ENGINEERING
F
r
TECHNICAL
FIELD NOTES
TECHNICAL
REPORTS
MANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
DATA RETRIEVAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
VOLUME
Field
Automobile
Nomograph
NUMBER
iNotes
Economy
1
1
Load Rating
Forest
1
Stringer Bridges
Washington Office News
FOREST SERVICE
ýes
JUNE
scq.ý
ý.twraw.
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1978
UýS
ENGINEERING
Volume
10
has
NOTES
FIELD
Number
6
been developed for guidance of employees
respon-sibility
Information
of
the
contained
United
Federal
cooperating
for the
The
this
in
publication
its contractors
and
Department of Agriculture-Forest
Service
and State agencies. The Department of Agriculture assumes no
States
interpretation
or use
of this.information
by other than
its
its
own employees.
of trade firm or corporation
names in this publication is for the informationand
of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval
use
convenience
of any
product
of others
The
that
text in
or service
may be
the
publication
must not
be construed
or policy
except
engineers
not
by the United States Department of Agriculture
to the exclusion
suitable.
as
represents
the
recommended
personal
opinions
or approved
of the respective
procedures
author and
mandatory instructions
Because of the type of material in the publication
by FSM references.
should
read each issue however this publication
and engineering technicians
intended
exclusively
for engineers.
U.S.
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
D.C.
20013
all
is
AUTOMOBILE
FUEL
ECONOMY
David Hatfield
Equipment Management Engineer
IN THE
FOREST
SERVICE
Ollie A Broadway
Jr.
Equipment Management Engineer
auto-mobiles
manu-facturer.
in an effort to conserve gasoline and reduce air pollution
has
Congress
enacted legislation which regulates the gasoline mileage of passenger
sold
in the United States
These
starting with fiscal year 1978.
mileage requirements are averages for the entire production of each
Each manufacturer is-free to determine its product mix pro
However the
ducing some high-mileage cars and some low-mileage cars.
average gasoline mileage for the entire fleet produced in any one year must
meet the Federal standards listed in table 1.
practical-ity
set an example for the nation and to demonstrate. the
Federal gasoline mileage standards President Carter has issued
an Executive order
imposing additional gasoline mileage restrictions on_ all
automobiles
The Executive
purchased by government agencies.
passenger
In
order
of
to
the
mis-sions
order requires government agency fleets to have an average f el economy
manufacturer fleet requirements for FY 1978 by 2
ýfor FY 1979
Such
3
and
for
FY
1980
and
thereafter
4
MPG
see
table
1.
by
by
exceRo
rulennot apply to automobiles designed to perform combat-related
for the Armed Forces or designed to be used in law enforcement work
or emergency rescue work.
Beginning in FY 1979 mileage standards for
in table 2 also will become effective.
trucks
and
vans
shown
pickup
It means that any passenger
What does this mean for the Forest Service
automobile or station wagon purchased in FY 1978 must be rated at 18 MPG or
all purchases during the fiscal year must average 20
In addition
greater.
at less than
18 MPG requires the
MPG or more.
To buy an automobile rated
and the Department
Services
Administration
of
both
General
GSA
approval
of Energy.
The Government is restricted to purchasing compact or subcompact
In the coming
and station wagons only.
years the trend will
sedans
con-tinue
toward smaller
automobiles.
The Environmental Protection Agency EPA mileage and fuel cost estimates
for all 1978 automobiles are shown in table 3.
Any readers interested in
Gas Mileage Guide may obtain a copy by writing
Fuel Economy
for
bulk
write
Colorado
U.S.
Pueblo
81009
copies
Department of Energy
Fuel Economy Distribution
Office of Administration Services
Washington
D.C.
20585.
the
1978
1
Table
Manufacturer
Fiscal
year
fleet
average
Fiscal
year
1979
1980
1981
Combined
U.S.
MPG
fleet
Government
average
18.0
20.0
1979
19.0
22.0
1980
20.0
24.0
1981
22.0
26.0
1982
24.0
28.0
1983
26.0
30.0
1984
27.0
31.0
1985
27.5
31.5
city/highway
Table
Gross
1
1978
Combined
weight
automobiles
1.--Passenger
MPG
mileage
2.--Light trucks
vehicle
on road
GVWR
Manufacturer
pounds
Drive
6000
8500
8500
city/highway
fleet
average
2 wheel
17.2
4 wheel
15.8
2 wheel
16.0
4 wheel
14.0
2 wheel
18.0
4 wheel
15.5
mileage
2
U.S.
MPG
Government
fleet
To
average
be
determined
by
GSA
Table
3.--Fuel cost
estimates for all 1978 automobiles
MINICOMPACT CARS
MINICOMPACT CARS
Fuel
Economy
g
VeNcle0escnption
Manufacturer
o
2E
0
u
E
gYo
o
E
-
AVANT
$656
14
33
18
$318
28
40
40
$262
36
48
26
$404
24
28
851397CC/4t
119/41
11
19
A
35018
DATSUN
B-210
SX
200
851397CC/4t
8513970C/4
9OCA
CA
NOCA
4
2DR-75/8
2
2DR-68/7
2
4DR-68/7
H1BK-63/
A
2
M
2
5388
24
32
25
$420
23
28
119/4t
A
33
$318
29
39
96/4
M
RX-3
2DR-70/6
CHALLENGER
COLT
A
$328
29
38
98/4
31
5339
27
36
122/4
M
27
5388
24
31
122/4
A
33
$318
29
30
5350
27
28
5375
24
38
32
ý
$328
40
35
35
34
45
29
38
98/4
M
96/4
A
156/4
M
ARROW
LANCER
2
2DR-77/8
SAPPORO
2
2
98/44
M
2
2DR-73/8
A
2
4011-73/8
23
$457
20
31
79/41
M
2
w
$438
29
1402.31414
A
20
$525
18
22.
1712.814/6
A
23
$457
19
28
70/2
20
$525
18
23
70/2
21
33
20R-75/9
4DR-7619
RENAULT
LE CAR
17
28
$404
23
33
1402.3L/4
M
2
25
5420
22
31
1402-314/4
A
2
$478
20
26
1712.81-/8
M
2
18
5584
16
20
1712.8L/6
A
2
19
$552
16
23
3025.OL/8
M
2
19
$552
16
23
3025.014/8
A
2.
29
$362
25
35
1402.3L/4
24
$438
21
29
1402.3L14
20
5525
18
22
1712.8L/6
32
$328
29
37
25
$420
23
30
761238CC/4t
761238CC/47
40
5262
36
44
91/41
32
$328
29
35
91/4t
29
$362
25
35
14023Ly4
22
PINTO
HONDA
CIVIC
M
A
A
2DR-72/8
HTSK-70/
t
Certified
for
Available
in
0
Number
of
use on
Puerto
barrels
leaded
Rico
in the
gasoline.
only.
carburator.
M
SUBARU
CONVERTIBLE
2
HTBK-74/9
2
2
2DR-65/5
HTBK-65/9
3
3
2
2DR-68/10
4
M
29
39
98/4
$328
29
38
98/4
31
5339
27
36
122/4
M
2
27.5388
24
31
122/4
A
$276
34
45
98/4
M
2
38
32
$328
29
38
98/4
A
33
$318
29
40
98/4
30
$350
27
35
28
$375
24
35
$438
98/4
A
2
HTBK-73/
M
A
2
2
2DR-73/8
4DR-73/8
2
2011-77/8
2
2
156/4
M
156/4
A
2
M
FI
22
28
14
$750
12
19
273/8
13
5807
11
16
273/8
41
I79/41
A
2
HTBK-74/8
FI
M2
31
$339
126
25
5420
20
37
5284
197/41
M
2
21111-71111
29
$362
26
33
97/4
A
2
4DR-74/11
$438
21
30
97/41
M
FI
2011-67/7
36
101/4
131
46
13EETLE
2DR-75/8
2
4
M
HTBK-74/
10
FI
2
DR-72/8
SUBARU
-
2
S
ROTARY M
A
ROTAR
VOLKSWAGEN
UNCOLN-MERCURY
BOBCAT
GOFDINI
10
M
CVCC M
CVCC S
2
$318
13
11
12
32
24
HTBK-721
FORD
MUSTANG
otyo
fU
_
24
PORSCHE
928
128
U
_-ci
3
E
E
11
2
98/4
FIAT
o
3
H113K-73/
2
2
0
a
PLYMOUTH
2
11
32
Description
MAZDA
14
2
Vehicle
MERCURY
BOBCAT
M
M
27
meSco
1-8
DODGE
CELESTE
Economy
0
LINCOLN-AVANT
sý
Fuel
-
Manufacturers
HTBK-74/9
124
o to
rrý
m
t
.
