Appendixes
Appendix A:
Appendix BI:
Appendix BII:
Appendix CI:
Appendix CII:
Appendix D:
Czech founding myths
Czechoslovak ministers 1918–38
Czechoslovak governments 1918–38
Biographical data on central politicians
Biographical data on scholars and textbook authors
Basic economic data
1. Unemployment by region 1925–36 (percentages)
2. Unemployment by region 1922–38 (seasonal variations)
3. Average unemployment 1921–38
4. Average daily wages 1921–36 (Kč)
5. Price index 1919–38 (figure)
6. Agricultural holdings according to size, 1921 and 1930
7. Foreign trade 1924–29
Appendix E: State budget and financial statement/accounts 1919–37
Appendix F: Social composition of the Revolutionary Parliament
Appendix G: Deputies from Slovakia 1918–38
Appendix H: Election results, nationality and religion in Slovakia
Appendix A
Czech founding myths
C
zech founding myths, relating how the Czechs came to their present habitat and how they
chose their first ruler, appeared in written form for the first time in the Czech Chronicle
(Chronica Boemorum) of Kosmas (ca. 1045–1125). He was first canon, later dean at the St.
Vitus chapter of Prague. Perhaps the best-known story is the legend of Forefather Czech
(Praotec Čech). In Josef Pešek's Matka vlast (1923) the legend is retold thus:
"As the story goes, the Slavs were brought to our lands over three rivers in the distant past by
an elderly man whose name was Czech. At the time, our lands were covered with dense forest
void of human habitation, where the bees were buzzing, birds were singing, horses were
whinnying and the sounds of countless other animals could be heard. In the clean and healthy
Czech waters fish was playing. And also the climate pleased the newcomers.
Standing on the soil of our land, Forefather Czech cast a searching glance over mountains and
valleys. The journey stopped at the foot of the mountain Říp [north of Prague], where he
looked around, and 'Grand-dad' whom his people had carried with them on their shoulders,
blissfully set foot on the ground. When he later was standing on the peak of the mountain with
his companions, looking at the area again and again, he is said to have declared to the others:
'Oh friends, who have come with me on this long and tiring journey, set up camp and sacrifice
to your forefathers; by their miraculous help you have reached the homeland that was long
since predetermined for you by destiny. Look, here is the land I promised you.1 Now consider
carefully what name you will give this beautiful land." And they answered "Czech" in the next
heartbeat: "How can we better name it? After our father, Čech, let the land be named Čechy!' 2
And their elderly leader, moved by the words of his friends, blissfully kissed the earth. Standing, he raised his hand to the sky and said: 'Be greeted, land that has been given to us! Keep us
healthy, save us from misfortunes, and multiply our stock in every generation to come!' "3
To this compelling story, the author adds the comment that the time of Forefather Czech was a
happy "Golden Age", and therefore his death was received with grief among his people.
1
According to Otto Urban, Forefather Czech spoke of the promised land as "a land under no-one's sway, full of birds and
animals, flowing over with sweet honey and milk." See Urban: České a slovenské dějiny do roku 1918 (1991:16).
2
Čechy is the Czech name for Bohemia.
3
Josef Pešek: Matka vlast (1923:19–20). My copy, which I obtained in an antique bookstore in Prague, is stamped Šestá
obecná škola pro chlapce na Kr. Vinohradech (the sixth primary school for boys in Královské Vinohrady), today a part of
Prague.
Another set of legends, originally told by Kosmas and elaborated by Václav Hanka and others
in the false mediaeval manuscripts, describe how the Přemysl dynasty acquired the Czech
throne. These are the legends of Krok and his daughters, the ruling of Libuše, and the choice
of Libuše. This story is told in the following way:
"While Forefather Czech was still alive, there was a man called Krok living in that part of the
country. He was highly respected for his wisdom, so much that people came to see him from
far and near, and not only people of his own stock, but also the neighbors. Because of this Krok
was elected as judge and ruler of the whole nation after the death of Forefather Czech. He
chose as his place of residence a castle that he had built on the high cliff over the right bank of
the river Vltava. The castle was named Vyšehrad. Krok had three daughters, Kazi, Tetka and
Libuše. Each of them excelled in something. [...] Libuše, the youngest of the sisters, is said to
have had a sharper mind and a kinder heart than the other two. She was noble-minded, lovable,
friendly towards everyone, simply a flower of her generation of women. [!] Moreover, she had
the gift of prophecy. As a 'fortune teller' she could fly on a magic horse through the night and
return before dawn to her place of residence. Because she was also accomplished in law and
customs, she was chosen as ruler of her people after the death of her father Krok.
Libuše ruled wisely and justly. Then two brothers, who were engaged in a quarrel over a piece
of land, appeared before her court. She received them in her residence at Vyšehrad. Upon
listening to their complaints, she pronounced her judgment. But one of the brothers was not
satisfied with her ruling that they should come to their senses. He flew into a rage and [...]
shouted: 'Oh, an injustice unbearable to man! A quarrelsome and cunning woman judges us
men. And nevertheless, it is known, that women have long hair but short brains! It would be
better for a man to die than to tolerate the rule of a woman! It is our shame only that we have a
woman to rule us, who so obviously wrongs us through her rulings! Oh, shame on us!'
Everybody present stiffened at his words. The cheeks of the princess blushed. Hiding the hurt
caused by the man's thoughtless words, she smiled painfully and announced: 'If that is how it
is, then so be it! A woman I am and as a woman I behave. You think less of me, because I do
not rule with an iron rod. And because you esteem me so little, you live without awe. I realize
now that you need a stricter ruler than a woman can be. So also doves have sometimes
dismissed the whitish buzzard and chosen the predatory hawk as their leader, the same way
you now dismiss me!' Libuše was aware that the Czechs had a sincere wish to be ruled by a
prince. Therefore she called a meeting of her people the day after. […] 'If your minds are
made up, I will let you know the name of your future prince.' Those present nodded assent.
Libuše stood and pointed to the north:
'Look, behind those mountains flows a small river flows called Bílina. On its bank lies a
village, where the Stadice clan lives. Close to that village is a field, 12 ells long and 12 ells
wide. There your prince is ploughing with two brindled oxen; one has got a white ribbon on
his head, the other is white from the forehead to the back, that color is also on its hind legs. If
you want to set out on a journey to fetch your prince, bring with you a robe that befits a
prince. Give that ploughman the message from the nation and me: tell him that you take him
as your prince and I take him as my husband. The name of that man is Přemysl, which means
the one who thinks things over. His offspring will rule the whole country for a hundred years
and more!'4
After that a delegation was chosen to journey in search of Přemysl. [They did not know which
way to go, so Libuše gave them her horse; it would lead them safely straight to the village and
back. And they went over mountains, through valleys and forests, before they finally came to
the village, and found Přemysl just as Libuše had told them. After greeting him], the
delegation gave him the message from Libuše. Right away they asked him to leave his work,
dress in the princely robe, sit up on the horse and come back with them. Přemysl stopped the
oxen, dropping his cleaning rod of hazel wood to the ground. Unharnessing the oxen from the
plough, he told them: 'Go back where you came from!' And they did. While he spoke, three
large branches, packed with leaves and nuts grew out of the rod. Seeing this, the delegation
was thunderstruck. Přemysl then invited them for breakfast. He turned the plough over, and
placed mouldy bread and a piece of cheese on it [...]
Noticing their bewilderment, their host explained: 'That means', he said, 'that from my stock
many will stem, but one will rule over many.' To their question why he chose the ploughshare
of iron as table, Přemysl told them: 'That ironclad table means that such will my rule be.
Respect iron also in the future! In times of peace plough the earth with it, in times of war
defend yourselves with it against your enemies. And only insofar that your descendants dine at
such a table, will they be able to defend their freedom! It is a pity that your ruler was in such a
hurry! If she could have awaited fate patiently and not sent for me so early, I would have
finished ploughing up the field and there would always be enough bread in our land. Since I
have had to leave my work unfinished, the land will often suffer from hunger.' [...]
Not forgetting his social standing, he brought with him his bast shoes and the bundle he had
used to carry bread to the fields. The delegation asked him perplexedly why he brought with
him a peasant's shoes and bundle. And Přemysl obligingly told them: 'I will tuck them both
away for the future, so that our descendants will know where they came from, so that they will
always live in awe and modesty, and not treat people that have been entrusted to them by God
unfairly out of pride, for we are equally virtuous by nature.' As he finished speaking, he
jumped on the horse, [...] and they set off for his new home. Before they knew it, they were
standing in front of the gates of Vyšehrad, where Princess Libuše and her followers waited for
the bridegroom. [...] The marriage of Libuše was celebrated for hours on end in the light of
campfires and torches to the ring of happy song, laughter, shouts and dancing."5
There are several aspects of these legends that are interesting. First, there is the parallel
between the legend of the Forefather Czech and the Biblical story of Moses, who led his
people through the desert to the Promised Land. The notion of a land promised to the Czechs
implies that they had every right to settle there. The style of the legend is also Biblical in tone.
4
The Czech verb přemýšlet means to reflect over (something).
5
Josef Pešek: Matka vlast (1923:22–26).
Second, it is interesting to note how the Czech lands are presented as void of human habitation
prior to the arrival of the Czechs. This was a recurrent motif also in the Czech revival. It
served a specific purpose: to emphasize how the Czechs came first. A corollary is that the
Czechs belonged there, whereas the Germans were intruders and colonizers. Finally, through
the story of Forefather Czech, the Czechs are presented as peaceful settlers, not aggressive
conquerors of a land that was already inhabited.
As for the legends about Libuše and Přemysl, these are Přemyslid founding myths, which
probably at the time served to legitimize Přemyslid rule. The "miraculous" elements of the
story originally served to emphasize the elevated position of the ruler, and the same goes for
the seemingly humble peasant origins of the Přemyslids. In ruling circles of the Middle Ages,
ploughing was a symbol of charisma and of the extraordinary power of kings, according to
Vladimír Karbusický.6 Incidentally, the story about how the Czech ruling dynasty came to
power, not by way of conquest, but through election came to fit the Czech self-conception as
an inherently democratic nation well. Likewise, the "humble" peasant origins of the Czech
ruling house took on a different meaning when the Czechs started to see the peasant as the
bearer of nationhood in the course of the national revival. Together these legends fit the
picture of the Czechs as a democratic, peaceful and pious people who are more interested in
working the land than in warfare and conquest.
