ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
NOTES
TECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVAL
MANAGEMENT
FIELD
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
I
Notes
Field
Constructing Post Tensioned Prestressed
Concrete Bridges
Environmental
Solar
Effects
Off-Road
Vehicles
Energy and Greenhouses
Polvester
Resin Anchorage System
Prairie Portage
L
of
Dam
Washington Office News
FOREST SERVICE
JUNE 1976
FpPE5T
5qCCý
UýRJ
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
EST
5EM..
UýS
FIELD NOTES
ENGINEERING
Volume
8
Number
6
June 1976
This
monthly newsletter
U.S.
Department of Agriculture-Forest Service and
Department of Agriculture
or use of this information
The
use
of trade
convenience
of
conclusion
product
The
text
in
the
author
assumes no
to
Such
exclusion
publication
its
own
names
use
recommendation
the
distribution to.employees
does
is
not
as
for
not
intended
technicians
exclusively
U.S.
should
for
read each
the
information
or approval
personal
The
opinions
by
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
20250
of
the
reference.
engineers
this
engineers.
of any
or approved
FSM
all
and
official
suitable.
recommended
issue however
Washington D.C.
an
constitute
procedures mandatory instructions or policy except
Because of the type of material in the publication
engineering
only.
the interpretation
which may be
the
represents
and must not be construed
of the
employees.
endorsement
of others
retirees
its
for
responsibility
by other than
reader.
service
respective
for
firm or corporation
the
evaluation
or
published
is
and
publication
is
4
x
y
77
gam
4f_
I
Y
iiF
Last
Chance
place
in
Creek Bridge
deck.
Rigid
metal
a
duct
in
Note parabolic shape of ducts.
1v
r
Ewa.
y
A
Y.
ten-don
mad
Last
Chance
Creek Bridge
elongation
after
Inspector
measuring
tendon has been
stressed.
CONSTRUCTING POST TENSIONED
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
John W.
Civil
Bell
Engineer
Region
In
1975 Region
and
Creek
Creek
Creeks
Chance
a 92
ft.
Structures Section
in
was
Prestressed
amount
on the
cost
The method of
remote
On
three projects
specified
using this special
Two
3.
of these Poplar
Creek bridge was a 55
All three bridges
Creek
Ramshorn
third bridge
two span haunched
ft.
ft.
single
span
slab and Ramshorn
were designed
more
by the Regional
of
reduce
and exhibits
durable
substantially
the total
the
project cost.
by the bids received
far less
tendency
cracking
the
in
of using
and the
bridges
lieu
0.6
of Forest
diameter
in
highway
Transportation
and then post tensioning was selected
the concrete
resulting
of hauling
difficulty
for post tensioning
project specification
was used
all
would reduce
long
the sites.
project specification
of
it
to have been substantiated
appears
is
since
which should
required
Service Standard
strand
in
rigid
to the State of
similar
601 A. The
Specification
metal
ducts.
The
advantages
of
R-5 were
bridges
CALTRANS
now
are
under
being
The
specification
calls
by
construction
built
for packaging
the
strand
does
The
specification
contractors
understressing
in
to
this
the
California
specification
jack
can
during
damage
allows
the
to
engineer
tensioning.
a prestressed
Jacking
structure.
1
use
force
for rejection
rust
is
an independent
is
container
a shipping
The development of visible rust is grounds
not have to make a value judgment of how much
inhibitor added.
engineer
The
and
prestressing firms are familiar with most of the requirements.
potential
2.
of
Two
bridges.
Forest.
structures.
a special
was that
thirds
Department
concrete
location
Californias specification
1.
steel
concrete
members of
prestressed
process
126
girder.
prestressing by first placing
precast
the
a
for these bridges
specified
reinforced
of the
because
was
and reinforcing
Prestressed
conventional
National
Forest. Poplar
was
span box
single
of prestressed
projects.
National
Creek bridge
concrete
Plumas
on the
San Francisco.
concrete
of concrete
The lower
than
3 post-tensioned
were
was on the Shasta-Trinity
slab Last
flat
constructed
5
Chance
Last
5
critical
as
too
much
load
both
with a
rust
of the strand the
rust.
cell
to
check
the
overstressing and
The
4.
specification
water-to-cement
very
is
of grout
pumping
ratio
the area of grout inspection.
in
specific
through
.0
a
maximum
for a
It calls
screen and use of a grout flow
inch
cone to measure consistency.
the
Although
Standard Specifications
Service
would have been averted
post
tensioning
corporation
and
process
did
the
on
some
still
construction
control
The
specifications.
tensioning
post
subcontractor
same
The
unfamiliar
relatively
with
post
contractors
with the
familiar
international
large
he learned he
specifications until
were small businessmen who
the resulting
suffered in
tensioning
Forest
did not adequately
subcontractor
whom
of
all
a
the
in
These problems
problems.
been more
personnel
three jobs.
all
The prime
had done something wrong.
were
there were
had the construction
to that
compared
projects and did not carefully read the contract
for the
plan
used had a number of advantages
specification
Some
delays.
specific
problems were
The
1.