O
U
rQ
VO
a
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Q
V
Q
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3
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N
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mm
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p
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m
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gnlwrvul
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6uwnd
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80ýý
fm
R
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V
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pp
02
N
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N
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a.ýmm
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f
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pý
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88
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RPR
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ad
N
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TFm
t
i
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n
N
N
m
R Rý
p
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m
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lýRS
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rx
O
mm
RFi
RN
qty
R
N
R
n RO
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___
$
rt
N
N
N
m
It
N
m N
tý
r
q.o0ni
l3
m
fý
N
N
-
h
4
p
m
rL
r
WAýAyoe
WAl
ýýýv
RR
_RCr
P
ri
týf
IOu3
P
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-
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Y
N
m
NQ
dS
NN
m
OPI
rl
yat0
roroýro
N
OUwv
AP-9
dA.L
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R
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8
3
Muhl
OdV/A110RglRmmm
R
Q-010
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W
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wtltA$Ind
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nuew
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9
awl
m
mCEN
2
N
N
ý
N
N
V
V
V
V
N
N
ý
m
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978
Table
CARS
SUBCOMPACT
Fuel
Manufacturer
Description
Manufacturers
Q .
E
VE
U
3
3
LL
V
5
$ý
6
ýo0
uoo
_
19
22
18
20
ROLLSROYCE/
BENTLEY
ROLLSROYCE/
BENTLEY
c_
FU
PONTIAC
SUNBIRD
7U
TOYOTA
CELICA
COROLLA
CORONA
CRESSIDA
VOLKSWAGEN
DASHER
RABBIT
231/6
M
2
25
$420
21
33
27
231/8
A
2
24
$438
20
29
121/4
$584
16
22
305/8
2
22
$478
26
232/6
$525
17
25
305/8
10
13
M
A
A
412/8
20
34
134/4
22
27
134/4
SCIROCCO
$269
5328
M
A
28
38
97/4
M
M
26
32
97/4
A
34
46
71/4
28
9375
23
$457
20
29
13414
21
$500
19
23
134/4
22
$478
20
27
CONCORD
M
A
A
156/6
19
121/4
20
$525
18
23
19
$552
16
25
2
2DR-79/11
PACER
2
2
2DR-8019
HTBK-60/
2
2DR-75/9
4DR-78/9
2
HTBK-75/
12
2
20R-77/10
2
40R-
2
40R-83/11
78/10
23
37
97/4t
M R
4DR-84/12
29
97/4t
A
Fl
HTBK-83/
$339
26
40
89/4
M
1
29
$362
25
38
89/4t
M
Fl
28
$404
22
32
89/4t
A
FI
45
$200
40
53
90/4
29
$362.
25
38
89/4t
M
M
28
$404
22
32
89/4t
A
in the
gasoline.
carburator.
A
2
21
19
304/8
22
$478
19
26
232/6
9525
18
23
232/6
19
$552
16
25
258/6
18
$584
16
21
258/6
16
$656
14
19
304/8
A
A
17
$617
15
22
131/5t
M
19
$552
17
24
131/5t
A
Fl
19
$552
16
26
231/6
M
2
21
$500
18
26
231/6
A
2
40R-96/13
19
5552
16
22
305/8
A
2
HTBK-90/
i6
2
2
M
1
A
HTBK-89
AUDI
5000
BUICK
SKYLARK
1
M
18
2
2
2
Fl
40R-90/15
20R-90/14
HTBK-8W
CADILLAC
SEVILLE
CHEVROLET
NOVA
16
$656
24
$375
21
HTBK-74/
$500
19
20
350/8
30
3555.7L/8
GM-CAD
A
Fl
DIESEL
A
FI
M
4DR-95/13
26
250/6
5525
18
24
250/6
Al
17
$617
15
21
305/8
M
2
19
$552
16
22
305/8
A
2
17
$617
15
21
350/8
A
4
23
$457
20
28
225/6
M
I
2DR-87/15
23
$457
20
27
225/6
A
1
$500
18
28
225/6
M
4DR-98/IS
21
2
21
$500
18
25
225/6
A
2
25
318/8
20
Fl
14
21
I
20R-90/13
14DR-96/13
HTBK-90/
16
16
use on leaded
1
M
A
14
$584
FI
$584
534
15
18
15
22
318/8
17
$617
15
22
360/8
13
$807
10
17
29
360/8
$362
GM-CHEV
M
A
A
A
M
2
2
2
4
H15TBK-B..
$
barrels
A
16
20
Fl
4DR-90/11
$656
14
2
2DR-90/11
HTBK-83/
11
OMNI
for
1
16
18
Number of
2
2581
258/6
20
ASPEN
0
2
A
M
232/6
DODGE
t Certified
M
1-U
16
5375
DIESEL
_u
2
5457
31
uo0
28
$438
28
S
19
$420
23
osýU
U
16
9954
Description
4V
a
U
$478
24
32
Vehicle
$552
25
39
Economy
AMC
4DR-93/13
Lrl
Fuel
18
11
CARS
COMPACT
Vehicle
continued
-zi
C
ILTV
Economy
automobiles
125
31
110514
A
12
2
Table
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978 automobiles
COMPACT
CARS
COMPACT
continued
CARS
------FORD
L 3ý
Economy
ýO
Vehicle
GRANADA
3
4
V
Manufacturers
E
ý
O
M1
r$
Description
6
t
g$
WtSVF
2
24
$438
21
28
2504.1L/8
21
$500
18
28
2504.114/8
19
$552
16
25
3025-014/8
19
$552
16
23
3025.014/8
5m
10
wý61-U
M
A
M
A
1
2DR-89/15
I
40R-93/15
PLYMOUTH
VOIARE
2
PONTIAC
PHOENIX
2
LINCOLN-MERCURY
MONARCH
$4.38
21
28
2504.1
21
5500
18
26
2504.1
19
$552
16
25
3025.014/8
19
5552
16
23
18
5584
M
L/8
L/8
24
18
23
302SALfB
30254L/8
14
19
1682.814/6
29
1833.OL/5
2DR-89/16
I
Al
40R-93/18
M
A
2
A
2
4DR-92/15
A
R
40R-92/I5
2
MERCEDESBENZ
MB
116280
16
$656
26
MB
123230
$346
19
$552
24
17
22
TURBODIESEL
$310
28
34
27
$333
26
30
1472.414/4
16
$656
14
19
1682.814/6
25
$360
1472.41/4
28
1833-014/S
Fl
A
1412.3L14
29
22
A
M
DIESEL
DIESEL
A
A
DIESEL
1
2DR-84/13
Fl
40R-92/13
19
21
17
19
$552
18
28
231/6
5500
18
26
231/8
$617
15
21
305/8
$552
18
22
M
A
M
20
$525
19
604
5552
17
25
12014
17
22
120/4
30
5300
28
34
141/4
28
$321
25
31
.141/
18
$584
15
22
163/6
17
$617
15
19
163/6
29
5362
28
5404
M
A
DIESEL
DIESEL
M
A
M
A
38
105/4
23
25
31
105/4
20
26
M
23
barrels
5817
15
21
18
5552
16
22
305/8
5954
10
13
412/8
25
22
E420
22
30
1222.OL/4
$478
20
27
1222.OL/4
$457
21
$500
VOLVO
VOLVO
SEDAN
24
19
20
18
29
12220L/4t
26
1222.OL/4
24
1222.0L/47
$438
20
31
130/4
29
130/4
24
130/4
2
HTBK-90/
22
$478
20
25
130/4
5552
115
127
1163/6
76
2
2
2
Fl
Fl
3
40R-91/14
3
2
HT8K-85/
2
1
$500
25
225/8
A
2
18
WN
18
15
25
3
I8
$564
15
22
318818
1
2
2
19
19
4011-90/10
2DR-87/15
4DR-98/15
aoý
oio8ýp1
4
2DR-90/14
2
4DR-96/13
2
305/8
19
2
gasoline.
