Ups
Engineering Field Notes
Administrative
Professional
Management
Data
Retrieval
Distribution
Development
Ser-vice-U.S.
that
was
is
administrative document
an
publication
of
the
Forest
for
the
of
employees
developed
guidance
and its
Department of Agriculture its contractors
This
The text
Federal and State Government Agencies.
cooperating
of the
opinions
in
the publication represents the personal
respective authors. This information has not been approved for
recom-mended
instruc-tions
or
as
and must not be construed
procedures or mandatory
by Forest Service Manual references.
to the public
distribution
approved policy
except
in-formation
con-venience
The Forest Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture assumes
no responsibility for the interpretation or application of this
by other than its own employees. The use of trade
names and identification of firms or corporations is for the
of the reader such use does not constitute an official
endorsement or approval
by the United States Government of
service
of others that
to the exclusion
may be
any product or
suitable.
This information
unlimited rights
by private
Please
the sole property of the Government with
the usage thereof and cannot be copyrighted
is
in
parties.
direct
any comments
or
recommendations
publication to the following address
FOREST SERVICE-USDA
Engineering
Attn
D.J.
Staff-Washington
M.J. Baggett
P.O.
Editorial
Box 2417-Washington
Telephone
Office
Carroll Editor
Assistant
D.C. 20013
Area Code 703-235-8198
about
this
ENGINEERING
STAFF
STERLING WILCOX
Director
PEG
DANIELS
Secretary
WALTER
FUREN
Deputy Director
FLOYD CURFMAN
Assistant Director
HAROLD STRICKLAND
Assistant Director
Standards and
Evaluations
Technical
and
CHUCK PALETTI
Staff Engineer
Engineering Management
JOHN
HOLT
Assistant Staff
VIVIAN
Engineer
SHREVE
Budget Analyst
Applications
Support
Washington Office Engineering
Update
Staff
follow-ing
recent field requests and because
Office Engineering Staff
Washington
WO-E reorganization we have prepared the
WO-E organizational
directory.
In
response
the ongoing
of
to
communica-tion
hope this directory will help improve
and coordination
between field units
Office.
Washington
We
and the
--Editor
DIRECTORS
OFFICE
Sterling Wilcox
Director
235-8035
Walter
Furen
Deputy Director
235-8098
Daniels
Secretary
Peg
ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT
Chuck Paletti
Staff Engineer
235-8042
John Holt
Assistant
leadership in the formulation adoption
inspection of Engineering standards procedures
Provides
con-trolling
and
for
annual
of
program
Assists
Staff
Engineer
235-8042
planning formulating
executing reporting and evaluating
and practices
Shreve
Budget Analyst
235-8042
Staff
providing leadership
formulation adoption and inspection of
Engineering standards procedures and practices for
in
the
Engineer
in
the
planning formulating controlling executing
the
annual program of
reporting and evaluating
Engineering
Vivian
Engineering
the
work.
work.
Reviews analyzes
and develops
budget data related
of
work
and
to Regional
Appropriations
programs
Subcommittee
questions related to annual budget
for draft
Coordinates requests to Regions
requests.
response
to
congressional
1
inquiries.
STANDARDS
EVALUATIONS
Floyd Curfman
Assistant
Director
235-8087
Carol Funking
Secretary
Bob Hartman
Chief Equipment
Engineer
235-8155
Denise Patterson
Equipment
Management
Assistant
235-8156
Provides
leadership and technical expertise in all
fleet management
to the
field units.
phases
with
other
Coordinates this activity
agencies in the
other
Government
Department of Agriculture
and Bureaus and
Departments
private industry.
of
Works with representatives of the Fiscal and
Administrative
Management
Accounting
Management
and Administrative
Services Staffs in development
of
and
to
the
management
accounting
systems applicable
main-tenance
acquisition operation management
disposal and replacement of equipment.
Plans directs and makes studies to test and
rental
evaluate
a wide variety
of complex
equipment and
for
and
accessories
for use in
systems
equipment
Forest Service programs.
Vacant
Chief Materials
Engineer
235-8030
the
Provides leadership and direction concerning
various
of Engineering
to
application
technology
construction
materials such as soil rock asphalt
and
Administers
concrete metal and wood.
coordinates
and
materials Engineering
geotechnical
studies.
imple-Analysis
tech-Development
Jerry Bowser
Leader Systems
Operation
and
235-1259
Provides leadership in the development
and
management
of Service-wide
Coordinates
Engineering systems.
hardware and software procurement
and
system
mentation.
Searches out and transfers new
nology.
develop-235-3119
speci-fic
Fong Ou
Staff Engineer
and
searches for new technology
to
Develops
improve
Coordinates new systems
systems efficiency.
ment.
Provides technical assistance
to solve
problems.
Pablo Cruz
Staff Engineer
235-1258
Performs system analysis feasibility studies
program development
program testing certification
and
evaluation
of Engineering
systems.
2
imple-Group
Vacant
Leader
Engineering
Computer Systems
Operations
and
Coordinates the operation maintenance
mentation of all Service-wide Engineering computer
systems except Geometronics.
and
Maintenance
235-2621
Bill Brownfield
Civil Engineer
235-2467
Supports
used for
support
problems
and
maintains
national
computer systems
and RIDS.
Provides
training consultations and solutions to
to Regional
users of these systems.
transportation
analysis
Harvey Krantz
Civil Engineer
FCCC
Mack Litten
Civil Engineer
FCCC
323-1720
Maintain and keep operational the computer road
design programs such as the Road Design System
Rapid Survey and Design System
and
the
Road Design System
Interactive
Surfacing Design and Management
System SDMS.
Provide assistance to Regions whenever they have
problems using any of these programs.
Linda
of
for the support and maintenance
Responsible
the Dam Inventory
national data base systems
System the Energy Conservation System and the
Provides
Potable Water System Inventory.
and
solutions to problems encountered
by field
personnel responsible for updating and retrieving
and
Assists in developing
data from these systems.
editing user documentation.
Scheid
Computer
Specialist
235-2622
RDS
IRDS
RSDS
consulta-tions
develop-Dam
Dick
Hathaway
Safety and
Water Resources
Provides
leadership and direction for the
ment operation and management of dams and
transmission facilities.
water
concern-Chief
Engineer
235-8018
Glenn
Bergey
Land
Surveyor
235-3113
Provides leadership and technical direction
ing cadastral land
surveys and other related
activities.
line management
boundary
George Lippert
Chief Facilities
Engineer
235-8020
Provides
direction
Bill Opfer
Provides leadership policy
standards and
uation of environmental health Engineering programs
of the Forest Service.
Coordinates public health
and
control
activities
with other Federal
pollution
concerning
of buildings
management
and related facilities owned or occupied by Forest
Service employees or permittees.
planning
leadership
and
development
and
eval-Environmental
Health Engineer
235-8019
agencies.
3
Chris Schwarzhoff
Chief Construction and
Maintenance
Provides
leadership in construction
transportation
system facilities.
of
Forest
Service
Engineer
235-3121
Ted Zealley
Transportation
Preconstruction
Engi eer
235-8086
Provides technical leadership coordination
and
direction of the location survey and design of
facilities.
transportation
implemen-Transportation
Bill Reed
System Planning
Engineer
235-9845
Clyde Weller
Chief Highway
Structures
Engineer
235-1477
Provides leadership and consultation
in the
tation of transportation
planning direction and
integration with land and resource management
planning.
Provides leadership in the field
the
Forest Service transportation
for ski lift and tram systems.
the
structures for
system and liaison
of
struc-Highway
Mike
Ritter
Structures
Engineer
Forest
Products
Provides leadership in the field of bridges
tural computer applications.
Is writing
Timber
Bridge Design and Construction
Manual. Involved
in timber bridges
transfer.
technology
Laboratory
364-5624
Jerry Knaebel
Chief Road
Operations
Maintenance
Engineer
235-9846
Dave
and
Badger
Transportation
System Maintenance
and
Signing
Engineer
235-3122
Provides
the
leadership and direction concerning
of the Forest development
operation and maintenance
transportation
system.
