ENGINEER-ING
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
FIELD
NOTESTECHNICAL
REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVALMANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NUMBER2
Notes
Field
Unified
Rock
Classification
Clarification
System
and Amendments
Forest Transportation Analysts
Job Performance and Training Requirements
The Use of Corrugated
to
Metal Culvert
Liners
Minimize Stream Bedload Effects
Washington
Office
FOREST SERVICE
News
FEBRUARY
U S
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1979
US
ENGINEERING
FIELD
NOTES
11 Number 2
Volume
has
been developed
for
of employees
respon-sibility
contained
Information
of
United
the
for the
The
product
of others
that
text in
must
not
or service
may be
use
the
by
as
FSM
except
engineers
and engineering
intended
The
contractors
its
Department
of Agriculture
of this information
by other than
names
use does not
by the United
in
this
publication
an
constitute
is
official
States Department
exclusively
the
represents
publication
be construed
Service
Agriculture-Forest
guidance
and
its
assumes no
its
own
employees.
for the information
and
endorsement or approval
of Agriculture
to the exclusion
suitable.
or policy
not
of
and State agencies.
interpretation or
of the reader. Such
convenience
The
publication
of trade firm or corporation
use
of any
this
Department
States
Federal
cooperating
in
recommended
references.
Because.
technicians
opinions
personal
or approved
should
of the
read
of the respective
procedures
of material
type
each
issue
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
D.C. 20013
in
however
for engineers.
U.S.
mandatory
author and
instructions
the publication
this
publication
all
is
Unified Rock
article
issue to
Classification System--Clarification and
listed on the cover as the first
is printed
last pages of this
as the
facilitate removal.
fl
Amendments
ANALYSTS--JOB
FOREST
TRANSPORTATION
PERFORMANCE
AND
TRAINING
Victor
REQUIREMENTS
DeKaZb
Engineer
Chief Transportation
Standards
Consultation
Trans-portation
Transpor-tation
WO
Committee for Training Forest
the Steering
It included
Analysts submitted its report to the Chief.
for a
and
suggestions
a listing of Job Performance
Requirements
Forest
Forest
Service-wide
effort for training
Analysts.
Analysts are involved in long-range wide-area planning as
The Job
well as short-range specific project planning.
reflect both
must
Requirements and the new training program
these activities.
Last
September
Perform-ance
JOB
PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS
A draft of the Job Performance Requirements is being reviewed.
They will be carried in a later issue of the Field Notes to permit
from the field before they are put in
the broadest possible comment
Handbook.
the FS Directive
Ana-lysts
co-operative
TRAINING
The
PROGRAM
current training program for Forest-level Transportation
conducted
at Richmond California through a
is being
with the University
of California.
agreement
organiza-tion.
a Service-wide
training package and material
Region 1 is preparing
basis by means of
to conduct
the Richmond program on a continuing
institution or other training
with an academic
a contract
work to do in evaluating
needs
There is still considerable
costs and opportunities before a final selection is made of the
for the new courses.
training institution and schedule developed
A
training modules.
course consists of eight independent
Analysis Course is provided here
table Modules in Transportation
can be included in a
for your review.
Any or all of the modules
persons schedule as appropriate to meet the minimum requirements
Analyst.
for qualification
as a Forest Transportation
The
1
MODULES
Number
1
2
3
Length
days
22
22
22
IN
TRANSPORTATION
Prere-
Description
quisites
-
-
-
ANALYSIS
COURSE
Trainingq
Traffic
performance
characteristics
on
Forest roads
Itemize concepts and ground
rules of which Transporations
Analyst must be aware to
feasible and desirable
alternatives.
Introduction
to
roading
yarding standards
logging systems
Identify feasible and desirable
logging system alternatives at
level
of detail
a
appropriate
for forest planning.
Traffic
Compile necessary data for
lyzing existing transportation
conditions through inventory
spec-ify
and
and
ana-methods
surveillance
surveillance
validation.
22
-
and
Planning
process
analysis
for
5
4
and
Become conversant
with
straints and powers concerning
con-portatioh
direc-tive
re-organizing
issues
associated with transanalysis
The
5
estimation
con-organization
Laws policies
4
J
selecting planning
and alternatives
criteria
that are
transportation
tained in Forest Service
system.