The
post
State
Forest
Service
project
was
tensioning
Two
cell
by
CALTRANS
was a
3.
Prestressed
for most
also
for the
Creek and the
requires
all
suppliers on the
prime contractor
from the
local
at
meeting
amount
both
in
delays of
concrete
specifications on the
Ramshorn
has
For
been
tensioned.
directly
cast-in-place
stressed.
specifications
and
post
tensioned
Consequently
Stressing
however
the
the
by the
for the
The
testing
inspector
the
furnished
years of experience
His experience
as a
proved invaluable in
air
4000
of
strength
specifications
required
Creek were
they
forced
prime contractors
at
28 days
strength
and
specifications proved to be
content
to
had based
psi
this
Both the prime contractor
use
bids.
on the
Last
at
methods
their
There were no
projects.
the
projects.
project
the
call
with an independent
laboratory
all
He had many
compressive
on which
cost
furnished
projects.
Plumas.
Poplar
ones
the
4.
concrete
highway
minimum
tested
the specs
They were resolved through a
to accomplish.
post tensioning operation.
three bridges
post
some
was placed with
strand
although
use
and anchorages were beyond
of strand
hand on our
in
to
All three jobs
rejected.
monitoring the jacking
for
of information.
interstate
before
just
wanted
The
jobs.
advance of anticipated use.
in
Meeting both the strength and
air.
concrete
different
sources
on
For
applications.
5V2% entrained
difficult
wealth
veritable
concrete
also
for state
until
then
strand.
construction
to be laboratory
two days
CALTRANS
the actual
had
still
in
testing
CALTRANS.
and inspection control
testing
well
specification
during
resident structures engineer
steel
was
It
inventory.
Service project engineers
cell and an inspector
keeping
the
agreement with
cooperative
load
stressing
Japanese
subcontractor
of strand
and for laboratory
of the Forest
capability
his
was done
testing
for testing
in
requirements
during
from
order
rush
The
delivery.
to submit samples
contractor
2.
upon
Service
The
rejected.
tensioning
their
strand
while a rush order for properly-packaged
The
a domestic manufacturer.
Forest
was
It
two weeks
delayed
of packaged
did not learn about the
engineers
post
Act requirement in
inventory
a large
domestic strand
improperly-packaged
were then
had
commence.
to
on using Japanese
planned
not have a Buy-American
and the subcontractor
contract
load
subcontractor
tensioning
of California does
and materials
The
Plumas
difficulties
Chance
difficulty
in
a substantial
meeting these
project.
the
bridges
bridge
deck
false-work must be left in
cannot take place
2
until
the
4000
will
not support
place
psi
until
concrete
the
itself until
it
deck has been
strength has been
On
reached.
only
the Last
designed
projects
following
with
post tensioning
Post
tensioned
anchorages
are
economic
2.
3.
the
If
However
Forest
project do not have
certain
4.
for
phases
The
Field
page
anyone
Manual
5.
Forests
to
installed
construction
get post tensioning
the post tensioning
operated
cost.
unless
post
the
some
structures
and
may
warrant
of a
The
sites.
steel
and
duct
metal
using
only
it
in
laboratory
testing
of going to contract.
it
experience
in
of concrete
rigid
services
personnel
tensioning
1975 experience
remote
at
which
advantages
control
Prior field
source.
strand
and/or
can be arranged in advance
in
the volume
control
not be used
construction
from R-5s
system for use
in
equipment
has
package
prior experience
in
is
assigned
post
to
post
a
to obtain
desirable
tensioning
is
tensioning
construction
during
essential
of inspection.
of
Inspection
includes
and grouting.
that
be drawn
State of California has an excellent publication
publication
a four
Service
tensioning
should
it
cell
from an outside
assistance
post
California specification
situations.
an independent load
with
The
can
reductions
substantial
additional
is
On both
was that the
result
bridges.
They then wanted to
number of problems for both
a
were
systems
rising waters.
The
October.
early
to be an economical
appears
transported
easily
disadvantage
The
certain
concrete
sites.
falsework
Service.
Forests. It achieves
remote
at
in
contractors
their
caused
and recommendations
conclusions
the National
needed
to be done
tensioning
possible which
as
The
1.
post
and the Forest
subcontractor
in
be washed out by
flows and could
stream
began to worry about losing
rapidly
as
the
summer
caused
delays
contractors
done
Chance and Ramshorn bridges
for low
It
information
shows
how
inspection
to
on shop drawings
make
inspecting construction
rigid
duct
calculations for elongation
for use
checklist
entitled
during
of a post
a post
tensioned
February
A Guide
1975.
This
strand wedges jacks stressing
and anchor
tensioning
bridge
Manual
Prestress
Structures
Post-Tensioned
Cast-in-Place.
project.
obtain
set. It also
It
a copy
is
includes
recommended
of the
Prestress
for reference.
CALTRANS
in
cooperation
other
with
was
very
Regions
their
helpful
should
respective
to
R-5
consider
State
on our post
whether
Highway
construction.