The style of the legends, even those that are genuinely medieval, cannot be attributed to
Kosmas. The way they are retold by Pešek in Matka vlast, they are almost certainly based on a
version by the Czech Romantic writer Alois Jirásek (1851-1930).
6
See Karbusický: Báje, mýty, dějiny (1995:163). In this book he places the old Czech legends into a European context.
Appendix BI
Czechoslovak ministers 1918–38
Total Govt Name:
Department
Period
Duration Total
Other positions
years months
15
15
1
Beneš, Edvard Dr. foreign affairs
ČS
Prime Minister
14.11.1918 - 18.12.1935
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
17 years
1 year
17
0
12
1
1
1
2
7
2
1
2
6
Šrámek, Jan
ČSL
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929
7.12.1929 - 22.9.1938
1 yr. 1 m.
3 yr. 2 m.
3 months
3 yr. 2 m.
8 yr. 9 m.
5 months
3 months
3 yr. 1 m.
3 yr. 5 m.
3 yr.
2 y. 10 m.
11 m.
11 m.
4 months
3 y. 2 m.
1 y. 10 m.
6 yr. 1 m.
3 months
2 yr. 8 m.
3 yr. 2 m.
5 yr. 6 m.
2 yr. 9 m.
2 years
3 months
5 y. 11 m.
2 y. 10 m.
4 yr. 2 m.
2 y. 11 m.
3 yr. 9 m.
4 months
1 yr.
2 months
4 yr. 2 m.
4 yr. 7 m.
4 yr. 2 m
3 yr. 3 m.
1 yr. 4 m.
4 yr. 2 m
1 yr. 4 m.
2 y. 10 m.
1 year
7 months
2 years
3 yr. 2 m.
1 yr. 6 m.
3 yr. 2 m.
16
5
11
10
3
1
2
1
7
1
1
9
9
5
9
2
3
4
1
7
1
4
2
1
1
2
5
7
6
1
7
2
1
4
2
7
5
2
Dr. railways
health
post and telegraph
social affairs
unification
Hodža, Milan Dr. unification
(S) Agr.
education
agriculture
Franke, Emil Dr.
ČS
Prime Minister
foreign affairs
railways
supply
post and telegraph
finance
education
Spina, Franz Dr. public works
(G) BL
health
without portfolio
Bechyně, Rudolf education
ČSD
railways
Udržal, František
Agr.
Dérer, Ivan Dr.
(S) ČSD
supply
defense
Prime Minister
Slovakia
unification
education
justice
Dostálek, Jan Ing. public works
ČSL
commerce
Czech, Ludwig
social affairs
Dr. (G) DSA
public works
health
Černý, Jan *
Prime Minister
(without party)
interior
supply
6.12.1919 - 25.5.1920
12.10.1926 - 15.1.1927
12.10.1926 - 20.11.1929
7.10.1922 - 18.3.1926
29.10.1932 - 9.11.1935
5.11.1935 - 22.9.1938
18.12.1935 - 29.11.1936
8.7.1919 - 25.5.1920
20.7.1925- 9.12.1925
7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925
18.2.1924 - 9.12.1925
7.12.1929 - 23.1.1936
17.-28.3.36/ 21.7.-2.10.37
23.1.1936 - 22.9.1938
12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929
7.12.1929 - 4.6.1935
4.6.1935 - 23.3.1938
7.10.1922 - 3.10.1924
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
29.10.1932 - 22.9.1938
7.12.1929 - 29.10.1932
26.9.1921 - 9.12.1925
12.10. 1926 - 16.9.1929
1.2.1929 - 29.10.1932
25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
5.1.1926 - 18.3.1926
7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934
14.2.1934 - 22.9.1938
7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934
4.6.1935 - 22.9.1938
14.2.1934 - 4.6.1935
7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934
14.2.1934 - 4.6.1935
4.6.1935 - 11.4.1938
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
15.9.1920 - 7.10.1922
12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929
29.10.1932 - 14.2.1934
12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929
12
10
MP 1918-26,
and 1929-35,
President
1935 - 1938
chairman
1919-38,
MP
1918-39
MP 1918-38,
vice chairman
of the Agrarian
party 1922-38
11
10
vice chairman
of the National
Socialist Party
1918-38,
MP
1918-39
MP
1920-38
11
9
11
0
MP
1918-38
10
10
MP
1918-37
10
3
8
9
MP
1918-39,
chairman of
the Slovak
branch
MP
1925-39
8
4
7
3
chairman
1923-38,
MP 1920-38
President of
Moravia 192039
6
3
3
Švehla, Antonín
Dr. Agr.
interior
Prime Minister
14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920
7.10.1922 - 18.3.1926
12.10.1926 - 1.2.1929
4
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
4
3
Malypetr, Jan
Agr.
Bradáč, Bohumír
Agr.
Meissner, Alfréd
Dr. ČSD
Najman, Josef
Václav ČSŽ
Novák, Ladislav
Ing. ČND
Habrman, Gustav
ČSD
Tučný, Alois
ČS
interior
Prime Minister
agriculture
defense
justice
social affairs
railways
commerce
commerce
7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925
29.10.1932 - 5.11.1935
3
4
6
3
5
4
3
2
1
6
2
1
6
6
6
5
5
3
2
1
4
4
5
1
3
Trapl, Karel Dr.
(without party)
Černý, Josef Dr.
Agr.
Dolanský, Josef
Dr. ČSL
Kállay, Jozef Dr.
(S)(without party)
Stříbrný, Jiří
ČS (to 1926)
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
Slávik, Juraj *
Dr. (S) Agr.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Markovič, Ivan
Dr. (S) ČSD
3
3
7
interior
14.2.1934 - 22.9.1938
4 yr. 7 m. 4
7
MP 1918-39
justice
supply
Slovakia 7
26.9.1921 - 9.12.1925
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
5
MP 1918-35
7.10.1922 -15.1.1927
4 yr. 2 m. 4
3 months
4 yr. 3 m. 4
post and telegraph
railways
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
8.7.1919 - 17.9.1919
25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920
7.10.1922 - 20.7.1925
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934
8 months 4
2 months
4 months
2 y. 10 m.
3 months
4 yr. 2 m. 4
3
MP 1918-28,
1929-35
2
MP 1919-39
post and telegraph
supply
public works
agriculture
unification
interior
education
agriculture
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925
2
MP 1918-39
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
7.12.1929 - 29. 10.1932
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929
1 year
4.
1 year
3 yr. 2 m.
7 months 3
7 months
2 y. 10 m.
3 months 3
3 yr. 2 m.
5
MP 1918-20,
1929-35
5
defense
unification
education
public works
railways
commerce
justice
defense
16.7.1920 15.9.1920
7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925
3.10.1924 - 9.12.1925
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
7.12.1929 - 9.4.1932
13.12.1937 - 22.9.1938
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
16.9.1929 - 29.10.1932
2 months 3
3 yr. 2 m.
1 yr. 2 m.
3 months 3
2 yr. 4 m.
9 months
3 months 3
3 yr. 1 m.
MP
1918-30
MP 1918-25,
1929-39
defense
2
2
16.4.1931 - 17.3.1936
education
social affairs
public works
post and telegraph
health
Engliš, Karel Dr. finance
ČND
1
3
finance
1 y. 10 m.
3 yr. 5 m.
2 yr. 3 m.
3 yr. 2 m.
3 years
2 y. 11 m.
2 yr. 7 m.
4 yr. 2 m
1 yr. 4 m.
3 years
2 yr. 6 m.
4 yr. 2 m.
1 yr. 4 m.
1 y. 10 m.
3 yr. 6 m.
1 yr. 1 m.
1 yr. 4 m.
2 yr. 8 m.
3 months
10 m.
3 years
1 y. 4 m.
4 y. 11 m.
Matoušek, Josef
Dr. ČND
Srba, Antonín
ČSD
Srdínko, Otakar
Dr. Agr.
Mlčoch, Rudolf
ČSŽ
Viškovský, Karel
Dr. Agr.
commerce
7.12.1929 - 29.10.1932
29.10.1932 - 4.6.1935
7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934
14.2.1934 - 4.6.1935
12.10.1926 -27.10.1929
4.6.1935 - 4.12.1937
26.9.1921 - 9.12.1925
28.4.1928 - 27.10.1929
14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920
26.9.1921 - 28.3.1925
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
7.10.1922 - 18.2.1924
23.1.1936 - 22.9.1938
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
25.5.1920 - 21.3.1921
9.12.1925 - 25.11.1928
7.12-1929 - 16.4.1931
6
6
6
2
chairman
1909-33
MP 1918-33
MP 1918-39
5
6
MP 1918-35
5
6
MP 1918-39
5
6
5
6
MP 1920-37
chairm. 1930-37
MP 1918-35
5
4
MP 1918-32
5
4
MP 1918-39
5
2
MP 1920-25
4
11
3
4
4
MP 1918-39
4
MP 1918-19,
1925-32
Kállay resigned when the ľudáks joined the government. The abolishment of his ministry was executed by a commission
(Hodža, Tiso and Gažík), then its jurisdiction was transferred to the provincial administration in Bratislava 28.6.1928.
4
4
4
4
3
1
2
2
2
5
1
4
3
3
1
1
1
Machník, František Agr.
Nečas, Jaromír
Ing. ČSD
defense
4.6.1935 - 22.9.1938
3 yr. 3 m
3
3
MP 1925-39
social affairs
4.6.1935 - 22.9.1938
3 yr. 3 m. 3
3
MP 1924-39
Nosek, František
Dr. ČSL
Mayr-Harting,
Robert Dr. (G)
DCV
Šrobár, Vavro Dr.