17
19
M
carburetor.
A
$500
225/8
the
M
231/6.
$457
225/6
in
231/6
28
21
27
A
28
18
23
28
8
2
16
$525
2DR-90/14
20
for use on leaded
of
A
A
27
5552
20
4011-96/14
18
21
Number
M
151/4
21
19
11
$457
A
A
2
360/8
360/8
17
2
5500
21
0
225/8
23
onpa
wOUF
2
$457
23
t Certified
$457
10
$457
15
VOLARE
A
15
5807
23
PLYMOUTH
HORIZON
22
$617
x
E
Z
13
Sy
E
_a
n
U
17
23
PEUGEOT
604
ýo
Description
e
w
r
ii
Fl
16
A
305/8
U
FI
OLDSMOBILE
OMEGA
E
Vehicle
HTBK-90/
116
2
A
A
2
A
2
2DR-94/14
SAAB
99
R
A
ROLLS.
ROYCE/
BENTLEY
CAMARGUE
Economy
o
u
Sm wrBYO
se2u
w
Fuel
27
163/6
18
$584
$552
16
22
163/6
19
$552
17
I23
1163/6
3WAYCAT
3WAYCATTURBO
NOCA
3WAYCA
NOCA
M
M
HTBK-89/
Fl
21
M
FI
A
Fl
A
M
3WAYCAT
CAT M
CAT A
3WAYCA A
CAT M
M
3WAYCAT
CAT A
3WAYCAT
2011-91/73
FI
A
Fl
Fl
2DR-89/14
Fl
4DR-89/14
FI
FI
FI
FI
Fl
IFI
I
Fuel
I
Manufaetures
3.--Fuel cost estimates for aZZ 1978
CARS
MID-SIZE
Manufacturers
Vehicle
Description
Manufacturers
0
au
v
a
i3
2
Har
z
W
Q
H
Y
8m $o
o
MATADOR
COUPE
3750
12
23
$457
19
21
$.500
18
360/8
A
2
2DR-97/14
33
1963.20/6
M
2
209-94/16
26
1963.20/6
A
2
17
BUICK
CENTURY
70
DODGE
CHARGER
14
40R-101/
REGAL
5552
16
28
231/6
22
3478
19
27
231/6
20
3525
17
25
305/8
5500
18
26
305/8
$457
19
33
123
jf21
$500
18
26
1963.2L/6
19
$552
16
28
231/6
21
$500
19
26
2313.80/6
22
5478
19
27
231/6
$525
20
$525
21
17
17
18
$500
25
2313.80/6
25
305/8
26
305/8
A
TURBO
TURBO
XE
DIPLOMAT
CHECKER
CHECKER
11
$954
10
15
425/8
CHEVROLET
MALIBU
360/8
2DR-96/16
2
A
A
A
A
2
4
2
4
4
20R-102/
17
19
25
2003.3O/6
A
2
4DR-102/
$554
16
22
305/8.
M
2
$525
17
25
305/8
A
$552
16
28
231/6
M
2
5478
19
27
231/6
A
$.084
16
22
305/8
M
20
$525
17
25
305/8
A
16
$656
14
21
318/8
IA
17
$617
14
22
360/8
15
$100
13
20
400/8
A
A
20
$525
17
25
225/6
M
2
2DR-91/16
A
2
4129-97/16
M
2
18
20
MONTE
CARLO
19
22
1
LEBARON
0
Number
of
barrels
19
552
17
22
225/6
18
$584
15
25
318/8
18
5584
117
$677
122
115
14
22
360/8
in
318/8
the
carburator.
A
ýA
FORD
FAIRMONT
LTD
m5nýi
3
II
A
A
A
225/6
M
20
$525
17
24
225/6
A
17
22
225/6
16
$656
14
21
318/8
17
3617
14
22
360/8
13
$807
10
17
360/8
15
$700
13
20
400/8
11
5954
10
14
2
2
409-101/
1
20
A2
A
A
A
A
2
2
4
4
A
440/8
4
1402.3L/4
M
$404
22
33
1402.3L/4
A
$438
21
29
2003.3/6
22
$478
19
26
2003.30/6
19
$552
16
23
3025.00/8
17
$617
15
22
302/8
16
$656
14
20
3515.BL/8
18
$564
15
15
$700
13
17
$617
22
3025.0L/8
16
$656
14
20
3515.80/8
18
$584
15
22
3515.8148
1S
$700
13
15
$700
13
20
4006.60/8
14
$750
12
17
4607.50/8
22
3025.014/8
33
209-95/15
1
24
23
2DR-91/16
4DR-97/16
2
26
$404
2
2
A
A
25
$552
4
M
18
2DR-97/16
2
M
$525
19
2
A
20
26
40R-100/
M
MENG
A
A
A
A
2
2DR-95/17
2
409-96/17
I
1
2
2
2DR-94/16
2
409-102/
16
17
2
THUNDERBIRD
20R-96/16
15
2
LINCOLN-MERCURY
MERCURY
CONTINENTAL
MARK V
2
12
1209-95/16
2
4
2
12
COUGAR/
COUGAR
XR-7
17
16
16
5617
115
26
126
13
23
$404122
WEND
3515.814/8
4006.6L/8
MENG
WENG
14006.6L/5
3515.814/8
120
22
5584
$404
17
14
5606
15
ZEPHYR
22
117
2
CHRYSLER
CORDOBA
$584
318/8
MONACO
2DR-96/17
5500
225/6
225/6
25
2
21
25
22
15
22
M
21
7
17
$525
22
2003.3O/6
S438
113
3552
14
29
24
20
15
14
14
400/8
3617
4
22
360/8
20
$584
A
12
318/8
22
17
A
16
$807
21
14
$700
18
350/8
3584
13
14
$617
15
18
250/6
18
$6556
17
19
2
A
16
2
CADILLAC
ELDORADO
waur
2
A
ýn $oc
$
SE/
MAGNUM
2
M
s_
2
2
Description
0
o
318/8
4
M
19632L/6
21
20
M
A
A
A
43
o
16
19
Vehicle
u
3
73
mEaý
AMC
Economy
Fuel
-
e
e
Y
CARS
MID-SIZE
Economy
Fuel
continued
automobiles
117
.6
4006.
23
18
/
L4
133
11402.30/6
133
11402.30/4
A
A
A
A
2
A
2
IA
2
A
A
2
2
2
26R.
95116
2
2DR-99/18
4
MENG
A
A
2
WENG
A
2
2
2DR-93/16
409-101/
16
A
M
IA
f
2
2
12
2UH-95/17
1
Table
4DR-96/17
Table
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978
MenufaMUrers
Fuel
Economy
Y
s
S3
ýU
Vehicle
9
e
w
.
r
W
D3
E.
