ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
FIELD
NOTES
TECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVAL
INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM
L
NUMBER
Field
_
Notes
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Computer Programs
Hydraulic Analysis
of
Drainage Structures
Washington Office News
FOREST SERVICE
JULY 1976
WESTSE
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
E/.
REST
SERVE
ENT9
FIELD NOTES
ENGINEERING
Volume
Number
8
This
monthly newsletter
U.S.
Department
The
its
assumes no responsibility
for
of this information
use
of trade
convenience
of
evaluation
product
The
text
respective
in
the
procedures
not
recommendation
intended
the exclusion
publication
its
does
type
technicians
exclusively
U.S.
material
should
for
as
the
for
the
information
The
of any
suitable.
opinions
recommended
except
by
publication
read each issue however
the
references.
engineers
this
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of
or approved
FSM
all
and
official
or approval
personal
20250
an
constitute
engineers.
Washington D.C.
of the
only.
the interpretation
which may be
or policy
in
is
not
the
represents
retirees
employees.
endorsement
of others
and must not be construed
of
own
names
use
mandatory instructions
Because of the
engineering
to
Such
reader.
conclusion
author
by other than
firm or corporation
the
or service
distribution to.employees
of Agriculture-Forest Service and
Department of Agriculture
or use
for
published
is
7
1976
July
and
publication
is
SOLAR CELLS
SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC
Hyde
Jerry M.
Structures Engineer
and development of
Design
been
required
station
power
to
energy
types
told
mounted
available
companies
7
sunlight
In
years.
of photovoltaic
use
other
spacecraft
the
is
the
century
21st
development of a
P/V
have
to electricity
directly
advanced
satellite
arrays to supply
experience
on
to the
to
base
solar
electric
advance
top of
marine battery
signals
this
TV
is
not so
needed
ocean and lake buoys navigational
charging
transmission
of solar energy
relay
and remote
installations
of
and climatological
stations
all
data
stations.
held
Conference/Exposition
Johnson
of the
terrestrial
largest
MITRE
a
poles.
and some
remote
in
application
Practical
stations for radio and
Gustave
Mr.
power
electrical
generating
are
Technology
Energy
solar
Corporation
MITRE
cell
building
Washington
in
in
Corporation
array in the
and
McLean
on
Virginia
These panels are
world.
are being
they
D.C.
studied
on an
basis.
to
May
the
from the
COMSAT
ITEK
document
1975
U.S.
are involved
Survey
Government
Printing
photovoltaic
conversion
in
Solar Energy
of
Office
GPO
Products
$4.60
the
and Services
following
seven
Laboratories
Corporation
Mobil Tyco
Solar Energy Corporation
Optical Coating
Laboratory
Inc.
Solar Energy Systems Inc.
Solar Power
Solarex
Other companies
Sensor
single-module
Corporation
Corporation
are
Heating and Cooling
The
and
lookout towers
group about the
experimental
According
many
for
successful
equator
safety
fire
29-31 1976
the
4
5
6
cells
and transmitting
third
1
2
3
The
communications
including
the
March
solar
highway
recording
convert
to play a major role in the
cells
SKYLAB
areas from the
beacons
arrays which
industry
solar
space.
Office
for ground applications.
wilderness
At
in
on earth
remote
in
space
allow
power
technology
Here
the
in
may
technology
solar
Washington
included
Products
Technology
outputs
in
the
October
-ERDA-75
Solar
Power
and typical outputs
1975
available
Systems
document
from
GPO
brochure
Catalog
$3.80.
includes
of multimodule systems.
1
on Solar Energy
specifications
for
Although
SPCS
there
are
Conversion
Solar Photovoltaic
producing
that must be overcome
Systems
SPCS
the use of
before
Energy Research and Development
to the
According
widespread.
companies
several
two major problems
there are
can
be
ERDA
Administration
these are
1
High cost-Terrestrial photovoltaic
2
Low
by
production-The
was estimated
The major
MW
peak
panels
now
from $20000
sell
$25000
to
per
peak KW.
are to
goals
per year
Fiscal Year
of $100-$300
SPCS market
current terrestrial
to be 100 peak
a
establish
in the United
total
capacity
plant
of producing
capable
of solar array modules at a market price of
1985 and 50000 peak
KW
per peak
by
States for 1975
KW.
