoulder.
Push or pull at waist height; avoid bending
and twisting when pushing or pulling.
Whenever possible, you should push objects
instead of pulling them.
Figure 1-18: Voltage Measuring or Detection Devices
Consider the following wiring safety guidelines:
Always use insulated tools and avoid all contact
with bare terminals and grounded surfaces.
Disconnect the dial-tone service from the
premises wiring while working on it. If you
cannot disconnect the service, take the
telephone handset off-hook. The DC level will
drop and normally no AC ringing current will
be delivered.
When cutting or drilling, be careful not to cut
through or drill into concealed wiring or pipes.
Make a small inspection opening before you
start cutting.
Consider the following wiring safety guidelines:
(continued)
When running telephone wiring on or near metallic
siding, check for stray voltages and bond to ground
(i.e., attach a ground wire from an earth or frame
ground to the metallic siding to direct the voltage
away from the installer) before beginning work.
Keep telephone wiring away from bare power wires
or lighting rods, antennas, transformers, steam or
hot-water pipes, and heating ducts. Do not place
telephone wire in a conduit, box, duct, or other
enclosure containing power or lighting circuits of
any type, and provide adequate separation between
telephone and electrical wiring.
Consider the following wiring safety guidelines:
(continued)
Do not work on telephone wiring if you wear a
pacemaker because telephone-circuit voltages can
disrupt them.
Most electrical injuries involving telephone wiring
result from sudden surges of high voltage on
normally low-voltage wiring. Because a fatal
lightning surge can be carried over telephone wire
for many miles, never install or connect telephone
wiring during electrical storms.
Table 1-1: Residential and Light Commercial
Telecommunications Wiring Purpose and Minimum
Separation
Before calling ”911," remember to collect all
valuable information, such as:
Type of injury or illness the victim has
Time the accident took place
Address or location of the accident
Information from the victim’s medical alert
bracelet or necklace, if any
Any other important information that would
help prepare the emergency response team
before they arrive
Figure 1-19: Medical Alert Pendants
Figure 1-20: Vial of Life
Table 1-2:
DR. ABC
The usual methods of contamination are:
direct contact - contact with an
infected person
indirect contact - through air
conditioning, or solid linens
through a host - such as insects,
worms, etc.
Examples of infectious diseases are:
Bacterial Infections - Throat infections,
whooping cough, diphtheria, rheumatic fever,
tuberculosis strains, cholera, staphylococcus
infection, some forms of meningitis.
Viral Infections - Measles, mumps, rubella,
hepatitis, influenza, chicken pox, HIV,
common cold, bronchitis.
Parasitic Infections - Malaria, tapeworm,
hookworm, itch mites, pubic and body lice.
Fungal Infections - Ringworm, athlete's foot,
thrush.
Figure 1-21: Wearing Gloves
Figure 1-22:
The Nervous
System
Figure 1-23: The Cardiovascular System and Pulse
Locations
Figure 1-24: The Respiratory System
Figure 1-25: The
Musculoskeletal
System
Figure 1-26: Call “911”
Figure 1-27: Secondary Examination
Thoroughly examine the casualty by conducting
a head-to-toe secondary examination:
1 Start at the top of the head: Check for
bleeding, fractures, swelling, and pain.
2 Move to the victim’s face: Check airway/
breathing, eyes, facial fractures, bruising,
and jaw line pain.
3 Move down to the neck area, shoulders, and
chest: Check for bleeding, fractures, bruising,
swelling, and pain. Look for any Medical
Alert necklace.
Thoroughly examine the casualty by conducting
a head-to-toe secondary examination:
(continued)
4 Examine the arms: Check for bleeding,
fractures, soft tissue injuries, pain, and the
victim’s power. (Power is the ability to
squeeze tightly with their hands.) Look for
any Medical Alert bracelet.
5 Next, observe the abdomen and pelvis: Check
for rigidity, pain/tenderness, “guarding”, and
incontinence.
Thoroughly examine the casualty by conducting
a head-to-toe secondary examination:
(continued)
6 Finally, examine the legs: Check for bleeding,
fractures, soft tissue injuries, and pain.