U
a
Description
U
3
Z
Manufacturers
L
So
Economy
ýV
V
pEy
Vehicle
Description
C
s
Sa
__
3
12
Fuel
Y
Lmmoý
gýo3
WOOF
o
U
continued
LARGE CARS
CARS
MID-SIZE
automobiles
MERCURY
ZEPHYR
MATADOR
SEDAN
MI
4
$438
21
29
2003.31/6
22
$478
19
26
2003.3L/6
A
1
19
$552
16
23
3025.01/8
A
2
14
$750
12
18
2764.SL/8
A
FI
12
$875
10
15
4176.91/8
A
FI
19
$552
16
231/6
M
2
1
Y
u
r
U
E
12
17
-
YoS
WOOF
MB116V450
OLDSMOBILE
CUTLASS
14
8750
A
3608
408-96/15
2
LESABRE
18
$584
15
22
350/8
A
4
16
$656
14
20
403/8
A
4
20
$525
17
25
231/6
A
2
19
5552
16
22
2313.81/8
A
4
GM-BUICK
20
27
231/6
$457
29
260/8
22
$478
19
27
260/8
18
5584
16
22
305/8
18
26
305/8
$500
A
2
M
2
A
2
M
2
A
$552
16
28
231/6
M
2
$478
19
27
231/6
A
2
$457
20
29
26018
M
2
22
$478
19
27
260/8
A
2
$584
16
22
305/8
21
5500
18
26
305/8
A
20
$525
18
25
225/6
M
20
$525
17
24
225/6
A
17
22
225/6
A
40R-111/
2DR-107/
RIVIERA
24
A
20
$525
17
18
$584
15
17
$617
14
18
$584
15
22
350/8
16
$656
14
20
403/8
15
$700
13
19
425/8
A
4
14
$750
12
18
425/8
A
Fl
425/8
A
4
250/8
A
1
A
2
A
4
22
20
301/8
350/8
GM-BUICK
403/8
GM-BUIC
21
318/8
JA
22
360/8
M
4011-111/
21
A
A
2
4
4
A
4
A
4
20R-108/
20
2DR-98/16
CADILLAC
CADILLAC
2D
1071
20
2
4011-109/
20
LIMOUSINE
4
11
5954
10
15
1
/
2011-95/15
CHEVROLET
4DR-101/
CHEVROLET
19
$552
17
24
19
$552
16
22
305/8
17
$617
15
21
350/8
15
$700
13
20
360/8
A
2
14
$750
11
18
400/8
A
4
A
4
20
19
16
$552
$656114
17
$617
14
13
$807
10
17
360/8
15
$700
13
20
400/8
A
A
A
11
$954
10
14
440/8
A
19
$552
16
28
231/6
22
$478
19
27
231/6
20
$525
18
20
$525
17
19
$552
16
22
5478
19
4011-116/
25
24
28
27
301/8
301/8
A
A
A
I2
4
CHRYSLER
4
CHRYSLER
231/6
$478
19
27
260/8
12
$525
18
25
301/8
$525
17
24
301/B
A
20
$525
17
25
305/8
A
in
the
carburator.
FORD
4
A
20
barrels
12
$875
10
16
440/8
17
$617
15
22
3025.01/8
A.
2
13
21
3515.8118
MENG
A
2
3515.81/8
WETG
A
2
A
4
FORD
2
122
4DR-102/
2
2011-100/
23
16
$656
17
4
4011-107/
22
2DR-94/16
2
A
2011-108/
22
208-96/17
20
GM-CHEVI
4
231/6
40R-111/
20
12
MI2
20R-106/
20
2
IM
22
of
2OR-1081
18
PLYMOUTH
FURY
Number
40R-110/
20
4
23
18
TURBO
4011-101/
16
22
19
2DR-97/16
1
$47819
28
23
21
CUTLASS
SUPREME
0
a6FS
21
22
LEMANS
eý2s7
h
20
BUICK
ELECTRA
MERCEDESBENZ
PRIX
Emaoý
AMC
LINCOLN-
PONTIAC
GRAND
E
6
u
18
$594
15
22
14
$750
12
17
I460QSL/8
4DR-1061
23
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978
Table
TWO SEATERS
LARGE CARS
Manufacturers
Economy
Fuel
Vehicle
E
a
U
QLL
U
oU
WOUr
S
0ý6rU
o
ýU
U
ALFA ROMEO
LINCOLN
CONTINENTAL
CHEVROLET
CORVETTE
MERCURY
SPIDER
$700
13
20
4006.6L/8
A
2
11
17
4607.5L/8
A
4
2DR-111/
22
13
MERCURY
$807
22
16
$656
13
21
3515.8L/S
MENG A
2
15
$700
13
20
4006.6L/8
A
2
14
$750
12
17
4607.5L/8
A
4
DELTA
88
20
5525
17
25
231/6
A
2
21
$500
18
25
A
2
19
23
350/8
24
$552
$375
16
30
3505.7L/8
16
$656
14
20
403/8
17
$617
15
22
350/8
DR-100/
23
4011-1081
23
ýp
21
260/8
OLDSMOBILE
98
GM-OLDS
DIESEL
GM-OLDS
A
A
A
A
2011-107/
TORONADO
$375
16
$656
15
$700
21
14
13
30
3505.7L/8
20
403/8
19
403/8
DIESEL A
A
A
40R-711/
20
$525
20
$525
17
2DR-108/
FI
20
231/6
A
2
24
301/8
A
2
I40R-111/
20R-105/
2011-107/
20
4011-171/
20
t Certified
for
Number of
$584
15
22
350/8
16
$656
14
19
400/8
use on leaded
barrels
in the
gasoline.
carburator.
GM-BUICK A
A
a
WýUr
LL
a
5
$500
18
26
1201972CC/4
16
CMG
14
19
350/8
$617
15
21
350/8
21
$500
18
19
$552
H
M
GMCFI
GM-CH
M
A
Fl
4
4
27
168/61
17
23
166/61
M
A
Fl
Fl
BETA
SCORPION
20
$525
18
23
X7/9
23
$457
20
31
79/4t
22
$478
19
28
107/41
14
$750
12
19
2764SL/8
A
Fl
110/4
M
1
M
I
124
SPORT
M
M
M
107/4
2
2
2
BENZ
MGB
20
$525
16
29
MIDGET
26
$404
22
33
19
$552
15
27
14
11
22
201/61
23
$750
$457
20
30
121/4
21
$500
19
26
121/4
SPITFIRE
26
$404
22
33
91/4
TR
23
$457
20
28
122/4
22
$478
20
26
72214
19
$552
16
26
215/8
17
$617
15
22
215/8
91/4
PORSCHE
911
924
183/6
TURBO
M
M
M
A
Fl
Fl
FI
Fl
TRIUMPH
25
18
0
T
FIAT
SLC
PONTIAC
PONTIAC
280Z
17
17
Description
MG
4
4
is
17
MB107450SL1
FI
4
21
Vehicle
0
DATSUN
MERCEDES-20
4
20
24
Economy
LANCIA
20
4
2000
4011-114/
OLDSMOBILE
0
L
LINCOLN-
15
Fuel
0
p
c
3U
Manufacturers
Description
s
a
continued
automobiles
4
4
M
M
A
M
A
1
2
2
2
2
Table
Economy
Fuel
o
L
7
E
ýJ
estimates for all 1978
WAGONS
SMALL STATION
Manufacturers
cost
3.--Fuel
Vehicle
o
_
3
7U
U
D
cu
ýi
2
E
Doti
u
_nýci
22
wo OF
G
U
20
18
WAGON
PACER
$478
19
$525
18
16
$584
M
26
232/6
23
232/6
A
21
258/6
A
A
4011-91/30
1
I
WAGON
$656
14
19
304/8
22
$478
19
26
232/6
M
20
$525
18
23
232/6
A
19
5552
16
25
258/6
M
2
18
$584
16
21
258/6
A
2
16
$656
14
19
304/8
A
2
28
$375
23
37
9714t
M
23
$457
20
29
97/4t
A
28
O
I---
5375
24
23
34
2DR-91/28
810
WAGON
FIAT
128
A
$404
31
151/4
19
$552
15
28
231/6
M
21
$500
18
26
231/6
A
851397CC/4t
119/4
33
$318
28
40
27
$388
24
32
25
$420
23
18
28
23
NOCA
WAGON
4DR-83/40
i
$404
$420
$525
33
1402.314/4
M
2
22
31
14023L/4
A
2
22
1712.814/8
A
2
$478
19
$552
17
27
80/2
23
80/2
WAGON
M
M
2
28
38
98/4
M
2
$350
27
35
98/4
A
2
$375
24
35
156/4
M
2
22
28
156/4
A
2
$438
2
2
2DR-73/29
2
4DR-79/29
A
2
146/6t
M
Fl
146/6t
A
Fl
119/41
WAGON
16
$552
17
32
$328
28
38
98/4
M
2
30
$350
27
35
98/4
A
2
28
$375
24
35
156/4
M
24
$438
22
28
156/4
A
28
$375
24
34
151/4
26
$404
23
31
151/4
21
5500
17
29
231/8
26
231/6
21
$500
18
WAGON
4DR-81/30
31
5339
27
28
5375
25
32
$328
28
5375
37
33
4011-82/34
WAGON
CORONA
WAGON
2
$457
20
31
79/41
M
2
2DR-76/26
17
27
107/41
M
2
4011-85/33
20
$525
18
23
107/41
A
2
26
$404
23
33
1402.3L/4
M
2
25
$420
22
31
1402.3L/4
20
$525
18
22
1712.8L/8
33
$318
2DR-78/31
2
36
91/4t
2
of
$362
27
31
91/41
use on leaded
Puerto
barrels
Rico
in the
gasoline.
only.
carburator.
