Four years of bird point count monitoring in latesuccessional conifer forests and riparian areas
from the Pacific Northwest National Forests,
interim results
December, 1998 [abridged for website November 2000]
Mark Huff
Pacific Northwest Research Station
Natural Resources
PO Box 3623
Portland, Oregon 97206
503-808-2376 [mhhuff@fs.fed.us]
Martin Brown
Synthesis Research & Analysis
5826 SE Hawthorne Blvd
Portland, Oregon 97215
503-736-9588 [LM@SPIRITONE.COM]
Coordinated through U.S. Forest Service Partners In Flight Program
Barb Kott, Program Manager
Mt. Hood National Forest
70220 E. Highway 26
Zigzag, Oregon 97049
503-622-3191 x687
The Authors
Mark Huff is a research ecologist, with specific interests in fire effects,
patterns and processes of coarse woody debris, forest structure at stand
and landscape scales, and bird community ecology. Mark is Lead Scientist
for the Little River Adaptive Management Area established by the Northwest
Forest Plan in the south-central Oregon Cascades.
Martin Brown is a consultant to ecological research. He was educated at
McGill University and worked at the Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center. His original work has been published in the Journal of Ecology, the
Canadian Journal of Forest Research, and American Naturalist. His
consulting company, Synthesis Research & Analysis, specializes in
statistical analysis and scientific literature reviews.
Acknowledgements
To accomplish monitoring at this scale, spanning 10 National Forests, much
collaboration and coordination has to take place. We thank Barb Kott, Program
Manager of Partners In Flight within the U.S. Forest Service, for her leadership
and program oversight skills that have made our work flow more smoothly. We
are very grateful to Lisa Norris, U.S. Forest Service Regional Wildlife Biologist,
whose unrelenting commitment to long-term monitoring has miraculously kept the
“ship” afloat year after year. We are most indebted to those in the field who have
braved the elements in the early morning hours: Kelly Bettinger and Randy
Ghormley, Fremont National Forest (N.F.); Eduardo Olmedo, Winema N.F.; Terry
Bryan, Kathleen Taylor, and Steve Willer, Ochoco N.F.; Ralph Anderson,
Wallowa-Whitman N.F.; Kent Woodruff, Okanogan N.F.; Ron Maertz and Kevin
Sands, Umpqua N.F.; Jennifer Whitford, Sharon Selvaggio, Phil Rickus, and
Dawn Sater, Mt. Hood N.F.; the many volunteers at Olympic N.F.; and Rex
Sallabanks, Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. Additional coordination was
provided by Elizabeth Milliman and Laurie Wunder at Olympic N.F. and Rod
Johnson at Umatilla N.F.
Summary
From 1994 to 1997 terrestrial breeding birds were monitored using the point count
method. In each of 7 physiographic provinces or subprovinces, 16 monitoring
sites were located. Late-successional coniferous forests were monitoried in 6 of
the provinces; riparian systems were the focus of the remaining province. Five
count stations were established at each of 112 sites and sampled 3 times
annually, totaling 1,142 site-visits and over 6,000 station-visits.
Neotropical (long distance) migratory species (NMS) accounted for about 31
percent of the ~54,000 birds and 143 species detected. Abundance patterns of
common NMS varied among the provinces. The most common species east of the
Cascade Ranges were Swainson’s Thrush, Dusky Flycatcher, Western Tanager,
and Warbling Vireo and west of the Cascade Ranges were Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher and Hermit/Townsend’s Warbler complex.
The most abundant species among all the provinces and habitats sampled was
the Red-breasted Nuthatch. The highest number of species per province was
recorded in the Oregon Basin and Range Province on Winema and Fremont
National Forests, the only set of riparian areas sampled. There were substantial
differences in species composition and abundance among the provinces,
especially since the four provinces east of the Cascade Ranges had many more
species than the west side. The Ochoco Mountains, however, had the fewest
number of NMS anywhere. Only one NMS was detected in all seven provinces,
Western Tanager. The total number of species detected did not vary much
between years. The monitoring documented a large population spike of Red
Crossbills in 1996 (nomadic in-migration), most noticeably in the Olympic
Mountains, Northern Oregon Cascades, and Ochoco Mountains. The Blue
Mountains and the Okanogan Highlands experienced the largest changes in
relative abundance among species and years. The Basin and Range Province
showed the most consistent patterns among years by having the same species
the five most abundant species all four years. Species composition and
abundance varied considerably among locations within the different provinces, the
highest variation occurring in the Basin and Range Province. After 4 years of
monitoring, not surprisingly, no detectable trends in species’ abundance were
observed. Several more years of continuous monitoring are likely needed before
significant trends are likely to emerge.
Introduction
This report presents the initial results from the first four years (1994 to 1997) of
systematic monitoring of birds in late-successional forest and riparian habitats on
National Forests of the Pacific Northwest. The monitoring was widespread in
Oregon and Washington, involved more than 1000 monitoring visits to over 560
monitoring stations at 112 sites, and counted more than 50,000 birds. The
monitoring is one part of the U.S. Forest Service's participation in the publicprivate partnership known as Partners In Flight.
Concerns about potentially declining populations of neotropical migratory birds
were the genesis of Partners In Flight (Finch and Stangel 1993) and a prime
motivation for new monitoring efforts throughout North America. Working with
Partners In Flight, the U.S. Forest Service collaboratively established national and
regional goals, objectives, and habitat priorities for monitoring neotropical
migratory birds. The goals are:
•
To describe population trends and interpret their causes
•
To identify key environmental and management parameters that influence bird
distribution and abundance.
The regional monitoring objectives are:
•
To establish a regional approach to prioritize where monitoring should be done
and to how to collect the data (i.e., consistent field methods)
•
To identify which species and populations are increasing, decreasing, and
stable
•
To examine relationships between habitat characteristics and abundance
patterns of species
•
To identify how management activities influence the distribution and
abundance of species
•
To develop habitat management guidelines to maintain, restore, and enhance
populations of bird species that are decreasing or stable.
Regional monitoring priorities for “major” habitat types in Washington and Oregon
also were established collaboratively among government and non government
entities, mostly following the recommendations of Andelman and Stock (1994a,
1994b); the priorities are:
•
Riparian zones
•
Oak woodlands
•
Old-growth and mature coniferous forests
•
Shrub-steppe grasslands
Within the context of these habitat priorities, the U.S. Forest Service’s primary
contribution is to monitor late-successional and mature coniferous forests, since
much of that habitat type in the Pacific Northwest is on National Forests. Other
habitat priorities monitored by the U.S. Forest Service are riparian zones, but to a
lesser extent.
This report, which documents the first four years of monitoring by the U.S. Forest
Service, functions as an intermediary step to more intensive reports. Our purpose
at this stage, simply is to provide insights into bird abundance patterns throughout
the region by addressing several basic exploratory analysis questions. The results
are presented in a simple hierarchical question format, rather than a traditional
exposition of Hypothesis-Methods-Results-Discussion. The question format
worked well with the large volume of data and the exploratory nature of the
analysis. Each question provided the background information for succeeding
questions, making data interpretation progressively more intelligible. Statistical
detail is introduced only to clarify the response to a question.
Our data exploration questions were centered on characterizing patterns of
species presence and abundance both spatially and temporally. They included:
1. What bird species and how many were observed?
2. How abundant were the birds?
3. How do species and abundance vary among provinces?
4. How do species and abundance vary among years?
5. How do species and abundance vary among locations within a province?
6. Are there detectable species abundance trends over time?
7. How do species detection patterns depend on sampling intensity?
The protocol for point count monitoring developed through Partners In Flight,
which applies in this report, documents all birds observed regardless of migratory
habits. The focus of the Partners In Flight monitoring program is on landbirds;
separate and parallel programs have been developed to monitor water-associated
species.
Land-use patterns and habitat changes are undoubtedly key factors affecting
populations of neotropical migratory birds and other landbirds. Investigating the
relationships of species to their habitats is an essential part of this work for
ongoing conservation planning. The U.S. Forest Service point count monitoring
effort in the Northwest includes habitat characterization, though this initial report
concentrates solely on patterns of bird abundance. Vegetation data are being
collected separately, and will not be completed until about 2001.
Essential details of the method and analysis
Below are the fundamentals of the field methods used to do point count
observations. A very detailed explanation of these field methods is beyond the
scope of this report and will be reported elsewhere.
Point count monitoring in general
Point counts have become a standard monitoring method for counting birds (for
example, see Hagan et al. 1997). Its basic feature is that a trained observer
regularly goes to a permanently marked observation post, and during a specific
time interval (for example, 5 minutes), tallies all individuals of each bird species
they observe. The permanently marked observation post and the specific time
interval make the results more objective than informal observations, and provide
results for a broad range of species with a reasonable amount of labor. However,
the method has certain limitations:
•
The tallies are only a relative measure of bird abundance and do not express
the total population of birds using the area, just the number that were counted
during the time interval.
•
Comparing one species with another can be problematic, because some
species have different detection rates. For example, quiet and shy species are
harder to see or hear than others.
•
The method tallies birds without doing much to distinguish individuals. For
example, the data show that 20 Evening Grosbeaks were detected in both
1996 and 1997; yet, it does not reveal if they were exactly the same 20
individuals in both years.
•
Results from some large surveys of bird abundance, such as the Breeding Bird
Survey, indicate that observers themselves can be a significant source of
variation in the results (Thomas 1996); observers may differ, and the skill of a
single observer may change. The monitoring reported here included yearly
training of observers in both bird identification and application of the point
count monitoring protocol. In this report, we make no attempt to statistically
establish or correct differences between observers.
Specific field protocol
With a few exceptions, the regional protocol for monitoring neotropical migratory
birds conforms to the standards Manley (1993) suggested for Forest Service
participation in monitoring with the Partners In Flight program. The development
of the regional field methods protocol specifically for Oregon and Washington was
a collaborative effort among government and non-government bird field biologists
and researchers.
Site Selection. Monitoring sites for the U.S. Forest Service were selected from
seven broad regions of interest, representing either a province (adapted from
Franklin and Dyrness, 1973) or a geographical subdivision within a province: (1)
Olympic Peninsula; (2) and (3) Western Cascades subdivided into northern and
southern Oregon Cascades (i.e., Mount Hood/Willamette N.F. and Umpqua N.F.,
respectively); (4) and (5) Blue Mountains subdivided into Wallowa and Ochoco
Mountains, respectively); (6) Okanogan Highlands; and (7) Basin and Range
(Figure 1). For each province or subprovince (hereafter, province), 16 locations
(areas >40 acres of relatively homogeneous vegetation composition and structure)
were selected for monitoring. In 6 of the provinces, late-successional coniferous
forests were selected to monitor; riparian areas were monitored in the Basin and
Range province (Table 1).
Bird Counts. At each location, 5 (sometimes 6) fixed bird observation “stations”
were established, each spaced >150 m apart (Figure 2). Field observers made
three visits to each location each year. All the visits were from about May 15 to
July 1, to correspond with the bird breeding season, and in morning hours before
10 AM. On each visit to a location, the field observer spent exactly five minutes at
each station tallying the birds they detected (by sight or sound) in two distance
bands of 0 to 50 and >50 m.
Types of field detections. During the station counts, once a bird was first
detected (fixed encounter in space and time) it was classified as either a typical
detection in the one of the two distance bands or a flyover. A typical detection
includes those birds heard or seen within the vertical spacing of the surrounding
vegetation. A flyover is a bird detected above the highest surrounding vegetation.
Flyover detections were classified as either “associated” or “independent,” a
judgement made by the field observer based on detection circumstances and
known bird behavior. “Flyover associated” includes detections where the bird is
using a location (stand) to forage or travel through in a local sense (i.e., corridor);
for example, a flock of Vaux’s Swift foraging above a canopy of trees. “Flyover
independent” is a bird detected flying away to or from some unknown location,
distant and seemingly unassociated with the monitoring location.
The observer also tallied two types of bird movements. First, tallies were made of
individual birds first detected as a typical detection of >50 m and then moved to
within the 0 to 50 m distance band during the count time period. Second, tallies
were made of flyovers that move to within the vertical spacing of the surrounding
vegetation (like a typical detection) during the count time period.
Analysis
Sampling effort. A summary of the number of visits by province, year, and
location used to make this report is given in Table 2. Not all locations were visited
in all years. Reasons for sampling differences among years and the processes
used to accommodate for these differences are described in Appendix A.
Types of analysis detections. For the purposes of analysis, field detections
were grouped into four types (see Appendix A). The 3 described below were used
in the main analyses:
1. Conservative detections included birds that were detected only within 50 m
of the observation post. These included birds first detected outside 50 m, but
later detected within 50 m; though, such detections were <2 percent of the
overall detections. Flyovers were not included.
2. Reformed detections included all birds that were either inside or outside the
50 m radius and had a clear association to the stand being sampled. It also
included flyovers that were detected as being associated with a stand. These
counts are more inclusive than the conservative detections, but may be less
reliable due to the variation in habitat and difficulties of detections over much
greater distances.
3. Liberal detections included all the birds detected while sampling within the
stand, inside or outside the 50 m boundary and flyovers associated or
unassociated with the local habitat. This figure is most inclusive, but may be
deceptive as it includes birds that might have little to do with the local ecology.
Standardizing and calculating abundance values. The sampling effort among
provinces, locations, and years was occasionally uneven for varied reasons. To
compensate, the raw counts were standardized to a detection rate: birds per hour.
This is calculated by summing the counts for a given species from all stations for a
given sample day, then dividing the sum by the amount of time spent sampling.
All calculations were done separately for each species.
These “raw” detection rates were further refined for analyses purposes. Birds
detected per hour are reported two ways: mean and maximum of all visits (e.g., 3
visits) for a given location and year. The mean detection rate (hereafter, mean
abundance) simply is the sum of birds detected per hour for each species at a
location divided by the number of visits. The mean of all the visits gives a
reasonable prediction of the number of birds expected on any single repeat visit.
The maximum detection rate (hereafter, maximum abundance) is the highest
abundance recorded among all the visits. It is unlikely that on any one visit all the
individuals of a species will be detected; therefore, the maximum seems to be a
better index to the true population than the mean.
Both the mean and maximum methods have value; the one to choose depends on
the objectives. Both were calculated for this report, thus, yielding six types of
abundance reported in birds per hour: mean and maximum conservative
abundance, mean and maximum reformed abundance, and mean and maximum
liberal abundance.
To analyze and examine these data at broader levels of detail in space or time,
they were progressively aggregated into broader summary data sets. Means were
calculated first for all the locations in a province in a year, then these results were
used to calculate means for all the years within a province; and finally those
results were used to calculate a mean for all the provinces studied.
Defining "habitat associated" species. In the field, detections (i.e., >50 m and
flyovers) are evaluated individually to determine if the detection is associated with
habitat being sampled. In developing summaries at the location, year, or province
level, some detections might be habitat associated and others unassociated
depending on the scale of analysis. At the species “presence” level (not individual
detection) the following rule applied: if "habitat associated" detections occurred
for a given species (technically, if either mean or maximum reformed abundance
was >0), a species was identified as "habitat associated." If not, it was classified
as "unassociated." This distinction is scale sensitive. For example, only a few
species are "unassociated" if you aggregate detections from all the provinces
together. But if you look at provinces separately, more appear “unassociated”.
Defining migratory classes. Birds were classified into one of three migratory
status types (sensu, Gauthreaux 1992, Carter and Barker 1993, and Hejl et al.
1995).
•
Long distance migrants (A) are those that breed in North America and spend
their nonbreeding period primarily south of North America.
•
Short distance migrants (B) are those that breed and winter extensively in
North America
•
Permanent residents (R) are those that have overlapping breeding and
nonbreeding areas.
Separate analyses were done for these classes using the abundance values for
the species designated in each class.
Statistical methods and tests. For most of the 117 species detected by each of
the conservative, reformed, and liberal techniques, the distribution of all the
abundance variables was highly positively skewed. A nonparametric test,
Wilcoxon paired-samples, was used to compare conservative, reformed, and
liberal mean and maximum abundance values.
To describe variation in abundance, we used the coefficient of variation, which
allowed the comparison of variation between highly disparate abundance data.
In evaluating trend data, we examined two kinds of statistical approaches. The
Breeding Bird Survey and other long-term monitoring programs have usually
graphed and quantified trends in time using the following general method
(Thomas 1996):
•
These data are graphed across years separately for each geographical area.
In the Breeding Bird Survey, the geographical area is the "route"; we used the
"location."
•
A regression or other curve fitting technique is fit through the trend in each
graph. The predicted values from these curves are saved in a new data set.
•
The predicted values from all the different geographical areas are averaged for
each year. Sometimes the predicted values are weighted according to, for
example, precision, or geographical extent before this averaging is conducted.
•
Now there is a data set with one abundance value for each year. This is made
into a graph of abundance vs. year; connecting the points draws the general
trend in abundance over time. A curve can be fit through this graph if desired,
to express the general trend mathematically.
We followed this procedure, but exposed no dramatic trends over time. Not
surprising, only four years of data to work with the curve fitting was awkward and
statistically inappropriate, if conclusions were drawn from the trends.
We then took a slightly simpler approach using analysis of variance and asked: is
year a significant source of variation in abundance? Given that there are 16
sample locations per province per year, the locations were always the same, and
the birds counted include some of the same individuals from year to year, we used
a "repeated measures" analysis of variance. This approach, however, led to some
new problems. The species selected, though fairly abundant, were absent from
many locations in each year. This led to many zero abundance values in the data
set for each year, strongly violating the assumption of normality necessary for the
analysis of variance. It is likely that this approach can be only pursued at the
province scale. As an alternative to the repeated measures analysis of variance,
a non-parametric test of related samples, the Friedman's test, was applied.