Develop technical skills
quired to organize and design a
transportation
analysis effort
properly including overall
relations to forest planning
process.
alterna-and
indi-7
ob-8
pre-test
6
45
10
network
Transportation
link analysis
techniques
Analyze transportation
tives selected for study
vehicle
456
analytical
Funding
457
5
link
alter-alternatives
Techniques
5
using
coding
indices
restrictions etc.
such techniques
as
travel
times cost
of
for evaluating
and
displaying
results
transportation
introduction
investments
Evaluate transportation
natives
and
documentation
of
study includes economic
cators
i.e. present worth
effects and
nonmonetary
techniques.
dis-play
and
Understand need
format
final
study as process for
taining funding for
of
implementa-budgeting
un-derstand
to
programming
and
tion
of
study
as
wel.
as
other inventories and
documents affected
by study.
The
must pass pretests for the prerequisite modules before being considered
or Forests also might want to administer the
in any module.
Regions
modules planned for the employee to determine if the need for training is
individual
for training
for any
indicated.
Analy-sis
for 1980 and thereafter will
course material being developed
qualify specialists in the various phases of Transportation
The course is
performed at project
area or Forest levels.
designed for specialists who are at the GS-7 level and above have
a background
in Transportation
Engineering and are or will be
in
Transportation
Analysis and related planning
working primarily
and
functions.
Other specialists who have analytical experience
for
the
course.
will
be
considered
as
candidates
training
The
January through May is the tentative. training schedule for 1980
Firm schedules and
with the Western States as the chosen location.
selection of the site will be announced by October.
u
C
4
THE
USE
TO
OF
CORRUGATED
MINIMIZE
STREAM
CULVERT
BEDLOAD
THE
LINERS
EFFECTS
HuZgc
Engineer
National
Baker-Snoqualmie
Robert
Civil
Mt.
METAL
D.
Forest
PROBLEM
Baker-Snoqualmie
in-stalled
seasonal heavy rains and resulting high runoff conditions
During
mass bedload movements occur on numerous streams on the Mt.
National Forest.
In many instances the gravel bedload
metal
passing through the
pipe drainage structures that are
to transport
streams under Forest Service roads causes
As the material is
rapid deterioration of the corrugated pipe.
carried through the pipe it contacts the corrugations which are
to the streamflow at relatively high velocities.
perpendicular
the
Eventually
are worn through and a venetian
peak corrugations
blind condition develops at the outlet extending back toward the
inlet of the structure.
If not detected
at an early stage in road
fills constructed
of fine-grained
materials this condition results
in varying
failure.
degrees of road structure
re-duce
A
SOLUTION
liners were installed to
Replaceable
corrugated metal culvert
the
effect
of
deterioration
and
pipe wear
on the segment of
road involved.
two
such
installations
are functioning
Presently
National Forest.
successfully on the Mt.
struc-ture
Baker-Soqu\lmie
1
a 58-inch
typical installation
figure
by 36-inch
arch
is
used
147.3 cm by 91.4 cm pip
as a cross drain
48 inches wide and
etal sections
12-gauge corrugated
117
inches long 121.9 cm b
-95.2
and bolted
overlapped
line
invert
of
the
The
inlet end of
the
together
pipe arches.
this liner assembly protrudes
the
pipe arch and is
past the end of
bolted to a prefabricated concrete
slab the concrete acts as an
When the bedload
anchor holding the entire liner in place.
causes
the
liner to wear out the bolts in the concrete
can be removed
the original liner assembly pulled out by
a cable
and a new liner installed.
In
a
move-ment
an-chor
us-ing
cm
Even
if
wear
the
the concrete
anchor slab is damaged as the liner sections
both is far simpler and less costly than restoring
fill material and replacing a conventional
replacing
eroded road
drain-5
Field observation
shows that the liners do not wear
age structure.
out as rapidly as conventional
culverts because
the
corrugations
are parallel to the stream flow.
BENEFITS
Three
of
the major
benefits
that
result
from use
of
the
liners
1.
Direct material and installation costs for the replacement
wornout liner sections are only approximately
25% of the total
cost of replacing an entire conventional
culvert and the eroded
road material.
This cost difference probably will become much
greater as labor and equipment rates continue to increase.
of
dis-ruption
struc-ture
fac-tor
2.
of the corrugated metal culvert
Replacement
liners is a
task that can be performed by
relatively simple and straightforward
Forest Service maintenance
crews without
specialized equipment.
of only the liner assembly eliminates
Replacement
the
traffic flow that occurs when the entire drainage
is replaced and the roadbed
must be reconstructed.