1CVCC
CVCC
M
3
S
3
4DR-65/22
1
31
I
29
in
40R-82/34
M
2
2DR-83/25
2
2
2
97/41
M
2
97/41
A
2
M
2
40R-74/24
28
26
38
97/4
32
97/4
A
WAGON
VOLKSWAGEN
DASHER
WAGON
4DR-74/31
2
20
29
134/4
M
2
21
5500
19
23
134/4
A
2
22
$478
20
27
156/6
A
2
4DR-84/38
M11
A
4DR-83/40
23
2
$500
WAGON
for
40R-82/32
TOYOTA
21
A
A
M
A
A
SUBARU
SUBARU
$457
4DR-77/35
I
j28
23
Certified
2DR-78/31
SUNSIRD
SAFARI
2
$584
21
2011-83/25
2
23
WAGON
Available
4
2 i
4
$328
24
HONDA
CIVIC
ROTARY M
ROTAR A
30
CRESSIDA
PINTO
yýOt
S3
o
18
23
Ly
E
32
28
Fl
FORD
Number
22
COROLLA
WAGON
WAGON
0
uU
Q2.
PLYMOUTH
LANCER
Fl
19
131ESTATE
t
WAGON
19
DODGE
COLT
0
E
-
_I
MAZDA
RX-4
/
M
151/4
26
DATSUN
WAGON
WAGON
26
20
1
p
r
O
PONTIAC
MONZA
WAGON
510
WAGON
2
16
C
MERCURY
BOBCAT
25
CHEVROLET
F-10
U
2
AUDI
FOX
Description
n
i
u
aU
Iv
-
AMC
WAGON
Vehicle
0
G
E
UNCOLN-CONCORD
E
Economy
Fuel
j
0
r
t7
Manufacturers
continued
WAGONS
SMALL STATION
Description
o
ý
t
automobiles
$31711
5457
20
37
97/41
29
97/41
FI
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978
Table
STATION
MID-SIZE
Manufacturers
Economy
Fuel
0
E
ýU
WAGONS
Vehicle
3
0
U
7
U
E
_ýo
i
ay$y
-urU
ul
wO Ur
1
S
Vehicle
0
r
O
n
U
U
u
CENTURY
WAGON
22
$478
19
27
231/6
A
2
19
$552
16
22
305/8
2
18
$584
16
23
305/8
A
A
24
$438
21
29
2003.3116
M
2
21
$500
19
25
2003.3L/6
A
2
4DR-100/
40
CHEVROLET
MALIBU
WAGON
-
13.-
4
WAGON
A
A
20032L/e
20
$525
18
24
19
$552
16
23
22
$478
19
27
231/8
21
5500
18
25
260/8
$584
16
23
305/8
17
25
120/4
17
22
120/4
34
141/4
3025.OL/8
OLDSMOBILE
CUTLASS
CRUISER
4DR-101/
WAGON
1
2
A
2
15
$552
16
22
21
305/8
305/8
20
$525
17
25
225/6
M
2
A
18
2
PEUGEOT
CHRYSLER
504
LEBARON
WAGON
19
A
17
22
225/6
$656
14
21
318/8
A
2
17
$617
14
22
360/8
A
2
20
$525
18
25
225/6
20
$525
17
25
19
$552
17
22
18
$584
15
25
318/8
$552
18
$584
17
S617
DIPLOMAT
20
15
14
225/6
2
225/6
A
2
22
318/8
22
360/8
A
A
M
$525
17
25
225/6
1
PLYMOUTH
FURY WAGON
40R-99/39
WAGON
2
2
2
$552
17
22
225/6
14
21
318/8
A
A
2
$656
$617
14
22
360/8
A
2
15
$700
13
20
A
2
4011-98/39
14
$750
11
18
400/8
WAGON
26
$404
23
33.
23
$457
19
29
1402.3L/4
2003.3L/6
20
$525
18
24
2003.3L/6
19
$552
16
23
3025.OL/8
UNCOLNMERCURY
ZEPHYR
A
M
M
A
A
26
23
0
Number
of
barrels
$404
$457
in the
23
19
33
1402.3L/4
29
2003.3116
carburetor-
M
M
2
A
2
A
Fl
$300
28
28
$321
25
15
$700
13
20
360/8
A
2
14
$750
11
18
400/8
A
4
20
$525
18
25
225/6
20
$525
17
25
225/6
M
M
19
$552
17
22
225/6
A
31
141/4
DIESEL
DIESEL
4DR-89/44
M R
4DR-104/
WAGON
4DR-98/43
1
2
I
2
M
$584
15
25
318/8
18
$584
15
22
318/8
$617
14
22
360/8
A
A
2
17
231/6
A
2
A
2
22
$478
19
27
$552
16
22
2
2
23
$457
19
31
130/4
22
5478
18
29
130/4
21
$500
19
26
130/4
20
$525
18
24
19
$552
15
27
19
$552
16
27
163/6
3WAYCATýM
19
$552
17
23
163/6
3WA
8
5584
6
22
40R-98/43
40R-101/
40
19
305/8
VOLVO
VOLVO
STATION
1
2
4DR-99/39
2
SAFARI
4
2
I
18
40R-104/
I
WAGON
M
$552
30
PONTIAC
LEMANS
2
50
FORD
FAIRMONT
$525
19
VOLARE
2
17
360/8
20
50
M
M
M
WAGON
4DR-98/39
2
16
19
MONACO
WAGON
2
16
I--
WAGON
M
4
2
WAGON
1
1
130/4
163/6
1
63/8
3WAYCA
CAT
3WAYCA
CAT
CAT
CAYCA
M
MF1
Fl
A
A
Fl
I
$617
19
4OR-100/
40
A
A
M
Fl
Fl
Fl
A
FI
A
R
I
17
WAGON
i-V
ZEPHYR
40
DODGE
ASPEN
$o
E-
LINCOLN_
MERCURY
BUICK
F_
r
Smu
E
$
v
$$on
a
$V
Description
0
Y
eý
O-o
WAGONS
Economy
a
E
e
v
Fuel
Manufacturers
_
0
3
STATION
MID-SIZE
Description
continued
automobiles
4DR-89/42
Table
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978
LARGE STATION
Manufacturers
Fuel
SMALL PICKUP TRUCKS
WAGONS
Economy
Vehicle
Manufaturers
Description
a j
E
ýU
V
o
sU
is
li
ncýU
wpý
WDUF
3
a
D
V
S
c
03x
-
14
$750
12
17
A
360/8
2
4DR-1121
50
ESTATE
WAGON
CHEVROLET
CHEVROLET
WAGON
$584
15
22
350/8
GM-BUICK A
4
16
$656
14
20
403/8
A
4
16
$656
20
14
51
A
305/8
4DR-111/
2
40R-111/
51
16
FORD
FORD WAGON
F-
$656
14
19
350/8
GM-CHEV
A
COURIER
PICKUP
16
$656
13
13
$807
13
13
$807
11
21
20
1
3515.61/8
MENG A
2
A
A
2
46075L/8
4607L/8
16
$656
13
21
3515.8L/8
15
$700
13
20
4006.61/8
13
8807
11
17
4607.5118
17
$617
15
22
350/8
4DR-108/
HILUX
4
22
$410
19
27
3505.71/8
16
$656
14
20
403/8
MENG A 2
A
A
4
A
4
4DR-108/
56
111/4
29
111/4
27
$388
$438
24
31
23
26
33
PONTIAC
SAFARI
17
$318
29
38
1101.8L/4
$362
25
35
1402.3114
$420
22
29
1402.3L/4
33
$318
29
38
26
$404
23
31
134/4
24
$438
22
27
134/4
2
2
2
M
M
A
2
2
2
M
110/4
2
a
M
A
2
2
PICKUP TRUCKS
Economy
Fuel
Vehicle
Description
a
c
_
22
iu
GM-OLDS
40R-110/
DIESEL A
A
EL
CAMINO
Fl
2
s
m
ci
coýF
3
$617
15
18
$584
15
22
350/8
18
$656
14
19
400/8
21
A
301/8
2
use on leaded
barrels
in the
gasoline.
carburator.