We examined the relationship of the number of species detected to the number of
stations surveyed per location, locations surveyed per province, and visits done
per year. First, we took a random subset of all the available locations (or stations,
or visits) and counted only the species observed within each subset. This process
was repeated, treating each province and year separately to develop species
accretion curves for increasing sampling effort (locations, stations, and visits) that
were fitted by a regression equation for each increase in sampling effort. The
assumption of the regression technique is that the variation around the predicted
Y is roughly the same for each level of X. As the sampling effort is increased,
the scatter of points around the predicted line is fairly small compared to the
scatter at the lowest levels of X (1 or 2 locations, visits, or stations). As we plotted
the curves the scatter became small enough that some data points are hidden
behind others. This is caused by an artificial upper limit in the data set. Because
we subsampled from the specific locations, stations, or visits, it was impossible for
the number of species detected to ever increase above what was observed from
the surveys. Consequently, the regression predictions may underestimate the
number of species expected. We consider the methods employed expedient and
exploratory from which general patterns can be observed, but definitive
conclusions can not be made. More details related to these methods are
presented in Appendix A.
What and how many species were observed?
Over all provinces and years, 143 species were observed (using Liberal detection
types), and are listed in taxonomic order in Table 3. Of these species, 44 were
classified as long-distance migrants (31percent), 58 as short-distance migrants
(40 percent), and 41 as permanent residents (29 percent). Using the data of
reformed detections, meaning that a species was judged at least once to be
habitat associated, there a total 137 species detected to be "associated" with the
local habitat; the remaining 6 (Double-Crested Cormorant, Green-Winged Teal,
Northern Harrier, Ferruginous Hawk, Spruce Grouse, and American Goldfinch)
were always judged to be "unassociated." Using just conservative detections
(birds within 50 m), there were 117 species.
How abundant were the birds? How do different
methods of measuring abundance compare?
Conservative, reformed, and liberal mean and maximum bird detection rates and
raw counts are shown by species for all provinces and years combined in Table 4.
A total of 53,791 birds were counted over all years and sites. One hundred and
one species had >10 detections.
In comparing the maximum abundance values, both the liberal and reformed
detection techniques showed significantly different (p<0.0001) abundance values
from the conservative technique. Reformed detections were, on median, 2.02
times higher than conservative detections; liberal detections were on median 2.07
times higher. For some individual species, these factors of increase were
considerably higher, to nearly 13 times higher.
The differences between maximum liberal and maximum reformed detections
were often much smaller, though they were still statistically significant. The
median factor of increase was 1.00, as 57 percent of species showed no change.
Only three species with very low detection rates had factors of increase >2.00:
Marbled Murrelet, Ring-Billed Gull, and Canada Goose.
The abundance patterns of species varied between mean and maximum and
between conservative and reformed abundance values for all years and provinces
combined (Table 5). The conservative and reformed techniques influenced which
species were considered most abundant. Golden-crowned Kinglet, which tends to
be detected more often within 50 m of the observer with its high-thin vocalization
notes, was the most abundant species of the conservative technique. Goldencrowned Kinglets were noticeably less abundant using the reformed technique,
when compared to other species. The Chestnut-backed Chickadee, another
species often detected close the observer, was also less abundant between
conservative and reformed techniques compared to other species (Table 5).
Using the maximum abundance values, Red Crossbills, a flocking species that is
detected sporadically and often far from the observer, became the second most
abundant species; whereas, using some of the other approaches they were
substantially less abundant. Of the 12 most abundant species detected, the Darkeyed Junco was the only other species that showed a noticeable increase in
ranked abundance between mean and maximum abundance values. Three
species showed noticeable decreases: Hermit/Townsend’s Warbler, Yellowrumped Warbler, and Pacific-sloped Flycatcher.
In general, the abundance patterns were different between conservative and
reformed techniques. Much data are not employed with the conservative
technique; when using only detections < 50 m about 45 percent of the detections
are eliminated. Though the conservative technique has advantages in terms of a
certain kind of accuracy, it missed 20 species that the reformed technique
detected. This distance truncation can cause substantially lower relative
abundances, and dubious abundance values for species whose detections are
mostly >50 m from the observer. Because of this, we believe it is prudent to
proceed at this stage of the analysis (exploratory data analysis) using the
reformed rather than the conservative technique. We recognize that data which
include detections of long distances from the observer are less reliable than those
within 50 m. Results will be presented using the reformed maximum abundance
database hereafter, unless noted otherwise.
How do species and abundance vary from province to
province?
Species and their abundance varied considerably among provinces. Table 6
shows the number of species detected in each province, and the way they broke
down into migratory classes. Although 137 species were detected in total, the
highest number of species in a single province was 97, in Basin and Range, and
the lowest 47, in the Olympic Peninsula. On the west side of the Cascade
Ranges, the breakdown of species into migratory classes did not deviate much
from the roughly 1/3 each of long-distance migrants, short-distance migrants, and
residents. Only the Olympic Peninsula had notably fewer long-distance migrants
and a higher amount of residents detected (Table 6). The four provinces east of
the Cascade Ranges yielded higher numbers of species than the west side; all
migratory status classes were higher, except in the Ochoco Mountains.
This province had the fewest number of long-distance migrant species of all the
provinces and a low number of resident species that was comparable to west side
locations. Riparian areas, sampled only in the Basin and Range Province, had the
highest total number of bird species and long-distance migratory species.
Reformed maximum abundance values of all species and provinces are shown in
Table 7 and the most abundant species of each province are summarized in Table
8.
Species composition differed among the provinces. The highest level of species
similarity among provinces was observed for the west side locations, although the
relative abundance of species varied among provinces. The most abundant
species in the Olympic and north and south Oregon Cascade Range were Winter
Wren, Hermit/Townsend’s Warbler, and Red-breasted Nuthatch, respectively.
Varied and Hermit Thrushes were uniquely more abundant in the Olympic
Mountains and southern Oregon locations, respectively. Winter Wren, Pacificsloped Flycatcher, and Chestnut-backed Chickadee were among the six most
abundant species in all of the west side provinces (Table 8A).
In the three east side provinces sampled for late successional coniferous forests
(Okanogan Highlands, Blue Mountains, and Ochoco Mountains), species
composition and abundance differences were more pronounced than the west
side (Tables 7 and 8). This may reflect the broader habitat differences among the
late-successional conifer locations sampled on the east side: Douglas-fir, Grand
fir, and Ponderosa pine vegetation series, respectively; on the west side, nearly all
the locations were within the Western Hemlock series. The Red-breasted
Nuthatch was the most abundant species in the Okanogan Highlands and Blue
Mountains. In the Ochoco Mountains, Mountain Chickadees were most abundant.
Unlike the west side, there were no species in all three provinces that were among
the six most abundant. Western Tanager, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Red Crossbill,
and Dark-eyed Junco were among the six most abundant in two provinces.
Species with high relative abundance unique to one province were Pine Siskin
and Townsend’s Warbler in the Okanogan Highlands, Swainson’s Thush in the
Blue Mountains, and Mountain Chickadee in the Ochoco Mountains.
In riparian areas of the Basin and Range Province, American Robin was the most
abundant species. In general, the most common species here were similar to
those detected in ponderosa pine forests sampled in the Ochoco Mountains,
extending about 120 to 200 miles to the northeast. Four of the six most abundant
species were the same between the two provinces (Table 8), whereas compared
to the Blue Mountains and Okanogan Highlands, there was only one species the
same as the Basin and Range (among the six most abundant).
Although tests will be done in future reports to examine differences in species
abundance patterns among provinces, it was evident that substantial shifts in
abundance patterns occurred among provinces. In comparing bird communities
of young, mature, and late-successional forests among southern Washington
Cascades, Oregon Coast Range, and the Oregon Cascade Ranges, Huff and
Raley (1991) found bird abundance patterns to be regionally distinct (among
provinces). Their ordination of bird communities from 132 locations showed broad
overlap of similarity among age classes, yet distinct separation among provinces.
Similar patterns among provinces seem to be emerging here, based on initial
observations of these data.
Only 18 species were detected in all seven provinces using the “reformed”
abundance results (Table 9). Of these species, only one (6 percent) was a longdistance migrant, Western Tanager. In the provinces and locations sampled, it
appears that resident and short-distance migratory species are detected over
much broader areas than long-distance migrants.
Forty-three species were detected in only one province (Table 10). More than
half of these species were detected exclusively in the Basin and Range Province
and most of these were associated with the presence of water or features of
riparian areas. No species were exclusive to provinces of the northern or
southern Oregon Cascade Ranges.
How do species and abundance vary among years?
In Table 11, we summarized the number of species detected in each province in
each year, breaking them down into migratory classes. The number of species
detected per year was always less than the total number of species ever detected
for the province, often by 20 to 30 percent. While the number of species varied
among years, most of the differences were relatively small. Comparing the
"richest" and "poorest" years for each province, six provinces had differences of 1
to 10 species. The one remaining province, the Okanogan Highlands, had a
difference of 19 species. This may reflect that in their poorest year, 1997, only 2
visits were made to each location, in place of the usual 3. Later in this report we
examine the effect of the number of visits on species detected.
In Table 12, maximum and mean reformed abundance values are displayed
for all species for each year. The most abundant species among years and
provinces are summarized in Tables 13A and 13B. The variation in species’ abundance
among years are shown in Tables 14 and 15 using coefficient of variation as an
index.
In the Olympic Peninsula Province, the five most abundant species were same
from 1995 to 1997, except for an invasion of Red Crossbills in 1996 when they
were the most abundant species (Table 13B). Winter Wrens were the first or
second most abundant species each of the years. The Olympic Peninsula was
the only province where Varied Thrush were among the most abundant species in
any given year.
The Hermit/Townsend’s Warbler and Winter Wren were consistently the most
abundant species among years in the Northern Oregon Cascades (Table 13B).
Like the Olympic Peninsula, red crossbill was also the most abundant species in
1996. Hermit Thrush were abundant in 1994 in both the Northern and Southern
Oregon Cascades, and were among the most species abundant in either
(sub)province. Evening Grosbeaks were very abundant in the Northern Oregon
Cascades in 1995; this was the only year this occurred in any of the provinces
sampled. Chestnut-backed Chickadee, Pacific-sloped Flycatcher, and Goldencrowned Kinglet were among the five most abundant species in most years in the
Northern Oregon Cascades, similar to the Olympic Peninsula.
In the southern Oregon Cascades, the Red-breasted Nuthatch was the most
abundant species all four sample years and the Hermit/Townsend’s Warbler
complex was the second most abundant three of the four years. Winter Wren,
one of the most common species in west-side coniferous forests, appears to be
progressively less abundant from the Olympic Peninsula south to the southern
Oregon Cascades. Notably absent among the five most abundant species in any
year was the Golden-crowned Kinglet. Conversely, Hermit Thrush and Pacificsloped Flycatcher, were among the five most abundant species all four years.
Hermit Thrush abundance showed a modest decline each year, however.
In the Blue Mountains, a different species was the most abundant three of the four
years sampled: Swainson’s Thrush in 1994 and 1997, Red-Breasted Nuthatch in
1995, and Golden-crowned Kinglet in 1996. Red-breasted Nuthatch and Western
Tanager were consistently among the five most abundant species all four years.
Swainson’s Thrush was also, expect in 1995, when they experienced a sharp
decline in abundance. In general, largest changes in species’ relative abundance
among years were most evident in the Blue Mountains and the Okanogan
Highlands.
The most abundant species in the Okanogan Highlands was different each of the
four years: Red-breasted Nuthatch, Western Tanager, Pine Siskin, and
Hammond’s Flycatcher, 1994 to 1997 respectively. Pine Siskins were among the
five most abundant species all four years, while Western Tanager and Yellowrumped Warbler were three of four years. Chipping Sparrows had relatively high
abundance in the Okanogan Highlands, the only province where this occurred.
The Mountain Chickadee was the most abundant species in 1996 and 97 in the
Ochoco Mountains, the only years sampled. Dark-eyed Junco was the only other
species to be among the five most abundant each year. The abundance of Red
Crossbills was high in 1996, as was observed in the Olympic Peninsula and
Northern Oregon Cascades.
The Basin and Range Province showed the most consistent species abundance
patterns among years. The same five species, American Robin, Dark-eyed
Junco, Mountain Chickadee, Yellow-rumped Warbler, and Warbling Vireo were
the five most abundant all four years. The American Robin and Dark-eyed Junco
were the two most abundant all four years, respectively. This level of consistency
of abundance patterns among years was unexpected, since vegetation structure
and composition in riparian systems, in general, tends to be more heterogeneous
and is influenced by edge more than older coniferous forests (monitoring stations
in old conifer forests were intentionally located away from stand edges).
About half of the species in each province were observed every year observations
were made. About a quarter of the species in each province were observed in
only one of the years observations were made. The remaining quarter were
observed in some intermediate number of years.
For 80 percent of the species that were observed every year, their coefficients of
variation around the mean among sample years fell between 10 and 70 percent, a
moderate amount of variation (Table 14). The coefficients of variation (hereafter,
variation) would be considerably higher if species not observed every year were
included; the large number of zeroes (years not detected) would increase the
amount of variation. The median variation (among all species in a given province)
ranged from 22 percent in the Okanogan Highland to 38 percent in the Basin and
Range Province (Table 15). In general, the differences among the provinces was
low. The lowest variation for individual species ranged from 0 to 8 percent among
provinces, which included some relatively abundant species such as Mountain
Chickadee and Western Tanager (Table 15). The highest variation ranged from
87 to 140 percent. Seed eating, somewhat nomadic species, such as grosbeaks
and finches, and uncommon species tended to be among those with high
variation.
How do species and abundance vary over locations,
visits, and stations?
Species and abundance varied considerably among locations. The number of
species detected at each individual location is listed in Table 16. The number of
species at individual locations was usually less than half the total number of
species detected in the province as a whole (see Table 3). Number of species per
location ranged from 15 to 25 in the Olympic Peninsula, 24 to 36 in the Northern
Oregon Cascades, 18 to 35 in the southern Oregon Cascades, 34 to 46 in the
Blue Mountains, 34 to 49 in the Okanogan Highlands, 17 to 26 in the Ochoco
Mountains, 26 to 58 in the Basin and Range Provinces. The variation in the
number of species among locations ranged from 8 percent in the Blue Mountains
to 26 percent in the Basin and Range (Table 17). Variation in the number of
species was about twice as high (in most provinces) for long-distance migratory
species alone than for all species (which included long-distance migratory
species). This could imply that long-distance migratory species are generally
more selective about their habitat locations than short-distance and resident
species; this will be examined in greater depth in future reports.
The number of locations in which a species was detected had a "bathtub-shaped"
distribution. A large proportion of the species in each province, often 10 to 25
percent, were detected only at one location. Another roughly 10 to 25 percent of
species were detected at all 16 locations. The remaining species were found at
some intermediate frequency (2-15 locations).
A complete species abundance by location matrix for each province, combining all
years, are shown in Appendix B. Several thousand abundance values are
displayed here. The information is provided for those who wish to examine the
abundance values of specific locations. Note that an in-depth analysis of
differences of species’ abundance among locations by province is a focus of
future analyses and is beyond this interim report. Clearly, upon visually examining
these data, there is much variation in species abundance among locations.
A coarse examination of station- and visit-level bird abundance yielded the
following general observations which will be considered for future analyses:
•
The "station" level of detail may have some value for specific habitat relations.
Often, most of the observations for a species in a given location come from
only one or two specific stations and this trend can continue over years. The
overall monitoring design was developed to examine relationships at the
province and stand or location level (aggregation of stations), however. Given
that, station level analyses do seem worthy of further investigation, yet any
tests and interpretation of results will have to be considered exploratory in
nature.
•
At the individual visit scale, even relatively abundant species were absent from
(or undetected in) a location for at least one of the visits per year. This further
validates the importance of multi-visit protocols for improving the accuracy of
species counts.
Are there detectable trends over time?
Though it was not a main goal of this analysis after only four years of data
collection, an important outcome of these kind of data are to graph and test trends
over time (years). With nearly 140 species to consider, we reduced the number of
species to analyze by limiting it to species detected only in one province (see
Table 10), ones deemed more likely to be "rare" or "of concern". Because only
four years have been sampled, we further limited our efforts to those species
which were observed every year; these seemed more likely to produce identifiable
trends.
Non-parametric test of related samples (locations over years) for individual
species using the Friedman's test yielded the following:
•
Year was a significant source of variation (p<0.05) for Marbled Murrelet in the
Olympic Peninsula using maximum liberal abundance measure. The test
results implied 1996 was the most abundant year out of the three years
studied (1995-1997). The sample size of Marbled Murrelets detected was very
small, however, and we view this result as largely academic until more data
become available.
•
Year was not a significant source of variation (p>0.05) among any of the
species tested using the maximum reformed abundance values.
In conclusion, detectable trends in the abundance of species were unattainable
using just four survey years. For some species, it could take a decade or more to
be able to distinguish any rise or fall in trends from typical year-to-year variation.
While it is beyond the scope of this report, a more formal statistical analysis of the
variation in abundance will be made in future reports. This could help identify the
species for which detecting a statistically defensible trend is even possible.
How do species detected depend on sampling intensity?
Point count monitoring is not expected to reliably detect all species using an area.
Point count monitoring takes a few "snapshots" of bird counts at each station
each year, which may not be sufficient to detect species that are naturally low in
abundance, only marginally associated with the local habitat, or difficult for human
observers to perceive. Some species will not be observed at all, and others will
be observed too erratically to suggest clear associations with habitat types or
periods of time. While it is impossible to determine exactly what was missed,
these monitoring data can be used to approximate the magnitude of possible
errors.
Shown in Figures 3-5 and Tables 18-20 are the relationship of the number of
species detected in a province relative to the number of stations surveyed per
location, the number of locations surveyed per province, and the number of visits
performed per year. Each of these measures "sampling intensity." As the
sampling intensity increases, the likelihood of detecting rare species increases. In
theory, increasing sampling intensities should eventually enter a region of
diminishing returns, where adding effort makes little difference to the total number
of species detected. Ideally, the sampling intensity of our monitoring program
should be situated in that region of diminishing returns. However, it is difficult to
estimate that intensity before the study has been performed.
Figure 3 shows an example of the kind of trend this method can reveal from the
results of the subsampling analysis for the Olympic Peninsula in 1996. Each point
on the graph is a particular subsample. For example, the subsamples when
surveying only one location range from about 12 to 20 species detected, and
when surveying eight locations range from about 26 to 34 species detected. In all
subsamples, only the number of locations surveyed was changed; all available
visits performed (usually three per year) and stations surveyed (usually five per
location) contributed to the results.