(S) Agr.
interior
post and telegraph
justice
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
12.10.1926- 27.10.1929
3 months 3
3 years
3 yr. 2 m. 3
3
MP 1918-35
2
MP 1920-38
health
Slovakia
unification
education
finance
14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920
14.11.1918 - 25.5.1920
25.5.1920 -15.9.1920
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
1 y. 10 m. 3
1 yr. 6 m.
4 months
1 year
2 y. 10 m. 2
2
MP 1918-35
10
MP 1918-29
public works
post, telegraph
agriculture
Dr. social affairs
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
8.7.1919 - 15.9.1920
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
10
MP 1918-36
10
MP 1918-35
unification
agriculture
14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920
28.3.1925 - 18.3.1926
9.12.1925 - 5.1.1926
9.11.1935 - 22.9.1938
8 months 2
1 yr. 2 m.
1 year
1 y. 10 m. 2
1 year
1 month
2 y. 10 m. 2
10
MP 1925-39
health
15.1.1927 - 8.10.1929
2 yr. 9 m. 2
9
MP 1925-39
foreign affairs
29.2.1936 - 22.9.1938
2 yr. 7 m. 2
7
diplomat,
1920-7
education
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
14.2.1934 - 23.1.1936
7 months 2
1 y. 11 m.
6
finance
28.3.1936 - 21.7.1937
2.10.1937 - 22.9.1938
1 yr. 4 m. 2
1 year
4
unification
15.1.1927 - 27.2.1929
2 yr. 1 m. 2
1
commerce
18.3.1926 - 28.4.1928
2 yr. 1 m. 2
1
Slovakia *
15.9.1920 - 7.10.1922
2 years
2
0
0
10
MP 1918-39,
chairman 191838
MP
1925-38
Bečka, Bohdan
Ing. ČND
Staněk, František
Agr.
12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929
18.2.1923 - 9.12.1925
4
1
2
1
4
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
Vrbenský, Bohuslav Dr. ČS to
1923, then KSČ
Klofáč, Václav
Jaroslav
ČS
supply
public works
health
defense
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
3
1
1
1
3
14.11.1918 - 25.5.1920
8 months 2
4 months
1 year
1 y. 10 m. 1
2
2
without portfolio
2.7.1936 - 24.3.1938
1 yr. 8 m. 1
8
2
2
Zajiček, Erwin
(G) Dr. DCV
Fatka,
Maximilián* Dr.
post and telegraph
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
1 year
1
7 months
7
Winter, Lev
ČSD
Zadina, Josef Dr.
Agr.
Tiso, Jozef Dr.
HSĽS
Krofta, Kamil Dr.
(professor in
history)
Krčmář, Jan * Dr.
(professor)
Kalfus, Josef Dr.
(without party)
Gažík, Marek Dr.
(S) HSĽS
Peroutka, František * Dr.
Mičura, Martin
(S) * Dr. ČSL
MP 1920-35
MP 1925-39,
chairman of
Slovak branch
1925-38
MP 1918-23
3
3
Prášek, Karel
Agr.
agriculture
14.11.1918- 24.6.1920
1 yr. 7 m. 1
7
MP 1918-25
2
2
Hampl, Antonín
ČSD
public works
8.7.1919 - 25.5.1920
1 yr. 2 m. 1
2
MP 1918-39,
chairman 192438
2
2
commerce
25.5.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 yr. 2 m. 1
2
2
2
8.7.1919 - 15.9.1920
25.5. - 16.7.1920
8.7.1919 - 15.9.1920
1 yr. 2 m. 1
2 months
1 yr. 2 m. 1
MP 1918-21
1
Prime Minister
defense
justice
2
1
2
MP 1918-35
1
1
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 year
1
3 months
1 year
1
0
1
agriculture
supply
railways
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
24.1.1921 - 25.4.1921
1
1
1
unification
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 year
1
0
1
1
social affairs
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 year
1
0
1
1
defense
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 year
1
0
1
1
public works
21.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 year
1
0
1
1
finance
26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922
1 year
1
0
1
1
justice
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 year
1
0
1
1
Hotowetz, Rudolf
* Dr.
Tusar, Vlastimil
ČSD
Veselý, František
Dr. ČS
Brdlík, Vladimír*
Dr.
Burger, Václav*
Dr. Ing.
Fajnor, Vladimír
* (S) Dr. ČND
(Law professor)
Gruber, Josef *
Dr.
Husák, Otakar*
general
Kovařík,
František * Dr.
Novák, Augustin
(without party)
Popelka, August *
Dr.
Procházka,
Ladislav *
Dr.
health
supply
Rašín, Alois Dr. finance
ČND
Šusta, Josef * Dr. education
(professor)
Vlasák, Bohumil finance
Dr.(without party)
Heidler, Ferdicommerce
nand Dr. ČS
Sonntág, Kuneš
finance
supply
Agr.
commerce
Houdek, Fedor
supply
Agr. (S)
Štefánek, Anton
unification
Dr. Agr. (S)
education
Hruban, Mořic
without portfolio
Dr. ČSL
Kramář, Karel Dr. Prime Minister
ČND
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
0
15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921
1 year
1
5 months
8 months 1
4 months
1 year
1
25.11.1928 - 7.12.1929
1 year
0
8.7.1919 - 25.5.1920
11
0
months
7 months 0
2 months
4 months
9 months 0
11
none
11
MP 1918-22
9
MP 1918-20
9
MP 1918-20,
1925-35
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
2 months 0
9 months
8 months 0
8
MP 1918-39
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
8 months 0
8
Soukup, František justice
Dr. ČSD
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
8 months 0
8
MP 1918-37,
chairman 191835
MP 1918-39
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25.4.1921 - 26.9.1921
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
7.10.1922 - 18.2.1923
9.10.1919 - 25.5.1920
1.4.1920 - 25.5.1920
25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920
8.7.1919 - 1.4.1920
8.10.1929 - 7.12.1929
20.2.1929 - 7.12.1929
1
0
0
president of the
supreme court
1930-39
MP 1918-23
0
Štefánik, Milan R. armed forces 8
Dr./general (S)
Stránský, Adolf
commerce
Dr. ČND
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
8 months 0
8
none
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
8 months 0
8
MP 1918-25
1
Zahradník, Isidor
Dr. Agr.
railways
14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919
8 months 0
8
MP 1918-20
1
1
1
Hausmann, Jiří *
Dr.
justice
supply
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
7 months 0
7
1
1
unification
27.2.1929 - 8.10.1929
7 months 0
7
1
1
1
1
railways
public works
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
7 months 0
7 months 0
7
7
1
1
Labaj, Ľudovít
Dr. (S) HSĽS
Říha, Jan * Dr.
Roubík, Václav *
Ing.
Schieszl, Josef *
Dr. ČND
social affairs
health
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
7 months 0
7 months
7
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
Syrový, Jan *
general
Hůla, Josef Ing.
(without party)
Johanis, Václav
ČSD
Průša, Leopold *
Dvořáček, Jan
Ing. ČND
Horáček, Cyril
Dr. Agr.
defense
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
7 months 0
7
railways
9.4.1932 - 29.10.1932
6 months 0
6
supply
25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920
4 months 0
4
MP 1918-39
supply
commerce
15.9.1920 - 21.1.1921
9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926
4 months 0
3 months 0
4
3
MP 1925-26
finance
8.7.1919 - 9.10.1919
3 months 0
3
MP 1918-25
MP 1925-39,
vice chairman
1933-38
1
1
1
1
1
18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ježek, František
ČND/NSj.
without portfolio
19.3.1938 - 10.5.1938
2 months 0
2
1
1
Hanačík,
Vladimír *
finance
21.3.1921 - 26.9.1921
6 months 0
1
MP 1920-37
MP 1918-20,
chief of presidential office
from 1920
Sources: Národní shromáždění republiky československé v prvém desítiletí, (1928),
Národní shromáždění republiky československé v druhém desítiletí, (1938),
J. Tomeš: Slovník k politickým dějinám Československa 1918-1992 (1994),
Ľ. Lipták (ed.): Politické strany na Slovensku 1860-1989, (1992),
V. Olivová: Československé dějiny 1914-39, II. (1993),
V. Zaděra: Politické strany v národním shromáždění (1930),
Barvínek, V.K.: Dvacet let Československa. Politický a hospodářský přehled 1. republiky, (1938).
Index k těsnopiseckým zprávám o schůzích Poslanecké sněmovny Narodního shromáždění republiky
československé, I-IV volební období, Praha (1927, 1929, 1935, 1950).
* Members of two care-taker governments, under the premiership of Jan Černý (15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 and 18.3.1926 12.10.1926). In addition to those marked, Edvard Beneš was a member of both these governments, and Jozef Kállay a
member of the latter.
8
In the first government, responsibility for the armed forces was divided between Štefánik (military – vojenství) and Klofáč
(national defense – národní obrany). The former never took up position, as he was killed in a plane crash near Bratislava
on his way home to Slovakia (4.5.1919).
Appendix BII
Czechoslovak governments 1918–38
Govt. Prime
no.
minister
Period
(from-to)
Names of ministers and resorts (abbreviated)
1
Kramář
14.11.1918
08.07.1919
K. Kramář (PM), E. Beneš (FA), A. Švehla (I), A. Rašín (F), G.
Habrman (E), V. Klofáč (D), F. Soukup (J), A Stránský (C), I.
Zahradník (R), F. Staněk (PW), K. Prášek (A), L. Winter (SA), V.
Šrobár (S, H), J. Stříbrný (PT), B. Vrbenský (Su), M.R. Štefánik
(M), M. Hruban (W).
2
Tusar I
08.07.1919
16.07.1920
V. Tusar (PM), (D to 16.7.), E. Beneš (FA), A. Švehla (I), C.
Horáček (F to 9.10.) K. Sonntág (F from 9.10.), (Su from 1.4.), G.
Habrman (E), V. Klofáč (D), F. Veselý (J), F. Heidler (C), J.