This
is more significant
where the reconstruction
must be made on
the more permanent
types of road surface such as asphalt concrete.
3.
of
in-corporated
A
Some concepts
in
RELATED
DEVELOPMENT
for the replaceable
culvert
developed
liner were
the modification
of a downdrain
accessory.
an open rectangular
downflume 24 inches 61.0 cm
and
58
inches
high
147.3 cm wide was lined with replaceable
steel
12-gauge
panels that were similar to the replaceable
culvert
The stream bedload moved in a high velocity streamflow
liners.
down a 67% slope causing rapid deterioration of the corrugated
steel liners.
The most severe deterioration of the downflume
liners was observed at a particular
section
that measured
24 inches
61.0 cm wide by 120 inches 304.8 cm long.
Previously
struc-ture
Lining the inside of the downflume with 10-foot 3.0 m sections
of treated timber planking
rather than the steel
figure
liners reduces replacement
costs.
Each 4-inch
10.2 cm by
12-inch 30.5 cm plank individually
secured to the steel
by bolts can be easily replaced as it wears out.
2
De-sign
The replaceable
liner described in this article was designed by
Robert D.
HuZet Civil Engineer and Robert G. Barnard C
M
National
Superintendent Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie
Forest and Earl
Hanson District Engineer San Juan National Forest formerly
National
Engineer on Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie
Forest.
6
View showing
the inlet of
the pipe arch concrete
anchor stab and replaceable
corrugated metal liner
connection.
View showing
the position of
the replaceable
corrugated
metal liner at the outlet end
of the pipe arch.
Figure
7
1
view
o
-F
treated
down flume with
timber liner
iris LaZ L-ation
of fill slope
Close up view of downflume
showing in greater detail
the treated timber planking
Figure
8
2
from top
WASHINGTON
CONSULTATION
Walter
Assistant
OFFICE
AND
NEWS
STANDARDS
Furen
Director
E.
sched-ule
AND STANDARD
FS GENERAL PROVISIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND BRIDGES
REPORT
1977 REVISION--STATUS
The
May 1978 issue of Field Notes explained the process and
for planning the revision of the 1977 edition of the FS General
Provisions and Standard Specifications
for Construction
of Roads
and Bridges.
The committee members working on the project were
listed and suggestions from the field were solicited.
Two
questions
were
raised
by the
committee
Re-gions
1.
Have
we
2.
Is
1979
a
had
enough
revision
with
experience
the
1977
edition
premature
These
to the
questions were considered
carefully in relation
1
and
the
received
of
about
suggestions
experiences
year
from all sources.
It
was
soon
determined
that
the
following
items should
be accomplished
errors
1.
Correct
2.
Standardize
3.
Update
4.
Eliminate
5.
Simplify procedures
6.
Reduce
wording
technical
materials
duplication
problems
in
and ambiguities
contract
administration
need
and references
for Regional
preparation
Specifications
and
7.
Reduce
8.
Standardize and include Engineering Specifications
for items such as Construction
Staking.
9
and
origi-na
There would be some advantage
in waiting to gain more experience
construction
1977
edition however it is believed
the
by using
that the benefits derived by earlier improvements will outweigh
other--and undetermined--possible
advantages.
Therefore it has
been decided to proceed
with the revision as outlined in our
in
com-pleted
plan.
The project is on schedule
draft will be sent to
a final review
the Regions approximately May 1 1979 and the printing will be
The package containing
instructions
by August 31 1979.
and
for
of
the
1979
edition of
directions
policy
implementation
the Specifications
will be forwarded
to all Regions
by October 1
1979.
CADASTRAL
TRAINING
Two
new cadastral training programs in support of the expanding
this winter.
In January
boundary survey program were developed
about 25 Cadastral Surveyors
from all Regions
attended
a 3-week
course
in
Denver
college
quick
covering boundary survey
and the survey system in the United States.
require-ments
Boundary
Survey Law course will be held at both Florida
March
11-24 and Fresno State University
April 2-13
University
Both of these courses are for college
for other Forest Surveyors.
credit if all goes well they will be offered again next year.
A 2-week
FIELD
TABLES
The Engineering Field Tables EM 7100-10 book is being
for reprinting we solicit any additions or corrections
have.
Please reply to WO Engineering no later than May
10
prepared
you may
15
1979.