In all the diagrams of Figure 3, there is a general rise in the number of species
detected as more locations are added. The shape of the trend is very well
described by a regression of the form Y=A+B*ln(X) and its 90 percent prediction
limits for individual cases. The general rise lessens as the number of locations
surveyed increases. When the graph reaches 16 locations surveyed, the trend
has begun to flatten, but it is not flat per se. By the 16th location in Figure 5A, the
slope of the trend is 0.6 species per location (Table 18); meaning that, adding a
17th location would, on average, detect an additional 0.6 species. Table 18 lists all
the regression models for each province by year and their slopes at X=16
locations. Those slopes range from 0.5-1.2 species/location and were relatively
consistent among years for any given province. The Basin and Range stood out
having the highest slope by the 16th location, about twice as high as other
provinces. Additional riparian sampling locations may be warranted if monitoring
were to be expanded in this province.
Figure 3 also reveals some of the method's limitations. The regressions are very
good at describing the shape of the trend in the data; they had high r2 values
(usually >0.80); and in most cases accurately "predicted" the true number of
species detected when surveying 16 locations (compare Table 18 with Table 11).
But we cannot be very confident about the applicability of the regression's specific
predictions, especially concerning variation around the general trend, such as the
90 percent prediction limits. This is because these data came from subsamples
and not real samples, leading to violations of the assumptions of the regression
technique. Nonetheless, the 90 percent prediction limits in Figure 3 suggest that it
would be entirely possible to detect four to five species per province per year,
purely on the basis of chance (for 16 locations, 3 visits per location, and 5 stations
per location).
Figure 4 and Table 19 make a similar investigation into the effect of the number of
stations surveyed per visit on the number of species detected. This effect seems
relatively strong. Adding a sixth station to the usual five could increase the
number of species detected per province per year by 1.5-3.8 species. Once
again, the 90 percent prediction limits suggest it would be entirely possible to
either detect or miss four or five species per province per year based purely on
chance. Exact predictions of this kind are not statistically appropriate, however,
and at this stage of the long-term monitoring effort are considered informative and
exploratory in nature.
Figure 5 and Table 20 make a similar investigation into the effect of the number of
visits performed per year on the number of species detected. Here the logarithmic
regression Y=A+B*ln(X) could be inappropriate, given there are only three
different levels on the X axis (one visit performed, two visits performed, or three
visits performed); we present it, however, for the sake of consistency with the
other results. Adding a fourth visit to the usual three would increase the number
of associated species detected per province per year by 1.5-5.9 species. The 90
percent prediction limits suggest it would be entirely possible to either detect or
miss three or four species per province per year based purely on chance; again
such exact predictions of this kind are not statistically appropriate.
Even with their technical imperfections, these analyses show that results from the
point count monitoring program are dependent on sampling intensity. Missing a
location, station, or visit will in all likelihood decrease the number of species
detected, and will make valid comparisons of that data with other times or places
more difficult. Increasing sampling intensity by increasing the number of locations,
stations, or visits is not quite as problematic, since locations, stations, or visits can
always be dropped in later analyses. It may be tempting to do so, in order to
detect more species, or detect "rare" species more regularly. But if it does
become necessary to drop the extra observations during analysis, the extra effort
may be wasted. Therefore, every effort should be made to keep sampling
intensity consistent by ensuring that all visits, stations, and locations are
completed each year.
References Cited
Andelman, S., and A. Stock. 1994a. Management, research, and monitoring
priorities for the conservation of Neotropical migratory landbirds that breed in
Oregon. Washington Natural Heritage Program. Washington Department of
Natural Resources. Olympia, Washington.
Andelman, S., and A. Stock. 1994b. Management, research, and monitoring
priorities for the conservation of Neotropical migratory landbirds that breed in
Washington. Washington Natural Heritage Program. Washington Department of
Natural Resources. Olympia, Washington.
Carter, M. F., and K. Barker. 1993. An interactive database for setting
conservation priorities for western neotropical migrants. Pages 120-144 in D. M.
Finch and P. W. Stangel, editors. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report,
RM-229: Status and management of neotropical migratory birds. Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Finch, D. M., and P. W. Stangel, editors. 1993. USDA Forest Service General
Technical Report, RM-229: Status and management of neotropical migratory
birds. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,
Colorado.
Gauthreaux, S. 1992. Preliminary list of migrants for the Neotropical Migrant Bird
Conservation Program. Partners In Flight Newsletter 2(1).
Hagan, J. M., P. S. McKinley, A. L. Meehan, and S. L. Grove. 1997. Diversity and
abundance of landbirds in a northeastern industrial forest. Journal of Wildlife
Management 61:718-735.
Hejl, S. J., R. L. Hutto, C. R. Preston, and D. M. Finch. 1995. Effects of
silvicultural treatments in the Rocky Mountains: a synthesis and review of critical
issues. Pages 220-244 in T. E. Martin and D. M. Finch, editors. Ecology and
management of neotropical migratory birds. Oxford University Press, New York.
Huff, M.H. and C.M. Raley. 1991. Regional patterns of diurnal spring bird
communities in Douglas-fir forests of Washington and Oregon. In: Ruggiero, L.F.,
K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, M.H. Huff, (tech. coords.) Wildlife and Vegetation of
Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR285.
Manley, P. 1993. USDA Forest Service goals and programs for monitoring
neotropical migratory birds. Pages 252-257 in D. M. Finch and P. W. Stangel,
editors. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, RM-229: Status and
management of neotropical migratory birds. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Thomas, L. 1996. Monitoring long-term population change: why are there so
many methods? Ecology 77:49-58.
Table 1. Monitoring design by province, location east or west of
Cascade Ranges, number of locations (sample size), and
vegetation community.
Province
West side/
East side
Number of
Locations
Vegetation Community (Series)
Olympic Peninsula
West
16a
Late-successional Western
Hemlock/Douglas-fir
Northern Oregon
Cascades
West
16
Late-successional Western
Hemlock/Douglas-fir
Southern Oregon
Cascades
West
16
Late-successional Western
Hemlock/Douglas-fir
Blue Mountains
East
16
Late-successional Grand Fir
Okanogan Highlands
East
16
Late-successional Douglas-fir -mixed
conifer
Ochoco Mountains
East
16
Late-successional Ponderosa Pine
Basin and Range
East
16
Riparian (association by landform
and vegetation structure)
For the Olympic Peninsula Province, 1996 was the only year 16 locations were sampled. In 1995, only 14
locations had been established. Before 1997 field season, floods washed out key access roads to 2
locations; by fall 1998 replacements had not established.
a
Table 2. Bird monitoring visits by year, and total number of
visits by province.
Number of Visits by Year
Province
1994
1995
1996
1997
TOTAL
-
42
48
40
130
Northern Oregon
Cascades
48
48
45
48
189
Southern Oregon
Cascades
24
48
48
48
168
Blue Mountains
47
48
48
48
191
Okanogan Highlands
48
48
48
32
176
Ochoco Mountains
-
-
48
48
96
Basin and Range
48
48
48
48
48
TOTAL
215
282
333
312
1142
Olympic Peninsula
PHALACROCORAX AURITUS
B
A
DCCO
GREAT BLUE HERON
CANADA GOOSE
WOOD DUCK
GREEN-WINGED TEAL
MALLARD
AMERICAN WIGEON
HARLEQUIN DUCK
COMMON MERGANSER
TURKEY VULTURE
OSPREY
BALD EAGLE
NORTHERN HARRIER
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK
COOPER'S HAWK
NORTHERN GOSHAWK
RED-TAILED HAWK
FERRUGINOUS HAWK
GOLDEN EAGLE
AMERICAN KESTREL
SPRUCE GROUSE
BLUE GROUSE
RUFFED GROUSE
CALIFORNIA QUAIL
MOUNTAIN QUAIL
SANDHILL CRANE
KILLDEER
SPOTTED SANDPIPER
COMMON SNIPE
RING-BILLED GULL
MARBLED MURRELET
BAND-TAILED PIGEON
MOURNING DOVE
FLAMMULATED OWL
GREAT HORNED OWL
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL
SPOTTED OWL
BARRED OWL
GREAT GRAY OWL
LONG-EARED OWL
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL
COMMON NIGHTHAWK
ARDEA HERODIAS
BRANTA CANADENSIS
AIX SPONSA
ANAS CRECCA
ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS
ANAS AMERICANA
HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS
MERGUS MERGANSER
CATHARTES AURA
PANDION HALIAETUS
HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS
CIRCUS CYANEUS
ACCIPITER STRIATUS
ACCIPITER COOPERII
ACCIPITER GENTILIS
BUTEO JAMAICENSIS
BUTEO REGALIS
AQUILA CHRYSAETOS
FALCO SPARVERIUS
DENDRAGAPUS CANADENSIS
DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS
BONASA UMBELLUS
CALLIPEPLA CALIFORNICA
OREORTYX PICTUS
GRUS CANADENSIS
CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS
ACTITIS MACULARIA
GALLINAGO GALLINAGO
LARUS DELAWARENSIS
BRACHYRAMPHUS MARMORATUS
COLUMBA FASCIATA
ZENAIDA MACROURA
OTUS FLAMMEOLUS
BUBO VIRGINIANUS
GLAUCIDIUM GNOMA
STRIX OCCIDENTALIS
STRIX VARIA
STRIX NEBULOSA
ASIO OTUS
AEGOLIUS ACADICUS
CHORDEILES MINOR
B
B
R
B
B
B
R
R
B
B
R
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
R
R
R
R
R
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
R
R
R
R
R
B
R
A
A
A
A
K
K
K
A
A
G
C
H
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
H
H
K
A
K
G
K
K
K
A
G
G
G
H
H
A
H
H
G
H
G
GBHE
CAGO
WODU
GWTE
MALL
AMWI
HADU
COME
TUVU
OSPR
BAEA
NOHA
SSHA
COHA
NOGO
RTHA
FEHA
GOEA
AMKE
SPGR
BUGR
RUGR
CAQU
MOQU
SACR
KILL
SPSA
COSN
RBGU
MAMU
BTPI
MODO
FLOW
GHOW
NOPO
SPOW
BAOW
GGOW
LEOW
NSOW
CONI
Latin name
Common name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Data entry code
Authority for migratory class
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
a
Migratory class
b
Table 3. Bird species detected in point count monitoring of forest and
riparian habitats in the Pacific Northwest, 1994-1997
BLACK SWIFT
VAUX'S SWIFT
BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD
BELTED KINGFISHER
LEWIS' WOODPECKER
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER
DOWNY WOODPECKER
HAIRY WOODPECKER
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER
BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER
NORTHERN FLICKER
PILEATED WOODPECKER
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE
WILLOW FLYCATCHER
LEAST FLYCATCHER
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER
DUSKY FLYCATCHER
GRAY FLYCATCHER
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER
TREE SWALLOW
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW
NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW
BANK SWALLOW
CLIFF SWALLOW
BARN SWALLOW
GRAY JAY
STELLER'S JAY
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER
BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE
AMERICAN CROW
COMMON RAVEN
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE
PLAIN TITMOUSE
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH
Latin name
Common name
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
CYPSELOIDES NIGER
CHAETURA VAUXI
ARCHILOCHUS ALEXANDRI
STELLULA CALLIOPE
SELASPHORUS RUFUS
CERYLE ALCYON
MELANERPES LEWIS
SPHYRAPICUS NUCHALIS
SPHYRAPICUS RUBER
SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEUS
PICOIDES PUBESCENS
PICOIDES VILLOSUS
PICOIDES ALBOLARVATUS
PICOIDES ARCTICUS
COLAPTES AURATUS
DRYOCOPUS PILEATUS
CONTOPUS BOREALIS
CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS
EMPIDONAX TRAILLII
EMPIDONAX MINIMUS
EMPIDONAX HAMMONDII
EMPIDONAX OBERHOLSERI
EMPIDONAX WRIGHTII
EMPIDONAX DIFFICILIS
EMPIDONAX OCCIDENTALIS
TACHYCINETA BICOLOR
TACHYCINETA THALASSINA
STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS
RIPARIA RIPARIA
HIRUNDO PYRRHONOTA
HIRUNDO RUSTICA
PERISOREUS CANADENSIS
CYANOCITTA STELLERI
NUCIFRAGA COLUMBIANA
PICA PICA
CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS
CORVUS CORAX
PARUS ATRICAPILLUS
PARUS GAMBELI
PARUS RUFESCENS
PARUS INORNATUS
SITTA CANADENSIS
SITTA CAROLINENSIS
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
H
H
H
G
H
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Data entry code
Authority for migratory class
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
R
R
R
R
B
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
a
Migratory class
b
Table 3. Bird species detected in point count monitoring of forest and
riparian habitats in the Pacific Northwest, 1994-1997
BLSW
VASW
BCHU
CAHU
RUHU
BEKI
LEWO
RNSA
RBSA
WISA
DOWO
HAWO
WHWO
BBWO
NOFL
PIWO
OSFL
WEWP
WIFL
LEFL
HAFL
DUFL
GRFL
PSFL
COFL
TRSW
VGSW
NRSW
BKSW
CLSW
BASW
GRJA
STJA
CLNU
BBMA
AMCR
CORA
BCCH
MOCH
CBCH
PLTI
RBNU
WBNU
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
PYGMY NUTHATCH
BROWN CREEPER
ROCK WREN
BEWICK'S WREN
HOUSE WREN
WINTER WREN
AMERICAN DIPPER
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET
WESTERN BLUEBIRD
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE
VEERY
SWAINSON'S THRUSH
HERMIT THRUSH
AMERICAN ROBIN
VARIED THRUSH
CEDAR WAXWING
EUROPEAN STARLING
SOLITARY VIREO
HUTTON'S VIREO
WARBLING VIREO
RED-EYED VIREO
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER
NASHVILLE WARBLER
YELLOW WARBLER
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER
COMPLEX
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER
WILSON'S WARBLER
WESTERN TANAGER
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK
LAZULI BUNTING
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE
CHIPPING SPARROW
BREWER'S SPARROW
VESPER SPARROW
SAVANNAH SPARROW
R
B
B
R
A
R
R
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
B
B
R
B
R
A
R
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
H
G
G
H
G
H
H
C
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
G
H
G
H
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
PYNU
BRCR
ROWR
BEWR
HOWR
WIWR
AMDI
GCKI
RCKI
WEBL
MOBL
TOSO
VEER
SWTH
HETH
AMRO
VATH
CEWA
EUST
SOVI
HUVI
WAVI
REVI
OCWA
NAWA
YEWA
YRWA
BTWA
TOWA
DENDROICA SPP.
A
A
HTWX
SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS
OPORORNIS TOLMIEI
WILSONIA PUSILLA
PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA
PHEUCTICUS MELANOCEPHALUS
PASSERINA AMOENA
PIPILO CHLORURUS
PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS
SPIZELLA PASSERINA
SPIZELLA BREWERI
POOECETES GRAMINEUS
PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
B
B
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
G
G
NOWA
MGWA
WIWA
WETA
BHGR
LABU
GTTO
RSTO
CHSP
BRSP
VESP
SASP
Latin name
Common name
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
Data entry code
Authority for migratory class
SITTA PYGMAEA
CERTHIA AMERICANA
SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS
THRYOMANES BEWICKII
TROGLODYTES AEDON
TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES
CINCLUS MEXICANUS
REGULUS SATRAPA
REGULUS CALENDULA
SIALIA MEXICANA
SIALIA CURRUCOIDES
MYADESTES TOWNSENDI
CATHARUS FUSCESCENS
CATHARUS USTULATUS
CATHARUS GUTTATUS
TURDUS MIGRATORIUS
IXOREUS NAEVIUS
BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM
STURNUS VULGARIS
VIREO SOLITARIUS
VIREO HUTTONI
VIREO GILVUS
VIREO OLIVACEUS
VERMIVORA CELATA
VERMIVORA RUFICAPILLA
DENDROICA PETECHIA
DENDROICA CORONATA
DENDROICA NIGRESCENS
DENDROICA TOWNSENDI
a
Migratory class
b
Table 3. Bird species detected in point count monitoring of forest and
riparian habitats in the Pacific Northwest, 1994-1997
FOX SPARROW
SONG SPARROW
LINCOLN'S SPARROW
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW
DARK-EYED JUNCO
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD
WESTERN MEADOWLARK
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD
NORTHERN ORIOLE/BULLOCK'S ORIOLE
PURPLE FINCH
CASSIN'S FINCH
RED CROSSBILL
PINE SISKIN
AMERICAN GOLDFINCH
EVENING GROSBEAK
Latin name
Common name
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
PASSERELLA ILIACA
MELOSPIZA MELODIA
MELOSPIZA LINCOLNII
ZONOTRICHIA ATRICAPILLA
ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS
JUNCO HYEMALIS
AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS
STURNELLA NEGLECTA
EUPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS
MOLOTHRUS ATER
ICTERUS GALBULA
CARPODACUS PURPUREUS
CARPODACUS CASSINII
LOXIA CURVIROSTRA
CARDUELIS PINUS
CARDUELIS TRISTIS
COCCOTHRAUSTES VESPERTINUS
G
G
G
A
K
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
G
G
H
Data entry code
Authority for migratory class
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
R
B
B
R
a
Migratory class
b
Table 3. Bird species detected in point count monitoring of forest and
riparian habitats in the Pacific Northwest, 1994-1997
FOSP
SOSP
LISP
GCSP
WCSP
DEJU
RWBL
WEME
BRBL
BHCO
NOOR
PUFI
CAFI
RECR
PISI
AMGO
EVGR
a. Migratory classes according to Partners In Flight conventions: A=long-distance migrant species, those that
breed in North America and spend their nonbreeding period primarily south of the United States;
B=short-distance migrant species, those that breed and winter extensively in North America; R=permanent
resident species with overlapping breeding and non-breeding areas.
b.
