Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Isolates Recovered Beef Cattle from Mexico
Martha Maradiaga
RESULTS
World health leaders have described antibiotic-resistant
microorganisms as “nightmare bacteria” that “pose a
catastrophic threat” to people in every country in the
world.
• Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States in 2013
give a snapshot of the complex problem. Each year in the
United States, at least 2 million people become infected
with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least
23,000 people die each year result of these infections
OBJECTIVE
resistance traits can be lost, it is a reverse
process. If the selective pressure applied by the presence
some antibiotic is removed, the bacterial population can
potentially revert to a population of bacteria that responds
to antibiotics.
• Antibiotic resistance is increasing because the use of
antimicrobial agents in any environment creates selection
pressures that favor the survival of antibiotic-resistant
pathogens;.
• The use of antibiotics in livestock it is not necessary, and
the practice should be phased out. It is difficult to directly
compare the amount of drugs used in food animals for
promoting growth with the amount used in human
treatment, but there is evidence that more antibiotics are
used in food production.
There are significant differences between the resistance profiles of Merida versus Cancun and Veracruz in retail beef. Hides
samples present significant differences between Veracruz versus Cancun and Merida, ( P-value 0.05).
Figure 1. Overall Multidrug Resistance in Retail Beef
Cancun
FOX
AZI
CHL
TET
AXO
Ciprofloxacin
Amoxicillin/clavulinic acid
Gentamicin
Nalidixic acid
Ceftiofur
Sulfisoxazole
Ampicillin
Streptomycin
Trimethoprim/
sulfamethoxazole
CIP
AUG
GEN
NAL
XNL
FIS
AMP
STR
SXT
Merida
Cancun
23%
AMP,
CHL,
STR,
STX
AMP,
CHL,
STR,
TET,
STX
29%
27%
14%
AMP,
CHL,
STR,
TET,
STX
CHL,
STR,
TET,
STX
CHL,
NAL,
STR,
TET,
STX
CHL,
STR,
TET,
STX
Figure 3. Overall Resistance Prevalence by Antibiotics in
Retail Beef
Cancun
94%
Merida
83%
76%
77%
73%
71%
68% Veracruz
59%
TET
55%
CHL
55%
STR
27%
6%
AMP, CHL, STR,
TET, STX
Figure 4. Overall Resistance
Prevalence by Antibiotic in Hides
Cancun
Merida
73%
36%
Veracruz
64%
27%
NAL NAL,
TET
STX
CHL, STR, TET
NAL
TET
RELEVANCE
• Identify problematic sources to safeguard public health, the
dissemination of resistant bacteria strains from animals to
human should be controlled
• Increase awareness of the threat that antibiotic resistance
poses and encourage immediate action; Investigate for
novel strategies to control and mitigate the impact of using
antimicrobial in livestock, that potentially can transfer
antimicrobial resistant genes to humans.
• Subsequently can provide aid in the prevention of the
spread of antimicrobial resistance pathogens in this case,
Salmonella to human environments.
•
There were significant difference between Merida and
Veracruz for AMP and NAL in retail beef. In Hides, there
is a significant difference for NAL between: Cancun and
Merida versus Veracruz, and also significant difference for
TET were presented in Merida versus Cancun and
Veracruz
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Samples
Table 1.
City
Cancun
Merida
Veracruz
23%
Prevalence
Cefoxitin
Azithromycin
Chloramphenicol
Tetracycline
Ceftriaxone
Veracruz
Merida
*.
The main objective was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among Salmonella enterica isolates recovered beef
cattle from México.
Antibiotics Tested
Figure 2. Overall Multidrug
Resistance in Hides
50%
OBJECTIVE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table 3. Antimicrobial Susceptible Profiles in Hides
Susceptible Resistant Multidrug Resistance
Cancun
0%
100%
27%
Merida
0%
100%
6%
Veracruz
36%
64%
0%
Table 2. Antimicrobial Susceptible Profiles Retail Beef
City
Susceptible
Resistant
Multidrug Resistance
Cancun
18%
82%
45%
Merida
48%
52%
68%
Veracruz
27%
73%
65%
Prevalence
INTRODUCTION
• Antibiotic
Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic has lost its
ability to control or kill bacterial growth; antibiotic
resistance spreads "vertically," when new generations
inherit antibiotic resistance genes, and "horizontally,"
when bacteria share or exchange sections of genetic
material with other bacteria.
•
Mindy Brashears Ph.D.
2
University- SOWER Program, 2Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409
INTRODUCTION
•
2
MS. ,
Prevalence
1Zamorano
Alejandra Ramirez
2
MS. ,
Prevalence
Diana
1
Orellana ,
No. Samples
Hides
11
11
11
A cordial gratitude to the International Center for Food Industry Excellence, to Pan-American Agricultural University, Zamorano
and SOWER program for allowing the development of this investigation.
Retail
60
60
55
REFERENCES
• David G. White, Ph.D., Shaohua Zhao, D.V.M., Ph.D et al. The Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella from Retail Ground Meats. 2001.
• Anthony E. van den Bogaard *, Ellen E. Stobbering. Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics Links between animals and humans. International
Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000.
• Friederike Hilbert*, Sigrid Mayrhofer, Peter Paulsen, Frans J.M. Smulders. Antimicrobial resistance profile of five major food-borne pathogens
isolated from beef, pork and poultry. International Journal of Food Microbiology .2004.