Uni-fied
Novem-ber
UNIFIED
ROCK
CLASSIFICATION
CLARIFICATION
The
AND
SYSTEM
AMENDMENTS
changes listed below are intended to clarify the article
Rock Classification
System which was published in the
1978 FieZd Notes and the changes should be incorporated
text as directed.
re-printed
the
into
8 10
and 12.
Each of these pages has been revised and
Each revised page
for direct insertion into the text.
should be trimmed to size and stapled securely to its corresponding
page completely covering the old page.
Pages
The
of
following
changes should
the original article.
be made
in
ink
directly
on the
pages
In the first sentence of the paragraph the
Page 11 paragraph B.
words is present should be revised to read occurs.
In the last
sentence of paragraph
the phrase maximum unit of weight should
be revised to read maximum unit weight.
B
The following
sentence should be inserted
Page 13 paragraph C.
between the last sentence of the paragraph and the one immediately
it
Dent Quality material produces fill that is not
preceding
free draining
impervious and is not suitable for road aggregate
material.
pro-vided
on-the-spot
Page
16
last paragraph.
In the next-to-last
the words
sentence
a 150 pcf
should be revised to read Rock less than
Rock with
150 pcf.
A reduced
version of the table and text on pages
and may be cut out and put into your Pocket
reference.
11
8
and 9 are
Handbook
for
ýrýf r.rr.
CUT
CUT
SYSTEM
URCS
ROCK CLASSIFICATION
ELEMENTS
BASIC
STRENGTH
ESTIMATE
UNIFIED
ROCK MASS
OF WEATHERING
EFFECT
WEATHERED
SAND
1
SIZE
SIZE
STATE
DECOMPOSED
STATE PDS
NON
NON
PLASTIC
MINERAL
C
B
A
FRIABLE
CRATERS
SHEARS
GRAIN
E
D
1000
7
3000
21
PSI
21
PLANAR
IMPACT
DO
PITS
TENSIONAL
PQ.
C
B
8000 PSI
55
MPa
to
to
AND
ABSORPTION
LINEAR
8000
55
REBOUNDS
ELASTIC
RO
A
15000 PSI
103
MPa
to
to
PSI
1500D
103 MPa
ELEMENTS
SOLID-PLANES
TRANSMITS
WATER
NO
YES
DIMENSIONAL
2
OF
SEPARATION
NO
DIMENSIONAL
PLANES
OF
SEPARATION
3-D
2-D
E
D.
LATENT
PLANES OF
SOLIDPREFERRED
SEPARATION
BREAKAGE
SPB
SRB
C
B
A
UNIT
LESS
130
THAN
130
140
140
to
lbs/ft3
lbs/ft3
2.10
2.10
Mg/m3
130
2.25J
2.25
D
E
K.
VALUES
and Peck
R.
150
to
150
to
160
GREATER
lbs/ft3
2.55
B.
2.55
/2.40Mto
Mg/m3.40\
THAN
160 lbs/ft3
to
M
CONSISTENCY
WEIGHT
lbs/ft3
130
Terzaghi
RANDOM
BREAKAGE
LPS
ATTITUDE
INTERLOCK
1
TO
DENTS
3000
MPa
to
to
WEIGHT
BONDING
COMPRESSIVE
CQ
MBL
1000 PSI
7 MPa
UNIT
RELATIVE
REACTION
MOLDABLE
3
MFS
1
REMOLDING
YES
VF S
COMPARE To
FRESH STATE
PLASTIC
FRESH
STATE
HAND LENS
STATE
STS
D
PLASTIC
MICRO
VISUALLY
FRESH
STAINED
PARTLY
E
PLASTIC
REPRESENTATIVE
ALTERED
GRAVEL
COMPLETELY
DECOMPOSED
STATE COS
rrrxr
Mg/m3
//Ii
r
soil mechanics
in
140
150
160
C
B
A
Engineering
Practice
John
Wiley
and
Sons
Inc.
1948.
8
Revision
CUT
to November
Field
Notes
1978
CUT
rrr.r
ras
a.r.
CUT
CUT
I
s
._ýr
r
Under
URCS
degree of weathering is restricted to
The effect
of weathering
can be
weathering.
practically
by determining the
relative loss of
the
chemical
defined
the
cohesion
and the reduction
of unit
Five categories
weight.
are
defined
E--Completely Decomposed
D--Partly
State
C--Stained State B--Visually Fresh State
Decomposed
State
and A--Micro Fresh State.