Stříbrný (R to 17.9.), E. Franke (R from 17.9.), A. Hampl (PW),
K. Prášek (A), L. Winter (SA), V. Šrobár (S, H), F. Staněk (PT),
M. Hodža (U from 6.12.), F. Houdek (Su to 1.4.).
3
Tusar II
16.07.1920
15.09.1920
V. Tusar (PM), E. Beneš (FA), A. Švehla (I), K. Engliš (F), G.
Habrman (E), I. Markovič (D)(from 16.7.), A. Meissner (J), K.
Sonntág (C), (A from 24.6), J. Stříbrný (R), B. Vrbenský (PW), K.
Prášek (A to 24.6), L. Winter (SA), V. Šrobár (H, U), F. Staněk
(PT), I. Dérer (S), V. Johanis (Su), R. Hotowetz (FT).
4
Černý I
15.09.1920
26.09.1921
J. Černý (PM, I), E. Beneš (FA), K. Engliš (F to 21.3.), V.
Hanačík (F from 21.3), J. Šusta (E), O. Husák (D), A. Popelka (J),
R. Hotowetz (C), V. Burger (R), F. Kovařík (PW from 21.9.1920),
V. Brdlík (A) (Su 24.1.-25.4.), J. Gruber (SA), L. Procházka (H)
(Su from 25.4.), M. Fatka (PT), V. Fajnor (U), M. Mičura (S), L.
Průsa (Su to 24.1.), R. Hotowetz (FT).
5
Beneš
26.09.1921
07.10.1922
E. Beneš (PM, FA), J. Černý (I), A. Novák (F), V. Šrobár (E), F.
Udržal (D), J. Dolanský (J), L. Novák (C, FT), J. Šrámek (R), A.
Tučný (PW), F. Staněk (A), G. Habrman (SA), B. Vrbenský (H),
A. Srba (PT, Su), I. Dérer (U), M. Mičura (S).
6
Švehla I
07.10.1922
09.12.1925
A. Švehla (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Malypetr (I), A. Rašín (F to
18.2.1923), B. Bečka (F from 24.2.1923), R. Bechyně (E to
3.10.1924), F. Udržal (D), J. Dolanský (J), L. Novák (C), J.
Stříbrný (R to 20.7.1925), A. Srba (PW), M. Hodža (A), G.
Habrman (SA to 28.3.1925), L. Winter (SA from 28.3.1925), J.
Šrámek (H), A. Tučný (PT), I. Markovič (U), (E from 3.10.1924),
J. Kállay (S), E. Franke (Su), (R from 20.7.1925).
7
Švehla II
09.12.1925
18.03.1926
A. Švehla (PM), E. Beneš (FA), F. Nosek (I), K. Engliš (F), O.
Srdínko (E), J. Stříbrný (D), K. Viškovský (J), J. Dvořáček (C), R.
Bechyně (R), R. Mlčoch (PW), M. Hodža (A), L. Winter (SA), (U
to 5.1,), A. Tučný (H), J. Šrámek (PT), I. Dérer (U from 5.1.), J.
Kállay (S), J. Dolanský (Su).
8
Černý II
18.03.1926
12.10.1926
J. Černý (PM, I), E. Beneš (FA), K. Engliš (F), J. Krčmár (E), J.
Syrový (D), J. Hausmann (J, Su), F. Peroutka (C), J. Říha (R), V.
Roubík (PW), J. Slávik (A, U), J. Schieszl (SA, H), M. Fatka (PT),
J. Kállay (S) .
9
Švehla III
12.10. 1926
01.02.1929
A. Švehla (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Černý (I, Su), K. Engliš (F to
25.11.1928), B. Vlasák (F from 26.11.1928), M. Hodža (E) (U to
15.1.1927), F. Udržal (D), R. Mayr-Harting (J), L. Novák (C), J.V.
Najman (R), F. Spina (PW), O. Srdínko (A), J. Šrámek (SA) (H to
15.1.1927), J. Tiso (H from 15.1.1927), F. Nosek (PT), M. Gažík
(U from 15.1.1927), J. Kállay (S to 28.6.1928).
10
Udržal I
01.02.1929
07.12.1929
F. Udržal (PM) (D to 16.9.), E. Beneš (FA), J. Černý (I, Su), B.
Vlasák (F), M. Hodža (E to 20.2.), A. Štefánek (E from 20.2.) (U
from 8.10), K. Viškovský (D from 16.9.), R. Mayr-Harting (J), L.
Novák (C), J.V. Najman (R), F. Spina (PW), O. Srdínko (A), J.
Šrámek (SA) (H from 8.10.), J. Tiso (H to 8.10.), F. Nosek (PT),
M. Gažík (U to 27.2.), Ľ. Labaj (U 27.2-8.10.).
11
Udržal II
07.12.1929
29.10.1932
F. Udržal (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Slávik (I), K. Engliš (F to
16.4.1931), K. Trapl (F from 16.4.1931), I. Dérer (E), K.
Viškovský (D), A. Meissner (J), J. Matoušek (C), R. Mlčoch (R to
9.4.1932), J. Hůla (R from 9.4.1932), J. Dostálek (PW), B. Bradáč
(A), L. Czech (SA), F. Spina (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U),
R. Bechyně (Su).
12
Malypetr I
29.10.1932
14.02.1934
J. Malypetr (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Černý (I, Su), K. Trapl (F), I.
Dérer (E), B. Bradáč (D), A. Meissner (J), J. Matoušek (C), R.
Bechyně (R), J. Dostálek (PW), M. Hodža (A), L. Czech (SA), F.
Spina (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U).
13
Malypetr II 14.02.1934
04.06.1935
J. Malypetr (PM), E. Beneš (FA), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F), J.
Krčmář (E), B. Bradáč (D), I. Dérer (J), J. Dostálek (C), R.
Bechyně (R), L. Czech (PW), M. Hodža (A), A. Meissner (SA), F.
Spina (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U).
14
Malypetr
III
J. Malypetr (PM), E. Beneš (FA), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F), J.
Krčmář (E), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J), J.V. Najman (C), R.
Bechyně (R), J. Dostálek (PW), M. Hodža (A), J. Nečas (SA), L.
Czech (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U), F. Spina (W).
04.06.1935
05.11.1935
15
Hodža I
05.11.1935
18.12.1935
M. Hodža (PM), E. Beneš (FA), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F), J.
Krčmář (E), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J), J.V. Najman (C), R.
Bechyně (R), J. Dostálek (PW), J. Zadina (A), J. Nečas (SA), L.
Czech (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U), F. Spina (W).
16
Hodža II
18.12.1935
21.07.1937
M. Hodža (PM) (FA to 29.2.1936), K. Krofta (FA from
29.2.1936), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F to 17.3.1936), J. Kalfus (F
from 28.3.1936), J. Krčmář (E to 23.1.1936), E. Franke (PT to
23.1.1936) (E from 23.1.1936), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J), J.V.
Najman (C), R. Bechyně (R), A. Tučný (PT from 23.1.1936), J.
Dostálek (PW), J. Zadina (A), J. Nečas (SA), L. Czech (H), J.
Šrámek (U), F. Spina (W), E. Zajiček (W from 2.7.1936).
17
Hodža III
21.07.1937
22.09.1938
M. Hodža (PM), K. Krofta (FA), Jos. Černý (I), Kalfus (F from
2.10.), E. Franke (E) (F to 2.10.), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J) (H
11.4-10.5), J.V. Najman (C to 4.12.), R. Mlčoch (C from 4.12.), R.
Bechyně (R), A. Tučný (PT), J. Dostálek (PW), J. Zadina (A), J.
Nečas (SA), L. Czech (H to 11.4), F. Ježek (W 19.3.-10.5.) (H
from 10.5), J. Šrámek (U), H. Vavrečka (PR from 16.9. 1938), F.
Spina, (W to 24.3.), E. Zajiček (W to 24.3).
Sources: See Appendix B.
Abbreviations of resorts:
A=
C=
D=
E=
F=
FA =
FT =
H=
I=
J=
M=
PW =
PM =
PR =
PT =
R=
S=
SA =
Su =
U=
W=
Minister of Agriculture
Minister of Industry and Commerce
Minister of National Defense
Minister of Education and Enlightenment
Minister of Finance
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Foreign Trade
Minister of Health
Minister of Interior
Minister of Justice
Minister of the Armed Forces
Minister of Public Works
Prime Minister
Minister of Propaganda
Minister of Post and Telegraph
Minister of Railways
Minister Plenipotentiary of Slovakia
Minister of Social Affairs
Minister of Supply
Minister of Unification of the legislation
Minister without portfolio
Appendix CI
Biographical data on central politicians
Name
Party, profession, positions
Bartošek, Theodor
(1877–1954)
ČS, lawyer; deputy 1918–23. Communist after 1925.
Bechyně, Rudolf
(1881–1948)
ČSD, journalist, editor; deputy to the Reichsrat 1911–18, deputy 1918–
38, minister for 11 years (see appendix B).
Bečko, Ján
(1889–1972)
ČSD, worker; deputy from Slovakia 1920–39.
Bella, Metód Matej
(1869–1947)
SNS, Protestant priest, Doctor of Laws, deputy of the Hungarian
Parliament 1906–10, deputy 1918–19. Official in charge of supply
under Šrobár, signatory of the Martin declaration, župan 1918–28.
Beneš, Edvard
(1884–1948)
ČS (1923–35), sociologist; co-founder of the state, elected deputy
1919–26 and 1929–35, served as minister of foreign affairs 1918–35,
Prime Minister 1921–22, president 1935–38, a leading figure in the
Hrad faction. (See also appendix B).
Beran, Rudolf
(1887–1954)
Agr., chairman 1933–38, party functionary; deputy 1919–39, chairman
of Narodní jednota 1938–39.
Blaho, Pavol
(1867–1927)
Agr., publicist, physician; editor of Hlas (1898–1906) member of the
Hungarian Parliament 1906–1918, chairman of the Slovak National and
Agricultural party 1920–21, deputy 1918–27. Official in charge of
Agriculture under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).
Bobok, Arnold
(1876–1924)
HSĽS, theologian, cannon, deputy 1920–24.