MW
500
least
at
than $500 per peak
less
KW
per year of solar array modules at a market price
Fiscal Year 2000.
SOLAR CELLS-AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGYSOURCE
The
U.S.
devices
Forest
in
by
recharged
Service
uses
reliable
mountainous
rugged
the
solar
cells
to
for
cells
solar
from
terrain
power
electrical
provide
powering
Arizona to
unmanned
radio
Storage
batteries
Alaska.
during
periods
of darkness
relay
are
and
cloudy weather.
Service Solar-Powered Flush Toilet Systems
Forest
Another
The
building.
National
Plans
Forest.
first
8
in
the
3
Montana
March
is
are
to
make
by
design steps involved
1
2
of
use
energy
for the
Hardware
be
will
this
Forest
summer
an
to generate
toilet
eight-fixture
initiated
season
when
this
the Custer
year
demonstration program for the
and the Antelope Lookout
a cooperative
project
with the
NASA/LRC
with these photovoltaic
FIELD
power
Pilot
on the Lassen
National
Peak
National
Aeronautics
and
Cleveland Ohio.
system are
size
P/V
of the
of the P/V array frames and support
array
structure.
and the
The
array
toward the sun and face south.
Batteries-The Forest
battery
in
be
panels
1976.
designs-Design
tilted
power
solar
system
toilet
Power system electrical
design-Determination of
amount of battery storage capacity required.
will
3
solar
Rockies opens
Space Administration Lewis Research Center
The
the
of a flush
operation
in
Plumas National
the
Plans
energy
developed for a photovoltaic
being
on
solar
comfort station powered
No.
Forest
Vol.
are
Lookout
for use
power
electrical
NOTES
of converting
example
enclosure.
Service
NASA
will
will
procure
the
design the battery
2
number
charge
required and provide
regulator.
for the
4
Instrumentation-NASA
power
5
will
design
manually
read
instrumentation
P/V
for the
system.
Cabling-NASA
will
specify the intercomponent
cabling
by type
and
configuration
connector.
Lookouts
power
will
It
without
source
access
to
commercial
power
sources
need for yearly replacement of dry
the
as
will
from
benefit
this
type of
for radio c perations
cell batteries
be eliminated.
would be desirable to provide
from an
gas to
transporting
could
power
for lighting
heat
and some small motor operation
source rather than liquid petroleum gas because
electric
be replaced
remote
with solar
Many
sites.
cells in
existing
of the
propane generators
logistics
radio
at
problems of
repeater
sites
the future.
SUMMARY
Production
of
Edmund
Scientific
of panels such
25 watts
to be expanding.
The latest publications from
panels appears
Co. 4632 Edscorp Building Barrington NJ 08007 carry several models
11 - 12- and 14-volt selections.
The 12 volt high current model provides
silicon
as
of power
solar
output-
and
comes ready
to
use
on
a metal frame
with
tilt-adjusting
brackets.
Ultimately
electric
for
all
this
power
practical
form of
for
many
solar
energy
facilities.
We
purposes a perpetual
solar cells
may
be used
have both an abundant
as
a principal source
supply of
supply of the suns radiant energy.
3
silicon
on
earth
of
and
COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Dick
Jones
L.
Civil
Engineer
Office
Regional
Region
In
years
recent
computer
have
the
been converted
three
at
the
Fort
FHWA
Administration
Computer Center by
Collins
been
has
developing
structures. Three of these programs
of highway drainage
analysis
for use
R-8 Computer Science
The
Highway
Federal
programs for the
8
Michael
Efird of the
Group.
computer
electronic
programs
documented
are
the
in
FHWA
following
publications
HY-6 Hydraulic Analysis
Electronic
Computer Program
Electronic
Computer Program HY-4-69 Hydraulic
Hydraulic
Hydraulic
No.
Series
Design
1
HDS-1
No.
Circular
Engineering
Hydraulic Analysis of Bridge
Engineering
Circular No.