Principal staff contact for
matters concerning
Forest highways
administrative
appeals and litigation.
Staff assistant to the Chief Road Operation and
Maintenance
Engineer.
Provides leadership
direction and coordination
for transportation
system maintenance
and
signing activities.
4
Deborah
Christensen
Signs and
Posters
Assistant
235-8025
Provides leadership and direction for the small
metal signs and posters program
and provides
technical assistance in other areas of FS signing
including traffic control devices and guide signs
and
road operations and maintenance.
Chuck Dwyer
Chief Aerial
Provides leadership and guidance in the field of
aerial passenger tramways ski lifts and tows.
Tramways
Engineer
Denver
CO
234-3841
5
STANDARDS
EVALUATIONS
SE
FLOYD
CURFMAN
Assistant
Director
CAROL
FUNKING
Secretary
Fleet
Materials
Equipment
Management
BOB
Chief
HARTMAN
JERRY
VACANT
Chief
Equipment
Engineer
Operations
Systems
Analysis
Engineering
Water
Development
Engineer
BOWSER
DICK
Dam
HATHAWAY
Water
Development
DENISE
Resources
PABLO
OU
Staff
Engineer
CRUZ
Chief
Surveys
BERGEY
Land
SCHWARZHOFF
Maintenance
Transportation
Preconstruction
Surveyor
Engineer
Systems
GEORGE
Leader
Engineering
Chief
Computer
Operations
LIPPERT
Facilities
BILL
Engineer
Environmental
BILL
Health
OPFER
Environmental
Engineer
Health
Highway
BROWNFIELD
Civil
Engineer
HARVEY
KRANTZ
Civil
Engineer
MACK
Civil
LITTEN
Engineer
Computer
SCHEID
Specialist
Engineer
System
REED
Planning
Structures
CLYDE
WELLER
Chief
Highway
Structures
MIKE
LINDA
BADGER
Transportation
System Maintenance
Analysis
Engineer
BILL
Aerial
Signing
Engineer
Maintenance
DWYER
Chief
DAVE
Transportation
System
CHUCK
Operations
Maintenance
Design
Engineer
VACANT
KNAEBEL
Road
System
ZEALLEY
Planning
JERRY
Chief
Engineer
Transportation
Preconstruction
Transportation
Maintenance
Operations
and
Engineer
Facilities
Group
System
Construction
TED
GLENN
FONG
CHRIS
Chief
Engineer
PATTERSON
Staff
and
Safety
Cadastral
Equipment
Management
Assistant
Transportation
Construction
Leader
Systems
Operations Analysis
Materials
Resources
RITTER
Structural
Engineer
DEBORAH
CHRISTENSEN
Signs
Posters
Technician
Tramways
Engineer
TECHNICAL
APPLICATIONS
TAS
SUPPORT
HAROLD
STRICKLAND
Assistant
Director
NANCY
RIVES
Secretary
Remote
RAY
Engineering
Technical
Sensing
ALLISON
Forest
AL
Leader
Service
Remote
Support
Sensing
Coordinator
Support
Information
Project
Evaluation
Implementation
COLLEY
DALE
Engineering
and Technical
Civil
NORM
PETERSEN
Chief
Engineer
SEARS
Development
Information
BOB
Equipment
TERRY
SWARTHOUT
Civil
Engineer
Engineer
Chief
GOSSARD
Geometronics
Engineer
I
Publications
DENNIS
CARROLL
Technical
Writer/Editor
Technical
Information
Center
CONNIE
Technical
TIC
Photographic
Laboratory
Training
Staff
Budget
CONNOLLY
BOB
ATCHISON
JACK
ARROWSMITH
Information
Supervisory
Head
Training
Specialist
Staff
Photographer
Coordination
Development
JIMMY
Geometronics
Budget
PETE
STRIBLING
VANWYHE
Geometronics
Engineer
Cartographer
RIDS
VACANT
PAUL
SIMMONS
Geometronics
Geometronics
Interdisciplinary
Engineer
Professional
Atlas
Maps
VACANT
MARY
JANE
Editorial
BAGGETT
Assistant
MARCIA
Library
JOHNSON
Technician
WALTER
STROMAN
TAMMY
Budget
Photographer
RIZEK
WILBERT
Assistant
WATKINS
Geometronics
Cartographer
Interdisciplinary
Professional
CAROLYN
HOLLAND
LEW
Geometronics
Maps
Automated
HENRY
SMITH
Geometronics
SHAFFER
Assistant
Management
Service
Center
PETER
HAGER
Manager
GSC
BOB
SUE
Nationwide
Forestry
Applications
PHIL
Program
WEBER
Manager
NFAP
Cartography
MAHONEY
Geometronics
eneres
Engineer
San
Dimas
Equipment
Development
DICK
Center
SILBERBERGER
Manager
SDEDC
Missoula
Equipment
Development
Center
LEE NORTHCUTT
Manager
MEDC
GLOVER
Atlas
Chief
Cartographer
Systems
TECHNICAL
APPLICATIONS
SUPPORT
Harold Strickland
Assistant
Director
235-8046
Nancy Rives
Secretary
Ray Allison
Remote Sensing
Coordinator
235-8184
Al
Colley
Leader
Engineering
Support and
Technical
Information
Group
235-1425
Provides national leadership in the area of advanced
and specializes
in the
remote sensing techniques
of
remote
to resource
sensing technology
applications
problems.
management
sections
the
following
Publications
Supervises
Information
Technical
Center Photo Lab and
Responsible
Engineering Training and Staff Budget.
for entire range of Engineering management
support
activities
including Service-wide Engineering
activity standards and evaluations strategic
planning National Information Requirements and
cost analysis.
Dennis Carroll
Technical
Writer/Editor
235-8198
Provides leadership in the preparation coordination
of publications
and
periodicals reports
production
brochures visual aids directives and forms.
Mary Jane Baggett
Editorial
Assistant
235-2346
Provides assistance
in the preparation
coordination
and production
of publications
periodicals reports
brochures visual aids directives and forms.
Engineer-Information
Connie Connolly
Technical
Provides publications directives
and technology
transfer support to
field units.
ing Staff and
informational
the
WO
Specialist
235-3111
Marcia
Johnson
Library
Technician
235-1424
Assists
in providing publications directives
and
transfer support
technology
Engineering Staff and field units.
informational
the WO
9
to
Bob Atchison
Supervisory
Photographer
Walter Stroman
Provide Washington
Office-wide
photographic
The Photo Lab will close down by the end of
support.
FY 1986.
Photographer
Henry Smith
Photographer
235-8129
Jack
Arrowsmith
Head
Training
Staff Budget
235-8635
and
Tammy Rizek
Budget Assistant
235-8635
Sue
Shaffer
Management
Assistant
235-8635
Dale Petersen
Project
Evaluation
and
Implementation
Engineer
235-2378
Norm Sears
Equipment
Development
Engineer
235-8114
Lee Northcutt
Manager MEDC
Provides
in the
leadership and coordination
Certification
Construction
Engineering
Program
Engineering A-76 Program Engineering Staff budget
and fiscal operations personnel activities
services activities
awards and administrative
and
Provides Staff
including property
space.
analysis on general projects and programs within
Engineering.
includ-ing
Provides assistance and direction in Engineerings
annual operating budget and related financial
matters.
Oversees
internal procurement
actions.
Provides
administrative
coordination
for the
Construction
Certification
Engineering
Program the
A-76 Program and the tracking of personnel actions
and training.
Provides staff support for technology
transfer
equipment development
program computer systems
TA$S program budget.
and
overall long- and short-term
with
Forest Service goals.
direction in accord
the
ten
Oversee the work of
Project Leaders and two
located
the
Centers to assure the
Staff Engineers
at
of
that
EDT
work supports
Director
Engineering
national and individual program goals that work is
performed for sponsors in an efficient and
sional manner and that sponsors are satisfied with
In addition
the
two
the quality of the work.
for
Center Managers are line officers responsible
Centers.
all activities
their
at
respective
As
a
team establish
profes-585-3910
Dick
Silberberger
SDEDC
793-8000
Manager
Colburn D.