Bouček, Václav
(1869–1940)
Pokrok., ČS, lawyer, deputy 1918–20. One of the foremost activists of
Masaryk's realist party.
Brabec, Jaroslav
(1869–1930)
ČND (formerly Old Czech) lawyer, mayor, Doctor of Laws, member of
Národní výbor, deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–29.
Bradáč, Bohumír
(1881–1935)
Agr., peasant, deputy to the Reichsrat 1911–18, deputy 1918–35,
minister of agriculture 1929–32, of defense 1932–35.
Buday, Jozef
(1877–1939)
HSĽS, Catholic priest, Doctor and professor of church law at Comenius
university 1919–21; deputy 1919–29, senator 1929–39.
Clementis, Vladimír
(Vlado) (1902–52)
KSČ, lawyer, publicist; deputy from Slovakia 1935–38.
Name
Party, profession, positions
Czech, Ludwig
(1870–1942)
DSA, lawyer, chairman 1923–38, deputy 1920–38, minister of social
care 1929–34, minister of public works 1934–35, minister of health
1935–38.
Černý, Jan
(1874–1959)
Bureaucrat, Prime Minister of the caretaker governments 1920–21 and
1926, minister of interior 1920–22, 1926–29, 1932–34, minister of
supply 1926–29, president of Moravia 1928–39.
Černý, Josef
(1885–1971)
REP, Doctor of Laws, lawyer, son-in-law of Švehla, deputy 1918–39,
minister of interior 1934–38.
Čuřík, Antonín
(1884–1953)
ČSL, general secretary of the Christian Workers' Union, deputy 1918–
39. Originally a member of ČSL, he formed his own Christian-social
party, which cooperated with HSĽS in the 1929 election and then with
the Agrarians in 1935.
Dérer, Ivan
(1884–1973)
ČSD, lawyer; deputy 1918–39, minister for more than ten years (see
appendix B). Official in charge of justice under Šrobár.
Domin, Karel
(1882–1953)
NSj., professor of botany and later rector of Charles University; deputy
1935–39.
Drobný, Ján
(1881–1948)
HSĽS, judge, Doctor of Laws, president of Slovakia 1928–31.
Dula, Matúš
(1846–1926)
SNS–ČND, chairman 1914–21, lawyer, bank manager; deputy 1918–
20, senator 1920–25 for the Czechoslovak National Democrats. Among
the men of the Martin declaration.
Dvořáček, Jan
(1887–1956)
ČND, economist, central in the ministry of commerce 1920–22, then
chairman of the economy section in the department of foreign affairs,
director of Živnostenská banka 1926–38, then managing director,
deputy 1925–26, minister of commerce three months in 1925–26.
Dyk, Viktor
(1877–1931)
ČND, renowned poet (very nationally oriented), author, publicist;
deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–31.
Engliš, Karel
(1888–1961)
ČND, professor of national economy and law, deputy 1920–1925,
minister of finance 1920–21, 1925–28, 1929–31.
Fajnor, Vladimír
(1875–1952)
ČND, law professor at Comenius University, minister of unification
1920–21, minister of justice 1938, president of the supreme court 1930–
39. (Brother of Protestant bishop Dušan F.)
Fišer, Bohumil
(1882–??)
Pokrok., gymnasium teacher, owner of publishing house, deputy 1919–
20, secretary of the club of senators of the Czechoslovak National
Socialist Party from 1924.
Franke, Emil
(1880–1939)
ČS, vice chairman 1918–38, deputy 1918–39, minister for almost 12
years (see appendix B).
Name
Party, profession, positions
Fritz, Gejza
(1880–1957)
HSĽS, lawyer, estate owner, deputy 1925–35, senator 1935–39.
Gažík, Marek
(1887–1947)
HSĽS, Doctor of Laws, lawyer; minister of unification of the legislation
1927–29, deputy 1920–35.
Gottwald, Klement
(1896–1953)
KSČ, general secretary from 1929; editor, party functionary in Slovakia
1921–26; deputy 1929–38. (Prime Minister 1946–48, first Communist
president 1948–53).
Grebáč-Orlov, Ignác
(1888–1957)
HSĽS, theologian, writer, editor of Slovák; deputy 1922–35.
Habrman, Gustav
(1864–1932)
ČSD, editor, deputy to the Reichsrat 1907–18, member of Národní
výbor, minister of education 1918–20, minister of social care 1921–25,
deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–32.
Hajn, Antonín
(1868–1949)
ČND, publicist, editor; chairman of the radical progressive party 1897–
1908, and the state right progressive party 1908–12, deputy 1918–35.
Haken, Josef
(1880–1949)
KSČ, chairman 1925–27, co-founder of the party, deputy 1920–29,
senator 1929–36.
Halla, Ján
(1885–1955)
Agr., Doctor of Laws, educated in Prague and Berlin, lawyer, publicist,
employed at the ministry of Slovakia, deputy 1918–20, 1925–29.
Member of the Prúdy circle.
Hampl, Antonín
(1875–1942)
ČSD, chairman 1924–38, worker; deputy 1918–39, minister of public
works 1919–20.
Hanáčík, Vladimír
(1861–1954)
Civil servant at the ministry of finance in Vienna, head of finance in
Bohemia in 1918, minister of finance 1920–21.
Hancko, Anton
(1883–1967)
HSĽS, teacher; deputy 1920–29, senator 1929–39.
Herben, Jan
(1857–1936)
ČND, journalist, writer and publicist; deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–
25. One of Masaryk's strongest supporters.
Hlinka, Andrej
(1864–1938)
HSĽS, chairman (1913–38) and co-founder, Catholic priest; deputy
1918–19, 1920–38.
Hnídek, František
(1876–1932)
REP, Doctor of Law, gymnasium teacher, member of the Bohemian
Diet 1908–18, deputy 1918–32.
Hodža, Milan
(1878–1944)
Agr., vice chairman 1922–38, Ph.D., journalist, editor; member of the
Hungarian Parliament, deputy 1918–38, minister for almost 13 years
(see appendix B), Prime Minister 1935–38, pre-war Hlasist.
Hodáč, František
(1883–1943)
ČND, lawyer, national economist, professor; deputy 1929–35, cofounder of Národní sjednocení 1934.
Name
Party, profession, positions
Horák, František
(1865–1933)
ČSŽ, chairman 1919–30, factory owner, deputy 1920–33.
Houdek, Fedor
(1877–1953)
Agr., businessman, publicist, minister of supply 1919–20, member of
Parliament 1918–20, official in charge of defense under Šrobár
(minister of Slovakia) 1918–19, pre-war Hlasist, member of Detvan,
House-friend of Masaryk (Czech father).
Hrušovský, Igor
(1872–1937)
ČS, bank clerk, bank director, employed at the Ministry of Unification
of the legislation; deputy from Slovakia 1919–36. Hlasist.
Ivanka, Milan
(1876–1950)
ČND, lawyer; member of the Hungarian Parliament 1907–9, deputy
1918–20, 1925–34. Official in charge of Interior under Šrobár (minister
of Slovakia).
Jaša, Václav
(1886–??).
ČSD, teacher, deputy 1920–25 (legionary representative), 1925–39.
Ježek, František
(1890–1969)
ČND–Nsj., vice chairman 1933–38, railway consultant, publicist,
deputy 1925–39, minister of without portfolio, then health 1938.
Juriga, Ferdinand
(Ferdiš)
(1878–1950)
HSĽS, theologian; member of the Hungarian Parliament 1906–18,
deputy 1918–29. Excluded 1929, ran for office on his own ballot under
the name Juriga's Slovak peoples party, but failed.
Kállay, Jozef
(1881–1939)
Member of Agr., chairman of the Slovak branch 1937–38, but always
served as "non-political administrator". (Protestant) lawyer, Doctor of
Laws, studied in Cluj and Budapest; župan in Liptovsky Sv. Mikuláš
1918–20, head of administration in the Ministry of Slovakia 1920–22,
Minister with full powers in Slovakia 1922–27, then public notary in
Bratislava, from 1927 director of the regional bank.
Klofáč, Václav Jaroslav
(1868–1942)
ČS, chairman 1918–38, journalist, editor; co-founder of the party in
1897, deputy of the Reichsrat 1901–18, vice chairman of the Národní
výbor 1918, deputy of the Revolutionary Parliament and minister of
defense 1918–20, senator 1920–39.
Kmeťko, Karol
(1875–1948)
HSĽS, Catholic (arch)bishop; co-founder of the party, deputy 1918–23.
Kovalík, Ján
(1861–1950)
HSĽS, teacher, writer; deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–35.
Kramář, Karel
(1860–1937)
ČND, chairman 1918–35, later of Národní sjednocení until his death;
Doctor of Laws, economist, publicist, factory owner; deputy to the
Reichsrat for the Young Czech party 1891–1915, chairman of the
Národní výbor 1918, Prime Minister 1918–19, deputy 1918–37, strong
opponent of the Hrad faction, especially of Edvard Beneš.
Name
Party, profession, positions
Krčmář, Jan
(1877–1950)
Lawyer, professor at Charles university in Prague from 1907, helped
codify citizenship rights under the ministry of justice, councilor for the
ministers of finance and foreign affairs. Minister of education 1926 and
1934–36. No party affiliation.
Krčméry, Karol
(1859–1949)
HSĽS, theologian, linguist, teacher; senator 1925–39.
Krofta, Kamil
(1876–1945)
Ph.D., Professor in history, diplomat 1920–27, next-in-command to
Beneš in the department of foreign affairs 1927–36, Minister of foreign
affairs 1936–38. No party affiliation.
Labaj, Ľudevít
(1886–1951)
HSĽS, Doctor of Laws, lawyer; deputy 1920–35, senator 1935–37,
minister of unification 1929.
Lukáč, Emil Boleslav
(1900–1979)
ČS, Protestant priest, poet, translator; deputy from Slovakia 1936–39.
Líška, Ján
(1895–1959)
ČSŽ, general secretary of the commercial and industrial chamber,
deputy from Slovakia 1929–39.