HEC-13
13
Culverts
Hydraulic
of Culverts
Analysis of Bridge
HEC- 14
14
Waterways
Waterways
Hydraulic Design of Improved
.Inlet
for
Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for
Docu-mentation.
and Channels
No. FHWA-RD-508
Culverts
Report
Outlet
Culvert
HYDRAULICS OF BRIDGE WA TER WA
also
The
in
basic
computer
HDS-1
program
publication.
the bridge
a
calculations
the use
will
users
in
is
velocities
the
direction
of an earlier
in
publication
curve
for given
program
the
FHWA
program are explained
who
and assumptions
theory
contained
in
Anyone
1973.
in
and plot a stage-discharge
and flow
version
method of computing backwater
the
backwater used
republished
format
a revised
is
program.
be familiar with the
compute
the
was
Program
will
the
bridge
explained
in
channels.
It also
this
HY-4-69.
for natural
bridge
uses
and shapes
sizes
automatically
increase
at
various
or decrease
and then recalculate the backwater depths.
length
advantage
in
should
program input
Under
discharges.
sizes
which
backwater depths
calculates
The
The
program
more general-purpose
and method of computing
theory
publication
This
a
provides
Computer
YS PROGRAM
.Thi program described in publication HY-4-69
The newer version incorporates
program.
changes
and
Design
Protection
of
short
this
time
program
with
is
little
by hand has discouraged
of less reputable
that
extra
it
enables
effort.
the
The
designer
laborious
designers from making
methods such
as
the Talbot
4
to
task
accurate
formula.
analyze
several
of performing
bridge
these
analyses and has led to
Caution
recent
be maintained
should
research
wooded
shown
has
that
But even
floodplains.
the
if
method
the
at
worst
its
used
assumptions
in
type of
program are
backwater
underestimates
this
the
analysis
is
Also
violated.
depth for very wide
much
better than none at
all.
Region
8
considers
used
has
this
bridge
program many times
hydraulic
in
the
last
now
2 years and
to be nearly indispensable.
it
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF CULVERTS
program
This
described
which analyzes
for round
expanded
The
in
data
follows
the
computer
The
culverts.
program
work
program
may be
publication
HY-6.
metal. The
or corrugated
program
will
arch and oval culverts.
to include
format and
input
concrete
either
FHWA
recent
a very
is
and improved inlet-type
made of
culverts
the future
program
This
both conventional
box
or
HY-6
publication
in
documentation
computer
design
and
principles
is
contained
philosophy
as
in
presented
publication
in
HEC-13.
The
of this program
advantage
that
configurations
determine
is
headwater
allowable
that
meet a given
will
of design
a given
at
a wide range
analyze
will
it
set
criteria.
Such
discharge.
of culvert
For example
information
it
and
sizes
may
enables
inlet
be used to
the designer
the most economical size for his project site.
to pick
CULVERT OUTLET PROTECTION DESIGN PROGRAM
This
was
program
published
detailed
are
developed
in
The
Highway
Department
and design methods
theory
The program
HEC-l4.
publication
Wyoming
the
by
FHWA.
and distributed by
format
input
used
and
in
described
is
being
is
this
program
in
report
FHWA-RD-75-508.
This
program
will
shape
and basins
concrete
Program output
velocity.
The
width of the
While
analyze
and outlet flow
these
provide
number
stilling
gives
basin
basin.
The
will
that
depend
These parameters
will
of alternatives
not
the
include
meet
the
on the
size
blankets
dissipators.
of a
criteria
available
rock-riprapped
size
maximum
downstream
of riprap and the allowable
are set by the user.
solve
number
for a large
will
for culverts with given
dissipators
analyzed
dissipaters
and impact type of energy
basins
several
dimensions
programs
analyses
basins
of energy
types
several
conditions.
all
of
the
of alternative
engineer
is
much
drainage
engineers
problems
designs with little extra work.
more
likely
to
they
With a
will
large
choose the most economical
design for his project.
Editors Note
Copies of the referenced
July
3
publications
1975 and May 25
have
been mailed
1976.
5
to
all
Regions with
7110
letters
of
I
WASHINGTON OFFICE NEWS
OPERATIONS
Harold
L.