Swarthout
Civil Engineer
235-2376
to evaluate
existing
with the Regions
Participates
discovers
and
transfers
new
Engineering technology
in support of field needs.
or different technology
Coordinates Engineering research needs with Regions
other State and private
Forest Service Research
and
academia.
groups
10
Provides national leadership in Geometronics
for direction and
activities.
Is responsible
coordination
of plans and
standards formulation of
of new or
policies and procedures and investigation
and
for
methods
recording
equipment
improved
handling and displaying resource terrain and
cultural data in support of Forest Service
Terry Gossard
Chief
Geometronics
Engineer
235-8184
activ-ities.
area of Digital Terrain
in the area
technical
development
Modeling
provides
of acquiring
handling and displaying terrain and
data through photogrammetric/computer
geographic
and
Systems Development
techniques.
Projects
Terrain
and
General
Training multiple projects
Manipulation
System GTMS.
Paul Simmons
Geometronics
Project
Engineer
235-8184
in
the
Coordination
Section
Head of Administrative
the
for
formulation
coordinating
responsible
of
implementation direction and evaluation
Geometronics policies programs and objectives.
Project
Mapping and Geodetic Requirements.
Jimmy Stribling
Geometronics
Engineer
235-8184
Wilbert
Leader
Watkins
Provides
Project
Cartographer
235-8184
support
Aerial
Geometronics Engineer.
applications.
photography
to
the
respon-Geometronics
Coordination
Section
Head of Development
of photogrammetric
sible for the coordination
data
cartographic remote sensing automated
to
the
Geometronics
and
contractual
support
ing
process-235-8184
Pete VanWyhe
Cartographer
Development
Vacant
Geometronics Interdisciplinary
Professional
235-8184
Program.
Trainee position
all Geometronics
to provide
areas.
technical
support
for
ana-235-8184
Carolyn Holland
Geometronics
Cartographer
Cartography
Project Leader in the area of Automated
in
technical
development
computerized
provides
methods of acquiring
storing retrieving
lyzing and displaying planimetric and topographic
Archival Map Data Interagency
Projects
map data.
and Training
Data Exchange and Systems Development
multiple projects.
of standards
Project Leader to support development
for remote sensing cartography and automated
as they
graphic processes products and applications
relate to Geographic Information Systems.
carto-terdisciplinary
Vacant
Geometronics
Professional
235-8184
In-
11
Lew
Glover
Maps and Atlas
Chief
235-8071
Gives guidance on geographic
the Geometronics Group.
names
to
Bob Mahoney
Geometronics
Engineer Salt
Lake City UT
588-5668
Project Leader in the area
in development
specializes
Pete Hager
Provides leadership and technical
and production
of the
compilation
Base Series orthophotos
digital
Manager GSC
588-4296
Weber
Manager NFAP
588-4580
mapping
needs
automated
cartography
methods and equipment
to compile maintain reproduce
and store maps and
other spatial data.
Projects
Editing and archival
for Digital Terrain Data and GSC
procedures
of FCCC software to minicomputers and
Unit.
support to Automated
Cartography
of
of
conver-sion
develop-ment
special
Phil
and
mapping
programs.
direction in the
Forest Service
application and
Provides
technical leadership and managerial
oversight to a mission of improving the efficiency
and
cost-effectiveness
of Forest Service operations
of new techniques
through the introduction
and the
improvement of employee skills in the
and remote sensing technical area as
applied to agency responsibilities exemplified by
the implementation and monitoring of Forest Land
Plans.
Management
photo-interpretation
12
Fence Failures at Dog Legs
About
Them
McKenzie
Mechanical
Engineer
Dan
What
To Do
Bret Eisiminger
Technical
Manager
KIWI Pence Systems Inc.
Waynesburg Pennsylvania
W.
San Dimas Equipment
Center
Development
loca-tions
Fence
failures or post pullout at dog legs
having a small change in fence alignment of up
to anyone who
60 degrees are well known
to about
installs or repairs fencing
see figure 1.
Failures at dog legs in standard barbed-wire fencing
are not as critical as failures in high-tensile
smooth-wire fencing which requires proper tension
to be maintained
throughout to be effective.
WHY FENCES FAIL
Fence strainers
also called
for one of three reasons
1
braces generally
fail
AA
Structural
FO
failure.
J
d
Figure
k
y
1.--Fence
5
-
failure at
13
V.1
111.i_rr5
.
dog
leg.
r
2
3
Soil movement
or failure.
mater-ial
Corner
or
end post
pullout.
Structural failure of a fence end strainer usually
results from improper design poorly selected
or overstressed members.
Carefully designing
fence strainers and properly proportioning and sizing
the members should all but eliminate structural
failures of fence strainers.
Soil failures of fence strainers occur when the
soil
is so weak that
it cannot
support the load placed on
the
soil by the fence strainer and the
fence strainer
moves through the soil.
Improvements in the design
of the
fence strainers--such
as using larger or
longer posts or applying plates that have larger
areas to bear against the soil--usually can eliminate
these soil failures.
Corner post pullout of fence strainers occurs when
the
corner post lifts out of the ground.
Longer
fence strainers or cleats placed on the post to
increase the coefficient
of friction between
the
and
the
soil
post
help prevent corner post pullout
failures.
Corner post pullout failure is related to
the coefficient of friction between the fencepost
and
the ground.
Post pullout will not occur when a
corner or end fence strainer is longer than a
The
length which varies in each case.
bears against the ground generating a vertical
force resisting pullout but the resisting force is
limited to a maximum of the horizontal force bearing
against the post by the ground times the coefficient
of friction approximately 0.1
to 0.5 between
the
fence corner post and ground.
the force trying
If
to pull
the post out of the ground is greater than
the generated
resisting force the post will pull
out.
By doubling the length of the
strainer we can
reduce the force pulling the post out of the ground
If
the force pulling the post out of the
by half.
is
less
than the maximum force generated to
ground
resist pullout the strainer will not fail by
pullout.
criti-cal
fence-post
This critical length can vary depending
on the
moisture condition of the soil which affects
the
coefficient
of friction between
the fencepost
and
the
soil.
the
soil
Generally as
moisture
the
coefficient of friction decreases.
When this happens
the decrease in the coefficient
of friction may increase the
critical length of the
in-creases
14
fence strainer beyond the actual
length of the
end
the
corner
or
strainer--and
post pulls out.
Pullout generally is the reason for fence failure at
dog legs.
Dog
legs are small changes in the fence
and
small angle changes are the most
alignment
to
hold
and
are where most pullouts occur.
difficult
leg
there is an equal pull on the corner
each
alignment resulting in a combined
post along
the dog
resultant force bisecting
leg angle that is
forces
much smaller than the two equal
see
The effective
strainer assembly length
figure 2.
also is shorter than either strainer in alignment
If
this effective
strainer assembly
with the fence.
than
the
critical
length the fence
length is less
will fail by pullout.
In
a
dog
dog
leg of 60 degrees the resultant effective
length of the strainer assembly is equal to the
length of the strainers in alignment with the fence
If the
strainers are longer than
see figure 3.
At
the critical length pullout will not occur.
resultant
effective
length of
90-degree corners the
At
a
the strainer assembly is about 50-percent greater
than the strainers in alignment with the fence see
When a fence corner is less than
figure 4.
90 degrees
the
resultant effective
length of the
strainer assembly becomes much greater than the
strainers in alignment with the fence see figure 5.
prevent fence failures at dog legs make the
effective
length of the strainer greater than the
Place a strainer
critical length of the strainer.
in the
bisect of the angle of the dog leg which is
To
PREVENTING
FENCE FAILURE
Force
along
fence
alignment and
strainer
OD
20
length
ýý_
_ _ _
_
ý
Force
alignment and
_ý
resultant
fence
strainer
length
force
Resultant
along
and
effective
strainer
/
effec-the
assembly
length
\
I
Resultant
force
effective
strainer
assembly
a
Figure 3.--At
60-degree change in fence
and
the
resultant force
alignment
tive strainer assembly length
is equal
to the forces and strainers in the
alignment
of the fence.
at a
and resultant force
Figure 2.--Forces
The resultant force and
20-degree dog leg.
resultant strainer assembly length are
much smaller than the forces and strainer
assembly
lengths
in
alignment
with
the
and
length
fence.