Macháček, Pavol
(1887–1969)
HSĽS, Catholic priest, writer, editor of Slovák; deputy 1920–31, then
left the party (One of Juriga's companions).
Malík, Rudolf
(1875–??)
Agr., peasant, deputy 1918–29.
Malypetr, Jan
(1873–1947)
Agr., farmer; deputy 1918–39, minister of interior 1922–25, Prime
Minister 1932–35.
Markovič, Ivan
(1888–1944)
ČSD, lawyer, publicist; secretary of the Czechoslovak National Council
in Paris 1918, deputy 1919–25 and 1929–39, minister of defense 1920,
minister of unification of the legislation 1922–25. Died in the
concentration camp Buchenwald.
Masaryk, Tomáš
Garrigue (1850–1937)
Pokrok., Ph.D., University professor, Member of the Realist faction of
the Young Czech party, deputy to the Reichsrat 1891–3, 1907–14, the
latter period for the Czech Progressive party. Founder of Czechoslovak
republic, president 1918–35.
Matoušek, Josef
(1876–1945)
ČND, lawyer; deputy 1919–35, senator 1935–39, minister of industry
and commerce 1929–34.
Mederly, Karol
(1887–1949)
HSĽS, bureaucrat, attorney; deputy 1929–35, senator 1935–39.
Medvecký, Ľudevít
(1878–1954)
Agr., lawyer, Doctor of Laws, landowner, deputy 1918–25. Hlasist.
Official in charge of Finance under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).
Name
Party, profession, positions
Medvecký, Karol Anton
(1875–1937)
SNS, Catholic Priest, Secretary of the Slovak National Council,
signatory of the Martin declaration of Oct. 30th, 1918, official in charge
of the Catholic church under Šrobár 1918–20, deputy 1918–20.
Meissner, Alfréd
(1871–1950)
ČSD, lawyer, Doctor of Laws; deputy 1918–39, minister for five and a
half years (see appendix B), among the authors of the Constitution of
1920.
Mičura, Martin
(1883–1946)
ČSL, lawyer, president of the supreme court in Bratislava 1931–39;
minister of Slovakia 1920–22, deputy 1925–39.
Milota, Albert
(1877–1940)
ČS, Doctor of Laws, professor in law, later dean of the Comenius
University, senator 1929–39. Czech representing Slovakia.
Mlčoch, Rudolf
(1880–1948)
ČSŽ, publicist; deputy 1918–39, minister of public works 1925–26, of
railways 1929–32, of commerce 1937–38.
Mojto, František
(1885–1971)
HSĽS, teacher; deputy 1929–35.
Myslivec, Václav
(1875–1934)
ČSL, editor, cofounder of the Christian Social Party 1894, member of
the Reichsrat 1908–11, deputy 1919–29.
Najman, Josef Václav
(1882–1937)
ČSŽ, chairman 1930–37, editor; deputy 1920–37.
Nečas, Jaromír
(1888–1945)
ČSD, bureaucrat (e.g. at the presidential office 1920–24); deputy 1924–
39, minister of social care 1935–38.
Němec, Antonín
(1858–1926)
ČSD, chairman to 1924, editor; member of the Reichsrat 1907–18, vice
chairman of Národní výbor 1918, deputy 1918–25.
Onderčo, Štefan
(1884–1937)
HSĽS, theologian; deputy 1920–37.
Országh, Jozef
(1883–1949)
Agr., lawyer, župan 1919–28, vice president of Slovakia (krajina)
1928–31, president of Slovakia 1931–38.
Ostrý, František
(1878–??)
ČSŽ, editor, secretary, deputy 1935–39.
Osuský, Štefan
(1889–1973)
Diplomat, political writer, emigrated to the US in 1905, sent by the
Slovak League to work with Masaryk, Beneš and Štefánik in the exile
movement during the war, ambassador thereafter.
Patejdl, Josef
(1878–1940)
ČS, lawyer; deputy 1921–39.
Polívka, Vladimír
(1893–1938)
ČS, publicist, teacher, deputy 1929–38. Milan R. Štefánik's brother-inlaw. Czech by origin, but represented Slovakia.
Name
Party, profession, positions
Polyák, Štefan
(1882–1946)
HSĽS, estate owner; deputy 1925–35, senator 1935–39
Prokeš, Jan
(1873–1935)
ČSD, editor, mayor in Ostrava, Moravia; member of the Reichsrat
1907–1918, deputy 1918–35.
Rašín, Alois
(1867–1923)
ČND, lawyer, economist; leading member of the progressive
movement, deputy of the Reichsrat (Young Czechs) 1911–18, sentenced to death 1916, member of Národní výbor 1918, one of the "men of
Oct. 28th" – formulated the law founding the Czechoslovak republic.
Deputy 1918–23, minister of finance 1918–19 and 1922–23.
Assassinated 5.1.1923, died 18.2.1923.
Ravasz, Viktor
(1887–1957)
HSĽS, lawyer; deputy 1925–35, senator 1935–39
Rázus, Martin
(1888–1937)
SNS, chairman 1929–37, poet, writer, Protestant priest; deputy 1929–
37.
Richter, Ferdinand
(1885–??)
ČS, juridical advisor, deputy 1929–39.
Sidor, Karol
(1901–53)
HSĽS, journalist, editor-in-chief of Slovák 1930–39; deputy 1935–39.
Sivák, Jozef
(1886–1959)
HSĽS, editor of Slovák, writer, teacher; deputy 1919–20 and 1925–39.
Sladký, Václav
(1879–1940)
ČS, gymnasium teacher, deputy 1918–35, senator 1935–39.
Slavíček, Jan
(1875–1959)
ČS, shoemaker, secretary of trade union, member of the Reichsrat from
1911, deputy 1918–35, and 1935–39, the latter period for ČSŽ.
Slávik, Juraj
(1890–1969)
Agr., lawyer; deputy 1918–20, 1929–35, minister of agriculture 1926,
of interior 1929–32, župan 1922–28 in Orava and Košice, diplomat
from 1936.
Sokol, Martin
(1901–57)
HSĽS, lawyer; general secretary 1927–38, deputy 1935–39.
Sonntág, Kuneš
(1878–1931)
Agr., publicist, vice chairman 1922–31, deputy to the Moravian diet
1913–18, deputy 1918–22, minister of finance 1919–20, of supply
1920, of industry and commerce 1920.
Soukup, František
(1871–1940)
ČSD, lawyer, editor; deputy to the Reichsrat 1907–18, secretary of
Národní výbor in 1918, one of the "men of Oct. 28th", deputy 1918–20,
senator 1920–39, minister of justice 1918–19.
Name
Party, profession, positions
Spina, Franz
(1868–1938)
BL, professor of language and literature at the German university of
Prague, deputy 1920–38, minister of public works 1926–29, minister of
health 1929–35, minister without portfolio 1935–38.
Srba, Antonín
(1879–1943).
ČSD, journalist, civil servant, deputy 1918–39, minister of post and
telegraph and minister of supply 1921–22, minister of public works
1922–25.
Srdínko, Otakar
(1875–1930)
Agr., physician, professor at Charles University; deputy 1918–30,
minister of education 1925–26, of agriculture 1926–29.
Staněk, František
(1867–1936)
REP,. farmer; member of the Reichsrat 1901–18, chairman of Český
svaz 1916–18, deputy 1918–36, minister of public works 1918–19, post
and telegraph 1919–20, and agriculture 1921–22.
Stašek, Bohumil
(1886–1948)
ČSL, Catholic priest, editor; deputy 1925–39.
Stivín, Josef
(1879–1941)
ČSD, publicist, poet and translator; deputy 1918–39.
Stodola, Emil
(1862–1945)
SNS, Doctor of Laws, chairman 1921–22. Brother of Kornel.
Stodola, Kornel
(1866–1946)
REP,. entrepreneur, national economist; deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–
39. Brother of Emil. Official in charge of railways and post under
Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).
Stojan, Antonín Cyril
(1851–1923)
Doctor of theology, Catholic Priest, Moravian metropolitan, arch
bishop of Olomouc from 1921, deputy to the Reichsrat 1897–1918 and
to the Moravian Diet 1900–18, deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–23.
Stránský, Jaroslav
(1884–1973)
ČND 1920–25, ČS from 1930, lawyer, publicist, professor at the
Masaryk university; chairman of the National Party of Labor (Národní
strana práce) 1925–30, deputy 1918–21 and 1929–38.
Stříbrný, Jiří
(1880–1955)
ČS, (until 1926), vice chairman 1920–26, publicist; deputy of the
Reichsrat 1911–18, member of Národní výbor 1918, minister for a total
of 4 years and three months (see appendix B), deputy 1918–28 and
1929–35, the last period elected on the ballot of League against
obligatory candidate lists, a strong opponent of the Hrad faction,
especially Edvard Beneš.
Surovjak, Štefan
(1892–1950)
HSĽS, bureaucrat; deputy 1925–39.
Světlík, František
(1875–1949)
ČSL, theologian, editor, deputy 1920–39.
Šalát, Anton
(1892–1944)
HSĽS, editor, Catholic priest; deputy 1929–39.
Name
Party, profession, positions
Široký, Viliam
(1902–71)
KSČ, party functionary from 1925, deputy from Slovakia 1935–38.
Šmeral, Bohumír
(1880–1941)
ČSD/KSČ, lawyer, editor; deputy to the Reichsrat 1911–18, co-founder
of the Communist party in 1921, deputy 1920–29, senator 1935–38.
Špaček, Jaromír
(1879–??)
ČND, Nsj, lawyer, civil servant, deputy 1919–39, Civil servant.
Špatný, Emil
(1883–1937)
ČS, editor, deputy 1918–35, senator 1935–37.
Šrámek, Jan
(1870–1956)
ČSL, chairman 1919–38, Catholic priest, professor; deputy of the
Reichsrat 1907–18, elected deputy 1918–39, minister for more than 16
years (see appendix B), functioned as Prime Minister during Švehla's
illness
Šrobár, Vavro
(1867–1950)
Agr., Doctor of Medicine, professor at the Comenius university; cofounder of Hlas, member of Národní výbor from Oct. 28th, 1918,
deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–35, minister of health and Slovakia
1918–20, unification 1920, education 1921–22.