I assigned migratory classes based on several sources and examples: A=Mark Huff, personal
communication; C=Carter & Barker (1993); G=Gauthreaux (1992); H=Hejl et al. (1995); K=Kaufman (1996)
Grand mean of mean liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Grand mean of max liberal
detections (birds/hr)
2
.000
.000
.000
.000
.004
.011
2
20
8
5
67
2
1
18
28
9
1
1
6
14
28
33
1
3
13
3
237
89
1
10
26
3
113
4
67
20
50
29
3
9
28
5
3
1
2
2
24
.000
.000
.007
.000
.025
.004
.000
.005
.041
.000
.000
.000
.004
.008
.008
.008
.000
.000
.011
.000
.080
.050
.000
.004
.007
.000
.129
.002
.000
.000
.040
.005
.000
.002
.011
.005
.001
.000
.004
.002
.004
.000
.000
.021
.000
.064
.011
.000
.011
.075
.000
.000
.000
.011
.020
.024
.024
.000
.000
.028
.000
.207
.146
.000
.011
.021
.000
.171
.005
.000
.000
.120
.016
.000
.005
.032
.014
.004
.000
.011
.005
.011
.002
.004
.012
.000
.088
.004
.002
.025
.050
.016
.002
.000
.007
.026
.053
.047
.000
.007
.025
.000
.476
.149
.002
.018
.041
.005
.193
.008
.002
.013
.113
.060
.007
.023
.048
.008
.005
.002
.004
.005
.041
.005
.013
.032
.000
.193
.011
.004
.043
.102
.043
.005
.000
.021
.072
.132
.122
.000
.021
.070
.000
1.010
.397
.005
.054
.102
.016
.252
.017
.005
.038
.272
.157
.020
.069
.139
.022
.014
.005
.011
.016
.122
.004
.069
.014
.009
.120
.004
.002
.032
.055
.020
.002
.002
.010
.026
.061
.057
.002
.007
.025
.004
.498
.159
.002
.018
.046
.005
.202
.008
.120
.051
.115
.065
.007
.023
.051
.010
.005
.002
.004
.005
.043
.011
.147
.038
.027
.263
.011
.004
.064
.118
.055
.005
.005
.030
.072
.147
.154
.005
.021
.070
.013
1.066
.424
.005
.054
.118
.016
.257
.017
.359
.152
.280
.168
.020
.069
.147
.028
.014
.005
.011
.016
.127
Grand mean of mean
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
Grand mean of max
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
Grand mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
GREAT BLUE HERON (B)
CANADA GOOSE (B)
WOOD DUCK (R)
GREEN-WINGED TEAL (B)
MALLARD (B)
AMERICAN WIGEON (B)
HARLEQUIN DUCK (R)
COMMON MERGANSER (R)
TURKEY VULTURE (B)
OSPREY (B)
BALD EAGLE (R)
NORTHERN HARRIER (B)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
FERRUGINOUS HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
SPRUCE GROUSE (R)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
CALIFORNIA QUAIL (R)
MOUNTAIN QUAIL (R)
SANDHILL CRANE (B)
KILLDEER (B)
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (B)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
RING-BILLED GULL (B)
MARBLED MURRELET (B)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
FLAMMULATED OWL (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
BARRED OWL (R)
GREAT GRAY OWL (R)
LONG-EARED OWL (B)
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
Grand mean of mean reformed
detections (birds/hr)
Species (migratory class)
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT (B)
Total number of birds detected
(unstandardized)
Table 4. Bird abundance measures for all provinces combined (n=7)
Grand mean of max liberal
detections (birds/hr)
.000
.086
.004
.131
.120
.027
.005
.063
.455
.335
.161
1.269
.031
.054
.426
.424
.089
.494
.005
.005
2.629
1.418
.005
4.367
.593
.193
.027
.011
.118
.005
.048
.966
1.088
.098
.000
.020
.149
.058
3.785
4.676
.005
5.779
.672
Grand mean of mean liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Grand mean of mean
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
Grand mean of max
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
.000
.029
.001
.060
.045
.009
.002
.023
.232
.150
.061
.551
.010
.021
.157
.156
.030
.235
.002
.002
1.508
.838
.002
3.010
.297
.075
.009
.004
.054
.002
.027
.374
.435
.034
.000
.007
.057
.019
2.089
2.807
.002
3.456
.289
Grand mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
11
210
1
34
25
22
6
31
157
176
60
535
8
12
500
470
125
327
7
1
1378
922
10
1911
292
101
14
5
98
1
16
387
898
202
14
17
422
13
1875
1442
2
4102
317
Grand mean of mean reformed
detections (birds/hr)
Species (migratory class)
BLACK SWIFT (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD (A)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
LEWIS' WOODPECKER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
WILLOW FLYCATCHER (A)
LEAST FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW (A)
BANK SWALLOW (A)
CLIFF SWALLOW (A)
BARN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
PLAIN TITMOUSE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
Total number of birds detected
(unstandardized)
Table 4. Bird abundance measures for all provinces combined (n=7)
.016
.344
.001
.060
.047
.044
.011
.060
.322
.311
.109
1.071
.025
.039
.971
.823
.220
.579
.011
.002
2.437
1.840
.017
4.196
.504
.179
.024
.009
.175
.002
.029
.770
1.731
.370
.019
.035
.705
.032
3.998
3.145
.004
7.649
.706
.040
.851
.004
.131
.128
.121
.016
.158
.612
.644
.277
2.254
.074
.086
1.994
1.679
.498
1.050
.027
.005
3.951
2.719
.036
5.762
.924
.396
.052
.016
.332
.005
.054
1.781
3.413
.742
.040
.098
1.496
.088
6.370
5.057
.005
10.903
1.402
.016
.381
.001
.060
.047
.044
.011
.060
.322
.313
.109
1.093
.025
.043
.981
.836
.220
.579
.012
.002
2.445
1.848
.017
4.201
.504
.180
.024
.009
.175
.002
.029
.783
1.751
.379
.021
.035
.776
.032
4.050
3.149
.004
7.658
.713
.040
.947
.004
.131
.128
.121
.016
.158
.612
.649
.277
2.287
.074
.096
1.999
1.707
.498
1.050
.032
.005
3.966
2.745
.036
5.777
.924
.400
.052
.016
.332
.005
.054
1.814
3.452
.769
.046
.098
1.654
.088
6.455
5.057
.005
10.903
1.412
Grand mean of max liberal
detections (birds/hr)
.356
3.547
.054
.014
.391
4.818
.032
6.766
.724
.024
.043
.409
.000
1.752
1.738
2.596
1.416
.038
.054
.473
.054
.989
.000
.187
.191
.166
3.214
.004
1.904
4.296
.013
.854
.659
2.816
.447
.016
.074
.040
1.239
.000
.000
.038
.018
Grand mean of mean liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Grand mean of mean
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
Grand mean of max
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
.137
1.999
.018
.005
.214
3.198
.011
4.195
.422
.008
.016
.173
.000
.995
.795
1.363
.696
.013
.023
.207
.020
.605
.000
.084
.064
.071
1.989
.001
1.242
3.017
.007
.458
.286
1.579
.185
.007
.039
.013
.662
.000
.000
.018
.009
Grand mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
58
1257
19
2
221
2821
18
2408
594
6
26
399
2
1799
1661
1822
1169
23
56
338
14
706
3
94
161
67
2282
1
1610
3028
9
427
296
2255
240
18
51
18
764
8
11
21
29
Grand mean of mean reformed
detections (birds/hr)
Species (migratory class)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
ROCK WREN (B)
BEWICK'S WREN (R)
HOUSE WREN (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
AMERICAN DIPPER (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
WESTERN BLUEBIRD (B)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
VEERY (A)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
EUROPEAN STARLING (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
RED-EYED VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER (A)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
BREWER'S SPARROW (A)
VESPER SPARROW (B)
SAVANNAH SPARROW (B)
FOX SPARROW (B)
Total number of birds detected
(unstandardized)
Table 4. Bird abundance measures for all provinces combined (n=7)
.149
2.365
.052
.005
.392
5.820
.032
4.526
.992
.012
.046
.849
.003
3.042
3.459
3.683
2.587
.041
.100
.567
.026
1.245
.004
.155
.269
.119
4.210
.001
2.614
5.763
.014
.737
.508
4.038
.437
.034
.088
.035
1.504
.014
.016
.038
.043
.394
4.096
.113
.014
.601
8.061
.064
7.237
1.600
.035
.101
1.545
.009
4.904
5.894
5.928
4.258
.122
.166
.995
.066
1.892
.013
.362
.580
.237
6.025
.004
3.588
7.352
.028
1.336
1.092
6.305
.946
.068
.161
.094
2.524
.026
.022
.064
.074
.149
2.399
.052
.005
.392
5.833
.032
4.544
.994
.012
.057
.860
.003
3.048
3.473
3.737
2.596
.041
.100
.569
.026
1.245
.004
.155
.269
.119
4.223
.001
2.618
5.770
.014
.741
.510
4.045
.441
.034
.088
.035
1.514
.014
.016
.038
.044
.394
4.145
.113
.014
.601
8.086
.064
7.251
1.605
.035
.133
1.555
.009
4.913
5.914
6.033
4.271
.122
.166
.995
.066
1.892
.013
.362
.580
.237
6.036
.004
3.593
7.352
.028
1.341
1.096
6.305
.946
.068
.161
.094
2.534
.026
.022
.064
.074
Grand mean of max liberal
detections (birds/hr)
.195
.177
.010
.246
4.827
.016
.000
.536
.740
.016
.072
1.079
1.886
1.878
.000
.283
Grand mean of mean liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Grand mean of mean
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
Grand mean of max
conservative detections
(birds/hr)
.111
.105
.003
.127
2.818
.007
.000
.382
.328
.005
.024
.482
.714
.816
.000
.103
Grand mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
122
83
1
117
2455
31
31
322
433
4
24
568
2341
1517
1
795
Grand mean of mean reformed
detections (birds/hr)
Species (migratory class)
SONG SPARROW (B)
LINCOLN'S SPARROW (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (B)
WESTERN MEADOWLARK (B)
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
NORTHERN ORIOLE/BULLOCK'S ORIOLE (A)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
AMERICAN GOLDFINCH (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
Total number of birds detected
(unstandardized)
Table 4. Bird abundance measures for all provinces combined (n=7)
.218
.148
.003
.209
4.652
.053
.047
.571
.744
.007
.049
1.073
3.741
2.470
.000
1.001
.389
.236
.010
.338
7.336
.106
.091
.782
1.423
.021
.122
2.168
8.303
4.341
.000
2.141
.222
.148
.003
.209
4.693
.053
.047
.577
.754
.007
.049
1.092
4.868
2.593
.001
1.486
.389
.236
.010
.338
7.355
.106
.091
.793
1.438
.021
.122
2.227
10.295
4.619
.004
3.202
Table 5. Twelve most abundant species, ranked highest to
lowest, using four different approaches to determine relative
abundance (all years and provinces combined).
Species in bold showed noticeable rank differences between mean and maximum values. Species
underlined showed noticeable rank differences between conservative (< 50 m detection distance) and
reformed (all distances and flyover associated) values.
Conservative Mean
Conservative
Maximum
Reformed Mean
1
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Red-breasted Nuthatch Red-breasted Nuthatch
2
Red-breasted Nuthatch Red-breasted Nuthatch Winter Wren
3
Winter Wren
Dark-eyed Junco
Hermit/Townsend’s
Warbler complex
Winter Wren
4
Hermit/Townsend’s
Warbler complex
Winter Wren
Dark-eyed Junco
Hermit/Townsend’s
Warbler complex
5
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Dark-eyed Junco
6
Dark-eyed Junco
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
Yellow-rumped
Warbler
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
7
Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Hermit/Townsend’s
Warbler complex
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
Mountain Chickadee
8
Mountain Chickadee
Mountain Chickadee
Mountain Chickadee
Western Tanager
9
Yellow-rumped Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Western Tanager
10
Western Tanager
Western Tanager
Red Crossbill
American Robin
11
American Robin
American Robin
American Robin
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
12
Red Crossbill
Red Crossbill
Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Rank
Reformed Maximum
Red Crossbill
Yellow-rumped
Warbler
Table 6. The number of species detected in each province, by
migratory classes.
Long
Distance
(A)
Short
Distance
(B)
Resident
(R)
TOTAL
Olympic Peninsula
12
16
19
47
Northern Oregon
Cascades
20
18
20
58
Southern Oregon
Cascades
15
16
17
48
Blue Mountains
24
24
22
70
Okanogan Highlands
30
29
27
86
Ochoco Mountains
9
28
18
55
Basin and Range
32
43
22
97
Province
West of Cascade Ranges
East of Cascade Ranges
Table 7. Reformed maximum abundance values for all species, by
province
GREAT BLUE HERON (B)
CANADA GOOSE (B)
WOOD DUCK (R)
MALLARD (B)
AMERICAN WIGEON (B)
HARLEQUIN DUCK (R)
COMMON MERGANSER (R)
TURKEY VULTURE (B)
OSPREY (B)
BALD EAGLE (R)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
CALIFORNIA QUAIL (R)
MOUNTAIN QUAIL (R)
SANDHILL CRANE (B)
KILLDEER (B)
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (B)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
RING-BILLED GULL (B)
MARBLED MURRELET (B)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
FLAMMULATED OWL (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
BARRED OWL (R)
GREAT GRAY OWL (R)
LONG-EARED OWL (B)
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
BLACK SWIFT (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD (A)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
Basin & Range
Ochoco / Central
Oregon Highlands
Blue Mountains
Southern Oregon
Cascades
Northern Oregon
Cascades
Okanogan Highlands
Species (migratory class)
Olympic Peninsula
Grand mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Province
.04
.09
.22
1.35
.08
.03
.22
.15
.08
.08
.16
.04
.04
.08
.04
3.07
.99
.34
1.95
1.09
.08
.30
.05
.26
1.37
.11
.06
.49
.04
.19
.16
.16
.39
.03
.10
.87
.03
.13
.13
.13
.13
1.06
.03
.15
.30
.08
.08
.08
.30
.49
.08
.04
.11
.26
.04
.19
.45
.04
.71
.11
1.76
.04
.04
.04
.04
.15
.04
.08
.04
.04
.04
.13
.06
.03
.38
.06
.06
.53
.08
.30
.08
.45
.04
.04
.08
.04
.49
1.35
.19
.41
2.46
.03
.22
.21
.23
.26
.16
.25
.28
1.09
.28
.03
.03
.08
.08
.04
.45
.64
.08
.53
Table 7. Reformed maximum abundance values for all species, by
province
.69
.05
1.99
1.39
1.99
3.85
.04
.90
1.51
1.14
.13
.15
.04
7.13
1.31
2.21
.08
.19
3.56
4.44
.72
.18
1.99
2.00
.69
1.75
1.16
3.59
1.17
.98
6.23
13.05
.15
10.73
10.97
7.25
.06
.44
.16
.22
.06
.47
1.00
2.72
.28
.06
1.59
.06
9.72
1.80
1.73
1.43
1.36
1.04
.54
1.45
.45
16.12
1.70
.08
2.99
1.54
1.39
4.49
1.80
7.95
3.83
4.37
.79
.28
.81
.48
.35
1.78
.75
3.89
14.69
11.05
.04
10.92
.30
9.30
8.32
.36
6.08
4.62
.38
.15
.75
1.76
.19
1.82
.03
.06
2.44
1.09
16.61
7.71
4.87
19.64
.08
.04
6.60
15.42
10.05
.07
8.06
2.77
.45
.60
2.32
.08
.22
.08
Basin & Range
Ochoco / Central
Oregon Highlands
Blue Mountains
Southern Oregon
Cascades
Northern Oregon
Cascades
Okanogan Highlands
Species (migratory class)
LEWIS' WOODPECKER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
WILLOW FLYCATCHER (A)
LEAST FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW (A)
BANK SWALLOW (A)
CLIFF SWALLOW (A)
BARN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
PLAIN TITMOUSE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
ROCK WREN (B)
BEWICK'S WREN (R)
HOUSE WREN (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
AMERICAN DIPPER (R)
Olympic Peninsula
Grand mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Province
.11
.04
2.10
.60
.34
1.87
3.34
.08
.41
4.88
.04
2.74
4.39
.19
4.46
2.48
.23
.11
2.33
.04
.38
.19
2.81
.26
.98
.08
17.10
.68
9.45
13.88
3.81
.47
2.28
6.30
5.03
1.80
.38
.60
2.89
.60
.45
2.21
.19
.31
.88
.08
3.75
.10
22.03
.45
Table 7. Reformed maximum abundance values for all species, by
province
5.93
16.97
6.78
.14
.07
.26
.10
1.86
1.51
4.61
16.51
.05
.11
.27
.08
.75
3.57
10.53
2.06
6.42
.12
2.96
12.04
1.80
2.96
18.41
5.92
3.33
3.70
.15
.15
1.09
2.44
3.41
4.59
.06
7.53
2.34
5.06
.22
.06
2.24
3.97
.44
2.56
.09
Basin & Range
Blue Mountains
11.04
Ochoco / Central
Oregon Highlands
Southern Oregon
Cascades
13.24
.11
Okanogan Highlands
Northern Oregon
Cascades
Species (migratory class)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
WESTERN BLUEBIRD (B)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
VEERY (A)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
EUROPEAN STARLING (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
RED-EYED VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER (A)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
BREWER'S SPARROW (A)
VESPER SPARROW (B)
SAVANNAH SPARROW (B)
FOX SPARROW (B)
SONG SPARROW (B)
LINCOLN'S SPARROW (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (B)
WESTERN MEADOWLARK (B)
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (B)
Olympic Peninsula
Grand mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Province
1.05
.90
.15
4.12
.49
1.01
7.28
8.93
1.65
15.71
.30
.68
1.16
.30
.26
.12
.08
.04
.11
.11
.30
4.31
34.48
12.68
.33
1.09
.46
2.23
2.07
.49
.83
.04
5.14
.83
.08
.08
.28
.22
1.89
.53
14.39
.03
13.88
.19
2.42
2.86
17.93
3.98
.18
.16
.16
1.56
2.41
.16
10.72
9.04
7.28
.26
1.01
1.50
9.26
11.13
.11
1.38
.91
11.68
.13
4.28
1.27
1.73
1.05
.23
.90
.06
.13
8.81
.03
.16
4.50
.15
.08
5.33
1.69
.15
.45
.52
.21
.16
.04
3.20
2.62
2.33
1.65
.07
1.31
14.68
8.47
.22
.56
9.98
.08
2.36
11.10
.52
.08
5.40
Table 7. Reformed maximum abundance values for all species, by
province
.30
15.43
.63
.39
11.57
2.04
7.26
.94
.11
.52
2.07
1.97
.30
.04
5.42
14.47
12.18
1.76
.16
3.34
5.74
12.88
3.06
.08
4.65
7.95
.15
1.58
Basin & Range
Ochoco / Central
Oregon Highlands
.11
Okanogan Highlands
Southern Oregon
Cascades
Northern Oregon
Cascades
.17
Blue Mountains
Species (migratory class)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
NORTHERN ORIOLE/BULLOCK'S ORIOLE (A)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
Olympic Peninsula
Grand mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Province
5.63
.15
1.76
2.03
2.40
.41
Table 8. Six most abundant species by province (all years) for
locations (A) west and (B) east of the Cascade Ranges.