Strickland
Assistant Director
CARTOGRAPHY SYSTEM
AUTOMATED
The Geometronics
systems
to
Automated
three-axis
automatic
involving
development
systems
systems
and
drafting
map
techniques
presently
with
primary emphasis on developing
used
have the
also
on a production
input
cartography
production
full
projections.
products
Other
stations.
more
are
primarily the
basis
the
in
configurations
in
an
The
production.
project
the
data
is
the
charter of the Geometronics
at
the
to
alternative
a system to
to plot
capability
was begun with
as
and store map data
collect
the
The software
has been developed
Maps
Topographic
Published
124000-148000.
plotting output
system but only
see
Test
data
revision
proper
Base Series
planimetric
as
163360
Scale
in
this
and
The
I
operation.
FORTRAN
is
be
to
Scribed
used
also
not designed
hardware capable
Drum
1136
Symbols for Standard
Larger
hardware used
existing
of these
Production
used for these symbols were
system.
system from
of
as
at
as the
a total
the software
testing
attached.
restricted
thus
far
to update these separations
124000 USGS
to
but the system can
color
handle
separation
any type
plates
and
and
scale
of
source data.
Four types of graphic
1.
a usable
been
the
USGS
in digital
and with correct
scale
layers.
Service Centers Phase
around the use of the
scribing specifications
specifications
schematic
have
data
The
at
scribing
traditional
under Terry Gossard
continuing
is
of evaluating
objective
the
CALPLOTPAC is software oriented to UNIVAC 1108
system called
System and Calcomp
programs and hardware oriented to a Calma Digitizing
functions
and/or
research
This
Plotter.
the
development throughout
of
scanning
to produce the Primary and Secondary
symbolization
map
manual
raster
of a system for our applications
methods
form and
GSC
stages
are operational
requiring
line-following
automated
of
the
various
at
automated
evaluating
Centers
stage.
Development
use
Some
currently
is
Service
exist
systems
industry.
and
two-axis
the
Geometronics
the
cartographic
cartographic
Group
Development
support
input
Single-point
stations
can be
accommodated
standard
symbol
bench marks quarry
at
sites
6
a
etc.
particular location
i.e.
triangulation
3.
for features whose size and/or
Two-point
2.
Discrete
features which
planimetric
highways
drains
4.
line
trails
orientation
do
varies.
on
close
not
themselves
etc.
Closed figure polygon-type
features
lakes
i.e.
CALMAGRAPHIC
GRAPHIC
SOURCE
buildings
large
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
EQUIPMENT
LINE
1
CHARACTER
16
DIGITAL
CODE
II
etc.
1ST
FOR
DISPLAY
LINE
TEXT
DIGITIZING
CALMAGRAPHIC
II
KEYBOARD
NOVA
24
CALMAGRAPHIC
7TRACK
1200
K
TAPE
11
SYSTEM
TELETYPE
DIGITIZING
MODEL
33
DISK
-----------------DIGITIZED
DATA
1108
PRINTOUT
F 24
DIGITIZER
FILE
CALMA
G.
P.
GEOGRAPHIC
FILE
EDIT
AND
P.
CONVERSION
ORIENTATION
LODNGO
YES
MAJOR
FLOW
SCALING
G.
POSITION
PRINTOUT
SYSTEM
NO
REDIGITIZATION
DIGITIZING
DEMAND
G.
P.
EDIT
G.
P.
CODED SOURCE
EDIT OF
FILE
CALMA
FILE
DATA
DISK INPUT
7
PLOT
DATA
LINPLT
PRINTOUT
BUILD
CALMA
EDIT
DISK FILE
FINAL
7TRACK
EDIT PLOT
7TRACK
1136
TAPE
FILE
FOR
TRANSMIT
TO
1108
9
TRACK
PLOT
TAPE
FINAL
MANUSCRIPT
PLOT
Schematic of Cal Plot Pac System
7
Flow
i.e.
In
addition
data in
to
the
four
either scaled-state
currently
ballpoint
The system
symbols have
mile
option
The
in
its
size
745
and
the
plots have
test
red
tint
green
and maintain
is
fixed to
USGS
to
symbols by
generate
scale
Base
Series
is
evident
we
if
intend
USGS 1100000 series is being
series. No work has been done with
most
Eventually
too
is
ink
on the
plots
Gerber 1232.
This
Test and.
and evaluated.