3
tensioning
opportunities
projects
exist
Departments as a tool
it
for
bridge
during
them
1975.
to
use
and highway
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES
Rob
Harrison
Mechanical Engineer
San Dimas Equipment
Note
This
a condensed
is
sponsored-by
gived
of Land Management and held
Bureau
the
of a presentation
version
Center
Developrrent
the
at
Surface
Anchorage
in
Seminar
Protection
Alaska January 19-23
1976.
Off-road
recreational
of objective research
This
and
four
the
the
generally
rather
most
three
it
of off-road
and
vehicles
-policy
is
a
dearth
motorcycles
noise
pollution
of
aspects
of these three classes
effects
areas of environmental
recognized
there
effects.
Sociological
on the
concentrates
without preconceived
but unfortunately
classes
popular
ATVs.
vehicles
all-terrain
avoided
are
seldom approached
subject
a
and strong detractors
regard to their environmental
with
discuss
will
paper
snowmobiles
vehicles
ORVs are
vehicles
have strong supporters
They
biases.
off-road
water
pollution
air
on
of vehicles
and ground disturbance.
pollution
Noise
No
research
to
any
exists
at
which
much
enough
it
is
louder
The
does
than
not
acclimate
lands.
damage
by
all
is
harmful
annoyance
work by
three classes
the
ORVs
of
to the operator but that at distances
the sound
by spectators
classes
considerable
Rather extensive
that the noise created
noise has been extensively investigated.
disturb
the
It
as
is
not intended
there
is
two
When
of the snowmobile
however
however
Forest
cause
has dropped to a level not
level
normal conversation.
rapidly to the noise.
disturbance.
humans
does
permanent hearing
to cause
significantly
physical presence
this
from any of the three vehicle
noise
shown
Center has
most normally perceived
Only snowmobile
noise
environment.
Development
be loud
The
non-motorized users of National
to
Equipment
can
of the
aspect
particularly
which shows that the noise
species of
they
and
are
ample evidence
that snowmobile
disturbed by snowmobiles
that
the
ORV
noise
and
investigated-deer
operator rather than
its
minimize the
to
Research concludes
wildlife
is
probably the
the noise itself
noise
from
it
problem
ORVs
can
rabbits.
with
that
causes
regard
and does
to
cause
severe annoyance.
Air Pollution
The
general
sources
air
pollution
man-made and
picture
natural
is
very
ORVs
little
are
affected
miniscule
4
by
ORV
exhaust.
contributors.
No
Compared
evidence
to other
exists
that
ORV
exhaust
any
contains
of
phase
the
concentrations
toxic-in
poisons
A
biosphere.
minute
the
concentrations
brief mathematical
ORV
use
shown
has
investigation
due to the most intensive
of air pollutants
they are found-to
that
are
that
local
negligible.
Water Pollution
Water
is
pollution
areas
would seem
still
has
reached
of biodegradable
use
waters.
to accelerated
This
erosion
such
Of
oils.
ATV
of
aspect
severe adverse
disturbance.
In
conducted
on
to
types
Energy inputs
is
community
arrangement of
into
as
defined
compression
as
even
soil
on
Water pollution due
small.
phenomenon
possibility this
by the use of
research
little
has
is
is
best
that of ground
to research
been
actually
been generated
has
a brief review
ORVs
we must look
intelligently
on
done
with regard to
automobiles and
In order
trucks.
of some basic ground disturbance
the
soil
fluffy
the
it
is
is
slippage
of
fragility
not
snow.
pH
average
Its
structure
composition
strata
of the
see
The
surface.
normal to the
many
to
and
input
into the soil.
shear.
soil
a structure-oriented
is
important to the plants and animals
soil as
between
difficult
soil
as
is
to energy
proportional
is
of the
chemical
as being the direction
Considering
in
damage
varieties compactio
particles
though the
on the other hand
surface.
soil
two main
of the soil as a layer of soft
a snowball
Shear
a
military vehicles
however
such gross descriptors of the
are
generally considered
living
vehicles
that
is
to the soil are of
Compaction
Think
they
here water pollution
are used extensively
necessary.
is
The fundamental assumption
there
only
probably
deal of excellent literature
ORVs
to
Very
vehicles.
of industrial
data
this
extrapolate
of
if
In
are considering
Disturbance
ground disturbance
discuss
but a good
mechanics
terrain
theory
other
ORVs
recreational
the
to
is
also
is
impact caused
environmental
order
effluent
oil
impact.
Surface
The most
then
water pollution
disturbance
managers
under discussion
the vehicles
ATVsand
land
that
proportions
by off-road vehicles
caused
part of surface
as
most of the
because
significant
stratum the surface of the lake upon which boats are operated.
finite
to be the problem only with
inland
considered
by boats can be
caused
as
problem
this
the
requiring
least
on a very
deposited
some
at
how
nominal
is
pH
is
soil surface
in
structures
excessive
live
analysis.
irreparably altered by making
et
or particles
root
that
class and seive
shear
unaltered.