A
Rank
Olympic Mountains
Northern Oregon
Cascades
Hermit/Townsend’s
Warbler complex
Southern Oregon
Cascades
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Hermit/Townsend’s
Warbler complex
1
Winter Wren
2
Varied Thrush
Winter Wren
3
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
Hermit Thrush
4
Red Crossbill
Red Crossbill
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
5
Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Winter Wren
6
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Chestnut-backed
Chickadee
Okanogan Highlands
Blue Mountains
Ochoco Mountians
Basin and Range
1
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Mountain Chickadee
American Robin
2
Pine Siskin
Swainson’s Thrush
Dark-eyed Junco
Dark-eyed Junco
3
Western Tanager
Western Tanager
American Robin
Mountain Chickadee
4
Townsend’s Warbler
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Red Crossbill
Yellow-rumped
Warbler
5
Hammond’s
Flycatcher
Dark-eyed Junco
Hermit Thrush
Warbling Vireo
6
Yellow-rumped
Warbler
Red Crossbill
Yellow-rumped
Warbler
Brown-headed
Cowbird
B.
Rank
Table 9. Abundance of species observed in all provinces (n=7)
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Maximum
Species (migratory class)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
Grand mean of max
reformed detections
(birds/hr)
Minimum
Grand mean of mean
reformed detections
(birds/hr)
.01
.01
.41
.22
.03
.40
.06
.53
.25
1.53
.15
.56
.80
.04
.44
.47
.33
.04
.15
.05
.05
1.07
.97
.82
2.44
.77
1.73
.70
7.65
2.37
3.46
3.68
4.21
4.04
4.65
3.74
2.47
1.00
.13
.13
2.01
1.81
2.36
7.91
1.78
4.41
1.95
15.45
4.61
8.10
11.41
10.91
12.43
10.24
8.37
8.14
3.94
.04
.04
1.04
.54
.08
.98
.19
1.00
.68
2.89
.38
1.51
1.80
.11
1.09
1.31
.94
.11
.39
.13
.14
2.25
1.99
1.68
3.95
1.78
3.41
1.50
10.90
4.10
5.89
5.93
6.03
6.30
7.34
8.30
4.34
2.14
.30
.38
3.85
3.56
4.44
10.97
3.83
7.95
3.89
19.64
7.71
12.04
15.71
14.39
17.93
14.68
15.43
12.88
7.26
Table 10. Abundance of species observed exclusively in one province
LEAST FLYCATCHER (A)
NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW
BANK SWALLOW (A)
CLIFF SWALLOW (A)
BARN SWALLOW (A)
PLAIN TITMOUSE (R)
BEWICK'S WREN (R)
AMERICAN DIPPER (R)
VEERY (A)
EUROPEAN STARLING (R)
RED-EYED VIREO (A)
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER (A)
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (A)
VESPER SPARROW (B)
SAVANNAH SPARROW (B)
FOX SPARROW (B)
LINCOLN'S SPARROW (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
Province
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Okanogan Highlands
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Okanogan Highlands
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Olympic Peninsula
Blue Mountains
Basin & Range
Okanogan Highlands
Blue Mountains
Basin & Range
Ochoco / Central Oregon
Highlands
Northern Oregon Cascades
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Northern Oregon Cascades
Olympic Peninsula
Basin & Range
Okanogan Highlands
Basin & Range
Okanogan Highlands
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Okanogan Highlands
Basin & Range
Blue Mountains
Basin & Range
Olympic Peninsula
Grand mean of max liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Species (migratory class)
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT (B)
GREAT BLUE HERON (B)
WOOD DUCK (R)
GREEN-WINGED TEAL (B)
MALLARD (B)
AMERICAN WIGEON (B)
HARLEQUIN DUCK (R)
COMMON MERGANSER (R)
BALD EAGLE (R)
NORTHERN HARRIER (B)
FERRUGINOUS HAWK (B)
SPRUCE GROUSE (R)
CALIFORNIA QUAIL (R)
SANDHILL CRANE (B)
KILLDEER (B)
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (B)
RING-BILLED GULL (B)
MARBLED MURRELET (B)
GREAT GRAY OWL (R)
LONG-EARED OWL (B)
BLACK SWIFT (A)
BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD (A)
LEWIS' WOODPECKER (B)
BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER (R)
Grand mean of mean liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Grand mean of mean
reformed detections
(birds/hr)
Grand mean of max
reformed detections
(birds/hr)
averaged across all years
.00
.01
.09
.00
.61
.03
.02
.18
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.29
.04
1.35
.01
.09
.01
.03
.11
.01
.08
.00
.04
.22
.00
1.35
.08
.03
.30
.04
.00
.00
.00
.04
.71
.11
1.76
.04
.26
.04
.08
.28
.03
.11
.03
.03
.10
.06
.84
.03
.02
.22
.01
.01
.01
.03
.01
.33
.04
1.41
.84
.35
.01
.03
.11
.01
.08
.08
.08
.26
.19
1.84
.08
.03
.45
.04
.04
.04
.09
.04
.83
.11
1.80
2.51
1.06
.04
.08
.28
.03
.11
.28
.60
.30
.68
.01
.06
1.23
.01
.20
.03
.03
.22
.02
.70
.03
.01
.10
.11
.26
.30
1.04
.02
.04
.11
2.33
.04
.38
.04
.10
.45
.06
1.16
.09
.03
.19
.16
.45
.52
1.65
.07
.01
.06
1.23
.01
.20
.03
.03
.22
.02
.70
.03
.01
.10
.11
.26
.31
1.04
.02
.04
.11
2.33
.04
.38
.04
.10
.45
.06
1.16
.09
.03
.19
.16
.45
.52
1.65
.07
Table 10. Abundance of species observed exclusively in one province
Province
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Okanogan Highlands
1.46
.05
.00
2.36
.15
.00
1.46
.05
.01
Grand mean of max liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Species (migratory class)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
NORTHERN ORIOLE/BULLOCK'S ORIOLE
AMERICAN GOLDFINCH (B)
Grand mean of mean liberal
detections (birds/hr)
Grand mean of mean
reformed detections
(birds/hr)
Grand mean of max
reformed detections
(birds/hr)
figures are averaged across all years,
but relate only to the province named
2.36
.15
.03
Table 11. Number of species detected in each province, by year and
migratory class
Number of species
Province
Olympic Peninsula
Northern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Blue Mountains
Okanogan Highlands
Ochoco / Central Oregon
Highlands
Basin & Range
All provinces
Year
1995
1996
1997
All years
1994
1995
1996
1997
All years
1994
1995
1996
1997
All years
1994
1995
1996
1997
All years
1994
1995
1996
1997
All years
1996
1997
All years
1994
1995
1996
1997
All years
1994
1995
1996
1997
All years
A
12
11
12
12
19
16
16
16
23
10
12
9
12
15
17
20
18
19
24
25
22
21
19
30
8
5
10
23
27
24
28
32
38
37
35
35
45
Migratory class
B
R
11
12
13
16
14
10
9
10
18
11
12
12
12
16
18
17
19
19
24
26
23
20
18
29
21
21
28
35
33
30
35
43
44
42
43
43
53
Total
16
17
14
19
18
16
16
15
22
11
17
15
16
17
16
17
16
16
22
22
18
16
17
27
17
15
18
17
16
15
13
22
32
28
32
30
41
39
40
39
47
51
42
41
41
63
32
41
36
40
48
51
54
53
54
70
73
63
57
54
86
46
41
56
75
76
69
76
97
114
107
110
108
139
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Olympic Peninsula
.06
1.27
.51
.34
.93
12.60
1.31
.57
.29
.40
.17
7.44
2.97
2.07
16.16
9.09
.06
.63
.30
2.36
9.29
.06
.11
.06
2.51
.17
.41
.07
.44
.45
.05
.10
.05
.51
.11
.06
.90
.25
.80
.05
.50
9.65
1.35
.95
.05
.45
.25
10.05
4.50
2.80
.10
15.45
6.85
1.14
.40
.31
.17
.11
13.63
1.17
.46
1995
.06
1.20
.11
.29
.06
2.79
1.63
.17
1.67
.17
.17
.17
2.96
.17
.11
9.43
3.40
2.49
1.54
.69
1.89
17.87
3.43
1.20
.69
.86
.34
13.71
5.31
4.11
17.71
6.91
.09
.74
.97
2.66
10.57
23.14
14.40
.17
1.71
.90
4.67
14.91
2.15
.15
.55
.20
.11
.06
.06
2.40
.06
.34
.06
.17
.34
.17
4.11
.51
.90
.35
.63
.85
.40
2.45
11.90
.05
.10
.21
1.33
1997
.06
.67
.06
.06
.10
2.15
.15
.70
.05
1996
.66
1997
1.16
1996
Species (migratory class)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
MARBLED MURRELET (B)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
BEWICK'S WREN (R)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
SONG SPARROW (B)
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
1995
all locations combined
Mean of mean
Mean of max reformed
reformed detections
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
.30
4.20
.45
1.80
.15
.17
2.23
.34
.69
.17
1.35
.15
.30
.15
1.03
.34
.17
1.95
.75
1.95
.15
1.05
13.35
3.15
2.40
.15
1.05
.75
16.80
6.75
4.95
.30
19.80
12.45
2.40
.86
.86
.51
.34
17.14
2.40
1.03
1.80
1.05
4.35
16.95
.15
.51
.34
13.54
6.17
4.80
23.14
12.86
.17
2.06
2.57
4.80
17.66
4.35
.30
1.35
.45
.17
.17
.17
4.46
.17
1.03
.17
.90
1.71
.30
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Olympic Peninsula
1996
1997
1995
1996
1997
Species (migratory class)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
1995
all locations combined
Mean of mean
Mean of max reformed
reformed detections
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
.17
2.17
.14
.06
12.15
.25
.10
3.71
.34
.29
.51
4.46
.43
.17
31.20
.60
.15
10.63
.86
.86
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Northern Oregon Cascades
.15
.10
1.10
.55
.11
.20
.05
.10
.05
.96
.40
.66
.88
.50
.18
.05
.05
3.38
6.48
.10
.83
2.29
.10
.28
4.89
.10
6.99
.50
2.75
9.32
6.80
.13
.05
2.45
6.85
1.11
3.68
.25
1997
1996
1995
1994
1997
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
OSPREY (B)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
MOUNTAIN QUAIL (R)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
WILLOW FLYCATCHER (A)
LEAST FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
PLAIN TITMOUSE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
WESTERN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
.30
.30
.10
.32
.05
.10
.05
.05
.10
.25
.21
.25
.10
.05
.40
.25
.10
.25
.66
.46
.50
.65
.11
.05
.96
.48
.43
.37
.32
.10
2.70
1.05
.19
.45
.15
.30
.05
.15
.10
.10
.10
.70
.75
.10
4.41
10.56
.05
5.85
9.63
3.70
10.20
.20
.35
2.33
.20
.85
7.74
.59
3.17
.16
.96
9.09
.40
2.00
9.20
8.56
4.95
6.65
12.73
9.21
4.93
10.65
6.49
4.10
11.85
6.50
2.25
7.35
1.50
4.10
.05
2.13
6.65
.32
5.39
.11
1.05
5.40
.05
.95
5.15
1.10
2.10
.15
2.44
1.05
1.38
2.35
1.05
.53
.15
.15
6.15
9.70
.30
2.18
4.70
.30
.85
9.30
.15
10.88
1.20
5.70
13.55
11.15
.40
.15
5.05
12.20
2.50
7.00
.60
.30
.80
.16
.15
.15
.15
.30
.75
.32
.45
.30
.16
1.20
.75
.30
.60
1.84
.94
1.20
1.35
.32
.16
2.40
.96
1.12
1.12
.96
.30
.15
.45
.30
.30
.15
1.35
1.20
.15
7.24
14.44
.15
9.60
13.36
5.55
14.70
.45
.90
3.53
.60
1.95
12.60
1.44
5.84
.48
1.76
13.76
1.05
3.90
11.85
13.44
7.50
10.95
17.25
12.75
7.28
14.08
10.36
6.90
16.80
9.90
3.75
11.40
2.70
6.90
.15
3.84
10.40
.80
8.32
.32
2.55
8.55
.15
1.65
8.10
2.25
3.45
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Northern Oregon Cascades
1.04
.10
.15
26.90
.15
.65
.62
.30
.05
.05
2.01
.15
1.50
1.20
.25
.40
35.96
.35
1.16
1.15
.20
.05
.16
.05
.05
.45
2.51
.30
.60
.75
24.08
.11
1.87
1.12
.11
27.55
.10
1.25
.85
.10
.05
2.15
.37
.21
1.33
.05
1.15
1.00
1.16
10.30
14.40
.11
3.31
3.89
.45
2.70
.95
4.50
3.30
1997
.48
.16
.16
.60
29.68
.32
3.20
2.08
.32
31.65
.15
1.80
1.95
.15
.15
3.75
.96
.32
3.20
.15
1.95
3.00
3.34
16.95
37.12
.32
6.24
.05
.45
33.35
.45
1.95
1.71
.90
.15
.15
1996
1995
1994
1997
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
SONG SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
43.24
.90
1.99
2.55
.60
.15
.15
6.15
2.55
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Southern Oregon Cascades
.05
.15
.60
.30
.10
2.10
1.00
1.10
.80
.10
.20
10.60
.10
4.90
.30
7.30
11.60
3.40
6.20
2.60
.20
1.50
11.20
.90
1.60
.30
8.10
.40
4.70
1.00
.10
.20
.70
.10
1.05
.25
.15
.75
.20
.15
.05
.05
.25
.05
.80
1.35
.35
1.15
.05
.15
1.00
7.90
.85
3.35
.40
5.70
13.75
2.60
7.30
4.80
.40
1.20
7.40
.95
.95
.05
.05
.10
11.45
.55
.10
3.00
.15
1997
.15
.30
.05
.70
.75
.10
.05
.05
.20
.15
.50
.60
.25
1.25
.20
.05
1.00
.50
.60
1.10
.05
.50
6.55
1.40
4.30
.40
6.15
11.55
3.25
6.85
3.45
.30
1.55
7.35
.50
2.35
.10
.70
6.90
.95
5.10
.30
5.35
9.30
3.15
7.50
1.90
.50
2.20
6.45
.85
2.70
.25
.05
8.85
.45
1.75
.05
.05
9.05
.15
.05
2.85
.40
1.50
.10
.10
1.15
.25
.10
1.70
.15
1996
1995
1994
1997
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
MOUNTAIN QUAIL (R)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
SONG SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
1.80
.90
.30
3.30
2.40
2.10
1.80
.30
.30
13.20
.30
9.30
.60
10.50
19.20
4.80
9.30
4.80
.30
2.70
17.40
1.80
2.40
.60
10.20
.60
3.00
.75
.45
1.35
.45
.45
.15
.15
.60
.15
1.80
2.70
1.05
2.70
.15
.45
1.95
10.95
1.95
6.45
1.05
10.05
19.05
4.50
11.70
9.15
.75
2.10
10.80
2.40
1.95
.15
.15
.30
16.50
1.35
.30
7.20
1.80
.30
.60
4.95
.45
1.80
.30
3.60
.30
.15
1.65
2.25
.30
.15
.15
.60
.45
1.05
1.50
.60
2.40
.45
.15
1.80
1.35
1.50
1.95
.15
1.05
9.45
2.85
7.80
.60
8.55
14.85
5.25
9.15
6.45
.60
3.45
10.20
1.05
3.45
.30
1.35
9.30
2.10
8.25
.75
8.10
13.35
4.95
10.05
3.30
1.35
3.60
9.75
1.95
4.05
.60
.15
12.45
.90
3.45
.15
.15
11.55
.45
.15
4.95
.90
2.40
.15
.15
2.70
.45
.30
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Southern Oregon Cascades
1997
.15
1994
1997
.70
1996
.35
1995
.25
.15
.55
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
.75
.45
1.65
1.05
1.95
.45
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Blue Mountains
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
BARRED OWL (R)
GREAT GRAY OWL (R)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
WESTERN BLUEBIRD (B)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
.21
.13
.08
.25
.13
.04
.33
.04
.05
.45
.05
.05
.13
.32
.63
.25
.13
.08
.18
.63
.38
.13
.98
.05
.05
.91
.08
.48
3.04
.05
2.16
2.61
.21
.05
1.92
1.48
2.15
1.60
.05
1.66
5.79
.09
13.93
2.85
4.93
10.34
4.83
.17
15.38
2.53
1.63
.08
.87
2.53
1.93
2.44
.25
.05
1.37
.60
1.84
1.98
3.12
.38
1.48
4.83
.19
18.66
.05
5.02
.09
6.14
12.02
5.28
.14
.05
10.92
2.77
2.30
.13
.15
1.35
.15
.15
1997
.38
.95
.25
.52
.15
.15
.05
.05
1.37
1996
1995
1994
1997
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
.15
.96
.04
.08
.86
1.58
1.17
1.98
.04
.38
.90
1.58
2.23
.41
.10
1.97
.92
1.11
2.16
.23
.04
1.68
.68
.18
.83
1.93
.08
3.23
4.12
.15
15.43
.05
.25
.93
6.15
.15
4.63
4.33
.63
.15
4.72
2.15
1.86
.63
1.42
3.48
.10
13.79
.05
4.54
6.01
13.85
4.57
.05
.04
9.44
3.32
1.04
2.80
4.28
3.48
.15
3.12
9.10
.28
17.28
2.96
4.78
6.08
11.43
2.40
.05
.04
.13
14.19
2.17
1.63
7.10
14.68
7.88
.38
20.65
5.45
3.82
.15
2.95
.13
2.05
4.33
3.78
4.68
.75
.15
2.85
1.40
3.45
4.30
6.43
1.15
3.40
9.85
.43
22.78
.15
9.20
.28
8.10
16.73
8.10
.43
.15
16.65
6.00
4.23
2.20
.13
.13
1.75
3.08
2.73
3.47
4.75
.83
.30
3.58
1.98
2.38
4.00
.68
.13
3.20
1.30
.55
2.17
3.80
.25
6.58
7.73
.45
20.40
.15
4.55
3.78
1.60
2.48
6.60
.30
18.13
.15
6.82
9.00
19.85
6.55
.15
.13
15.35
7.53
2.25
.13
.85
1.85
5.60
8.02
16.62
4.60
.15
.13
.40
20.98
4.70
3.00
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Blue Mountains
12.62
9.78
13.06
.38
1.16
1.94
13.86
1.10
.28
10.04
1.46
.50
.35
.56
.38
10.77
.04
8.22
.04
1.45
.04
.20
.65
8.47
.73
.37
10.45
8.84
1.77
2.56
10.21
5.44
.08
.34
.13
.38
14.38
1.68
.08
3.42
9.22
6.33
.25
11.18
1.11
3.10
9.80
10.70
1.57
.34
.53
12.00
.34
.04
2.23
7.03
3.28
1.12
.15
13.63
.42
1.09
.54
6.91
.56
2.72
7.43
6.63
1.11
1997
1.41
1.05
.14
1.34
1996
1997
2.92
1.18
.40
1.53
1995
1996
1.06
1.21
1994
1995
Species (migratory class)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER (A)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
FOX SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
2.22
2.38
5.88
2.63
.60
3.30
3.45
2.63
.43
3.15
16.52
12.80
16.82
.78
2.25
4.38
19.18
2.73
.43
13.15
3.25
1.35
.75
1.10
1.00
14.20
.13
11.98
.13
2.88
.13
.60
1.33
12.17
1.53
1.10
14.05
13.58
4.23
5.60
17.40
11.48
.15
.65
.38
1.00
18.55
3.62
.15
6.88
15.05
9.40
.60
17.35
2.18
5.78
16.25
18.38
3.83
.78
1.18
16.08
.90
.13
4.35
11.18
7.72
2.43
.30
19.07
.83
1.78
.75
10.62
.95
4.68
15.40
13.23
2.63
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Okanogan Highlands
CANADA GOOSE (B)
HARLEQUIN DUCK (R)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
FLAMMULATED OWL (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
BARRED OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
BLACK SWIFT (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
.13
.38
.06
.04
.04
.13
.04
.13
.08
.63
.33
.04
.04
.04
.13
.08
.04
.04
.13
.04
.25
.04
.42
.54
.25
.83
.04
.54
1.29
.42
1.00
5.63
6.96
.29
.21
.17
.58
.29
2.92
.37