15
90
Force
I
along
fence
alignment and
Force
along fence
alignment and strainer
strainer
length
I
length
I
/
/
Resultant
force
resultant
length
of
and
Resultant
effective
/
\
strainer
Figure 4.--At a 90-degree corner
the
resultant force and the resultant effective
length of the strainer is about
50 percent
greater than the strainer assemblies in
alignment with the fence.
resultant
of
force
effective
and
length
strainer
fence corner is less
resultant force and
resultant effective length of the strainer
much greater than the
assembly become
strainers in alignment with the fence.
Figure
than
90
ý.--When
the
degrees
the
i
f.
rl
5
i
tl
Figure 6.--One diagonal strainer used
corner brace in a dog leg.
for
Figure 7.--Horizontal
angle of a dog leg.
a
strainer bisecting
the
longer than the critical length of the strainer see
A horizontal strainer also works
figure 6.
see
but the
figure
diagonal strainer is the easiest
to install and costs less.
7
diagonal strainer is equal in strength and
holding force to a horizontal strainer.
It
is
important to make a strainer as long as possible for
best holding and to avoid blocking
the end of a
diagonal strainer on the ground by a stake or post.
Be sure that
the diagonal end
on the ground is free
to move in the direction the diagonal
is pointing.
The
16
Several other methods have been used to make the
effective
length of the strainer greater than the
critical length at a dog leg
1
2
3
Ending the fence with an end or gate strainer
and starting
in the new direction also with an
end or gate strainer see figure 8.
assem-blies
Installing four- or six-panel strainer
to increase the
effective
length
the critical length see figure 9.
Installing
figure 10.
a
deadman
anchor
tieback
beyond
see
These methods do work but generally are more costly
to install than a single diagonal
strainer.
A
single diagonal strainer is easy to install and
works very well in repairing or correcting an
impending fencepost
pullout problem at a dog leg.
SUMMARY
Fence failures at dog legs are caused when the
resultant effective
strainer length is less than the
critical length usually 6 to 8 feet but sometimes
as long as 10 feet for a 4-foot fence.
Bisecting
the dog leg angle with a diagonal
strainer longer
than the critical length can eliminate pullout
If
the dog leg angle
problems at dog legs.
is
60 degrees or less use a single strainer bisecting
the dog leg angle
see figure 11.
If the
fence
change of direction angle is greater than 60 degrees
use either a single strainer or two strainers.
17
a
d2cGita
Sýaaý_hTSSastýviýakýcýYiPý7ýQ._rýwý
Figure
the
8.--Fence
fence
with
with
an
2ZPýý
failures
end
end
direction
an
diagonal strainer can
holding force.
or
or
be
A
_
be eliminated
legs can
by ending
strainer and starting in the new
Either a horizontal or
strainer.
used for both are equal in strength and
at
dog
gate
gate
effec-tive
Figure
9.--A
six-panel strainer assembly used
length
of a strainer beyond
the
critical
18
to
increase
length at a
the
dog
leg
Ir
6
Figure
tieback
leg
by
10.--Installation
fence
to prevent
fencepost
pullout.
deadman
a
failure at a
of
anchor
dog
1
Figure 11.--Diagonal
strainer used
at
a
dog
leg.
esa
19
Selecting
Methods
Construction Slash Treatment
I
Jack Weissling
Forest Supervisor
San Isabel
Pike
National Forests
INTRODUCTION
Art Marty
Construction Engineer
3 Regional
Office
Region
material that
slash is vegetative
Road construction
such
as logs
does not meet utilization standards
associated
limbs tops brush and grubbed stumps
of a
or reconstruction
with the construction
Standard
The Forest Service publication
of Roads and Bridges
for Construction
Specifications
12
methods
for treating
lists
EM-77 01 OLL 1985
of
one
or a
slash.
The selection
construction
for
an area
combination
of treatment alternatives
project or road is a process that reauires the
The
of a variety of interacting factors.
evaluation
and
their
in evaluating
these factors
difficulty
line
interaction can result in the responsible
based
more
on
personal
selecting alternatives
desires or traditional treatments than on objective
The purpose of this article is to provide
analysis.
a structured
process that will assist and document
slash
and
selection of construction
the evaluation
This
selection
treatment methods.
process normally
would be completed after the environmental and
However if
planning documents have been completed.
is
critical
to
construction
slash disposal
considerations it may be necessary to
during the NEPA process.
complete this evaluation
facil-ity.
offi-cer
environ-mental
CONSTRUCTION
SLASH TREATMENT
METHODS
following is a list of 12 specific methods for
slash.
also
the treatment of construction
Regions
to
provide
may develop Special Project Specifications
optional treatment methods for objectives and design
criteria that are unique to individual roads.
The
1
Construction
Slash.
Unless specified
Windrowing
otherwise in the Special Project Specifications
the contractor shall meet the following
slash
construction
Areas used to windrow
windrow.
the
shall be cleared to accommodate
slash shall be placed outside the
Construction
roadway in neat compacted windrows laid
parallel with and along the toeline of
reauire-ments.
approx-imately
21
embankment
The top of windrows shall
slopes.
not extend above the
All material in
subgrade.
the windrow
shall be matted down with
equipment to form a compact and uniform
Windrows shall have 16-foot minimum
pile.
Windrows
length breaks at least every 200 feet.
shall not be placed against trees.
A pioneer
road may be constructed
to provide
an area for
placing
windrows provided the excavated
is kept
within the clearing limits and does
not adversely affect the road construction.
construc-tion
2
mater-ial
Construction
slash
Windrowing
Large Material.
10 inches
or more in diameter at the
small end
and 6 feet or more in length shall be windrowed
above.
as in
Smaller material shall be
treated by one or more of the other included
methods for slash treatment.
1
3
4
5
6
1
Windrowing
and Covering.
slash
Construction
hall be placed an
in
as
above
compacted
and
shall be covered
with at least 6 inches of
rock and soil to form a smooth and uniform
windrow.
Unless specified otherwise in the
Scattering.
Special Project Specifications
the contractor
shall meet the following
requirements.
slash shall be scattered
outside the
trees.
clearing limits without
All
damaging
logs shall be limbed.
and
shall
be
Logs
stumps
placed away from trees positioned so they will
not
roll and not placed on top of one another.
Other construction
slash shall be limbed and
scattered
to reduce slash concentrations.
Con-struction
Construction
slash shall be buried at
Burying.
the
locations shown on the drawings and
on the ground.
designated
Construction
slash
shall be matted down in layers and covered with
at least 2 feet of rock and
soil.
The final
surface shall be smoothed and sloped to drain.
slash up to at least
Construction
Chipping.
4
inches in diameter and longer than 3 feet
shall be processed through a chipping machine.
Chips shall be deposited on embankment
slopes
or outside the
roadway to a loose depth not
6
inches.
Minor amounts of chips may
exceeding
be permitted within the roadway if they are
thoroughly mixed with soil and do not form a
layer.
22
7
8
9
10
11
12
slash shall
Construction
Burning.
and
shown
the
areas
on
drawings
e
Piles
shall
be
the
on
ground.
designated
damage
constructed
so that burning does not
If
is
trees.
burning
incomplete the
standing
and
burned until
shall
be
slash remaining
piled
in
reduced
to
less
than
3
inches
are
pieces
These pieces
diameter and 3 feet in length.
shall then be scattered.
Piling
and
epositn
Material.
Unmerchantable
Logs not
Decking
subsection
utilization
standards
in
meeting
for
201.03 of Standard Specifications
Bri ges and other
oof
Roads an
Construction
material-that exceeds t e diameter and length
shown in the Special Project Specifications
shown on the drawings.
in areas
shall be decked
Other locations may be approved
by the Engineer.