7 Remember to be sensitive to the victim’s age,
as extra caution should be taken with young
children and infants.
There are actually three key methods for
delivering EAR:
Mouth-to-mouth: the method in which the
rescuer seals the victim’s mouth with his or
her mouth and breathes into the victim’s
mouth.
Mouth-to-nose: the method used when the
victim has sustained facial injuries that
prevent using the mouth. The rescuer closes
the casualty’s mouth with his or her hand,
seals the nose with his or her mouth, breathes
gently, and then releases the casualty’s jaw to
allow exhalation.
There are actually three key methods for
delivering EAR: (continued)
Mouth-to-nose-and-mouth: the method
used when resuscitating a child, as the
rescuer's mouth can cover and seal the
child's nose and mouth.
Figure 1-28: Expired Air Resuscitation
The steps for performing EAR:
1 Check the victim’s airway and open it,
if necessary. If they aren’t breathing,
place the victim on their back. Ensure
their airway is open by tilting their
head back.
The steps for performing EAR: (continued)
2 Using the appropriate method for the victim,
give two effective breaths, making up to five
attempts to achieve two effective breaths. Watch
the rise and fall of the chest. If an obstruction is
suspected, attempt to open the airway again.
Check their pulse. If a pulse is present and the
victim is not breathing, commence EAR for adults
and older children by giving one effective breath
every 4 seconds (15 breaths per minute). For
younger children and infants, give one effective
breath every 3 seconds (20 breaths per minute).
Check the victim's pulse and airway about every
minute and always be ready for the victim to vomit.
The steps for performing EAR: (continued)
3 Full breaths are used for adults or older
children (9 years and above). Make sure that
you lessen the force of the breaths when
breathing into a young child or an infant. If
delivered too forcefully, the air will be directed
into the stomach, possibly causing the child to
vomit. The method to be employed for infants is
known as puffing. Puffing is when the rescuer
fills his or her mouth with air and puffs it into
the infant’s mouth. This will allow enough air
pressure to satisfy the lung’s requirements, but
not enough to impact on the stomach.
The steps for performing EAR: (continued)
4 Continue EAR until the casualty begins
breathing on his own, you are relieved by
professional medical aid, or the victim goes
into full cardiac arrest (at which point you
must start cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
Figure 1-29:
Steps for
Performing EAR
There are two methods used to locate the correct
position: the xiphoid location and the caliper
method.
Xiphoid location - Locate the small bone or
bump at the base of the sternum. Using two
fingers of one hand, measure up the sternum
toward the victim’s heart. Place the palm of
your other hand at this point. Your palm
should now be over the center of the sternum,
above your two fingers. You have located the
victim’s heart, and can now begin external
cardiac compressions.
There are two methods used to locate the correct
position: the xiphoid location and the caliper
method. (continued)
Caliper method - The middle finger of one hand
is placed on the notch located above the sternum
directly below the victim's throat. The middle
finger of the other hand is placed on the small
bone located at the base of the sternum. Both
hands are moved together until the thumbs meet
in the middle of the sternum. The lower hand is
then positioned palm down at the location of the
thumb of your upper hand. This also determines
the location of the victim's heart for you to begin
external cardiac compressions.
Figure 1-30: Xiphoid Location
Figure 1-31: Caliper Method
Figure 1-32: One-Person CPR - Adult and Older Child
A one-person CPR - adult and older child:
1 Check and clear airway. Look, listen, and feel
for breathing. If not breathing, place the victim
on their back on a firm flat surface.
2 Give two effective breaths. Assess the rise and
fall of the chest.
3 Check for pulse (5–10 seconds).
4 Kneel beside casualty's chest. Locate correct
hand position.
5 Place hands centrally over heart, fingers
entwined. Lean over the victim with your arms
straight and your elbows locked.
A one-person CPR - adult and older child:
(continued)
6 Perform 15 compressions, applying even
pressure and compressing approximately
1/3 the depth of the chest.
7 Give two effective breaths. Relocate correct
hand position.
8 Continue this cycle and check the victim's
pulse approximately every minute.