Štefánek, Anton
(1877–1964)
Agr., sociologist, publicist, Ph.D., professor at Comenius university;
deputy 1918–20 and 1925–35, minister of education 1929, supporter of
the Hrad faction, pre–war Hlasist, member of Tatran, the Slovak
student fraternity in Vienna. Official in charge of Education under
Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).
Štefánik, Milan Rastislav Astronomer, diplomat, brigadier general in the French army 1918, co(1880–1919)
founder of the Czechoslovak republic, minister of the armed forces
1918–19 (on paper), member of Detvan, Hlasist.
Šusta, Josef
(1874–1945)
Ph.D. Professor of general history at the Charles University from 1905,
member of the Goll school, co-author of several textbooks in history,
minister of education 1920–21, President of the Czech academy of
sciences from 1939.
Švehla, Antonín
(1873–1933)
Agr., chairman 1909–33, farmer; vice chairman of Národní výbor 1918,
deputy 1918–33, minister of interior 1918–20, Prime Minister 1922–29
(apart from a short interlude in 1926. Šrámek covered for him during
his illness in 1928–29).
Tausik, Heřman
(1878–1961)
ČSD/K, publicist, deputy 1920–25. Czech representing Slovakia.
Teplanský, Pavol
(1886–1969)
Agr., peasant, wine maker, deputy from Slovakia 1929–39
Name
Party, profession, positions
Tiso, Jozef
(1887–1947)
HSĽS, chairman from 1938; Catholic priest, teacher, headmaster of a
teacher seminary; deputy 1925–39, minister of public health and
physical education 1927–29. (Prime Minister of the autonomous
government 1938–9, president of the Slovak war time republic,
executed for his war crimes).
Tománek, Florián
(1879–1948)
HSĽS (excluded 1929) editor, theologian; deputy 1919–29. Belonged to
the anti-Tuka wing.
Tomášek, František
(1871–1938)
ČSD, editor; member of the Reichsrat 1907–18, deputy 1918–35,
senator 1935–38, chairman of the Chamber of deputies 1920–25.
Trapl, Karel
(1881–1940)
Doctor of Laws, director of the Post bank, national economy publicist,
minister of finance 1931–36.
Tučný, Alois
(1881–1940)
ČS, secretary of the Czechoslovak labor union, deputy 1918–39,
minister of public works 1921–22, post and telegraph 1922–24 and
1936–38, minister of health 1925–26 (3 months)
Tuka, Vojtech (Béla)
(1880–1946)
HSĽS, lawyer; deputy 1925–29, convicted of espionage and treason
1929, sentenced to 15 years in prison. Released on presidential amnesty
on June 3rd 1937.
Tusar, Vlastimil
(1880–1924)
ČSD, editor, member of Reichsrat 1911–18, Prime Minister 1919–20,
deputy 1918–21, ambassador in Germany from 1921.
Udržal, František
(1866–1938)
Agr., farmer; deputy of the Reichsrat 1897–1918, Young Czech party
and (from 1906) the Agrarian party, member of the Národní výbor
1918, deputy 1918–35, senator 1935–37, minister of defense 1921–25,
1926–29, Prime Minister 1929–32.
Ursíny, Ján
(1896–1972)
Agr., farmer, deputy from Slovakia 1935–39.
Vahala, Antonín
Agr., deputy 1920–25.
Vančo, Ján S.
(1890–1975)
Agr., peasant, deputy from Slovakia 1929–39.
Vaněk, Ludvík
(1860–1926)
ČND, Doctor of Laws, civil servant, deputy 1918–20.
Viškovský, Karel
(1868–1932)
REP, lawyer; deputy of the Reichsrat 1911–18, deputy 1918–19 and
1925–32, minister of justice 1925–26, of defense 1929–32.
Vrbenský, Bohuslav
(1882–1944)
ČS, dentist; deputy 1919–1923, Minister of supply 1918–19, Minister
of public works 1920, Minister of health 1921–22. Excluded from the
National Socialist Party for voting against the law of protection of the
republic. Chairman of the independent socialist workers' party 1924–25.
Name
Party, profession, positions
Weyr, František
(1879–1951)
ČND, Doctor of Laws, professor of Constitutional law at the Masaryk
university in Brno, president of the statistical bureau, deputy 1918–20,
one of the authors of the Constitution.
Zahradník, Isidor
(Bohdan) (1864–1926)
REP, originally a Catholic priest, after 1918 he converted to the
Czechoslovak church, member of the Reichsrat 1907–18, member of
Národní Výbor, deputy 1918–20, Minister of Railways 1918–19, Bank
director from 1924.
Zápotocký, Antonín
(1884–1957)
KSČ, general secretary 1922–25, party functionary of the social
democratic party 1907–14, editor; deputy 1925–38. (During
Communism: Prime Minister 1948–53, president 1953–57).
Zeminová, Františka
(Fraňa) (1882–1962)
ČS, chairman of the women's organization of the party, deputy 1918–
39, a strong admirer of Masaryk.
Zoch, Samuel
(1882 – 1928)
Agr., Doctor of Theology, Protestant priest from 1907, bishop from
1919, author of the Martin declaration, župan in Bratislava from 1918,
Deputy 1918–19, and 1925–28.
Sources:
Album representantů všech oborů veřejného života Československého, (1927).
Československý biografický slovník, (1992).
Encyklopédia Slovenska (1982).
Kdo byl kdo v našich dějinách ve 20. století, (1994).
Kdy zemřeli...? Sv. 1–3 (1962, 1966, 1970).
D. Kováč a kolektív: Muži deklarácie (1991).
Kto bol kto za I. ČSR, (1993).
Ľ. Lipták (ed.): Politické strany na Slovensku 1860–1989 (1992).
Národní shromáždění republiky československé v prvém desítiletí (1928).
Národní shromáždění republiky československé v druhém desítiletí (1938).
F. Peroutka: Budování státu, sv. IV (1991).
Politická elita meziválečného Československa 1918–1938. Kdo byl kdo (1998).
Slovakia and the Slovaks. A concise encyclopedia (1994).
Slovenský biografický slovník (1986).
J. Tomeš: Slovník k politickým dějinám Československa 1918–1992 (1994).
Appendix CII
Biographical data on scholars and textbook authors
Name
Title, profession, position
Baxa, Bohumíl
(1874-1942)
Professor of Czech history of law at the Masaryk university of Brno
from 1919.
Bídlo, Jaroslav
(1868-1937)
Ph.D. Historian, belonging to the Goll school, professor at Charles
University of Prague from 1905. Co-author of several school textbooks
in history.
Chaloupecký, Václav
(1882-1951)
Ph.D. Professor of Czechoslovak history at Comenius University of
Bratislava from 1922, at Charles University of Prague from 1939.
Belonged to the same school as Pekař, thematically as well as
theoretically. Strongly Czechoslovakist.
Dejmek, Petr
(1870-1945)
Teacher, rector in Prague, the author of a school textbook in history.
Hlavinka, Karel
(1879-1950)
Gymnasium teacher in Hodonín, then rector in Košice and Prague,
author of a school textbook in history.
Ježo, Martin (s)
(1880-1946)
Teacher from Trenčín, Slovakized a school textbook.
Koreň, Jozef (s)
(1887-1969)
Philosopher by education, middle school teacher in Slovakia, the author
of a school textbook in history.
Lameš, Jaroslav
(1884-1960)
Ph.D. Historian, gymnasium teacher, the co-author of a school
textbook.
Merhout, Cyril
(1881-1955)
Literature historian, teacher in Prague, the author of a school textbook.
Nikolau, Stanislav
(1878-1950)
Ph.D., middle school teacher, the co-editor of a textbook.
Ondruš, Michal (s)
(1889-1948)
Pedagogue, employed at the Ministry of education 1920-27, rector at a
gymnasium in Slovakia 1927-38, active in the Union of Slovak
gymnasium teachers (nationally Slovak oriented rather than
Czechoslovakist). Slovakized a school textbook.
Pekař, Josef
(1870-1937)
Ph.D. Historian of the Goll school, one of the most renown in the interwar period. Professor at Charles University of Prague from 1905, rector
1931-32.
Pešek, Josef
(1878-1958)
Ph.D. Historian, teacher at the academic gymnasium in Prague, the
author of several school textbooks.
Name
Title, profession, position
Pražák, Albert
(1880-1956)
Ph.D. Professor of Czech and Slovak literature history at Comenius
University of Bratislava 1921-1933, afterwards at Charles University of
Prague. Before that he also worked as a high school teacher 1906-14
and served as a literary critic. In charge of textbooks in the Slovak
section of the Ministry of education from 1918. Strongly
Czechoslovakist in orientation.
Rapant, Daniel
(1897-1988)
Ph.D. Education from Charles University of Prague and Sorbonne in
Paris. The most important Slovak historian of recent times. Professor in
history from 1933. Slovak oriented, polemized against Chaloupecký
and Pražák.
Stocký, Jan
(1879-1959)
Ing. Economist, teaching at the technical school in Prague, co-author of
textbook.
Svacina, Bohumíl
(1886-1964)
Rector at an elementary school in Holešov, the author of a school
textbook in history.
Škultéty, Jozef
(1853-1948)
Professor of Slovak literature at Comenius University of Bratislava
from 1919, linguist and literature historian, editor of Slovenský pohľad
1881-1919, central in the national movement (the Martin circle) and in
Matica Slovenská.
Šusta, Josef
(1874-1945)
Ph.D. Professor of general history at Charles University from 1905,
member of the Goll school, co-author of several textbooks in history,
minister of education 1920-21, President of the Czech academy of
sciences from 1939.
Traub, Hugo
(1879-1942)
Historian, gymnasium teacher in Brno from 1903, docent at the
technical school from 1930, author of a school textbook.
Vážný, Václav
(1892-1966)
Czech linguist who taught at Comenius University in Bratislava from
1927 to 1939. Under his leadership, the first Pravidla slovenského
pravopisu (rules of Slovak orthography) were created in 1931, which
lead to strong reactions because of the Czech influence.