GM-BUIC
A
A
24
$438
$506
21
21
18
$584
16
22
2003.3L/6
2003.3L/6
305/8
$552
40R-111/
19
29
25
16
23
305/8
16
$656
14
19
350/8
GM-CH
17
$617
15
21
350/8
GM-CHEV
19
$552
17
24
250/6
$584
$617
16
22
250/6
15
21
305/8
19
4
51
for
2
M
A
119/4t
119/4t
25
2j
2
PICKUP
WAGON
M
A
29
8
PONTIAC
of
34
23
STANDARD
51
Number
24
$404
CHEVROLET
CRUISER
0
$388
26
ucýio
TOYOTA
OLDSMOBILE
CUSTOM
t Certified
27
Manufacturers
WAGON
5
2
m
E
MAZDA
LINCOLN-
MERCURY
MERCURY
WAGON
0
U
_ýU
Uf
FORD
81800 PICKUP
4
3
n
a
24
18
n
I
DATSUN
PICKUP
BUICK
SV
V
CHEVROLET
LUV PICKUP
AMC
MATADOR
WAGON
Description
E
i
_
cý
ýV
mE6rV
f
Vehicle
c
oV
m
E
Economy
Fuel
i
S
e
continued
automobiles
18
17
4
16
$656
15
19
4
15
$700
14
18
350/8
305/8
15
$700
13
17
350/8
23
$392
20
27
13
$807
12
16
3505.7L/8
454/8
M
A
M
A
M
A
M
2
2
2
2
4
4
1
Al
M
A
M
A
A
DIESELA
GM-CHEV
GM-CHEV
2
2
4
4
4
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978
Table
PICKUP TRUCKS
STANDARD
Economy
Fuel
Menutaeturers
i
Vehicle
VANS
Manufacturers
Description
i
0
Economy
Fuel
O
u
s
_
.
0
19
$552
17
23
19
$552
17
22
225/6
225/6
19
$552
16
24
318/8
16
3656
15
18
318/8
14
$750
12
19
360/8
s1
rS
R.
L3
DODGE
PICKUP
M
A
M
A
A
FORD
22
PICKUP
RANCHERO
Fr
19
28
3004.9L/6
20
$478
$525
20
17
23
3004.9L18
$525
17
26
3025.OL/8
19
$552
16
23
3025.0L/8
16
$656
14
20
3515.8L/8
16
$656
14
22
3515.814/8
15
17
$700
13
19
4006.6L/8
$617
15
22
3025.OL/8
CABALLERO
PICKUP
SW
15
22
3515.8L/8
16
$656
14
20
3515.8L/8
15
$700
13
17
4006.614/8
24
$438
21
$500
19
25
18
5584
16
22
2003.314/6
305/8
19
5552
16
23
305/8
1
21
29
M
A
M
MEND
MEND
WENG
MENG
2003.314/6
GM-0H
GM.CHEV
A
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
14
19
350/8
15
21
350/8
19
$552
17
250/6
M
18
$584
24
22
250/6
A
17
$617
21
305/8
16
$656
15
$700
14
15
$700
13.17
23
$392
20
27
3505.7L/8
13
$807
12
16
454/8
15
19
305/8
18
350/8
350/8
M
20
0
CHEVROLET
VAN
0
ýý
iU
c
f
T
u
0
4
$525
$552
17
24
250/6
16
22
250/6
3617
15
21
305/8
2
16
$656
15
19
305/8
2
15
$700
14
18
350/8
15
$700
13
17
350/8
DODGE
VAN
19
$552
17
23
225/6
2
19
$552
17
22
225/6
2
19
$552
16
25
318/8
2
16
$656
15
19
2
14
$750
12
19
20
$525
18
18
$584
16
17
$617
16
I
2
2
2
2
FORD
VAN
ECONOUNE/
CLUB WAGON
2
2
GMc
VAN
2
4
4
A 2
M 4
GM-CHEV
A 4
GM-CH
DIESEL A R
PLYMOUTH
VAN
M
GM-CH
GM-CHEV
A
M
A
M
I
1
2
2
4
4
2
318/8
360/8
A
2
25
30049L/6
22
3004.9L/6
14
22
3515.8L/8
$656
13
19
M
A
M
A
20
$525
17
24
250/6
19
$552
16
22
250/6
17
$617
15
21
305/8
16
$656
15
3515.8L/8
19
305/8
18
350/8
5700
14
$700
13
17
350/8
17
23
225/6
17
22
225/6
19$552
19
A14
A
2
15
1
2
M
A
M
A
.1
1
f9
v.
Waur
17
I
20
Description
o
ý
19
2
$617
o
2
M
A
M
A
$656
ý
Sý
2
2
17
15
2
M
A
16
16
o
E
Hsu
r
0.
Vehicle
_
p6
ý
continued
automobiles
$552
18
$584
15
22
318/8
16
36.56
14
18
318/8
14
$750
12
19
360/8
20
$525
17
25
120/4t
19
$552
17
23
120/4t
WENG
WENG
M
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
Al
GM-CHEV
GM-CHEV
M
A
M
A
M
A
M
A
A
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
VOLKSWAGEN
BUSWAGON.
KOMBI
CAMPMOBILE
t
Certified
0
Number of
for
use on leaded
barrels
in
the
gasoline.
carburator.
M
A
Fl
FI
Table
3.--Fuel cost estimates for all 1978 automobiles
SPECIAL PURPOSE
Manufacturers
23
E
U
V
TRUCKS
Economy
Fuel
122
ILL
Vehicle
7
2
U
S
U
v$oa
3
E
WOF
AM GENERAL
POST OFFICE
VEHICLE
Description
f
232/6
A
I
425/8
A
4
20
$525
19
22
11
$954
10
15
32
111/4
M
2
28
111/4
A
2
119/4t
M
2
M
2
CADILLAC
COMMERCIAL
CHASSIS
CHEVROLET
LUV CAB
CHASSIS
26
$404
25
$420
23
23
22
$478
19
27
29
$362
25
35
18
$584
16
21
232/6
18
$584
16
20
256/6
17
$617
16
20
258/6
16
$656
15
19
14
$750
13
17
304/8
304/8
134/4
DATSUN
DATSUN CAB
CHASSIS
FORD
I..r
COURIER
CHASSIS
.
CAB
1402.3L/4
JEEP
JEEP
TOYOTA
HILUX CAB
CHASSIS
LAND CRUISER
LAND CRUISER
WAGON
t
Certified
0
Number
for
of
21
$500
18
25
14
$750
12
118
258/6
16
258/8
13
1$807111
use on leaded
barrels
in
the
gasoline.
carburetor.
M
M
A
M
A
M
M
IM
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
12
continued
NOMOGRAPH
RATING
LOG
FOR
LOAD
STRINGER
BRIDGES
E.W. Larsen
Structural Engineer
B.
Rankenburg
Structural Engineer
Region
presented herein figure 1 is intended to enable the engineer
load rate log stringer bridges quickly and accurately.