Material shall be cut into lengths not to
Decks
exceed 32 feet and all limbs removed.
free of brush and soil.
shall be stable and
to
Other material shall be treated according
slash treatment methods shown on the drawings
in the
schedule of items.
and
slash
Construction
Disposal in Cutting Units.
from within cutting units and 200 feet adjacent
Such
shall be disposed of with logging slash.
slash shall be deposited. at least
construction
50 feet inside the
cutting unit boundary in such
inhibit logging the
it will not
a manner that
unit and that it may be treated by the
prescribed
logging slash treatment method.
slash shall be removed
Removal.
Construction
auled to locations shown on the drawings
or
and designated
on the ground.
Construction
slash shall be piled in
Pilin
on
areas shown on the drawings and designated
the ground for later burning or disposal by
Piles shall be placed and constructed
others.
All
so burning will not
damage remaining trees.
Unmer
free
of
dirt.
shall
be
reasonably
stumps
into lengths less
chantable
logs shall be cut
than 20 feet before placement in the pile.
Construc-tion
embank-ment
Slo es.
Placing Slash on Embankment
slash shall be placed on completed
slopes to reduce soil erosion where shown
slash shall be
Construction
on the drawings.
23
placed as flat as practicable on the completed
Slash shall be placed from the toe of
slope.
the
embankment
to
a point
at least 2 feet below
subgrade elevation.
Priority for the use of
available
slash shall be given to through fills
inside of curves and ditch relief outlets.
SIGN CRITERIA
Disposal methods that best meet land management
needs can be selected only by thoroughly considering
for a particular
design criteria established
area or
defined
in
FSH
criteria
as
project.
Design
7709.56
Chapter 4 include requirements such as economics
resource management
road management
objectives
objectives
safety requirements and traffic
The following
is a list of the
nine
design criteria outlined in Chapter 4.
char-acteristics.
1
2
3
4
5
objec-tives
Resource
These
Management
Objectives.
provide information on the type and extent
of activities
the road will serve give a
general idea of location needed identify
project limits related to resources and provide
and
maintenance
operation
objectives.
Environmental
Constraints.
These may define
limits relative to t Fie location and traveled
way identify sensitive soils areas identify
wildlife and fisheries sensitivities indicate
that treatment is needed on exposed surfaces and
roadsides and identify visual quality concerns.
geo-metric
the
selection of
Safety affects
elements and design speed requires the
examination of possible hazards and corrective
actions
needed and identifies the needs for
traffic service and control and maintenance.
activities.
Safety.
Physical Environmental
Factors.
These are
factors
such as topography climate and soils
that affect the road location and normally
affect the alignment gradients sight distance
road template slope selection drainage
and
structure.
pavement
Traffic Requirements.
Volume composition and
distribution are elements of traffic criteria
used in the design of turnouts road widths
surfacing safety features and traffic control.
and
critical vehicles
are design
Design vehicles
criteria selected from the composition of
traffic.
24
6
Traffic
service levels
Traffic
Service Levels.
describe the signs .can traffic characteristics
and operating
conditions for a road.
These
levels are identified as a result of
Objectives
planning activities.
in
for each road and may be expressed
terms of the areas and resources to be served
environmental concerns to be addressed amount
and types of traffic to be expected
life of the
facility and functional classification.
road management
objectives concerning
and maintenance
also should be defined.
These
objectives must then be transformed into
An important element of
design criteria.
this transformation is specifically
defining
characteristics
of the
traffic that will use
the
the facility.
This consists of a description
of the
types and volumes of traffic and a
description of the road elements and the
interaction between them.
transporta-tion
are_estab-lished
Addi-tional
spe-cific
gen-eral
1
FSH 7709.56 Chapter 4.1 Exhibit
contains
of the
four different levels of
descriptions
traffic service for Forest roads.
These traffic
service levels include the traffic
of
that are significant
in the selection
design criteria and describe the operating
for the road.
The levels reflect a
such as speed travel time
number of factors
traffic interruptions freedom to maneuver
safety driver comfort convenience and
in turn affect the
cost.
These factors
character-istics
con-ditions
oper-ating
following
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Number
of
Turnout
lanes.
spacing.
Lane widths.
Type
surface.
driving
of
Sight distances.
Design
speed.
Clearance.
Horizontal
25
and
vertical
alignment.
i
j
Curve
widening.
Turnarounds.
The service levels
functional
classification
and maintenance
levels can be related but are
not totally dependent
on each other and
can have
a wide variety
of combinations.
7 character-isti.cs
Vehicle
Characteristics.
Vehicle
escri e the p ysical characteristics
vehicles
using the road.
a
8
9
of
The vehicle
Design Vehicle.
frequently
using the row that determines the minimum
standard for a particular
design element.
No single vehicle
controls the standards
for all the design elements for a road.
Determine the maximum and minimum standards
from the type and configuration
of the
vehicles
using the road.
Analyze each
design element to determine which vehicle
governs the standard for that element.
Road User.
The selection
of the design
elements
and standards should be based on a road user
design driver who is considered a safe and
This does not imply that all
prudent driver.
drivers are familiar with the type or
setting of the road.
environ-mental
stan-dards.
Economics.
Economics is a basic factor in the
determination
and
selection of alternative
Develop standards from trafficanalysis
data projected
from the date of completion to
the end of the planned use period.
The analysis
discount
rates are established
in FSM
1971.51.
Study criteria for varying use periods normally
ranging from 5 to 25 years with interest based
on current indicators such as the
consumer price
index or projections
from recognized
sources.
Roads to serve the
Design Forest Development
traffic requirements at the lowest
projected
cost for transportation
lowest total for
construction
and user costs
plus maintenance
consistent with environmental protection and
safety considerations.
Design criteria often found in environmental and
that relate to slash disposal are
planning documents
minimal cost visual quality wildlife habitat
26
erosion
stream and lake protection soil protection
fuel
and organic
content nonproductive
land
loading and wood residue utilization fuelwood.
Some criteria may not be in environmental and
planning documents as they apply more to the physical
characteristics
of specific sites.
Examples of
available
disposal
areas
these are ground slope
in
and other activities
tree damage
tree density
limit
disposal options
They may
disposal areas.
only on specific roads or road segments.
slash treatment methods that
The success
of selecting
needs
fit
land
depends in part on how
best
management
has
the
land
design criteria
well
prescribed
manager
alternatives.
the different treatment
for evaluating
of
of
the
must
be
aware
Land managers
importance
criteria
in
the
described
appropriate
design
fully
documents.
Design criteria should be as flexible as
needs to
possible and consistent with management
treatment
of a range of alternative
allow evaluation
methods.
Sources of design criteria frequently are Forest
land and resource management
plans environmental
environmental
statements
and
assessments and
impact
such
documents
as
transportation
plans and
planning
the
research
all
Before
evaluation
project plans.
to
environmental and planning documents pertaining
the project and extract and document the applicable
the document design
Whatever
design criteria.
criteria
and the
source of
record
the
format
cri-teria
for the
If the
criteria.
person responsible
design does this task that individual will
the opportunity to become fully familiar with
issues concerns and opportunities pertaining
to the project.
Figure 1 is an example of a form
The responsible
line
for recording
this criteria.
officer should approve
design criteria used in the
evaluation.
this
road
have
the
EVALUATING SLASH
TREATMENT
ALTERNATIVES
ID
team should evaluate slash
An interdisciplinary
treatment alternatives except in cases where design
criteria clearly make it unnecessary.
eval-uate
alter-natives
methods can be used to
A variety of effective
disposal alternatives using design criteria.
Methods that numerically evaluate and rank
Process and
such as the Tradeoff Evaluation
the
KepnerTregoe Process are popular decisionmaking
tools.
They handle the information systematically
this
Although
and
easily display the evaluation.
and ranking
article presents one method of evaluating
27
ROAD
DESIGN
CRITERIA
ROADS
1.
Source
Cri
2.
Document
teria
Source
Document
Criteria
3.