EFFECT
1
WEATHERED
SAND
1
SIZE
ALTERED
GRAVEL
COMPLETELY
CONSISTENCY
Terzaghi
K.
E--Completely
pLASTIC
STS
NON
VALUES
and Peck
R.
B.
FRESH
Sgil mechanics
Decomposed
VFS
MFS
A
TO
WEIGHT
UNIT
STATE
in Engineering
State
FRESH
STATE
HAND LENS
B
COMPARE
PLASTIC
MICRO
FRESH
STATE
C
NON
PLASTIC
I
VISUALLY
STATE
D
PLASTIC
REPRESENTATIVE
STAINED
DECOMPOSED
STATE PDS
E
1
SIZE
PARTLY
DECOMPOSED
STATE
CGS
WEATHERING
OF
RELATIVE
Practice
John
Wiley
and
ABSORPTION
Sons
Inc.
1948.
CDS.
State is when the rock material
Completely Decomposed
all remoldable to sand silt or clay or mixtures of two
The resulting remolded material is determined
or more sizes.
and Dry Strength Dilatency
and
to be plastic
or nonplastic
The in-place strength is
tests
are performed.
Toughness
estimated by consistency values
The
is
1.
D--Partly Decomposed
State
PDS.
deter-mined
1
State is when the rock material is
Partly Decomposed
and larger rock fragments with or
remoldable to gravel-size
without
The relative percentage
sand silt or clay mixtures.
of
rock
fragments are estimated and the material is
to be plastic
The in-place strength is
or nonplastic.
estimated by consistency
values
or by size shape and
graduation of remolded aggregate.
The
C--Stained
State
STS.
The Stained State describes a condition when the rock material
discoloration
due to oxidation but
shows partial or complete
cannot be
remolded.
The rock material is usually shades of
yellow or brown has a reduced unit weight and a higher
10
Revision
LCUT
to November
Field Notes
1978
CUT
......CU
CUT
ul
r
r
r
Mineral
Grain -Bonding or Specimen Strength -is defined
as the
cementation
degree
or adhesion between mineral grains that
defines
the fundamental
strength of the rock mass independent
of the
and
linear
elements.
For purposes of
planar
the limit of moldability is estimated at 1000 psi
7 MPa. There are four distinct reactions to impact loading
by means of a 1-lb 450-g
The reaction is
ball-peen hammer.
of
the
independent
intensity of blow within
limitations
of
the tool used and the investigators strength.
The reactions
are defined
as
Craters Dents
and
Rebounds.
Based on these
reactions
plus the
factor five
moldability
of
categories
specimen
strength
are denoted
E--Moldable
and
A--Rebounds.
D--Craters C--Dents B--Pits
of
classifi-cation
Pits
MINERAL
1
REMOLDING
FRIABLE
E
D
1000
CONSISTENCY
Terzaghi
E--Moldable
K.
VALUES
and Peck
to
7
to
R.
B.
Quality
TO
IMPACT
DENTS
PITS
TENSIONAL
COMPRESSIVE
CQ
MBL
1000 PSI
7 MPa
BONDING
REACTION
CRATERS
SHEARS
MOLDABLE
1
GRAIN
DQ
PQ
C
3000
MPa
3000
21
PSI
21
soil Mechanics-in
to
to
RO
A
B
8000 PSI
55
MPa
Engineering
REBOUNDS
ELASTIC
8000
55
Practice
Co
to
John
15000 PSI
103
MPa
Wiley
and
PSI
15000
103 MPa
Sons
Inc.
1948.
MBL.
Moldable Quality
is present when the otherwise
continuous
and
similar rock
visually
material can be
remolded with
finger
indicates
an
estimated unconfined
pressure. This
compressive
strength less than 1000 psi 7 MPa.
Strength estimates are
made by determining consistency values
In all cases the
material is examined and tested as a
and a dual
classification
is given.
the
material
Usually
cannot be
recovered
core
by diamond
drilling and can be excavated
by
machinery.
1.
soil
D--Crater
Quality
Crater Quality
reaction
under
CQ.
rock material is as the term implies a
point of impact producing a shearing and
of
mineral grains.
upthrusting
This
has
adjacent
category
an estimated unconfined
from
compressive
strength
range
1000 to 3000 psi 7 to 21 MPa.