Vlček, Jaroslav
(1860-1930) (s)
Ph.D. Slovak born (Banská Bystrica), studied philosophy at Charles
University of Prague, professor of Czech literary history (including
Slovak), administrative head of the Slovak department in the Ministry
of education from 1919. Deputy 1918-20.
Žibrita, Ludovít (s)
(1897-1981)
Ph.D. and Doctor of law. Education from Bratislava, secondary school
teacher in Zvolen, then employed at the ministry of education.
Slovakized a school textbook.
Zpěvák, František
(1884-1952)
Geographer, gymnasium teacher in Prague, the author of a school
textbook.
Sources: Album representantů všech oborů veřejného života Československého (1927), Československý biografický slovník (1992), Kdy zemřeli...? Sv. 1-3 (1962, 1966, 1970), Slovenský biografický slovník (1986).
Appendix D
Basic economic data
1. Unemployment by region 1925–1936 (percentages)
Bohemia
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Moravia
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Slovakia
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
1.6
3.1
1.9
1.2
1.3
3.1
9.2
16.7
21.9
15.0
14.6
12.8
1.7
3.2
1.7
1.3
1.2
3.3
8.8
16.3
17.6
15.0
13.9
11.9
1.8
3.6
1.8
1.5
1.4
3.8
8.9
16.4
16.9
15.0
13.8
11.2
1.7
3.2
1.6
1.3
1.4
4.5
9.4
17.1
16.5
15.2
14.4
11.1
1.6
2.9
1.5
1.2
0.7
5.3
10.4
18.5
16.7
15.5
15.1
9.8
1.5
2.6
1.5
1.1
1.5
6.6
13.8
20.9
18.2
18.0
16.8
11.1
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.4
2.1
10.4
19.0
25.3
20.8
20.1
19.2
12.4
1.7
2.9
2.2
1.5
1.5
4.5
12.2
19.9
22.3
17.7
16.7
13.7
2.4
3.3
2.2
2.0
3.1
13.5
22.4
29.5
22.3
19.7
18.5
2.4
3.3
2.1
2.2
3.6
15.0
23.8
31.0
22.3
19.9
18.5
2.6
3.0
1.8
1.8
3.8
14.7
23.7
29.2
20.5
19.1
17.2
2.8
2.5
1.5
1.6
3.4
12.6
20.5
26.0
18.0
17.4
15.8
1.8
3.0
2.2
1.4
1.3
3.3
10.5
17.5
23.7
16.0
15.8
14.2
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
0.9
1.4
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.8
6.0
15.9
26.2
22.4
19.5
16.5
0.9
1.3
0.8
0.7
1.1
2.0
6.0
15.4
22.4
20.9
18.4
14.6
0.9
1.3
0.8
0.7
1.0
2.3
6.1
15.7
22.5
20.9
17.8
13.9
1.0
1.3
0.8
0.8
1.0
2.7
6.2
17.2
22.6
20.8
18.0
13.5
1.0
1.4
0.8
0.7
1.0
3.0
6.7
19.0
22.6
21.8
18.7
12.7
1.0
1.4
1.0
0.9
1.2
3.8
8.7
21.7
24.3
22.9
20.6
13.7
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.7
5.9
12.9
27.1
26.4
25.1
23.6
17.5
1.0
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.3
2.7
7.7
18.3
26.9
23.7
21.1
17.4
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.7
2.0
7.9
16.4
31.6
28.0
24.5
23.1
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.7
2.3
8.6
18.3
33.3
28.4
24.9
23.2
1.8
1.8
1.3
1.7
2.2
8.7
19.1
32.6
27.3
24.2
21.7
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.4
2.1
8.0
17.7
30.3
25.2
22.3
20.0
1.0
1.6
1.2
0.9
1.2
1.9
6.5
16.4
27.7
21.2
20.9
18.2
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
2.6
11.0
18.9
17.2
18.9
16.6
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
2.8
9.8
17.3
15.1
15.9
13.1
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.7
2.0
9.4
15.8
13.1
12.6
9.9
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.7
1.9
8.8
12.2
11.2
10.1
7.4
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.8
2.0
9.4
12.1
11.7
10.1
7.5
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.8
2.8
10.0
12.7
11.8
10.4
8.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.4
1.2
3.7
11.3
13.4
11.8
11.3
9.0
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.4
1.6
5.3
13.5
15.8
14.7
14.4
12.9
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.6
1.9
9.6
16.9
18.4
18.2
19.6
18.1
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
3.4
11.5
16.6
15.5
15.5
13.9
0.9
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.8
2.7
11.7
20.2
20.1
20.3
21.1
1.0
1.1
0.9
0.6
0.9
2.7
13.6
21.7
21.0
21.6
22.6
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.9
2.8
13.1
20.7
19.8
20.9
20.3
Source: Zprávy státního úřadu statistického republiky československé, r. 1925-1935; Statistická ročenka republiky
československé (1938:216). The percentages for 1935 and 1936 are my compilations.
3. Average unemployment 1921–1938
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
4. Average daily wages 1921–1936 (Kč)
Bohemia
Moravia
Slovakia
Total
59,594
141,531
195,284
80,451
35,285
50,136
37,392
26,036
27,660
78,006
210,625
345,563
416,236
366,613
378,500
342,700
214,975
138,600
15,453
44,896
58,469
22,691
10,673
12,370
10,339
8,318
10,495
21,387
61,695
146,937
228,704
217,133
207,600
183,700
107,733
60,600
2,487
7,348
13,454
8,039
4,949
4,026
3,778
3,013
2,456
4,916
17,254
58,634
88,006
87,017
92,300
87,700
78,217
52,300
77,534
193,775
267,207
111,181
50,907
66,532
51,509
37,367
40,611
104,309
289,574
551,133
732,946
670,763
678,400
614,100
400,925
251,500
Bohemia
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
31.97
32.24
27.7
26.99
27.57
27.83
28.1
28.9
29.45
29.57
29.05
28.53
27.85
27.17
26.92
26.88
Moravia Slovakia
31.45
30.59
26.67
26.01
25.8
26.1
26.57
27.77
27.69
27.87
27.68
26.61
26.49
26.3
26.38
25.43
28.82
28.4
25.62
23.32
24.15
24.06
24.37
24.6
25.07
25.39
25.14
24.83
22.89
22.47
21.98
22.15
Total
31.55
31.41
27.23
26.42
26.74
26.98
27.34
28.04
28.03
28.67
28.28
27.64
26.98
26.46
26.23
25.94
Industrial workers. Source: Historická statistická
ročenka ČSSR (1985:834).
Sources: See Appendix D2.
5: Price index 1919–1938 (1914=100)
1800
1600
total
industrial goods
food, foodstuffs, fodder
1400
1200
1000
800
19
19
19
20
19
21
19
22
19
23
19
24
19
25
19
26
19
27
19
28
19
29
19
30
19
31
19
32
19
33
19
34
19
35
19
36
19
37
19
38
600
Sources: V. Lacina: Formování československé ekonomiky 1918-1923 (1990:181); Historická statistická ročenka ČSSR
(1985:836); Statistická ročenka Protektorátu Čechy a Morava (1941:212). The figures for 1919 to 1921 (taken from Lacina)
may not be entirely comparable with the figures for 1922 to 1938, which are the figures of the Bureau of Statistics. Only the
nine first months of 1938 are included. See also Appendix E.
6: Agricultural holdings according to size, 1921 and 1930
Holdings in hectares
Below 2
2 – 10
10 – 20
20 – 50
50 – 100
100 – 500
Total 9
Czechoslovakia 1921
– in percent
780,055
48.3
627,993
38.9
135,939
8.4
55,918
3.5
5967
0.4
6996
0.4
1,613,488
99.9
Czechoslovakia 1930
– in percent
688,391
42.8
696,424
43.3
147,317
9.2
58,871
3.7
7302
0.5
7065
0.4
1,607,138
99.9
Source: Přehled hospodářského vývoje Československa v letech 1918-1945 (1961:687).
7: Foreign trade 1924–1929
Value in million Czechoslovak crowns (Kč)
Live animals
1924
Kč
1925
%
Kč
1926
%
Kč
1927
%
Kč
1928
%
Kč
1929 10
%
Kč
%
import
830
5.2
771
4.4
606
4.0
725
4.0
719
3.8
951
e.port
58
0.3
96
0.5
55
0.3
48
0.2
62
0.3
35
0.2
import
3972
25.1
4069
23.1
3420
22.4
3751
20.9
3494
18.2
2919
14.6
e.port
3179
18.7
3441
18.3
3340
18.7
2870
14.3
2901
13.6
2341
11.4
import
7626
48.1
8711
49.4
7204
47.1
8540
47.5
9151
47.6
9778
48.9
e.port
3692
21.7
3562
18.9
3471
19.4
3954
19.6
3668
17.3
3433
16.7
Manufactured
goods
import
3423
21.6
4051
23.0
4043
26.5
4932
27.5
5808
30.2
6234
31.2
e.port
10047
59.0
11685
62.1
10884
61.0
13251
65.8
14554
68.6
14607
71.3
Precious metal
& mints
import
4
–
16
0.1
4
–
14
0.1
36
0.2
46
0.2
e.port
59
0.3
37
0.2
107
0.6
12
0.1
39
0.2
14
0.1
Czechoslovak
total
import
15855
100
17618
100
15277
100
17962
100
19208
100
19988
98.7
e.port
17035
100
18821
100
17857
100
20135
100
21224
100
20499
99.7
balance
+1180
–
+1203
–
+2580
–
+2173
–
+2016
–
+511
–
Food & drinks
Raw materials
Source: Přehled hospodářského vývoje Československa v letech 1918-1945 (1961:212).
9
10
The total also includes holdings over 500 hectares. 620 such holdings were registered in 1921, and 1768 in 1930. These
figures are not directly comparable, because different methods were used in the collection of data.
Returned goods (which started to be listed separately in 1929) are not included in the total.
4.8