Source
Document
Criteria
4.
Source
Document
Criteria
5.
Source
Document
Cri to ri a
Documented
Approved
1ne
Figure I.--Road
Design
icer
Criteria formo
28
Date
/
Date
/
treatment methods
the user from using
techniques.
it
is
intended to discourage
more familiar evaluation
not
other
Figure 2 shows a form that can be used in evaluating
The
and ranking slash treatment alternatives.
for
this
form
are instructions
using
following
1
recom-mends
List the
approved
at the
top of the
design
criteria
form.
If
the
ID
the
columns
team
to those
in
design criteria in addition
recorded
from environmental and planning
add
the criteria to the
existing
documents
2
3
4
5
list.
List all viable slash treatment methods
left-hand
column.
in
the
environmental or physical constraints in
specific areas of the project may preclude the
Examples of these
use of some disposal options.
assessment
in
environmental
an
are requirements
material
not
be
that slash
disposed of
may
that construction
feet
of
and
within 100
streams
not
be
operated outside clearing
equipment shall
List
in
limits on slopes
excess of 40 percent.
column
of
in
the
these constraints
right-hand
the
ID
team
in
the
form to assist
selecting
alternatives.
Some
cri-terion.
of each
relative importance
the
scale
a
numerical
assigns
Often
the
criterion
of
most
number
to
highest
Similar numerical weights may be
Display the
assigned to different criteria.
the
Criteria
number
on
Weight
criterion weight
line.
Establish
the
impor-tance.
Rate the slash treatment methods against the
criteria using a numerical rating.
Again use
number
with
the
scale
a numerical
largest
method that best serves the criteria
the
This numerical scale may be the
objectives.
the criteria.
Ignore
same as that used to weigh
the numerical weight
assigned to the criteria
Develop evaluation
during this exercise.
other
information for each
or
supporting
to
determine
the
criterion
rating for each
alternative.
For
treatment
example fuel
based on tons
could
be
rated
on
a
scale
loading
could be based
and
acres
nonproductive
per acre
indi-cating
cri-teria
29
CONSTRUCTION
TREATMENT
SLASH
ALTERNATIVE
ROADS
APPROVED
o7
EVALUATION
v
I7
ioyýýe3
1183
CRITERIA
DESIGN
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL
CRITERION WEIGHT
TING
CONSTRUCTION
SLASH
TREATMENT
METHODS
CRITERIA
WEIGHT
WINýoýt/lNCz
DDowCOVEe
WI
-9
/
0
7Z
ll
PIL/NG-
PLACE
J/
EC4 UAJ
EMB.Z
1ffQý/
ý
41
3
yZ f12-
ez
27
Z
J
J
/8
30
ZS 5/f
9
zq
/0
81to
yZýf
Y/
7
Z
2-
711RA
use
5
ýZýf
Z-
57
sý
cp
ia
/Z
ro
3
b X-7
PPIN
Z
4J5
545
BURY/A/
9
J
ý
5C ATTEZIMCr
CHI
J
v
1
Z0
15
WEIGHTED
9
TEAM
Iý15
/5
/yZ
o
/y7
Co./
4
ýýuPýeýr
-OPS
g
s 7FAM5
l53
zý
Z
ii
1/307
ý-ABt
Af7-Q2A/A77
ECBt
ore
FreELweýo. w/n/nvt/
2.--Example Construction
Treatment
sv
ioo
671P-AM4rj
DATE
uE
DATE
Slash
w
Alternative
Evaluation
form.
/
Z
otio
qo%
01
SIGNATURE
Figure
Ce
/
oN5
00C- ýýýEecýý
ýýNao
3
Na -LA 6/
RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVE
/
VALUE
CONSTRAINTS
FEET 0-
I.D.
NUMERICAL
ý
F
/a
ov
W
/
S5
Table 1 is a rating chart
on acres per mile.
Forest in Region
National
that the Willamette
On
6
uses to evaluate slash disposal methods.
the form the
treatment method numerical rating
6
7
8
for each design criterion
line for each
the diagonal
displayed above
treatment method.
is
Multiply the numerical weight for-each criterion
treatment method
rating of the particular
by the
numerical value of each
to get
the weighted
This numerical value is displayed
alternative.
below the diagonal line for each treatment
method.
alter-native
Obtain
of
all
the total numerical value of each
numerical values
by adding the weighted
for that alternative.
the design criteria
ranking with
Give
the alternatives a relative
the
highest number for the apparent favorable
alternative.
SELECTING SLASH
TREATMENT
ALTERNATIVES
CONCLUSION
The ID team should identify the slash treatment
If the
recommended
alternatives it recommends.
alternative differs from the ranking the team should
is
If
the recommendation
document reasons.
the
team should provide those conditions and
The responsible
line officer
the reasons for them.
is
If
this alternative
then selects an alternative.
the
line
different from the ID teams recommendation
officer should document the reasons for selecting a
different alternative.
condi-tional
article presents one method of numerically
slash disposal
and ranking construction
evaluating
methods for a particular area project or road.
in this
Other methods also can be effective
method is used it should provide
Whatever
and
to evaluating
and sound approach
a logical
ranking the alternatives against given criteria and
this
format for documenting
an understandable
is
and
This article
only a tool
ranking.
that
can assist in the decisionmaking
process--it is
The responsible
line officer
not
the final answer.
the
results of
must make the final decision based on
and good judgment.
this evaluation
This
eval-uation.
eval-uation
31
Table
1.--Rating
Decision
chart
for
evaluating
Criteria
methods.
Project
Rating
General
Scenic
Scenic
Vi sual
Cost
Fire
disposal
slash
Fuel
Land Out
Loading
of
0-4
5-8
9-10
T.S.
B/C
MMBF
B/C
B/C
B/C
7-10
0-4
5-10 3-6
10
ADT
x
$250
Road Cost
5-8
9-10
Ac/Mi 0-3 Years
Ac/Mi 3-6 Years
Ac/Mi 6 Years
18 d.b.h.
18-30 d.b.h.
30
d.b.h.
to
developments
100
PAOT
miles away
9-20 miles away
20 miles away
8
32
1-3
4-7
8-10
Stump Size
Stump Size
Stump Size
Management
Proximity
$5
0-4
0-3
3-6
Stem Size
x
1-2
Ton/Ac
25-45 Ton/Ac
45 Ton/Ac
6
Smoke
I
25
Production
Safety
Forest
II
8-10
7-5
4-0
24
24-40
40
1-4
5-8
9-10
The
First
Forest Service
Nationwide
Remote-Sensing Workshop A
Significant Step Into the Future
Jerry D. Greer
Chairman
Project Leader
Workshop
Nationwide
Forestry Applications Program
7
90 people from across
During the week of April
the Nation assembled
near San Francisco to share
ideas about remote sensing in resource management.
This meeting grew out of-a recognition that
is a critical
transferring remote-sensing technology
The meetings objective was to provide a
issue.
and needs.
forum for sharing ideas knowledge
Attendees
included
representatives
from Ranger
Supervisors Offices Regional Offices
Office.
Two Forest Supervisors
Washington
Districts
and the
Ed Schultz
and
Jim Berlin and the Region 3 Regional
Sotero Muniz attended.
They presented
some challenges to the technical people and provided
a valuable
sense of direction to those of us who are
with implementing new technology.
During
charged
the
explained
session those who made presentations
of remote sensing reported
some of the capabilities
showed how to use
on some ongoing projects and
various remote-sensing products.
Forester
made by the line officers who
Three presentations
attended made this meeting different from other
similar meetings.
Technical
people no longer have
the freedom to pursue just anything of interest now
we must address only the problems of highest
Limited time budgets
priority.
resources and
that
work
to
meet
dictate
we
officially
people
The message from the line officers
stated needs.
the
us to find out
reinforced this and encouraged
real information needs of line officers and to reach
We were
out
and give help where we see the need.
told that we can improve the way we deliver our
products and make remote sensing less mystic and
to managers who are not
familiar
more acceptable
with it.
the
The High Altitude Group hosted and cosponsored
Center at Moffett
meeting at the NASA Ames Research
Field California. Besides providing logistics and
33
a day with presentations
including guided tours to see the
U-2 and the ER-2 aircraft and associated sensor
systems.