Compaction
it
is
plane.
planes
the
to the
parallel
micro-flora and
to
inputs
the
soil
soil
fauna
do
can
irreparable damage.
A
second
Without
basic
this
coefficient
velocity
consideration
slip
of
friction
between
zero if differential
If
we compare
the blacktop
or
the
between
curve
is
the
tire
a tire rolls over
no force would
and the ground surface
gravel
aggregate
as
there
a surface
be generated.
is
some
slip.
1
shows
the
Figure
a function
of the
and sand. The coefficient
differential
of
friction
as
steeply as
is
zero thus no force can be generated.
three curves
until
whenever
velocity
two for blacktop
velocity
these
that
is
differential
higher
we
see that the sand
shear stresses
loosen
5
curve
rises initially
the sand and induce
almost
the characteristically
.
Oe
.
SAND
m
.
.
0
.
0
.
.
SLIP
Figure
higher
throughout
slip
with any
your tires
spinning.
And
increased
shear.
VELOCITY
remainder of the sand
the
ORV
soft
in
sandy soils
surface
obviously
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
fps
of friction tire and ground surface.
Coefficient
1.
.
disturbance
as
is
Snowmobile
shows the
This
curve.
forward
are not increased
velocities
greatly
of spinning
futility
because
increased
of
the
by such
greatly
Damage
by snowmobiles when traversing snow-covered terrain is negligible.
Compaction of the snow itself however can be a problem as can the compaction of the soil
beneath it. The insulating properties of snow and vegetative debris produce sub-surface soil
Shear
damage
temperatures
temperatures
observations
caused
which
under
are
conflicting
that this
Snowmobiles
compared
snow
may
be
are
colder
permanently
does
exert a ground pressure of only about 1/2-psi
present
a
considerably
extremely aggressive and
damage
caused
fluctuate
change
retards
to even foot travel which applies about 2-3/4
Motorcycles
soil
and
less
more
with
not conclusively
plant
Soil
depth.
quickly.
Although
indicate
growth but there
that
is
an
so.
Motorcycle
Thus
which
research
carefully-controlled
snow compaction
snowmobile-caused
indication
compacted
and
warmer
progressively
are
it
is
by
difficult
different
to avoid
motorcycles
6
is
relatively
minor
psi.
Damage
picture.
Motorcycle
spinning
the
of
is
so compaction
both
tires
used
off-road
wheel under adverse
compaction
and shear
are
conditions.
varieties.
The
footprint
walking
man
through
his
damage
that
probably on the order of 6 psi or roughly
is
running
damage
soil
energy
easily
is
a good
feet
that
bike
trail
but whereas a strong
not suggested
premise
of a
pressure
is
design ranging
and
1
other
1l
Since
vehicle
damage
terrain
shows up
surface.
as
deforms
shows up
for great soil
So-called winter
when
cc.
or twin
single
exerts a ground pressure
of
to
as
ATV
contact
ATV
tire
winter
is
of
type
to
steering
as
tire
As the
shear.
this
energy
ground
to the
input
is
do
this
must
it
Thus
energy
is
often ignored
increased
move
relative
wasted
is
the
is
as tire
well
as
other in both
to each
and
surface
as
laterally
fact
pressure
the earths
tire greets
of the tread must move
surface.
on asphalt
shear energy
waste
this
energy
soil.
must look
Center
like a
thought.
past
unstable rough riding
is
tires
equally
are
this
of
tires
of Henry
Hodges
applicable
that
for
tires.
to be more
appear
any mode
of the
ATV
to
emphasis on aggression produced
and unsuitable
more
probably one engendered
The comment
nomenclature
recent
In the
slippery.
tool
trenching
winter
regarding
a relatively
are
relative
wheel skids over the terrain a
the
than compaction
To
by sound engineering
Test
tires
wheels. This
faster
but what
statement
shape.
the
speeded up
is
say that the low pressure minimizes ground
tire
of squirm
elements
side
a rubber
shows up
it
more damaging
to the
than
noisy
input
energy
balloon
one
any other steering method.
situations
toroidal
its
they
as
that an
uniquely
is
Canada and the United
in
ATV
The
from the
away
almost
mechanism
of the
and the various
by advertising copy
Nevada
Automotive
were
the large
as shear damage
concept
aggressive
than
In off-road
from
of these directions
The
a direction
in
which may be much
longitudinally
It
the basic
accept
the potential
engines of 2-stroke
This means that
which is of course an accurate
decreased because
tire
produced
being
by snowmobile
wasted. In a highway situation with
of
Protagonists
that shear
the
ATVs
design.
proportional
is
is
wear.
tire
compaction
we
ground
figure.
Damage
from 290 to 440
size
of skid-steer
are
to turn the
great deal of energy
is
in
more ground disturbance
causes
damage
if
this
psi.
ATVs
All six-wheel
the
three recreational
only
All three are six-wheel types powered
between
but
that of a
hp to the
/4
100 times
as
available
to soil
1
seen.