Figure 1-33:
One-Person CPR Younger Child or
Infant
A one-person CPR - younger child or infant:
1 Check and clear airway. Look, listen, and feel
for breathing. If not breathing, place the victim
on their back on a firm flat surface.
2 Open airway. Two initial effective breaths.
3 Check for pulse (5–10 seconds).
4 Perform five compressions.
5 One breath should be given after every five
compressions.
6 Continue this cycle and check the victim's
pulse approximately every minute.
Figure 1-34: Two-Person CPR - Adult and Older
Child
A two-person CPR - adult and older child:
1 Check and clear airway. Look, listen, and feel
for breathing. If not breathing, place the victim
on their back on a firm flat surface.
2 One rescuer positions close to the casualty's
head and delivers breaths. The other positions
on the opposite side of the body beside the
chest and performs compressions.
3 Open airway. Two initial effective breaths.
4 Check for carotid pulse (5–10 seconds).
A two-person CPR - adult and older child:
(continued)
5 Perform five compressions.
6 One breath delivered on completion of the
fifth compression.
7 Continue this cycle and check the victim's
pulse approximately every minute.
Figure 1-35: Trauma Accident
The following are several types of wounds you
may encounter:
Incision is the type of wound made by the
slicing of skin with a sharp instrument.
Laceration is a deep wound with associated loss
of tissue. This type of wound occurs when the
skin is ripped.
Abrasion is a wound where the skin layers have
been scraped off.
Puncture wounds are perforations, and may be
due to anything from a corkscrew to a bullet.
Amputation (avulsion) is the loss of a digit or
limb by trauma.
To help prevent infection complete the
following steps:
1 Cleanse the wound and surrounding area
gently with a mild soap and water, then rinse.
Blot dry with a sterile pad or clean dressing.
2 Treat the wound.
3 Cover the wound to absorb fluids and to
protect it from further contamination.
4 Secure the cover with first aid tape to keep out
dirt and germs.
The following steps will help control the
bleeding:
1 Have the victim lie down. Elevate the
injured limb higher than the victim's
heart, unless you suspect a broken bone.
2 Control bleeding by applying direct
pressure on the wound with a sterile pad
or clean cloth.
3
If the bleeding is controlled by direct
pressure, bandage firmly to protect the
wound. Be sure not to apply the bandage
too tight.
The following steps will help control the
bleeding: (continued)
4 If bleeding is not controlled by use of
direct pressure, apply a tourniquet only
as a last resort. A tourniquet may be
applied if there is a threat of death due
to severe loss of blood.
5 Call for medical help.
Figure 1-36: Bandages
The following steps will aid you in the treatment
of puncture wounds:
1 Check the wound, but do NOT remove any
penetrating objects.
2 Control the bleeding by applying direct pressure
on the wound with a sterile pad or clean cloth.
3 If the bleeding is controlled by direct pressure,
bandage firmly to protect the wound. Be sure
not to apply the bandage too tight.
4 Elevate the injured limb if injuries permit.
5 Call for medical help.
The following are steps to amputation treatment:
1 Stop the bleeding immediately.
2 Treat for shock as described in the following
section, if necessary.
3 If the wound is not deep or bleeding too badly,
cleanse the wound and surrounding area gently
with a mild soap and warm water.
4 Cover the wound to absorb fluids and to
protect it from further contamination.
5 Get professional medical help immediately.
The following steps will help you treat a
victim that is in shock:
1 Treat the known cause of shock as
quickly as possible.
2 Maintain an open airway.
3 Keep the victim warm and lying
flat.
4 Do not give the victim anything by
mouth.
The three degrees of burns are:
First Degree - Discoloration of skin surface
(redness), mild swelling, and pain. Usually
additional medical treatment is not necessary.
Second Degree - Deep burn with red or
spotted appearance, blisters, considerable
pain, swelling, and the surface of the skin
appears wet. Burns may be potentially
serious, requiring additional medical
treatment depending on extent and location.
Third Degree - Severe tissue destruction with
a charred appearance, but no pain. Seek
professional medical help immediately.