Usually The rock material
can be
recovered
rock
core
during
drilling operations
has
12
Revision
CUT
to November Field Notes
1978
CUT
UNIFIED
ROCK MASS
ROCK CLASSIFICATION
STRENGTH
ESTIMATE
OF
I
SAND
SIZE
WEATHERING
ALTERED
GRAVEL
SIZE
STAINED
VISUALLY
E
NON
PLAST
IL
STS
PDS
D
STATE
iC
MINERAL
CRATERS
SHEARS
MBL
1000
PSI
T
MPa
PSI
3000
to
Dl
to
21
PITS
AND
FIELD NOTATION
In
6000
55
to
1A000
103
103
both
under
the letter symbol
the letter.
For
BCAD
A
SRB
C
B
D3
D
130
B--Visual fresh
state C--Dents
with
hammer blow A--Solid with
random breakage
and
D--unit
weight 130 to 140 pcf
2.10 to
Explanation
PSI
MPa
ELEMENTS
LINEAR
includes
written
VFS
Mg/m3
2.25
SOLID-PLANES
TRANSMITS
notebook
A
1SOOT PSI
MPa
to
classification
Field
RE
B
8000 PSI
MPa
The
ELASTIC
PQ
I
ý\J/
REBOUNDS
TENSIONAL
55
e
IMPACT
C
3000
MPa
to
to
A E
0
the field the notation
and the abbreviated
basis
example
ABSORPTION
O
TO
PREDQ
PLANAR
WATER
break-LESS
No
YES
2
DIMENSIONAL
PLANES
LATENT
PLANES
OF
2-D
E
D
UNIT
THAN
130
to
UN
/f t3
IAN
for
RANDOM
BREAKAGE
BREAKAGE
LPS
SPB
SRN
C
B
A
then
design values can
the intended purpose.
Notes
1.
AAAA
ATTITUDE
INTERLOCK
Mg/m
2.10
SOLID-
PREFERRED
OF
SEPARATION
SEPARATION
3-D
130
The
No
DIMENSIONAL
OF
SEPARATION
140
TeZaEh
and
K.
Peck
R.
to
50
150
to
/2.25
J
to
ED
GREATER
1bs/ft3
2.40
M9/m3
I
2
.4
160
140
150
0160
C
B
A
B.
NOnhnnln
to
EoAUn000E
q
John
Wiley
and
Sons
Inc.
EEEE
LAAA.
0 O
2.
of the
four
major elements are not
Design values
even though
the same
letter
notation
equivalent
might apply.
1948.
8
ALONG
9
THIS
LINE
material
requires the most
design evaluation.
00
CUT
this
P9/m3
2.55 /
D
sov.
requires the
least design
evaluation.
for
MPa
bs/ft3
2.55
to
M9/m3
established
be
Some combinations
do
not
occur for example
Decomposed
State
and Greater
than
completely
Solid with random
15000
psi 103
age and Greater than 160 pcf 2.55 Mg/M3
THAN
130
E
VALUES
O
WEIGHT
1bN/ft3
2.05
M9/m3
CONSISTENCY
140
/f t3
to
/2.10
0130
1
AND NOTATIONS
WEIGHT
BONDING
GRAIN
D
E
3
RELATIVE
DENTS
LOM
SS IVE
N
FRIABLE
YES
UNIT
STATE
REACTION
MOLDABLE
I 000
SYMBOLS
letter design symbols of
the
four
major element classes
are grouped
in
a
four-letter
notation
that
can
together
be
read at
when
a
glance
placed
on maps sections
or on
The four
letters are
in caps
and
drilling logs.
are
The letter
denotes
that
the
least design
while
tion
is required
denotes the most design evaluation
is required.
in sequence
means no determination
made.
A lower-case
after a letter indicates
estimated
value.
The
A
TO
FRESH
LENS
MFS
B
COMPARE
PLASTIC
1
REMOLDING
Z
VFS
C
NON
ptpST
PLASTIC
FRESH
STATE
HAND
STATE
DECOMPOSED
COS
MICRO
FRESH
PARTLY
OE COMPOSED
Q
REFRESENTATIVE
STATE
COMPLETELY
STATE
O O
under-lined.
evalua-WEATHERED
EFFECT
-
SYSTEM
URCS
BASIC ELEMENTS
-
CUT
ALONG
THIS
LINE
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