There are currently
cylinder
much
as
to power
proportional
ATV
States.
generate
will
proportional
to the soil
input
bike
trail
is
might be able to exert about
hiker
twice
tires
of motion
that
except
excavation.
The
ATV
siping.
Sipes small
which can occur
hydroplaning can
The
for
tire except
longitudinal
at
its
very low speeds
occur
even
stability
heavy lugs
to
contact
area
Longer more
slender
vehicles
the
with such
will
length
waste
is
escape
with the vehicle
of the six-wheel
ground
given
sparse
to allow water
slots
smooth without any
are quite necessary to prevent
a fat lightly-loaded carcass as
stationary
ATV
of the
less
completely
is
very
the tire
is
ATV
tires.
is
especially
of
Indeed
spinning.
poor. For any off-highway
footprint
energy
7
if
trace
hydroplaning
more important
in soft
terrain.
than
This
vehicle
the
of a
width.
means more
of the
engines horsepower goes
damage.
ATVs
narrow
as
system
during
terrain
as
work
to
wasted
from a
Therefore
and
the
forward and
vehicle
standpoint
a skid-steer
vehicle
is
be
more
would-seem
turning
to
effort
is
for efficient
against
mitigate
soil
make
skid-steer
of its tractive
These two conflicting basic needs-narrowness
for efficient
as
to
desirable
stubby for the
fairly
the
shows up
less
would
it
must be
vehicle
skid-steer
narrower
width
driving
disturbance
But a
maneuvers.
turning
ability
surface
possible.
and the
into
skid-steer
ATVs.
Minimization of Surface Disturbance
With
on snow cover
operated
dont
snowmobiles
current vehicles
soils.
ATVs
to
an interesting challenge
present
payloads
potential
though
and
considerable
Nonetheless
vehicles.
and forth in the same
maintained
fragile
at
over
tracks
be avoided.
thereby
than
tight
can
damage
of
figures
soil
of
damage
drive
instruction and
be instructed not to run back
be encouraged.
the
Motorcycles
4-wheel
through operator
should
if
are
damage.
significant
is
they
as
are capable
conventional
radius turns which
compaction damage. Large
turns should
soils.
ATVs
The
soil.
that
cause
Operators
avoiding
recommended
manufacturers
soft
than
less
one way to avoid
vehicles
wheel skid
less
great deal
long
as
frozen
over
manager. These vehicles
land
maneuverability
a
is
Wheel spin should always
training.
the
certain soils these vehicles
in
For current generation
involve
excellent
disturbance
are operated
they
if
shouldprobably be limited to non-fragile
excellent
much ground
cause
and particularly
Tire
vehicles
to
are
be
should
pressures
on dry
be used
should be increased somewhat.
soil the pressure
Future Designs
The
limitation of
the
that maybe achieved
on some of the larger
decrease
damage
soil
Beyond
a
this
Looking
over
in
beyond
inflatable
water
Renton
including
fragile
sensor
velocity
differential
six-wheel vehicles
one should
vehicle
powered
well as not-too-rough
terrain.
Washington
and
it
environments
inexpensive efficient
into production
quite
has
been
Canadian
noise. Considerable
surface
both
system which
on the ground damage
effect
surface-effect
as
would
vehicles
industrial
the
limit
improve
and
maneuverability
potential.
certainly have a salutory
an
amount of reduction
in soil damage
steer system such as
concept ATVs. An articulated
will
by current
potential
used
system
skid-steer
less
carries
consider
vehicle
than
any
has
flat areas
8
wheel spin would
it
minimize
such
that
all
air
ground-borne
should
as
approach.
tractor engine.
was developed
shown
other
a good payload
particularly in relatively
to
engineered
research
limit
the air cushion
by an 8 hp garden
This
would
picture.
have
Fan-tastic
It will
by Palmer Aerosystems
environmental
cushion
vehicle.
vehicles
impacts
damage
Fan-tastic
a wide application
the Arctic.
is
maneuver
is
once put
SOLAR ENERGY AND GREENHOUSES
Hyde
Jerry M.
Structures Engineer
Washington
Solar Energy
Greenhouses
tomatoes
uses
is
now
Large-scale
One
tube
special
roses.
strictly
transplanting.
Container
compared
seedling
using
to
controlled
Millions
of seedlings
used
are
to
grow
plants
produces mushrooms
for forest
seedlings
tree
in
planting
on public
activities
like
its
seedlings
tree
and Japan
greenhouses
a
is
lands the
recent
relatively
Service must
Forest
environmental
each
has
seedling
evolved
recently
bare-root
seedling
a complete
nursery
survival
The
encased
in its
own
healthy undisturbed
root
rate.
and sophisticated
to rather precise
production.
is
roots and minimize shock in
the growth of feeder
seedlings have a very good
has
Each
conditions.
of about 6
for short periods
grown
seedlings
tree
to encourage
designed
conventional
throughout
expanding needs
of
containerized
production
practiced
that
Zealand
reforestation
when planted
Thus
of
and melons.