They also explained their work in
fire behavior
their GIS system and
their image archival and retrieval method.
meeting
and
..
/
rooms they filled
moni-toring
explanations
Comments received from participants during and
after the meeting were very encouraging.
We
have begun to plan a possible second meeting
to be held in the spring of 1988.
If
the
meeting is approved we will hope for the
of topics and broad representation
that we
had in California.
The papers and talks from the
50 presentations
will be published for
Table 1 lists most of the topics covered.
vari-ety
distribu-tion.
number of groups represented indicates the
interest in this first nationwide meeting.
Table 2 contains the affiliations
of most of
the people who attended.
Such broad
indicates that there is great
interest and support for improved methods in
We
managing Forest and range resources.
are entering a new era in resource
Satellites and the permanently
occupied space station now have a very
real place
in our vocabulary
and
plans.
On the
and
ground computers
many kinds
of sophisticated
remote-sensing devices
aid
to
give daily
managers who must do
more work with fewer people and less
The
repre-sentation
manage-ment.
professional-/
money.
infor-i
Technical
ability and
ism have found a place
in
together
the field and the office.
The
prospects for the future will depend
upon the continued
mixing of
between management
and
mation gatherers.
This meeting
was a significant
step into the
future for a group of people who
work hard to solve increasingly
complex problems.
abil-ities
34
Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
1.--Topics
discussed
at
the
workshop.
State
of the
Art in Remote Sensing
GSC Autocartography
and Support Programs
National Coordination
for the
Forest Service Remote
The
The
Sensing
Program
NFAP Program Support
GIS
Making Remote Sensing Data Meaningful
The NASA Ames Research
Center Operation
NFAP Support in Training
Remote Sensing in the National
Park Service
Aerial
in
Forest
and Assessment
Inventory
Photography
Hardwood
Crown Cover
Aerial
Photos
To
Determine
Using
How To Get Landsat Imagery
How Color Infrared Camera and Film Systems Work
How Reconnaissance
Cameras Work
How Electronic
Imaging Systems Work
Gravel
Buried
Locating
Deposits With Thermal Sensors
Three Challenges
to
Technicians
From Line Officers
Remote Sensing Used in the Intermountain Station Forest Inventory
and Assessment
to
Land Management
Applying Technology
Planning Problems
A New Way
To Assess Imagery Scale Needs
The NASA Airborne
Instrument Research
Program
To
Monitor
Historic
Acid Disposition Trends
Archived
Using
Imagery
Smoke
Controlled
Burns
on
Monitoring
Dispersal
Vegetative Typing Using Remote Sensing
The Effects
of Leaf Area Index and Plant Biochemistry
on Scanner
Responses
The U-2 and ER-2 Aircraft and Sensor Systems
A Geographic
Information System in Use at NASA Ames
How NASA Retrieves Specific Imagery from the Archive
Using Mul ti spectral Scanner Data in Wildfire Analysi s
Sensors and Data Systems for the Space
Station
Southern
Pine
and
Decline
Beetles
Mapping Mortality
Spruce
Color
Infrared
to
Detect
Pest Damage
in
Interpreting
Imagery
Canada
in California
Using Satellite Data in Timber Management
Data
to
Habitat on the San
Using Photos and Digital
Map Wildlife
Juan National Forest
Color Infrared Photos To Map Riparian Areas
Using High-Altitude
Detecting Change Using Aerial
Photography
How To Integrate Data and Extract Resource
Information
Using Landsat Data for Fire Management
Planning and Dispatch
Making GIS Fit the Needs of the User
Evaluating Slope
Stability With Computer Enhanced
Images
The Utilization
Guide
for Aerial
Photography
Remote Sensing in the Bureau of Land Management
The Alaska Four-Level
Inventory
35
Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.--Groups and
USDA
USDI
IDC
9.
FS
FS
FS
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
WO
represented
at
the
meeting.
Engineering Timber Fire
Bureau of Land Management
USDI
National
Park Service
NASA Ames Research Center
Forest Inventory and Assessment Southeastern
FS Research
Northeast Station
The EOSAT Corporation
FS R-3 Regional Forester
Geometronics Ldr.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
FS
units
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
R-9
R-2
R-4
R-1
R-5
R-8
R-6
Geometronics
Geometronics
Geometronics
Geometronics
Geometronics
Leader Engineering
Geometronics
Leader
Geometronics
Station
Timber Wildlife
Leader
Leader
Leader
Leader
Timber LMP
Engineering
R-10 Geometronics Leader
Nicolet National
Forest Forest Supervisor
Forest Inventory and Assessment Intermountain
Station
National
Forest LMP
Apache-Sitgreaves
Lockheed Corp.
Environmental Protection Agency Las Vegas
FS Pacific
Southwest
Fire Laboratory
University of California Santa Barbara
FA Methods Applications
Group Fort Collins Colorado
FS Paci fi c Southwest
Experiment Station
University of British Columbia Canada
San Juan National
Forest Range and Wildlife Management
USDA Soil Conservation
Service
Bighorn National Forest Forest Supervisor
The General Electric Company
International Imaging Systems
Flathead National
Forest Geometronics-GIS
The Spot Image Corporation
US Representatives for the French
Corporation
Forest Fire Management
Okanogan National
Forestry Data Consultants
FR R-5 Geotechnical
Engineering Center
Santa Fe National
Forest Fire /Soil
Water
Forest Inventory and Assessment
Pacific NW Experiment
Alaska
FS WO Geometronics
Service Center Manager
FS WO Nationwide
Forestry Applications Program
Sylvan Services
Ishikawa
PI
Contracting
FS WO Missoula Equipment
Center
Development
Klamath National
Forest
36
Station
Table
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
2.
cont.--Groups
and
units
represented
Forest
Padres National
Forest
Angeles National
Siuslaw National
Forest
FS Research
NE Experiment
The State of California
at
the
meeting.
Los
Technicolor
Station
Inc.
country of Morocco
Terra-Mar Corporation
The
Dipex
Inc.
Imagineering
Systems
Inc.
37
Syracuse
University
New
York
RTIP
Board-Whats
Bulletin
Chris Schwarzhoff
Civil Engineer
Office
Washington
New
Engineering
By the time this article is published we expect most
over to accessing RTIP by
users will be switched
address
is 31107030060 and you
TELENET.
Our TELENET
Board
can call the Bulletin
by entering TC/P RTIPS
Data
General.
We will
from CLI when using the
and
now support
to maintain
dial-up access
Please call
300 1200 and 2400 baud FTS 235-3573.
Connie
Connolly 235-3111
the RTIP Bulletin Board or
trouble.
if you have any
con-tinue
There have been a number of new files added to the
download
section of RTIP since the last listing in
To get
a complete
listing of
Engineering Field Notes.
at
files available or an update
all the
any time call
RTIP and select the N new option once you are in the
RTIP will then display the last time
files section.
want to
you asked for a files listing and ask if you
At this
use this as a cutoff date for a new listing.
point you have the option of entering another date.
like a complete listing just give it an
If you would
1984 and a
older date for example January
listing of all files in the system since that date
We highly recommend
will be scrolled on the screen.
that you capture the listing to a file for later
If
review.
you are coming in on the DG using TTY
this easily by striking Function
accomplish
can
you
Key 14 or by striking CTRL-D followed by LOG FILENAME
FILENAME is any name you wish to use when using TC.
1
The
balance
and
updates.
of
this
article
is
a
listing of
new
files
DIRECTORY
1-PROGRAMMING
AIDS
BASICA
Programmers
Help
for
This is an
ADVBAS 2 0. ARC.
features to the MICROSOFT
version 2.0 compilers.
MICROSOFT did not include
library.
39
OBJ file that adds many
QUICKBASIC and IBM BASIC
It
is hard to imagine why
them in the compiler
Cross-reference
QBX130.ARC.
program for
programs that do not use line numbers or
each line of code.