.04
.79
.04
.04
.13
.13
.13
.38
.13
.88
.04
.17
.29
.08
.17
1997
1996
1995
1994
1997
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
.06
.13
.81
.06
.06
.31
.25
.08
.92
.38
1.33
.20
1.09
.96
.79
.83
.96
1.00
.62
.67
6.92
6.88
.13
.13
1.33
.92
.17
1.21
8.42
3.54
1.10
1.19
.13
.87
10.69
2.29
.17
.25
.04
.08
.08
.06
.25
1.25
.17
.04
.67
.08
.71
1.08
.25
.89
.81
.96
.63
.13
.38
.25
1.13
1.63
.38
.13
.13
.13
.38
.25
.13
.13
.38
.13
.75
.06
.04
.08
.17
1.13
.13
.08
.38
.13
.50
.63
.25
.50
.13
1.00
1.25
.75
2.00
.13
1.50
2.63
.88
1.50
9.25
10.50
.38
.63
.38
1.38
.63
5.25
.88
.13
1.88
.13
.13
.13
.25
1.13
.13
.13
.13
.25
.50
3.38
.25
.13
.13
.63
.38
.25
2.00
1.13
2.25
.40
1.55
2.13
1.75
1.40
1.87
1.88
1.38
1.88
9.50
10.75
.25
.38
2.75
1.75
.38
2.25
12.00
4.75
1.83
1.75
.13
1.38
13.13
3.00
.50
.50
.13
.25
.25
.13
.63
2.25
.25
.13
1.25
.25
1.38
1.88
.50
1.38
1.50
2.00
1.25
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Okanogan Highlands
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
Species (migratory class)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
VEERY (A)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
RED-EYED VIREO (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
BREWER'S SPARROW (A)
VESPER SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (B)
WESTERN MEADOWLARK (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
5.63
13.92
2.96
.50
.58
.38
.17
.92
2.25
2.33
.04
5.79
1.38
3.25
.04
.08
2.54
1.58
.13
1.96
7.04
8.50
1.92
6.38
10.42
1.63
.13
1.46
5.88
7.95
1.38
8.75
18.75
6.38
1.50
1.13
.88
.50
1.87
4.00
4.75
.13
9.13
3.13
5.37
.13
.25
3.62
2.75
.38
4.00
11.25
12.38
3.50
10.75
14.25
3.12
.38
3.00
8.13
10.15
2.25
7.33
9.38
.75
.08
8.08
.08
.08
4.42
.04
.08
6.17
.17
.79
1.21
.08
1.04
5.46
6.96
.83
1.38
.21
.71
2.08
2.33
1.88
.04
3.75
1.42
2.88
.21
1.69
.46
.58
2.58
3.21
.31
1.19
1.50
3.36
3.87
1.29
3.12
4.63
.88
2.94
.13
2.42
1.71
2.50
1.00
2.94
1.19
1.21
.17
6.50
7.71
.83
.92
8.96
.04
.46
7.29
7.13
.71
.29
7.42
.08
1.56
.06
8.94
8.69
.81
.13
8.23
.06
.08
5.58
.04
5.88
.06
8.13
5.92
5.41
.75
.63
1.92
2.46
7.42
2.21
1.38
2.24
10.31
.88
.38
5.04
.17
.42
1.17
.13
2.88
1.00
7.87
1.29
11.25
13.50
1.63
.25
11.38
.25
.13
6.88
.13
.13
9.00
.50
1.38
2.63
.25
2.25
10.00
11.88
2.13
2.63
.38
1.38
4.25
3.63
3.37
.13
7.38
2.50
5.50
.50
2.38
1.13
1.75
4.00
5.75
.50
1.88
2.00
4.47
7.25
2.25
5.75
6.38
1.50
3.62
.25
3.87
3.50
4.38
2.13
4.00
1.88
1.88
.50
9.25
10.25
1.38
2.25
13.87
.13
1.13
10.75
10.63
1.50
.88
10.38
.25
2.63
.13
11.62
10.13
1.00
.25
11.07
.13
.13
9.25
.13
8.63
.13
10.50
9.25
7.25
1.50
1.00
3.50
6.38
14.38
5.00
2.38
3.98
12.75
1.63
.50
8.38
.38
.88
2.75
.38
5.25
2.63
12.50
3.50
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
.05
.10
.20
.05
.05
.10
.05
.05
.10
.45
1.30
.25
.20
1.20
.10
.15
.80
4.35
.45
.70
1.05
.35
.05
15.40
5.85
2.90
1.20
.20
.05
.15
2.65
3.50
4.35
.30
.15
.30
1997
.30
.10
.05
.05
.45
.30
.15
.15
.25
.15
.15
.30
.15
.15
.75
.15
.05
.05
.20
1996
1997
Species (migratory class)
TURKEY VULTURE (B)
OSPREY (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
FLAMMULATED OWL (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
ROCK WREN (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
1996
all locations combined
Mean of mean Mean of max
reformed
reformed
Year
Year
.45
.15
.15
.05
.05
.05
.10
.10
1.20
.05
.35
1.00
4.50
.05
.95
.75
.35
.65
7.20
1.70
2.10
.20
.30
.30
2.10
5.10
6.40
.60
1.20
2.40
.75
.60
2.25
.15
.45
1.95
6.00
1.20
1.50
1.95
.60
.15
22.80
9.00
4.95
3.00
.45
.15
.30
4.35
5.85
6.90
.60
.15
.15
.15
.30
.30
3.15
.15
.60
2.40
6.45
.15
2.40
1.95
.90
1.35
11.40
3.60
5.10
.60
.75
.75
3.90
8.70
10.95
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
1997
1996
1997
Species (migratory class)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
1996
all locations combined
Mean of mean Mean of max
reformed
reformed
Year
Year
4.45
2.40
4.70
2.40
.20
7.65
4.35
6.90
4.65
.30
.05
2.60
7.35
.15
.05
3.20
5.10
.10
.80
2.95
4.60
.05
.05
.60
1.70
.30
.15
5.40
11.10
.45
.15
7.80
11.85
.30
2.25
5.25
8.85
.15
.15
1.50
4.05
.90
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Basin & Range
.05
.20
.95
.10
.15
.70
.40
.10
.10
.35
1.10
.60
2.40
.30
.45
.10
.05
.30
.05
.25
.05
1.20
.05
.25
.05
1997
.15
.15
.40
1.20
.75
.15
.15
.30
1.05
.45
1.95
.30
.05
.15
1996
1995
1994
1997
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
GREAT BLUE HERON (B)
WOOD DUCK (R)
MALLARD (B)
AMERICAN WIGEON (B)
COMMON MERGANSER (R)
TURKEY VULTURE (B)
OSPREY (B)
BALD EAGLE (R)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
CALIFORNIA QUAIL (R)
SANDHILL CRANE (B)
KILLDEER (B)
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (B)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
RING-BILLED GULL (B)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
LONG-EARED OWL (B)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
LEWIS' WOODPECKER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
WILLOW FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW (A)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
.15
.10
.15
.05
.10
.25
.05
.10
.10
.10
.05
.05
.10
.40
.10
1.35
.10
.40
1.15
.05
1.70
.05
.50
.30
.15
.75
.15
.75
.15
1.50
.15
.60
.15
.10
.30
.30
.15
.30
.45
.15
.30
.15
.30
.15
.15
.30
.90
.30
1.95
.30
.90
1.50
.15
2.10
.15
1.05
.15
.10
.30
.30
.10
.10
.10
.40
.40
.05
.10
.05
.10
.70
.20
.30
.10
1.50
.50
.30
.80
1.65
1.10
.30
.25
1.20
.80
1.20
.05
.55
.30
.80
1.65
.05
.20
2.40
.15
2.75
1.20
3.15
.05
.30
4.05
1.90
2.85
.10
2.25
1.10
1.45
2.55
.20
1.85
.55
.05
.20
2.30
.05
1.10
4.05
2.00
1.20
1.80
2.50
.05
4.05
1.70
.45
.05
.75
.30
.30
.30
1.05
1.20
.15
.30
.15
.30
1.35
.45
.45
.15
2.55
.90
.75
1.65
2.85
2.40
.75
.60
2.25
1.50
2.25
.15
1.20
.60
1.80
3.45
.15
.60
4.50
.30
4.65
1.80
5.55
.15
.75
6.15
3.30
4.20
.30
4.35
2.25
2.40
3.45
.30
3.75
1.50
.15
.30
4.20
.15
2.25
6.15
3.75
2.55
3.00
3.75
.15
6.00
3.60
.75
.15
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Basin & Range
.15
1.25
.15
.05
6.15
1.70
.30
.45
1.05
.15
1.90
1997
.10
1.25
.15
.15
6.40
1.30
.35
1996
.90
.05
1995
1.20
1994
1.75
1997
1996
1995
Species (migratory class)
BANK SWALLOW (A)
CLIFF SWALLOW (A)
BARN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
ROCK WREN (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
AMERICAN DIPPER (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
EUROPEAN STARLING (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
BREWER'S SPARROW (A)
SAVANNAH SPARROW (B)
SONG SPARROW (B)
LINCOLN'S SPARROW (A)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (B)
WESTERN MEADOWLARK (B)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
1.05
3.00
1.95
1.20
.15
3.15
.80
.85
.25
5.95
2.10
.50
.25
.50
.05
2.75
.55
.85
.60
.40
.55
.45
8.75
.10
.70
.35
5.85
.15
.85
.45
5.00
2.80
1.10
1.15
.45
.40
.85
1.40
.25
.25
1.15
.95
1.60
6.55
.10
1.80
3.60
.35
.25
.50
.25
.25
.80
9.95
.20
.70
.10
5.50
.05
.30
.85
6.30
2.15
.35
.75
.70
.05
.30
.60
.10
.15
.50
1.20
1.30
5.85
.25
.05
.10
.10
1.50
.05
.55
5.10
1.00
.15
1.15
.25
1.95
.35
.70
10.00
.40
.75
.10
5.20
.15
.10
.70
5.70
.10
2.45
.45
.65
.35
.90
.65
.25
.45
1.35
16.95
.20
.65
.15
9.65
.05
.20
1.10
8.10
.05
3.50
.25
.75
.55
.45
.65
.45
.80
.25
.65
.55
1.00
7.50
.45
.40
3.05
1.45
1.95
9.40
.35
.05
1.50
2.40
.75
9.00
3.45
.90
.75
1.05
.15
4.05
1.05
1.20
.90
.75
1.35
1.05
11.40
.30
.90
.75
8.10
.30
2.40
.90
7.50
4.35
2.40
2.10
.90
.75
1.35
2.55
.45
.45
1.65
1.50
2.55
9.15
.15
.30
3.00
.45
.45
9.75
2.40
.60
.45
2.55
.45
.15
9.90
3.60
.60
1.05
1.95
.30
2.55
3.15
5.10
.75
.60
.90
.60
.75
1.80
14.10
.60
.90
.15
8.25
.15
.75
1.35
8.70
3.45
.75
1.80
1.65
.15
.60
1.20
.15
.15
1.05
1.80
2.25
10.05
.30
.15
.30
.30
3.30
.15
1.35
9.15
2.10
.30
2.70
.30
3.30
.90
1.05
14.25
1.20
1.35
.15
7.05
.45
.30
1.35
8.85
.30
4.20
1.20
1.35
.45
2.10
1.50
.60
1.05
2.70
23.10
.60
1.50
.15
12.75
.15
.60
2.40
12.00
.15
5.10
.75
1.65
1.20
.90
1.35
.75
1.65
.45
1.50
.75
1.50
11.85
.75
.75
5.10
2.55
3.15
13.35
.90
.15
Table 12. Abundance of species, by province and year
Province: Basin & Range
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
Species (migratory class)
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
NORTHERN ORIOLE/BULLOCK'S ORIOLE (A)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
1994
all locations combined
Mean of mean reformed
Mean of max reformed
detections (birds/hr)
detections (birds/hr)
Year
Year
4.40
3.45
2.95
3.05
.05
1.35
.40
1.55
.35
4.10
1.95
.05
1.00
1.30
.70
.30
4.45
4.15
.10
.70
.25
.90
6.45
5.70
3.60
5.25
.15
2.40
1.20
2.55
1.05
5.40
3.90
.15
2.25
3.45
1.35
.60
6.15
7.65
.30
1.35
.60
1.65
.70
1.10
2.40
1.05
2.85
4.05
Table 13A. Two most abundant species by year and province
Province
Olympic
Peninsula
Northern
Oregon
Cascades
Southern
Oregon
Cascades
Blue
Mountains
Okanogan
Highlands
Ochoco
Mountains
Basin and
Range
Rank
1994
1
2
1
1995
1996
1997
Winter Wren
Red Crossbill
Winter Wren
Winter Wren
Varied Thrush
Red Crossbill
Hermit/ Townsend’s
Warbler
Pacific-sloped
Flycatcher
Hermit/ Townsend’s Hermit/ Townsend’s
Warbler
Warbler
2
Winter Wren
Winter Wren
1
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
2
Hermit Thrush
1
Swainson’s Thrush
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Hermit/ Townsend’s
Warbler
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
2
Dark-eyed Junco
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Townsend’s
Warbler
Western Tanager
Hermit/ Townsend’s
Warbler
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Hermit/ Townsend’s
Warbler
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Winter Wren
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Hermit/ Townsend’s
Warbler
Swainson’s Thrush
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Hammond’s
Flycatcher
Western Tanager
Pine Siskin
Pine Siskin
Red-breasted
Nuthatch
Pine Siskin
1
Mountain Chickadee
Mountain Chickadee
2
Red Crossbill
American Robin
1
2
1
American Robin
American Robin
American Robin
American Robin
2
Dark-eyed Junco
Dark-eyed Junco
Dark-eyed Junco
Dark-eyed Junco
Table 13B. Five most abundant species for each province and year
Province
Olympic
Peninsula
Year
1995
1996
1997
Northern
Oregon
Cascades
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
Southern
Oregon
Cascades
Year
1994
1995
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Species (migratory class)
WINTER WREN (R)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
WINTER WREN (R)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
Mean of max
reformed
detections
(birds/hr)
23.14
17.87
14.91
14.40
13.71
31.20
19.80
16.95
16.80
13.35
23.14
17.66
17.14
13.54
12.86
33.35
13.55
12.20
11.15
10.87
43.24
17.25
16.95
14.44
12.75
37.12
29.68
14.08
13.76
13.44
31.65
16.80
14.70
9.90
8.55
19.20
17.40
13.20
10.50
10.20
19.05
16.50
11.70
10.95
10.80
Table 13B. Five most abundant species for each province and year
Province
Southern
Oregon
Cascades
Year
1996
1997
Blue
Mountains
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
Okanogan
Highlands
Year
1994
1995
1996
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Species (migratory class)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
PINE SISKIN (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
PINE SISKIN (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
PINE SISKIN (B)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
PINE SISKIN (B)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
Mean of max
reformed
detections
(birds/hr)
14.85
12.45
10.20
9.45
9.15
13.35
11.55
10.05
9.75
9.30
20.65
18.55
17.40
17.28
15.05
22.78
19.17
18.38
17.35
16.83
19.85
18.13
16.08
15.35
13.15
20.98
20.40
19.07
16.63
15.40
18.75
13.50
11.88
11.38
11.25
13.88
12.50
12.38
11.25
10.75
14.38
14.25
12.00
10.75
10.75
Table 13B. Five most abundant species for each province and year
Province
Okanogan
Highlands
Year
1997
Ochoco /
Central
Oregon
Highlands
Year
1996
1997
Basin &
Range
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Species (migratory class)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PINE SISKIN (B)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
Mean of max
reformed
detections
(birds/hr)
13.13
12.75
11.63
11.08
10.50
22.80
11.85
11.10
9.00
7.80
11.40
10.95
8.85
8.70
6.90
11.40
9.15
9.00
8.10
7.50
14.10
10.05
9.75
8.70
8.25
14.25
11.85
9.90
8.85
7.05
23.10
13.35
12.75
12.00
9.15
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Olympic
Peninsula
Species (migratory class)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
37
33
42
44
21
24
48
48
35
35
17
21
45
38
78
61
79
71
17
15
7
18
39
48
44
34
38
49
15
12
22
12
15
10
7
9
17
8
15
10
65
61
6
5
12
9
33
33
8
4
48
53
24
21
30
31
89
91
41
34
82
102
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Northern
Oregon
Cascades
Species (migratory class)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
124
119
11
37
37
37
57
61
56
59
37
38
34
15
25
25
20
18
40
41
21
23
44
40
29
23
25
23
35
29
13
12
18
11
35
40
15
17
49
42
36
32
73
88
18
17
67
71
40
29
27
17
53
67
30
28
111
92
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Southern
Oregon
Cascades
Species (migratory class)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
25
37
68
73
55
55
63
47
45
33
66
49
18
19
56
59
23
17
65
60
18
15
16
28
14
12
16
18
11
6
8
12
39
42
37
59
26
24
26
30
26
31
41
32
95
71
15
21
44
48
40
30
107
87
35
29
47
41
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Blue Mountains
Species (migratory class)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
86
99
39
43
19
18
29
40
39
43
48
48
27
26
9
8
34
12
44
44
16
23
36
29
32
32
96
89
44
47
22
17
35
24
15
13
29
29
10
10
12
13
30
24
63
55
22
15
18
20
31
26
48
42
34
27
11
11
21
15
53
58
88
88
14
8
133
127
75
64
32
26
49
56
18
21
16
16
45
39
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Okanogan
Highlands
Species (migratory class)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
37
49
62
71
129
140
58
62
34
25
9
18
34
27
16
21
70
81
24
23
27
17
48
55
37
16
62
55
59
43
63
63
20
25
10
16
26
26
35
47
38
36
56
51
54
50
22
28
26
21
21
15
20
29
6
19
9
8
24
28
49
51
14
10
12
14
7
20
109
104
8
13
29
0
26
17
9
11
31
43
44
42
68
56
18
8
49
49
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Ochoco /
Central Oregon
Highlands
Species (migratory class)
TURKEY VULTURE (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
ROCK WREN (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
47
47
85
71
61
61
71
71
85
85
90
85
6
19
94
94
39
0
13
5
2
5
51
47
5
18
71
52
42
54
51
47
78
61
23
2
101
94
28
35
16
8
26
28
27
32
4
7
0
5
9
2
33
16
71
71
97
96
71
69
64
61
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Basin & Range
Species (migratory class)
MALLARD (B)
COMMON MERGANSER (R)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
SANDHILL CRANE (B)
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (B)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
BANK SWALLOW (A)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
EUROPEAN STARLING (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
43
54
68
58
43
29
40
40
55
47
50
40
18
18
103
85
71
68
36
29
64
54
23
14
54
50
28
18
23
18
24
28
40
24
41
35
30
40
22
15
86
76
10
5
31
26
44
41
47
42
31
29
78
76
54
54
32
25
46
48
33
32
56
56
6
27
68
100
32
28
58
55
92
93
35
42
21
21
21
16
71
61
27
18
29
48
46
36
Table 14.a Coefficient of variation of yearly abundance of species, by
province
Province
Basin & Range
Species (migratory class)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
SAVANNAH SPARROW (B)
SONG SPARROW (B)
LINCOLN'S SPARROW (A)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (B)
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
Coefficient is figured across all
years observations were made
in the province.