These containerized
structure.
greenhouse by the nature
collector.
facilities.
is
especially
New
A
greenhouses.
solar
structures
accelerate
option
under
for heating
a gigantic
growing
greenhouse
available
months
and
production
its
as
for growing fruits
development. To
expand
acts
important
are
carnations
them
used
being
and function
structure
Office
technology
is
levels
and
available
is
the Nation.
needed
are
for forest
annually
products
while
during
the
next decade
perpetuating
the
meet
to
resource
forest
as
the
Nations
a permanent
heritage.
To
gain
opposed
the
to
advantages
the
required to heat
Most
greenhouses
natural
gas.
inherent
traditional
forest
in
tree
nursery
the greenhouse to maintain
in
Natural
the
gas
United
has
States
become
rearing of tree
greenhouse
are
operation
optimum growing
currently
increasingly
natural gas have been assigned lower priority
is
than
9
heated
expensive
seedlings
intensive.
Most
the
operation
of this energy
as
is
temperatures.
with
and
domestic heat
fossil
scarce.
uses.
fuels-in
most
cases
Agricultural uses
of
Clearly
alternative
most
in
U.S.
sources
energy
are
gas and
needed because
fuel
oil are
of the uncertain
prohibitively expensive
under study
Solar energy
by the U.S. Forest
has
a high potential
an agency of
Service
for greenhouse
heating
major reasons
1.
Solar energy
2.
Designs
A
technology
is
and equipment
solar
source
energy
Solar energy
employed
widely
is
off-the-shelf components
are generally considered
manufactured.
be stored
can
now.
available
now
with greenhouses
compatible
4.
gas.
are currently
of Agriculture.
Department
for several
3.
heating
Propane
cases.
Alternative
the
for greenhouse
sources
energy
and increasing cost of natural
supply
in
the United
distributed over
form of heat
the
States.
a storage
in
medium
rock bed or
i.e.
tank.
water
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
A
study
feasibility
The
year
study
United
square
a
The
of 3418.
consecutive
some
The
that
the
is
between
of 512
days of cloudy
a large
Forest
of 3
Service
conifer seedlings
Southwestern Region
Btu per year
in
per
of the
and 5000
of solar greenhouse
feet
square
billion
the United
in
langleys and
of
clear
a
fossil fuels
would be
heating
solar
number of
total
and cold
days
The
States for solar heating.
mean
nights and the
weather minimize thermal
low-temperature
and
greenhouses
storage and
site
has
hours of
annual
low probability of
overall
solar
heating
of the greenhouse was considered
as
Fiberglass does
glass
transmittance
vandalism.
was
were used
covering.
Light
for
all
polyethylene
and low
heat
film.
radiation
its
is
structure
Glass
simplicity
solar
on
and
its
the
high
and
and
solar
system
compatibility
with
Fiberglass has the
is
other
less
heat
relative
susceptible
hand
has
and must be tempered to avoid
This requirement implies a high initial cost and a heavy support
10
was decided
it
design.
solar-heating calculations.
transmittance
not require a heavy support
and
and
the
to be a natural
further analysis
design.
of
because
equipment
After
there appears
storage system and the air-type
the preliminary
selected
material-handling
a
systems.
solar
air-type
in
Thus
air collector.
of rock beds for the thermal
floor plan
containers
properties
regular
savings
Because of these factors
Fiberglass glazing U-factors
best
the
in
one of the best
is
The combination
combination
rectangular
seedling
to produce 3 million containerized
located
annual
would be selected for further study
The
design
for
basis
detail.
greenhouse
affinity
a
providing
energy.
climate
system requirements.
in
An
daily solar radiation
sunshine
engineers
would consist of 40000
facility
solar
Albuquerque
several
New Mexico
of headhouse.
by using
mean
competent
has been completed.
for a greenhouse facility
States.
feet
realized
The
is
Albuquerque
in
by
prepared
and operation
construction
a
losses
are low.
to damage
than
very
light
high
weather damage
structure.
and
To
evaluate
the
construction
Heat
considered.
materials
were
losses
objectively
by looking
calculated
total
the
at
economics
life-cycle
of replacing
cost
must
heat
lost
be
using
natural gas.
A
glazed
single
have
$4523
a
structure
annual
a double-glazed
A
bill.
$3014
a
structure
will
The assumed
$259.
only
fuel
gas would have
natural
4552500
requiring
cubic
structure
double-glazed
annual
only
fuel
bill.
With an
246000
require
of natural
escalation rate
gas would
of natural
feet
2932300
requiring
14
percent
A
per year.
to
of
feet
however
of gas and the annual
feet
gas was
cubic
solar-heating system
active
cubic
be expected
bill
is
standard
compound amount factors for 15% per year gives factors of 6.7 20.3 47.6 and 102.4
10 15 and 20 years respectively.
This compounding
effect
results in more and more
table of
5
for
savings
each
system
capital
This
year.
value
of
saved
fuel
used
is
to
the
determine
payback
for the
solar
investment.