The output
Light
be arranged
can
and annotation
tint
The
It
is
if
not
apparent
evaluating
are being
all
that
current
coordinated
an operational
map
other
into
plates.
in
These
system cannot change the
focus
symbols
at
to use the system to revise
evaluated
develop
Plotter using
Plotter Evaluation
been combined
coming
is
format are used. The need to generate
efforts
of data
FS
The
as
1/2
1
yet into a working
the system.
provision
also
decimal
in
types
obtain
scribing specifications.
not
quad
are
record
registered
the future.
in
registration.
been programmed but have
to
been received
capability.
blue
Drum
1216
Kongsberg
with our ongoing Flatbed
output format
scale
their
748
1136
been completed
has
71/2
system.
inch
two
to use these
to a Calcomp
be added to the system
blue
any
at
of the symbols as
size
in
brown
black
all
will also
flexible
very
be plotted
can
plates
when
later
commands
is
seven layers
conjunction
in
far
programming
Calcomp
plotters
be documented
plotting
been limited thus
has
programming was done
beam
of an
have to be transformed
software
All
.00
coordinates
case the coordinates
the system.
in
Preliminary
pens.
flatbed
following
will
or table
operational.
The hardware output
or
In either
to be used
positions
geographic
plane coordinates
coordinates.
to geographic
input the Calmagraphic II with disk can
of graphic
types
revision
will
state-of-the-art
equipment
with these other
system for use in
USGS
activities.
production
distant future.
8
at
is
GSC
the
Also the
of our 1/2
series.
an automated
Defense
on which
It
other than
for our Secondary
to or replacement
be done with
agencies
bases
base effectively.
1100000
for the
symbolization
mapping
this
for possible support
as
a scale
cartographic
Mapping
Agency
etc.
to build
a system.
Our
the intent of this project
and hopefully
within
to
the not
STANDARDS
CONSULTATION
C. R.
Weller
Assistant Director
DAM SAFETY INSPECTIONS
A
dam
special
on
consultant
study
national
conducted
was
and
preparing
work. Although
actually
by law
meet future
and to show the
requirements
legal
prototype
this
as
valuable
contract
services
will
inspection
was
gained
specialized type
enable the
of contracting
feasibility
dam
experience
for this
a
as
The work was
3.
a model
Corps of Engineers
study
financed
inspection
and Region
office
that is those following
time
this
at
this
sample inspection
professional
such inspections
required
between
This
by an A/E
performed
recently
Arizona.
by the Corps of Engineers
this
a
administering
Williams
effort
developed
performing
was
inspection
near
a cooperative
criteria
Through
condition
Dam
Scholz
to meet
process.
and
safety
the
of
are not
criteria
Forest
in
Service to
inspections
similar
on other dams.
The dam
is
located
Basically
it
was
from the
Soil
Currently
it
Conservation
is
24
feet
Service and
Forest
The A/E
is
field
engineering
and
for wildlife
Engineers
surveys
of
Sufficient
to
include
a
continue
Phase
People
I
funds
a
select
terminology
more
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assistance
engineering
15 feet
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scope
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detailed work
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sampling
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detailed
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project.
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be
stability
study
if
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Following
study.
plans
are
expanded
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work
will
analysis
the
the
engineering
Current
slightly
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regarding
were not developed.
and
II
and
searches
require
would be
for a Phase
appropriate
record
on a different
the
approximately 32 days
spent
comprehensive report
did
study
one more study
The
hydrologic
be considered
Laboratories
design or restoration
remain to award
second
to
Forest
this
some
was to be
of water.
acre-feet
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dam.
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inspections
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Forest
owned dam
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used
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current
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constructed
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up on these studies can
Wolfe Engineering R-3.
9
contact
either
Larry
Hendrickson
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
T. Taylor
Assistant Director
INTEGRATED
SYSTEMS COORDINATED
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areas
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in
the
and
been
have
engineers
computer
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using
of surveying mapping design geometrics
was the Coordinate Geometry
these solutions
Computer
Engineering
tool
effective
FSH
attained the popularity
never
problem data to the
to mail the
now
with
the
geometric problems can
COGO
with
the
This
is
the
Collins
Integrated
Massachusetts
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rapidly
Computer
on how
to
be obtained
MIT.
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by sending
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a purchase
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to
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ICES
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These can
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and should
designer
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One of
Office time required to keypunch
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