It is critical that the casualty be disconnected
from the electrical source, either by:
1 Turning off the power supply,
disconnecting any plugs from the outlet,
and isolating the electricity supply at the
main power board if possible; or
2 Removing the casualty from the electrical
source by separation with non-conducting
materials, for example, a wooden stick or
board, rope, or blanket.
When high voltage electricity is involved in an
accident, the symptoms include:
Difficult or absent breathing
Absent, weak, or irregular pulse
Evidence of burns
Evidence of fractures
Entrance and exit wound burns
Collapse and unconsciousness
When high voltage electricity is involved in an
accident, the treatment includes:
1 Go over the DR. ABC routine.
2 Call 911 for an ambulance.
3 Inform electrical authorities if high voltage is
4
5
involved.
If the victim is in respiratory arrest, commence
EAR.
If the victim is in cardiac arrest, commence CPR.
6 Cool and cover burns with nonadhesive dressings.
7 Reassure the victim that everything will be okay.
There are two main types of bone fractures:
Closed fracture - the fracture of a bone
that does not pierce the skin
Compound fracture - the piercing of the
skin when a fracture occurs
Treatment of bone fractures:
Keep the victim warm and still,
treat for shock if necessary.
Closed fracture - Splint the limb before the
victim is moved, immobilizing the joint above
and below the suspected fracture.
Compound fracture - Do not touch or clean the
wound. Secure a sterile pad or clean cloth
firmly in place over the wound, and then tie
with bandages or cloth strips. No matter which
type of fracture is suspected, get medical
assistance immediately.
Figure 1-37: Splint Applied
WARNING
Do not move the victim until a splint has
been applied. If there is a chance of a
spinal injury, do NOT move the victim
until medical assistance has arrived.
The following steps will help you aid a victim
suffering from heat exhaustion:
1 Instruct the victim to lie down in a cool, shaded
area or an air-conditioned room and elevate
the victim's feet.
2 Massage their legs toward the heart. The heart
is not the primary mover of blood through the
legs—muscle action is. With inactivity or
shock, blood can tend to pool in the legs.
3 If the victim is conscious, give them cool water
every 15 minutes until they recover. If the victim
is unconscious, apply a cool wet compress to the
head.
In many instances, serious head injury is
readily identified by:
A straw-colored fluid oozing from the nose or
ears. This is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which
surrounds the brain. When a fracture occurs,
usually at the base of the skull, the fluid leaks
out under pressure into the ear and nose canals.
Black eyes may indicate an impact elsewhere
on the skull, not just the face. The kinetic
energy from a blow, which is transmitted
through the head and brain, is expelled
through the eyes and behind the ears, causing
bruising at these points.
In many instances, serious head injury is
readily identified by: (continued)
Blurred or double vision. This symptom is
common with concussions, indicating that the
brain has been dealt a blow that temporarily
affects its ability to correctly process the senses.
The treatment of a minor eye injury is a follows:
Flush the eye with water and wash the foreign
object out of the eye.
If this fails, touch the corner of a clean cloth to
the object and lift it off the surface of the eye.
Seek professional medical aid if vision is affected.
Do not push the object around the eye's surface.
Do not let the victim rub his or her eyes.
Only use eye drops if prescribed by a doctor.
Figure 1-38: Flush the Injured Eye
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1 Always move ladders while they are
in the ________ position.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2 Always use ________ tools and avoid
all contact with bare terminals and
grounded surfaces.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
3 Minimum separations between residential
and light commercial telecommunications
wiring and other wiring are specified in
the ________ standard.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
4 As the heart pumps blood, each beat can
be felt at various locations in the body.
These are known as ________.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
5 When placing your eyeware onto
any type of surface, always place
the ________ upward.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
6 It’s estimated that about 7% of
industrial accidents involve the
unsafe use of ________.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
7 Electrical burns to the victim may
be ________ than they appear on
the surface.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
8 A ________ fracture is the fracture of
a bone that does not pierce the skin.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
9 Frames stamped with the imprint
________ meet stringent standards for
strength and heat resistance.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
10 If you are exposed to loud and
continuous sound for more than
________ at ________, you need
to wear hearing protection.