SUMMARY
my
In
opinion
solar-heated
and
is
The
next
step in implementation
be awarded
am
site
for producing
in fiscal
confident
with
this
project
will
opportunities
for
opportunity
The
to establish
number
a
a
developing
concept
design
is
innovative
of dispersed
smaller
States and private industry.
of construction
for construction
year 1977 October
best
seedlings.
the preparation
is
package ready
that
new
have
engineers
the
presents
container
an opportunity
units in cooperation
to a complete
leading
I
Albuquerque
modularized which provides
greenhouse
solar
the
greenhouse
1
30
1976 to September
stimulate
for planning
further
of
use
and specifications
drawings
Construction
bids.
could
then
1977.
solar
something new
contracts
and
Architects
energy.
under the
sun-solar-heated
greenhouses.
Reading
Further
Resource
Publications
Development
Equipment
Seedling
Center
EDT
Missoula
2340
Greenhouse
solar
IBG
energy
controls
P.O.
3
Mont.-1
and Costs
a Greenhouse
2 notebook
benches
Design
Ill.
Portfolio
in
Costs
of
Jan.
Tree
for
Study.
1976 newspaper
glazing
and
2A
Computer Program
Instrumentation
parts
and
Design
Environment
A
Cope
Equipment
Service
survey
on structures
handling
RF400
A
a Controlled
60090-1
catalog
materials
Forest
Agriculture
Greenhouses
3 Comparing
4 Greenhouse
Box 100 Wheeling
greenhouses
equipment
humidification
in
of
Growing Seedlings
Design
Growing Tree Seedlings
Roper Corp.
Department
U.S.
cooling
heating
watering
supplies
on
and
with drawings.
Hand-book
National
Greenhouse
Greenhouses
Lord
Parts
Burnham
Co.
P.O.
Supplies
Division
for Greenhouses
Box 100 Pana
and Accessories
62557-1
2 hobby
Ill.
Catalog
greenhouse
flyers
Burnham Corp. Irvinton-on-Hudson N.Y.
Parts and Supplies.
11
No.
121-1976
and price
10533-l
list.
POLYESTER RESIN ANCHORAGE SYSTEM
PORTAGE DAM
PRAIRIE
Gary
Zone
Schulze
B.
Materials Engineer
National
Superior
Prairie
anchored
The
an arched
is
a ledge rock
in
to the ledge with
rock
ledge
affected
The
Dam
Portage
constructed
by
rock
The rock
anchorage
system
by the hole
are governed
between
the
sufficient
minute
bars were Grade
60
a 1-3/8
in
to
situation
in this
jacking
bridge
pullout
test
bearing
this
bar and rested
set-up
at
size
The
governed
is
diameter
reinforcing
the
considering
a point
four
test
feet
the
there
size
The
viscosity
space
must be
viscosity
and
requiring
one
was used. The
cartridges
was questionable
rock
amount
on each
anchor
as
sufficient
to
of fracturing
test
in
a jack
the pullout
the ledge.
well as the
A
correct
size
and number of
the
holes
chuck
cylinder
jack
tests
resting
after
on the
of
resistance
Consequently
of the bar was specified
side
bridge.
homemade
and pullout
on the bar with
Jacking
would not be
the
the annular
fill
bar
and
cartridges
bars.
fractured
bar
long
is
pieces.
of catalyst
cartridges
of the resin.
10
is
dam
jointed sheared and
and number of
The medium
with
the
of slabby or platey
the
It
spillway.
deep
feet
and overturning.
cross
size
by
components
hole
assure anchorage.
would
on the jacking
highly
consists
bars.
by the application.
into this highly
required
to sliding
preproportioned
reinforcing
hole
governed
immediately surrounding
anchor
The
bar.
7 deformed
anchorage
placement were
the
is
time grout
setting
Adequate
prepackaged
type
wide and 12
medium-grained granite
utilizes
an ogee
with
resistance
to assure proper mixing of the two
space
feet
and bar size there must be enough grout to
size
the
dam
gravity
about 170
to provide
and deformed
time of the grout
setting
rock
and
hole
is
the foundation area typically
in
hardener polyester resin
that
anchors
metamorphosed
is
frost.
specific
concrete
channel
Forest
9
Region
that fitted
arrangement mated
a
for use in the
the jack
over the
with
the
bar
After
drilling
the
were
inserted
broke the
cartridges
bars
holes the
and rotated
into
using
and mixed the components
for a few
minutes to allow the
of 18000
pounds.
resin
12
were placed
grout.
they
The
bars were
were tested for
a
them.
The
rotating
bars
in
The
regular jackhammer.
a
of the
to harden before
cartridges
left
undisturbed
pullout
resistance
Legend
a-Chuck
c-Jacking
Bridge
b-Cylinder Jack
d-ridge
Bearing
13
e- Bar
Bars set
the
in
minutes
holes
water-filled
pullout
test
because
the same
use
and
have
grout
bar passed
ambient temperatures
Polyester resins
performed
the
of
70F.
many
The
applications
work.
overhead
and by inexperienced
setting
grout
setting
Inc.