The nomograph
in
the
field
5
to
CRITERIA
The rating loads conform to Types 3 3S2
Maintenance Inspection of Bridges 1974
Highway Transportation Officals AASHTO.
defined in Manual for
American Association of State
and
3-3
as
Specifica-tions
Distribution
of wheel
for Highway
loads
to
stringers
AASHTO.
conforms
to
Standard
Bridges 1973
FEATURES
This
nomograph may be used for load rating single lane log stringer bridges
are constructed similar to R-5 Standard Log Stringer Timber Deck
1200
Bridge dwg. R5-SD-Bl-1 using an allowable bending stress of Fb
Other configurations may also be rated as
psi 8273.6 kilopascals.
provisions are included for adjusting
that
--Decking
dead
load
--Girder distribution factors
--Allowable fiber
and
stresses.
With the flexibility of having different allowable fiber stress comes the
added responsibility of engineering judgment in selecting an economical but
safe stress.
In selecting a stress value for logs consideration must be
Suggested
given to the wood species age and state of deterioration.
values
are
15
Age
Basic
Stress
Douglas
Little
1-5
6-10
weathering
1.15
1.10
psi
Species
Condition
factor
Years
10-Over
factor
Weathered
Checked
Split
and
Decayed
1500
Fir
10342.1
kilopascals
1300
Fir-Hemlock
.
8963.1
.
1.0
1.15
.
kilopascals
1200
8273.6
Pine
kilopascals
rating stress is obtained by combining the basic stress
condition factor as shown in the following equation
The
and
Rating
Basic
Stress
Stress
x
Age Factor
with the age
Condition
x
Factor
The simple conversion that permits the use of any other allowable bending
stress is shown in the example on the nomograph.
New Moment
x
new
This
Graph Moment
available
computing
Horizontal
Fb
Live Load Available
live
ratings for
shear
total Cap.
load
the
1200
psi
-
new
8273.6
Moment
kilopascals
Dead Load
bending moment is the new pivot point for
types of loads in the usual manner.
three
and
bearing stresses
are not usually limiting factors in
will
and
not
designs
normally require checking in load rating
log stringer
of log stringer bridges 16
substantial decay and loss
4.88 meters or longer.
However when
section occurs at the bearing area of the
occur in a form of vertical shear at this
feet
kilo-pascals
log
first
location.
mode
If
failure can
needs checking
this
applied to the
The
of
net
a rating stress of 75 psi 517.1
area will provide conservative results.
nomograph is flexible enough to allow the user to enter at various
as required
to adjust to field conditions..
If a four-sfringer
nomo-graph
points
bridge were to be rated for example
or a ten-stringer bridge with a rock
the
could
deck
engineer
simply compute the dead load bending moment
The
assume a distribution factor and quickly arrive at a rating.
indicates
if
a
needs
to
be
readily
bridge
posted.
16
2ARE
WEIGHT
OF STRINGER
STRINGER
SPACINGS
LBS
PER
0.0
FT.
STD.
\
50-
-
DIXON.
TO BE
USED
OTHER
THAN
IN
REF.
440
DWG
WEIGHT
NOTES
OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
PER STRINGER
LBS.
400
PER FT.
2.
100
4
6
IB
150
LL
24
26
200-
34
Tý
\\ýý
350--
40
4
N
42
k0 0
\
44
46
s
6Q-
/
/ /
4 5 0
//
/
uN
160
u
ý
ý
a
RUNNING
%
40
4.
a
I.
Q
DEDUCT
Fb
1200
5
STRINGERS
3-6 0/C
PER
PER
5-
FT.
b.
i
REP
BRIDGE
STD.
4
DV%G
LIMB
-O-STRINGERS
CB
-STRINGERS @
GIVEN
160
240
3
22
LLND
0
MOM
0p
4 6p
NT VAILABLE
ý6 0
640
RT. KIPS
720
800
b
OR MORE
GREATER
DECKING.
4
6
AND
C DECKING
LESS
IN
THAN
THAN
UP TO
4
IN
6
POSTING
THICKNESS.
90
BO
6
160
70
60/r
50
40
V
3-3
240
320
400/
480
30
560
20
l0
640
720
o
REQUIRES
1.9..
__
LL
0.4
GROSS
PIVOT
TYPE
POSTING
TONS
100
LIMIT
90
60
70
60
50
gI
TYPE-5
LINE
O__
ýpc
WT.
Fb
70
TONS.
LOAD
43.0
TONS
Fb
LOAD
1400
F00TT
KIPS.
U-
AND
228
I60ý
B
0
240
320
400
4030
480
560
AVML.
L.L.
PIVOT
TYPE
PER
VEHICLE
0.4
ý
40
33323.
TYPE
-
3
POSTING
20
640
0.3
10
720
0
0.4
690
530
LOAD
ALLOWABLE
GROSS
50
40
30
TONS
LOAD
RATING.
TONS
LOAD
RATING.
FROM CHART
FACTORS
800
0.3
60
RATING
h
LL
z
DEPARTMENT
20
10
WTTONS
REQUIRES
0
SERVICE
REGION
OA0.5
DISTRN.
OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST
0.5
70
LOAD
0.5
DISTRN.
30
60
FACTORS
FROM CHART
POSTING
NOMOGRAPH
LOG
FOR
STRINGER
FIVE
LOAD
RATING
BRIDGES
DESIGNED
REV
REVIEWED
DATE
EET
R5-SD-BI-4
Figure
1.
Nomograph
for Load
K.
POINT
LL
40
90
418
-676-228.561
70
23 TONS
100
1210
P
2-030
-
FACTORS
P.S.I.
LL
U.S.
0.3
DISTRIBUTION
RATING.
TOTAL
CAR-6T6
FOOT KIPSDOR
1200 PSI.
WITH 0 MOM
D.L.
0
0.2
RATING.
RATING.
FACTORSFROM CHART
2.0
y
71.0
0.5
DISTRN.
800
_
THICKNESS.
ALLOWABLE
3-3.
LEFT.
X50
OR EQUAL
j
4.0
30
-
37 TONS
LIMIT
S
PLANKLOWER
POSTING
TYPE3-3
DECKING
C/C.
RUNNING
SOLUTION
36 TONS
TYPE
LINE
352.
TYPE
-3.
EXAMPLE
ABOVE
NEW
A
352
WTTONSIo0
GROSS
PIVOT
AND
.43 SEE CHART
59.0 TONS LOAD
TYPE
MOM.
0.3
ALLOWABLE
FOR
INCHES.
12
3-6
IR
GUARD
TYPE
ýD
REQUIRES
2-O 0/C
3-O OC
4-o O/C
WHEEL
MOM
\16
ý
RAIL
DECK.
MEASUREMENT
DIAMETER-
STRINGERS
Fp1200 PSI
MOM. D.
5
IN
DECKING
---STRINGERS
POSTING
OR HAND
I OF WOOD
DIAMETER
FACTOR.
\
/-.
_...-TO
PER
TO
LOG
429
PLUS
SOLUTION
2
DWG.
C.F.
GUARDS
P.S.I.
SPAN
DECK
OLSTHIBUTION
LIVE
BRIDGE
STD.
C.F.
PER
EQUIVALENT
STRINGER
a.
3
40
TYPE
PER
WHEEL
P FROM
MINIMUM
60
I
----6 STRANGERS
2-BOAPER
REF.
LINE
PIVOT
LBS.
PLANKS
4 EXAMPLE
77
60
10
-
45 LBS.
DECK-50
20
N
BE CHECKED
SAPWOOD.
120
500-S-
550-S-
RS-SD-BI-I
DECK
50
30
wa
ONG.
SHOULD
CRITERIA
WOOD
Cý
STD.
SHEAR.
STRINGERS
L
d.
DIAMETER
AND
6
G
T
IN
EACH
FN
ý
s
///f
/
-
/
z
70
36
DESIGN
Q
T
240
60
36
OR LESS
260
250
32
REF
16
B.
300-200-
30
CONFIGURATION
STRINGERS
320
A
22
STRUCTURE
FOR BEARING
360
-
3
20
R5-SD-BI-4
FOR STRINGER
I.
LINES
rating Log stringer bridges.
/
OF
elimin-at
APPLICABILITY
This
or
if used with understanding
nomograph is only a tool which
can
tedious
calculations.