CV of mean
CV of max
reformed
reformed
detections
detections
(%)
(%)
43
36
39
54
88
80
37
45
28
29
21
17
52
68
18
24
29
28
33
38
68
66
55
51
a. This table only includes species which were observed in all years a province was studied.
Table 15. Summaries of year-to-year coefficient of variation (CV),
by province
Province
Median
CV (%)
Minimum Species with
CV (%)
minimum CV
Maximum Species with
CV (%)
maximum CV
Olympic
Peninsula
32
4
Hermit/ Townsend’s
Warbler
102
Evening Grosbeak
Southern Oregon
Cascades
32
6
Brown Creeper
87
Black-headed
Grosbeak
Okanogan
Highlands
22
0
Spotted Towhee
140
Vaux’s Swift
Blue Mountains
29
8
Western Tanager
127
Black-headed
Grosbeak
Ochoco
Mountains
35
0
Black-backed
Woodpecker
96
Cassin’s Finch
Basin and Range
38
5
Mountain Chickadee
100
Solitary Vireo
Table 16. Number of species detected in each location, by province and
migratory class
Number of species detected
Province
Olympic Peninsula
Northern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Location
BIGN
BIGS
COUG
DUNG
HOBO
PETE
PINEN
PINES
RUGN
RUGS
RULE
SKOK
TWRC
WHMP
ZIEGH
ZIEGL
3CALF MDW
BAGBY WEST
BR RIVER
CAMPCREEK
CEDARCREEK
DEVILS RDG
FOOTBALL
HILL CREEK
HSJ
JADE
PAMELIA
PAW PRINT
PINCERS
PVD STREAM
VIGILANTE
W SANTIAM
CEDAR3
DONEGAN 1
DONEGAN 2
FISHER1
FISHER2
GRSSHOPR 1
GRSSHOPR 2
HOMESTEAD4
PARADISE
SMTHRDG 1
SMTHRDG 2
SQUAWFLATS
STEEL1
STEEL2
WILSON3
WILSON4
A
7
8
4
4
3
5
8
7
4
4
8
7
6
5
2
3
9
7
7
5
9
7
10
14
11
12
9
13
9
7
12
10
8
8
4
7
7
6
3
8
2
4
5
6
6
11
7
7
Migratory class
B
R
7
6
7
6
3
6
7
6
3
3
7
8
5
5
4
5
8
7
4
7
6
9
8
10
8
7
9
9
5
5
11
8
9
9
6
8
10
8
7
9
7
9
9
8
6
9
8
7
Total
10
10
12
8
13
11
9
11
10
9
10
9
12
11
9
11
12
14
13
13
15
14
12
12
14
10
13
14
11
15
15
11
10
9
10
11
15
11
10
10
9
10
11
11
11
15
11
9
24
24
23
18
19
22
24
24
17
16
25
24
23
21
15
19
29
28
24
25
30
30
30
36
33
29
31
36
25
27
38
29
27
26
20
26
32
25
20
27
18
23
25
25
23
35
26
23
Table 16. Number of species detected in each location, by province and
migratory class
Number of species detected
Province
Blue Mountains
Okanogan Highlands
Ochoco / Central Oregon
Highlands
Location
DUTCHMANCK
EBROADYCK
EBUCKCSNG
ELK CK
LOOKINGLAS
MILL CK 01
MILL CK 02
MOTTET CK
NFKWWR01
NFKWWR02
PEAVINE CK
STEWARTSPG
SUMMER CK
SWAMP CRK
WBROADYCK
WBUCKCSNG
ANDREWS
BOULDER
DOE
DRIVEWAY
FAREWELL
FD EAST
FD WEST
FRAZIER
LOST
MFG EAST
MFG WEST
PARADISE
PEARRYGIN
SMITH
VIRGINIAN
WOLF
BLDBUTN
BLDBUTS
BUCK SP
COW HOLLO
DELI LAKE
DOBSON CK
DRYMTN1
DRYMTN2
DRYMTN3
EMIG CR
LIL EMIG
LST GARD
NICHOLL
SAWMILL
SILVER CK
STINGER
A
16
10
14
12
14
17
16
13
17
15
13
12
14
17
14
11
14
15
15
16
13
14
16
16
15
13
11
17
12
12
13
16
4
4
3
5
3
2
6
4
6
6
3
4
3
3
2
6
Migratory class
B
R
13
12
13
12
13
15
17
13
12
15
15
12
14
15
18
13
13
16
15
15
12
19
16
15
17
14
13
13
14
17
15
18
10
12
11
9
8
9
8
9
12
9
9
14
7
10
8
9
Total
14
12
11
14
13
11
12
13
11
12
15
12
13
12
14
13
13
11
13
10
9
15
17
13
10
11
16
10
10
16
16
14
9
9
7
6
8
9
8
9
8
8
9
9
7
9
12
11
43
34
38
38
40
43
45
39
40
42
43
36
41
44
46
37
40
42
43
41
34
48
49
44
42
38
40
40
36
45
44
48
23
25
21
20
19
20
22
22
26
23
21
27
17
22
22
26
Table 16. Number of species detected in each location, by province and
migratory class
Number of species detected
Province
Basin & Range
Location
BEAR CREEK
BOTTLE
BRIDGE
BUCK
CHEWAUCAN
DAIRY
DEER CREEK
GRAHAM
GUYER
JACKSON
MOSQUITO
NF SPRAGUE
S. BOTTLE
SCHOOL CRK
SYCAN
WF SLIVER
A
10
11
6
11
11
16
13
14
6
17
14
12
16
15
23
5
Migratory class
B
R
11
14
11
12
18
15
21
22
10
17
14
24
15
25
24
11
Total
5
9
7
7
10
9
7
11
6
7
12
7
7
6
11
10
26
34
24
30
39
40
41
47
22
41
40
43
38
46
58
26
Table 17. Coefficient of variation of species detected per
location, comparing all species with long-distance migrants
Province
Coefficient of variation
(%) of species detected
per location, considering
all species
Coefficient of variation
(%) of species detected
per location, considering
only long-distance
migrants
Olympic Peninsula
16
37
Northern Oregon Cascades
14
26
Southern Oregon Cascades
17
36
Blue Mountains
8
15
Okanogan Highlands
10
12
Ochoco Mountains
12
35
Basin and Range
26
37
Table 18. Regression statistics for diagnostic analyses of the effect of
a
the number of locations surveyed on the number of species detected
Province
Olympic Peninsula
Olympic Peninsula
Olympic Peninsula
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
Year
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
Avg. no
data
points
per
location
class
5.6
5.3
4.6
5.8
4.5
4.5
5.7
2.3
5.1
4.6
5.8
5.1
5.3
4.9
5.2
5.8
6.4
5.3
6.1
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
1996
5.9
17.55
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
1997
5.1
15.08
8.80
39.5
.5
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
1994
1995
1996
1997
7.6
7.2
6.9
7.3
24.62
21.82
18.22
20.34
18.40
19.33
18.06
19.57
75.6
75.4
68.3
74.6
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
A
14.01
15.92
15.29
20.24
18.66
17.54
14.25
17.95
18.93
16.77
19.19
30.26
30.52
26.98
26.94
30.08
28.42
29.36
26.25
B
9.17
8.49
8.72
10.94
8.13
8.69
9.04
6.59
7.95
7.32
7.35
7.25
8.66
9.06
9.86
15.01
12.02
10.02
9.81
Predicted no.
"associated"
species
detected with
16 locations
39.4
39.5
39.5
50.6
41.2
41.6
39.3
36.2
41.0
37.1
39.6
50.4
54.5
52.1
54.3
71.7
61.7
57.1
53.5
Avg. no. of
species
gained by
adding a
17th
location
.6
.5
.5
.7
.5
.5
.6
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.9
.8
.6
.6
9.77
44.6
.6
a. The regression model is Y=A + (B*ln(X)) where Y is the number of associated species deteced, A is the intercept, B is the slope
parameter, and X is the number of locations surveyed. A and B are listed in the Table. All models use all available stations (usually
5, 6 for Blue Mountains and Okanogan) and visits (usually 3).
Table 19. Regression statistics for diagnostic analyses of the effect aof
the number of stations surveyed on the number of species detected.
Year
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
Avg. no
data
points
per
station
class
7.2
7.4
7.8
9.6
8.4
6.2
9.4
8.4
8.0
10.0
8.6
7.6
9.8
7.0
8.0
9.8
6.6
7.6
11.4
A
21.4
24.0
18.0
31.0
26.3
25.1
25.1
19.6
24.9
22.5
26.7
35.5
39.7
35.7
33.7
42.7
40.6
39.1
35.2
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
1996
7.6
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
1997
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
1994
1995
1996
1997
Province
Olympic Peninsula
Olympic Peninsula
Olympic Peninsula
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
B
11.3
10.2
12.7
12.5
10.0
10.1
9.6
7.7
9.9
9.1
8.5
8.6
8.3
9.7
11.7
17.0
12.6
10.4
10.2
Predicted no.
"associated"
species
detected with
5 stations
39.6
40.3
38.5
51.0
42.3
41.3
40.7
32.0
40.8
37.2
40.4
49.3
53.0
51.3
52.6
70.1
60.9
56.0
51.7
Avg. no. of
species
gained by
adding a
6th station
2.3
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.5
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.3
3.4
2.5
2.1
2.0
22.4
15.0
46.6
3.0
8.6
22.3
11.2
40.4
2.2
9.4
8.2
10.2
8.6
45.6
47.0
40.6
48.4
19.3
18.9
18.2
18.8
76.6
77.4
69.9
78.6
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.8
a. The regression model is Y=A+(B*ln(X)) where Y is the number of associated species detected, A is the intercept, B is the slope
parameter, and X is the number of stations surveyed. A and B are listed in the table. All models use all available visits (usually 3)
and locations (usually 16).
Table 20. Regression statistics for diagnostic analyses of the effecta of
the number of visits performed on the number of species detected.
B
8.63
10.05
10.34
10.18
7.28
7.22
7.76
5.17
9.01
4.56
6.41
7.27
6.41
8.15
8.14
14.50
10.28
9.48
9.38
Predicted
no.
"associated"
species
detected
with 3 visits
38.5
40.3
39.1
51.4
42.0
40.8
41.2
32.0
40.7
36.1
40.1
51.0
54.1
52.6
53.9
72.8
62.9
57.2
57.8
Avg. no. of
species
gained by
adding a 4th
visit
2.9
3.3
3.4
3.4
2.4
2.4
2.6
1.7
3.0
1.5
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.7
4.8
3.4
3.2
3.1
33.48
11.38
46.0
3.8
2.33
29.26
10.57
40.9
3.5
2.67
3.00
2.67
3.00
60.19
61.59
54.23
61.14
13.68
13.52
13.28
14.65
75.2
76.4
68.8
77.2
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.9
Year
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1996
1997
Avg. no
data
points
per visit
class
3.00
2.33
3.00
3.00
2.67
3.00
2.67
3.00
2.67
2.33
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.33
3.00
3.00
2.67
3.00
1.00
A
29.07
29.28
27.71
40.25
33.99
32.91
32.66
26.36
30.85
31.09
33.06
42.99
47.06
43.69
44.92
56.90
51.61
46.78
47.50
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
1996
2.67
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
1997
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
Basin & Range
1994
1995
1996
1997
Province
Olympic Peninsula
Olympic Peninsula
Olympic Peninsula
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Northern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Southern Oregon Cascades
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Blue Mountains
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
Okanogan Highlands
a. The regression model is Y=A+(B*ln(X)) where Y is the number of associated species detected, A is the intercept, B is the slope
parameter, and X is the number of visits performed. A and B are listed in the table. All models use all available stations (usually 5,
6 in Blue Mountains and Okanogan), and locations (usually 16).
Figure 1. Physiographic Provinces and sub-regions where bird point count
monitoring sites are located on National Forests in Washington and Oregon.
Figure 2. Example of the establishment of point count stations at a site or
location.