Box 33024
The
use
would
eliminated
Co.
Point
bolting
Both
the
and
setting
Place
hardened
has
$1.00/cartridge
to
grout
more
fast
tension
the
bar
at
to
position-even
times allow combinations
setting grout
for
and structural
any
in
is
are easy
they
mounting
be used
time
setting
to be
the bottom
and hold
polyester resin used for this job was manufactured
contractor
bar
threaded
easier
placement
need for a homemade
Blvd.
resin
bottom
The
strength
Division
1560 North
Maryland
applications
and Forest
anchorage
in
and
of the deformed bars used on
removal
apparatus.
25th Avenue
21219
of a jacking
Melrose
markets
construction
system described
it
has
effective.
14
plate
until
and
slow
by Celtite
Park
Dywidag
engineers
proven to be
on
this
the
Construction
Inland-Ryerson
has hollow cylinder jacks
also
Service
lieu
and
chuck
Baltimore
and anchorage
polyester
purposes.
The one minute
machine
anchors
The various
personnel.
After
test.
less than
the
failed
Cleveland Ohio 44133.
Post Tensioning
North
allow
Only one anchor
the time of the test. After a few
at
pullout
cable
as
for pretensioning
above.
provided
the
such
viscosities
hardened.
of a high
have
various
hole
grout
has
18000 pound
the
concrete
slow
well as bars set in dry holes.
cartridge form are not expensive
in
used in the same
as
had not hardened
Illinois
threaded
available
were very
relatively
project
bar and
Products
60161
bars
or 4601
for rock
for rent.
pleased
with the
inexpensive simple
WASHINGTON OFFICE NEWS
STANDARDS
CONSULTATION
C. R.
Weller
Assistant Director
PRESS-LAM BRIDGE PROJECT
The
Forest
Service
Forest
Products
Laboratory
makes
to less than
1
from days down
veneer
lathe
with the State of Virginia to design construct and
cooperating
is
manufactured by a new method
timber bridge
to cut
wood
the
hour.
more efficient
The secrete of
of
use
this
logs
and reduces
fabrication
rapid high-yield system
a hot press to dry it and glue and another
is
the
time
the use
press to put
a
test
The process developed by
Press-Lam.
called
it
of a
back
together.
Sections
is
of green
clipped
The
veneer
the
desired
heated
logs
to ease cutting
and placed
into sheets
sheets-still
hot-are
coated
thickness
reached.
The
is
with
sheets
glue and
cut to
are
up
peeled into veneer
are
in a hot press where heat
to 1/2-inch
and pressure quickly
thick.
dry the
assembled one on top of the other
accommodate
the depth of the
This
wood.
until
member
to be fabricated.
For the purpose of
veneer
will
Coastal
Douglas
project
this
be clipped
it
the Lab has peeled 4-foot
from the Mt.
Hood
NF
curbs and britlie railing will be fabricated
The Press-Lam
NF
Washington
18
feet
long
completed
The
will
field
Federal
Highway
Reports
will
will
be constructed
be designed
or during
be used for the deck panels and
on the Virginia State Highway
HS
20 loading.
fabrication
Installation
and laboratory
by the Virginia Highway
The
and
The
stringers.
The
NF.
610
structure
initial field
in
26
the
feet
tests
George
wide by
should
be
testing
FPL
installation
by the
either a movie or slide tape on the project.
by the Laboratory and the Council.
15
by
Research Council. The Office of Development
Administration plans to prepare
be prepared
Virginia.
veneer.
depth requirements.
the spring of 1977.
involves
effort
testing
for
into.42-inch
stringer
of oak from the George Washington
about 25 miles north of Harrisonburg
this fall
cooperative
State and
bridge
will
log sections
widths to meet
into approximately 21-inch
GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING
Warren
D.
of Guidelines
publication
of
culmination
Bulletin
The
Director
Fairchild
Number
several
of
the
U.S.
Water
of work by the
Council
announced
has
Flow Frequency. The new
for Determining Flood
years
Resources
Councils Hydrology
report
Committee and
the
is
the
this
is
17 issued by the Committee.
Guidelines
exceedance
FLOOD FLOW FREQUENCY
contains
probabilities
available.
Utilization
represent
a
of
by
procedures
forward
flood
defining
where
for watersheds
the
step
significant
for
procedures
-
defining
upon
studies
of Peak
records
and interpreting flood
and
discharge
flood
Councils member agencies
the
in
-eak
potentials
systematic
flows
and States
hazards
in
are
will
the
flood
in
Water
plain areas of the Nation.
Procedures
selected
were
Resources
of the
Hydrology
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16
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TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
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part of a continuing
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18
Procedure.
TECHNICAL
OPERATIONS
Harold
Strickland
L.
Assistant Director
WASHINGTON OFFICE TOUR OF DUTY
the
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policy
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19
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TO READERS OF
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7113. The length of material
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pages however
short articles
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or
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and
double-spaced
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and white photos.
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