It
many
cannot
compensate for lack of judgment
experience in dealing with complex and variable problems.
Major defects splits or rot in the stringers
for example
may require
some investigation as to the extent
of remaining sound wood.
This can be
allowed for by using different diameters for computing the available live
load moment.
Some error probably results from assuming the remaining sound
.oo
The effect of this can best be judged by the person in
Defects in the deck or worn decks may have some influence-on
distribution factors for the wheel loads.
Engineers may be required to
make educated guesses about the actual distribution mechanism operating in
is circular.
the
field.
the
field.
ACCURACY
ratings are accurate to approximately 2 percent on the average.
This
than
the error inherent
in the assumptions made about
a structure.
Estimates of sapwood distribution factors and the changes
normally found
in organic materials all contribute to rating variance.
The
is less
18
WASHINGTON
OFFICE
I
NEWS
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
TECHNOLOGY
Since
TRANSFER
1968
formal recognition has been given to the need for improving our
This was and continues to be
engineering technology transfer efforts.
based on our need to use the latest state-of-the-art in carrying out our
missions and the need to eliminate costly duplications of effort and trial
and error procedures.
en-gineering
inter-nally
engi-neering
de-signed
Most of us have overlooked the fact that our internally held technology is
one of our most valuable resources.
Without question
our collective
knowledge concerning low volume road issues exceeds that of any other
group in the world and this is probably true for most resource
The problem is how to make this
engineering activities.
held resource available to all engineers and paraprofessionals on a
Service-wide basis.
management
year our efforts have focused on internally generated
These are
publications and especially Engineering Field Notes.
to give specialists a vehicle for sharing
their knowledge with their
Although much valuable knowledge has been transferred
counterparts.
through this effort most specialists
engineering managers and line
officers have not recognized that technology transfer is an inherent
part
of their jobs.
Up
until this
On January 16 1978 the Chief Forest Service sent a 1250 letter to the
of technology transfer and requested
Regional Foresters on the subject
actions
which were designed to improve the
implementation of eight specific
Some of the key issues were
process.
SPF
1.
The Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry
will
provide Service-wide leadership for technology transfer.
2.
Subject matter specialists are to communicate with and provide
feedback to their counterparts and use available information
systems.
19
3.
Line officers are to identify within their staffs and program
areas key persons whose jobs should include the responsibility
for keeping up-to-date and transferring knowledge and technology.
This will permit management to assign specific responsibility and
include it in job descriptions.
State and Private Forestry is in the process of establishing a technology
transfer staff unit for the Washington Office.
As soon as this unit is
fully staffed and has an opportunity to develop detailed Service-wide
we can expect some significant advancements
direction
and major emphasis
on your responsibilities for technology transfer.
FSM 7113
establishes your initial responsibilities in support of our
Engineering Technical Information Systems and you are encouraged to review
this section as soon as possible.
of the Chiefs direction on use of available information systems
development and implementation of new ones we are conducting an
evaluation of the Fort Collins Computer Conferencing System.
Each Regional
Technical Information Coordinator see listing of coordinators on last
page has been asked to collect brief informal information statements and
questions to feed into the system and to access
the system for information.
The objective is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using a computer for
communication purposes and to determine if something of this nature should
be established for use by all engineering units.
In
support
and the
If you have a message you think would be of Regional or Service-wide value
if you have a problem and would like some help on
it please call your
respective coordinator
and arrange for the message to be entered into the
trans-fer
or
system.
there are several developments
in the area of technology
summary
and we can expect a lot more.
The key to the success of our existing
and future engineering information systems is you.
If you recognize
accept and act on the fact that technology transfer is an important part
In
of
your function
we can all
be
assured of having answers when
them.
20
we need
TECHNOLOGICAL
IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward T. Taylor
Assistant Director
EDIT BOARD MEETS
IN MISSOULA
The Equipment Development and Test Boards National
meeting was held at the
Missoula Equipment Development Center MEDC on April 11-13.
The Board
meets annually to discuss the EDT Program.
More than 50 people from the
various Washington Office staffs the Regions the Stations
the Equipment
Development Centers the Bureau of Land Management
and
Foresters office participated in the 3-day session.
the
Montana
State
accomplish-ments
The meeting also gives Board members and others involved
in equipment
development the opportunity to review the latest activities and
of the Missoula and San Dimas Equipment Development Centers.
One day of the session was devoted to field demonstrations.
In the morning
the attendees visited the University of Montana Human Performance
Laboratory
and listened to a discussion of the methods developed to evaluate the human
factors in work and equipment design.
strip-mined
At
the
MEDC shops
saw revegetation equipment demonstrated and
in reclaiming
gouger
spade and hay spreader
land.
This revegetation equipment was built for the Bureau of Land
Management see figure 1.
the
roles
of
the
the
group
tree
The rest of the day was spent on the Ninemile Ranger District located 30
miles west of Missoula.
The group saw the following variety of equipment
related to EDT project work under way at Missoula and San Dimas
--Ford Ditch Master--a commercial machine designed to clean silt
rocks and other debris from ditches along secondary and logging
roads
--New plastic toilet vault
stainless steel models
riser that
is stronger
--Crosscut saw filing techniques
--Smokejumper
aircraft evaluation and smokejumping.
21
and cheaper
than
--Lightweight
New
and
camp
gear
that
lessens
impact
on
wilderness.
solid-state instrument to measure degree of seedling
dormancy
determine the best time to lift seedlings for planting.
--Ignition systems for
--Lightweight
Yarder
igniting
yarder designed
Guyline Anchor
brush and
to remove
other
fuels
slash-from steep
that
--Water
gel
burnse
Figure
1a
A
see
figure
air.
slopes.
failure detection
device---Self-powered
yarding carriage
bunches
corridor
from the
2e
logs
along
a
skyline
explosives for building a fireline around prescribed
demon-strated
Vermeer Tree
Spade
to
for revegetating disturbed
Board attendees.
EDT
22
Zand
Figure 2a Prototype self-powered yarding carriage was demonstrated to those
attending the EDT Board meeting. The machine bunches Zogs or
slash along a skyline corridor
23
TO READERS OF
INVITATION
FIELD NOTES
Every reader
is
short
you would
a
author of an
potential
article
for Field Notes.
you
If
have
news
a
item or
accu-rate
article
Field
in
publication
with
Service
we
engineers
you
invite
to send
it
for
Notes.
submitted to the
Material
to share
like
Washington
Office
for
should
publication
be reviewed
by the
Washing-ton
respective
Office
Regional
informative and
of
material
submitted may
however
short articles
glossy
Field
and white
black
Notes
is
mailing
the
ask
number
Washington
Each
of
vary
from
information
short
to
be
should
illustrations
The
length
of
pages
typewritten
submitted to the
material
All
7113.
several
original
drawings
or
photos.
Forests and Forest
your Office
copies
FSM
sentences
items are preferred.
all
current timely technically
Service-wide
engineers
several
is
or the
Manager
to your office.
sent
Office directly
Service
retirees.
Regional
to
all
Information
Copies of back issues
Regional
are not
you
If
are
Station and
currently
on the
Coordinator to increase
also
from the
available
Office.
Region
questions
to
interest
or news
the
distributed from the Washington
Area Headquarters
list
that
be typed double-spaced
should
Office
to see
has
an Information Coordinator to
and material
for
The
publication.
R-1
Melvin
Dittmer
R-4
R-2
Royal
M.Ryser
R-5
R-3
Juan
Gomez
should
direct
R-6
questions
field
concerning
personnel
should
submit both
are
Ted Wood
Jim McCoy
Kjell Bakke
Bob Bowers
R-8
Coordinators
whom
Coordinators
R-9
Fred Hintsala
R-10
F.
WO
format editing
W.
Baxandall
Al Colley
publishing
dates and other
problems to
USDA
Forest
Engineering
Service
Staff
Attn Gordon
P.O. Box 2417
Washington
Telephone
L.
D.C.
Rm. 1108 RP-E
Rome
or Rita E. Wright
20013
Area Code 703-235-8198
U.S.
GOVERNMENT
PRINTING
OFFICE
1978
0-261-474/1