Help
for
PASCAL
Programmers
BOOSTERS.ARC.
subroutines
to
easier.
TPTUTOR.ARC.
General
Programming Aids
DIRECTORY2DATA BASE
MANAGEMENT
DIRECTORY4DISK MANAGEMENT
large collection
make screenbuilding
A
A new
tutorial
BASIC
labels for
of Turbo
Pascal
and menu-making
for Turbo
Pascal.
CHASM.ARC.
Assembler--used by lots of folks.
article in February issue of PC Tech Journal.
See
FE370-1.ARC and FE370-2.ARC.
Updated and improved
version of the powerful file management
program FILE
EXPRESS version 3.70.
IBU.ARC.
copying
A file copier that makes the chore of
files and rearranging
disk directories easy.
FMT.ARC.
Makes the process
least five times faster.
FILER.ARC.
directories
of
FORMATTING
disks
at
Gives side-by-side comparison of file
from different disks or subdirectories.
FCONSOLE.ARC.
This is version 1.15F of
Console and Bias Driven FANCY CONSOLE.
the
popular
Three
DOSAMATC.ARC and WFU.ARC.
shell programs that make it easy for
beginners and old hands too to execute programs
from a hard disk.
All are good but
for me WFU.ARC
G-WHIZ.ARC
command
is
DIRECTORY 5FINANCIAL
ECONOMIC
STATISTICAL
best.
FCALC103. ARC.
Version 1.03 of the popular
Free Calculator to compute discount values
flow problems.
This is
ECSTAT.ARC.
statistics program.
a
new
extremely
program
and cash
easy-to-use
ENGRECON.ARC.
Very well-done engineering economics
used in the
Patterned after approach
program.
Economics
textbook
and
Ireson.
Grant
Engineering
by
Should be useful for transportation
planners in
alternatives
and
road
comparing
operations
economics
of road
engineers in evaluating
disinvestment.
40
DIRECTORY 6-
HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
NETANAL.ARC.
Uses LOTUS
network.
through a
1- 2-
to
3
find
minimum path
This is a micro version of the California
FPMS.ARC.
Highway Departments Flexible Pavement Management
and
Outstanding
System.
program for evaluating
maintenance
and
reconstruction
needs
prioritizing
for flexible pavements.
Could be a useful tool for
Regional
priority setting.
GANTT.WQS.
management
Uses LOTUS 1-2-3 to
GANTT charts.
GANTT.ARC.
expands-and
prepare
The
ultimate GANTT chart
the
display.
compresses
project
display--it
PCSTABLE4.
This is currently the very best public
Can
domain slope stability analysis for the IBM-PC.
use sliding block
or
circular
irregular
sliding
Optional plot
surfaces and tie backs are allowed.
output to HP 7470A plotter.
menu-driven
PACE.ARC.
Cost estimating using people/materials
Written
It
is
approach.
by John Sessions.
and very easy to use.
SDMS.ARC.
This
is
micro
version of the Surfacing
System currently running at
a
and
Design
Management
Fort Collins.
SURVTRAV.ARC.
Bob Echols on
HP 150.
HANS_ON.ARC.
popular road
reduction and plotting by
Traverse
Forest for
Monongahela National
the
This
design
version of
updated
program by Marty Hanson
is
an
the
5/2/86.
tried-and-true
ELSYMS.ARC.
This is micro version of
mainframe program ELSYMS.
Analysis of
3-dimension idea elastic layer systems with a much
improved user interface as compared to mainframe
version.
DIRECTORY 8TELE-
COMMUNICATIONS
This is
QMODEM.ARC.
QMODEM program which
still use PIBTERM.
version
supports
Utilities
QFONE212.ARC.
the QMODEM
version 2.0
41
i
2.0
to
of
script
popular
files.
the
edit sort
phone
I
and
directory.
print
PCSIG433.ARC.
All the files necessary to develop
DG to micro Kermit file transfer system includes
FORTRAN
source for DG side.
MDM150.ARC.
programer
get
DIRECTORY9UTILITY PROGRAMS
4/30/86
Updated
HP-150.
you
If
started
Hanson
try sending
in Region
9.
a
telecommunications
have nothing and want
blank disk to Marty
TSRSRC.ARC.
Sidekick-and
menus
for
accessing
-Purge memory resident programs like
booting system.
Superkey without
UPDATE23.ARC.
If
you dont have the program
of
FASTBACK then you really should have
a copy
UPDATE23.
Makes updating and backup of hard disk
Takes a little work
simple fast and automatic.
set up the first time.
DIRECTORY 10-
to
DP102A.ARC.
This program works like the commercial
to eliminate fragmented
files on
program OPTIMIZER
hard disks.
10-megabyte
SCP35.ARC.
Super-easy-to-set-up
files on hard disk.
WORD PROCESSING
a
PCWRT26.ARC.
Version
processor PCWRITE.
2.6
of
the
famous
to
word
PC-OUTLN.ARC.
Outstanding
program for report
Use to record notes for later analysis
outlining.
or preparation
of reports
letters action plans
and
so forth.
If you are
fortunate enough to have
computer available for recording
notes during a
meeting this program would be fantastic.
Spell
Text
Checkers
Editors
DIRECTORY 11GRAPHICS
PROGRAMS
TSPELL.ARC.
Very easy-to-use
ASCII and WORDSTAR files.
QEDIT12S.ARC.
3/26/86.
Updated
version
spell checker
of
text
for
editor
QEDIT
PC-PEN.ARC.
Very nice drawing program in BASIC.
Source code is provided so may be useful as
subroutine
for other programs.
EFN
U.S.
Government
Printing
42
Office
1986
-622-134/00271
a
Engineering Technical
Information System
The Series
THE
NOTES
FIELD
ENGINEERING
as a means of
SERIES
published
is
exchanging engineering-related
problems encountered and
ideas and information on activities
periodically
developed
solutions
other
or
data
may
that
be
Engineers Service-wide. Articles are
and include material that is not appropriate
Report
Technical
FSM
publications
Distribution
Each
Notes
Field
at Regional
not
pages
Management
Staff
and Area Headquarters
Engineering Retirees. If your office
ask your Office Manager
or
Notes
Field
Information
Regional
to
Engineering
to the Engineering
distributed
is
value
7113.
Forests Stations
the
receiving
Coordinator
increase
to
the
number
of
Copies of back issues are available in
from
the Washington
Office
Engineering
for your location.
copies
limited
quantities
Technical
Submittals
edition
Offices
for an
Engineering
for
suitable
as to Forest Service
as well
is
or
1630 and
of
than six
usually less
Information
Center.
Notes
author of a Field
you
you
wish to share with Forest Service Engineers we invite you to
should send
Field Personnel
submit the article for publication.
Every reader
is
have
item or short description about
a
news
a potential
material to their Regional
the
Office
Regional
assure
to
accurate timely and
Information
Coordinator
inclusion
of interest
of
article.
If
your work that
for review
by
information that
short articles
Service-wide
is
and
news
Type the manuscript
double-spaced
and black-and-white photographs if
or
only color photographs are available send transparencies
the
and
two
machine
of
copies
manuscript.
negatives
items are preferred.
include original drawings
Inquiries
Information
Regional
publication
publishing
and
Coordinators
direct
questions
should
send
concerning
articles
schedules etc. to
FOREST SERVICE-USDA
Engineering
Attn
D.J.
Carroll Editor
M.J. Baggett
P.O. Box
Office
Staff-Washington
Editorial
Assistant
2417-Washington
D.C.
20013
Telephone Area Code 703-235-8198
Regional
Coordinators
R-1
Jim
Hogan
R-4
Ted
Wood
R-2
Ray
Ollila
R-5
Larry
R-3
Art
Marty
R-6
Homer
R-8
Jim
Gruver
Chappell
Gilpin
R-9
Fred
R-10
Ron
WO
for
format editing
Hintsala
Hayden
Al Colley
e
18
ugust
1986
Engineering
Field
Notes