Figures 3A-3G. Dependence of species detected on the number
locations
Fig 3A. Dependence of species detected on locations sampled
Olympic Peninsula 1996
50
No. "associated" species detected
40
30
20
10
0
2
No. locations surveyed
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Fig 3B. Dependence of species detected on locations sampled
Northern Oregon Cascades 1996
50
No. "associated" species detected
40
30
20
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
No. locations surveyed
Fig 3C. Dependence of species detected on locations sampled
Southern Oregon Cascades 1996
50
40
No. "associated" species detected
30
20
10
0
0
2
No. locations surveyed
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Fig 3D. Dependence of species detected on locations sampled
Blue Mountains 1996
60
No. "associated" species detected
50
40
30
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
18
No. locations surveyed
Fig 3E. Dependence of species detected on locations sampled
Okanogan Highlands 1996
70
60
No. "associated" species detected
50
40
30
20
0
2
No. locations surveyed
4
6
8
Fig 3F. Dependence of species detected on locations sampled
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands 1996
60
50
No. "associated" species detected
40
30
20
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
10
12
14
16
18
No. locations surveyed
Fig 3G. Dependence of species detected on locations sampled
Basin & Range 1996
80
70
60
No. "associated" species detected
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
No. locations surveyed
4
6
8
Figures 4A-4G. Dependence of species detected on the numbe
stations per visit
Figure 4A. Dependence of species detected on stations sampled per visit
Olympic Peninsula 1996
50
No. "associated" species detected
40
30
20
10
0
1
No. stations surveyed per visit
2
3
4
5
6
Fig. 4B. Dependence of species detected on stations sampled per visit
Northern Oregon Cascades 1996
50
No. "associated" species detected
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
5
6
No. stations surveyed per visit
Fig. 4C. Dependence of species detected on stations sampled per visit
Southern Oregon Cascades 1996
50
No. "associated" species detected
40
30
20
10
0
1
No. stations survyed per visit
2
3
Fig. 4D. Dependence of species detected on stations sampled per visit
Blue Mountains 1996
60
No. "associated" species detected
50
40
30
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
No. stations surveyed per visit
Fig. 4E. Dependence of species detected on stations sampled per visit
Okanogan Highlands 1996
70
No. "associated" species detected
60
50
40
30
0
1
2
No. stations surveyed per visit
3
4
Fig. 4F. Dependence of species detected on stations sampled per visit
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands 1996
60
No. "associated" species detected
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
5
6
No. stations surveyed per visit
Fig. 4G. Dependence of species detected on stations sampled per visit
Basin and Range 1996
80
No. "associated" species detected
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
1
No. stations surveyed per visit
2
3
Figures 5A-5G. Dependence of species detected on the number
per year
Fig. 5A. Dependence of species detected on visits per year
Olympic Peninsula 1996
No. "associated" species detected
50
40
30
20
.5
1.0
No. visits performed per year
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Fig. 5B. Dependence of species detected on visits per year
Northern Oregon Cascades 1996
46
44
No. "associated" species detected
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
No. visits performed per year
Fig. 5C. Dependence of species detected on visits per year
Southern Oregon Cascades 1996
38
No. "associated" species detected
36
34
32
30
28
.5
1.0
No. visits performed per year
1.5
2.0
Fig. 5D. Dependence of species detected on visits per year
Blue Mountains 1996
60
No. "associated" species detected
55
50
45
40
35
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
No. visits performed per year
Fig. 5E. Dependence of species detected on visits per year
Okanogan Highlands 1996
65
No. "associated" species detected
60
55
50
45
40
.5
1.0
No. visits performed per year
1.5
2.0
Fig. 5F. Dependence of species detected on visits per year
Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands 1996
50
No. "associated" species detected
45
40
35
30
25
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
No. visits performed per year
Fig. 5G. Dependence of species detected on visits per year
Basin & Range 1996
75
No. "associated" species detected
70
65
60
55
50
45
.5
1.0
No. visits performed per year
1.5
2.0
Appendix A: Details of data processing
The objectives of Appendix A are to establish a permanent record of key
changes made to the bird monitoring data during analysis and to document the
reasons for them; to record how the data were processed; and to further describe
the general methods employed. There were five major steps in preparing and
analyzing the point count monitoring data. We:
• Assembled and edited all the available data into one standardized set
• Reduced the many different bird tallies to a few analyzable variables
• Eliminated some observations and changed a few species designations to
emend the analyses
• Calculated summary data sets to give species abundance values at different
levels of geographic or temporal detail
• Used the summary data sets to generate the tables, graphs, and statistical
results for this report. Here additional data processing was done for analyses
used in the report section "How do species detected depend on sampling
intensity?"
Assembling and editing all the available data
After the field observations were made by the Forest Service collaborators, they
were put into computer database form with the help of the data entry utility
"Birdbase" (later called "Flight Attendant"). In 1994 and 1995, Jen Whitford of the
Zigzag Ranger District entered almost all of the data. In later years, the field
observers usually entered the data themselves. The data entry utility generated
Paradox data files. Copies of these files were received from the Forest Service
collaborators in the winter of 1997-1998.
These numerous files were edited and assembled into a single, large, and unified
set of Paradox tables. Emphasis at this point was placed on confirming that some
record of bird observation for all the locations, years, visits, and stations was
done.
"Editing" the data rarely involved changing species names or counts (though all
entries for species code TAHU, which referred to a squirrel, were deleted).
Rather, it was often necessary to add or change fields that identified the time and
place of bird observations, so that they were consistent with the rest of the data
set. For example, in one year a location was entered as BOTTLE SPR and
another year simply as BOTTLE. All related observations to BOTTLE were
changed. A record of changes to location names is provided in Appendix A-2.
For similar reasons, it was sometimes necessary to change or add station and
visit numbers. This means that occasionally the visit numbers in the
standardized data sets did not match exactly with the original paper data sheets.
If necessary, a positive match can be made between the two media by using the
date of the visit, stored in the field PUTADATE in the data file VISITS (from
permanent data files). A few individual tallies needed to be corrected at this
point. There were many different tallies for describing birds. Tallies from the
Distance Band Adjustment (birds detected moving from >50 m from the observer
to within 50m), Previous Station (birds detected >50 m from the observer at the
previous station and then detected within 50 m at the current station), and Fly-In
(birds first detected as a flyover and then later at the same station detected within
50 m of the observer) were sometimes recorded incorrectly. Incorrect records
were erased. Here is a summary of that process:
•
•
•
•
There was a total of about 38,400 lines of data.
Previous Station adjustment was used on 430 lines (1.1%). Of these, 42
entries were deleted because they did not have an associated record of a
typical detection at more than 50m from a previous station, as the protocol
specified.
Distance Band adjustment was used on 612 lines (1.6%). Of these, 49
entries were deleted because they did not have an associated observation of
a typical detection outside the 50m boundary, as the protocol specified.
Fly-In was used on only 55 lines (0.1% of lines). Of these, 40 entries were
deleted because they did not have an associated observation of a flyover, as
the protocol specified. Our conclusion is that this tally may be more trouble
than it is worth, and at some point it may need to be deleted from the
protocol.
At the end of this editing process, a "complete data set" had been created. This
was an edited version of everything received from the Forest Service
collaborators. Here is a description of it:
• There were 112 unique Locations. These locations-provinces were related to
but not always exactly the same as the "province" entered by the
collaborators into Birdbase.
• There were 16 Locations per province.
• 1200 visits had been made in all. The number of visits to each location is
described in Appendix A-3. Where there are deviations from the rule of at
least three visits per year, the observers' explanations are listed in footnotes.
• There were 6222 stations recorded in all. Three of these stations were
immediately cut, because they had field notes indicating that observations
had not actually been conducted.
• Seventy six percent of all visits were composed of five stations. Twenty two
percent of visits were composed of six stations. All of the six-station visits
were in the Blue Mountains and Okanogan Highlands. The remaining 2
percent of the visits were composed of <5 stations. These were mostly in the
Olympics and Northern Oregon Cascades during 1994 and 1995. In the
Northern Oregon Cascades, the main reason was confusion about the
sampling protocol, so that sometimes "visits" were split across a wide number
of days (sometimes 10-20 days long). In these cases, the information was
sometimes broken down into a larger number of visits with fewer stations
each. (This is the source of visit number "9," which sometimes appears in the
•
complete data set.) In the Olympic Mountains, the main reason was that the
Forest Service staff there were still adjusting their protocol from their own bird
monitoring to match the regional protocol. All the visits that were composed
of a number of stations not equal to five are listed in Appendix A-3.
56,147 birds were recorded over all 6219 valid station visits. At 22 of those
stations, observations were made, but zero birds were detected.
This complete data set was imported into the statistical analysis program SPSS
and the remainder of the editing and analysis in this program. This included the
creating and editing the following files:
•
EDITED IMPROVED BIRDS --- the bird tallies themselves, in a table with one
row per combination of province, location, year, visit number, station, and
species
•
STATIONS --- the complete list of stations surveyed, whether any birds were
recorded there or not; this file also contains informative field notes
•
VISITS --- the complete list of visits performed; this file contains field notes
and other reference information such as observer's name(s) and weather
conditions
•
LOCATION --- the complete list of locations; this file includes geographic
descriptors like township and range numbers
•
SPECIES --- the complete list of species codes, latin names, common names
etc.
Reducing the many tallies to a few analyzable variables.
The field protocol directed that birds be tallied in considerable detail. Birds were
tallied to distinguish:
• those inside or outside of a 50m radius
•
those flying over or within the canopy
•
those associated or unassociated with the local habitat
•
those observed in minutes 0-3 or 3-5 of the observation period
•
those quietly observed or physically flushed from the canopy by the observer
Moreover, there were tallies to help adjust earlier tallies, based on the movement
of birds:
• "Distance band adjustment"
•
"Previous station adjustment"
•
"Fly-In adjustment"
Overall, there were about 15 different tallies to consider. Here is how the tallies
broke down into functional groups:
BREAKDOWN OF ALL DETECTIONS
56,147 The total number of birds recorded (100%).
54,887 The number of birds which were judged by the observer to be
"associated" with the local habitat (97.8% of the total). This
includes all birds recorded within the forest canopy during the
formal observation period ("typical detections"), plus all "flyovers"
which were judged to be associated with the local habitat.
286 The number of birds which were "flushed" from the habitat as the
observer walked between stations, etc. Note that these birds were
recorded though they were outside of the time limits of the formal
observation period (0.5% of total)
974 The number of birds which were "flyovers" that the observer judged
NOT to be associated with the local habitat (1.7% of total)
BREAKDOWN OF ALL HABITAT "ASSOCIATED" BIRDS
54,887 The total of all habitat "associated" birds. (100%)
26,544 Birds observed within the canopy (called "typical detections") and
within a 50m radius of the observer. (48.4% of all associated birds)
25,284 "Typical detections" seen outside the 50m radius of the observer.
(46.1% of all associated birds)
3,059 Flyovers which the observer judged to be associated with the local
habitat (5.5% of all associated birds)
BREAKDOWN OF ALL TYPICAL DETECTIONS WITHIN THE 50M RADIUS
26,544 The total number of typical detections within the 50m boundary
(100%)
25,486 Regular typical detections: Typical detections within the 50m
boundary that originated within the 50m boundary (96.0%)
606 Distance Band adjustment: Typical detections within the 50m
boundary that resulted when birds who had previously been
recorded outside the boundary crossed to inside the boundary
(2.3%)
402 Previous Station adjustment: Typical detections within the 50m
boundary that resulted when birds that had been detected outside
the 50m boundary at a previous station crossed inside the boundary
of the current station (1.5%)
50 Fly-In adjustment: Typical detections within the 50m boundary that
resulted when birds that had previously been recorded as "flyovers"
flew down into the habitat and within the boundary. (0.2%)
The different field detections were then aggregated into four types, each more
restrictive than the next:
1. Orthodox detections counted the birds which were associated with the local
habitat, were observed within the 50m radius, and which originated within the
50m radius. This field contains no "correction tallies" like Distance Band
Adjustment.
2. Conservative detections counted the birds which were detected within 50m
of the observation post, and were judged by the observer to be "associated"
with the local habitat. This field is orthodox detections plus correction tallies
like Distance Band Adjustment.
3. Reformed detections counted all birds, either inside or outside the 50m
radius, who were associated with the local habitat.
4. Liberal detections counted all birds, inside or outside the 50m boundary,
associated or unassociated with the local habitat.
"Orthodox detections" are not described in the main body of this report. Early on
in the analysis, it became obvious that the orthodox and conservative abundance
values were very similar. "Orthodox detections" were then dropped from much
consideration for this report. However, orthodox figures remain in the permanent
electronic data records.
Below is how those four data fields were calculated (in SPSS code). The code
was run on the SPSS table EDITED IMPROVED BIRDS:
COMMENT the following code adds the original birdbase/fa .
COMMENT columns into sums that can be standardized for .
COMMENT analysis -- MB
.
COMMENT begin code .
COMPUTE orth = SUM(t05003,t05035) .
COMPUTE cons = SUM(t05003,t05035,da,da03,da05,da35,daprestn,flyin) .
COMPUTE rfmd = SUM(t05003,t05035,t50p03,t50p35,foass03,foass35) .
COMPUTE lbrl = SUM(t05003,t05035,t50p03,t50p35,foass03,foass35,foind03
,foind05,foind35,flush) .
EXECUTE .
IF (MISSING(orth)) orth = 0 .
IF (MISSING(cons)) cons = 0 .
IF (MISSING(rfmd)) rfmd = 0 .
IF (MISSING(lbrl)) lbrl = 0 .
EXECUTE .
COMPUTE tdslt50 = SUM(t05003,t05035) .
COMPUTE tdsmt50 = SUM(t50p03,t50p35) .
COMPUTE tdsall = SUM(t05003,t05035,t50p03,t50p35) .
COMPUTE dbacs = SUM(da,da03,da05,da35) .
COMPUTE foass = SUM(foass03,foass35) .
COMPUTE foinds = SUM(foind03,foind05,foind35) .
EXECUTE .
IF (MISSING(tdslt50)) tdslt50 = 0 .
IF (MISSING(tdsmt50)) tdsmt50 = 0 .
IF (MISSING(tdsall)) tdsall = 0 .
IF (MISSING(dbacs)) dbacs = 0 .
IF (MISSING(foass)) foass = 0 .
IF (MISSING(foinds)) foinds = 0 .
IF (MISSING(daprestn)) daprestn = 0 .
IF (MISSING(flyin)) flyin = 0 .
IF (MISSING(flush)) flush = 0 .
EXECUTE.
COMMENT end code .
After dropping "orthodox" detections, there were three detection types left:
conservative, reformed, and liberal.
Removing observations and changing species classifications
An initial examination of the complete data set suggested that a few more
changes to the data set were needed to proceed with an unencumbered
analysis. Appendices A-3 and A-4 demonstrate that sampling efforts were not
totally consistent from year to year and province to province. Locations, stations,
and visits were sometimes missed. Sometimes, observers performed four visits
instead of the required three. Given the transient lifestyle of birds, it seemed
likely that such an increase in the number of visits might have a strong effect on
species detected. (This notion was confirmed in the report, in the section "How
do species detected depend on sampling intensity?" ) In the interest of creating
a data set where comparisons between provinces could be made somewhat
reasonably, the following was deleted from final analysis files:
• All observations from fourth visits
•
All observations in the Olympic Peninsula prior to 1995. (In these years there
were only five locations instead of the expected 16.)
There were also some issues related to species identifications that had to be
addressed:
• A new numerical species code (field SPP in the data sets) was created to use
in place of the usual four-letter species code. The advantage of the numerical
code was that it could easily be programmed with SPSS "value labels," which
made it easier to print out tables of results with the species in traditional
taxonomic order.
•
Any species that was recorded as an "unknown" was deleted.
•
There were some cases where field observers had recorded a species with a
code indicating that it was either a Hammond's or Dusky Flycatcher, but they
were not sure which. These were converted to definite observations (either
Hammond's or Dusky) based on the proportion of definite distinctions
between the two species that the same observer had made that year.
•
There were some cases where field observers recorded the species code
"WEFL" for Western Flycatcher. Following the recent taxonomic changes,
these were converted to Pacific Slope Flycatcher (if the observer was west of
the Cascades) or Cordillerean Flycatcher (if the observer was east of the
Cascades). This decision is open to further refinement, however, once more
is learned about the distribution of these two species.
•
For sites west of the Cascades, all records of Hermit Warbler, Black-Throated
Gray Warbler, and Townsend's Warbler were lumped into the more generic
category Hermit-Townsend's Warbler Complex. (East of the Cascades, the
only warbler in this group observed was Townsend's.)
The resulting data set was called the "selected" data set. The selected data set
was the basis for all the analyses and results in this report. The selected data
set can be found in the following files on file with the authors and the U.S. Forest
Service program manager for Partners In Flight:
• SELECTED BIRDS --- the bird tallies themselves, in a table with one row per
combination of province, location, year, visit number, station, and species
•
SELECTED STATIONS --- the list of stations surveyed, whether any birds
were recorded there or not; this file also contains informative field notes
•
SELECTED VISITS --- the list of visits performed; this file contains field notes
and other reference information such as observer's name(s) and weather
conditions
•
LOCATION --- the list of locations; this file includes geographic descriptors
like township and range numbers
•
SPECIES --- the complete list of species codes, latin names, common names,
etc.
Calculating summary data sets
Even at this point the "selected" data set was still very large. To make all the
numbers comprehensible, the results were condensed into summaries for each
province, year, etc.
• First, SELECTED BIRDS was aggregated by summing each of the tally
variables (conservative, reformed, liberal) across all the stations in one visit.
The result was BIRDS BY VISIT, a smaller data file with one row for each
combination of province, location, year, visit number, and species.
•
In BIRDS BY VISIT, the tally sums (e.g. "5 birds") were converted into
detection rates (e.g. "12 birds/hr") by dividing the sum by the total number of
minutes surveyed during the visit, and then converting minutes to hours. The
total number of minutes per visit was the number of stations per visit (which
was obtained from the file SELECTED VISITS) x 5 minutes/station. For a
visit composed of five stations, this was 25 minutes.
•
The rates in BIRDS BY VISIT were aggregated into BIRDS BY YEAR, a file
with one row for each combination of province, location, year, and species.
This was accomplished this by looking at all the visits per year, and
calculating a mean and a maximum for each detection rate. Specifically, a
mean conservative rate and a maximum conservative rate, and a mean
reformed rate and a maximum reformed rate, and a mean liberal rate and a
maximum liberal rate were calculated for each species for each province,
location, and year. Note: to calculate the mean correctly, the SPSS "mean"
function could not be used because the data set only contains POSITIVE
observations of species; it does not include the times when detections for
species were zero. Rather, the sum was calculated, and then divide by the
number of visits to the location in the year.
•
Similarly, BIRDS BY YEAR were aggregated into BIRDS BY PROV BY
YEAR, a data set with one row for each combination of province, year, and
species. This was accomplished this by looking at all the locations surveyed
in each year, and for each species calculating a mean of each of the
detection rates from BIRDS BY YEAR: mean conservative, maximum
conservative, mean reformed, maximum reformed, etc..
•
Similarly, BIRDS BY YEAR was aggregated into BIRDS BY LOCATION, a
data set with one row for each combination of province, location, and species.
(Here, all the years were combined with each location that was observed.)
•
Similarly, BIRDS BY PROV BY YEAR was aggregated into BIRDS BY PROV,
a data set with one row for each combination of province and species.
•
Similarly, BIRDS BY PROV was aggregated into BIRDS BY SPECIES, a data
set with one row per species.
Generating the tables, graphs, and statistical results
The results in this report are mostly output from SPSS made directly from figures
in tables like BIRDS BY PROV and BIRDS BY PROV BY YEAR.
For the analyses in the section "How do species detected depend on sampling
intensity?" Some extra work was done:
• A random number generator was used to select a random subset of stations,
visits, or locations from the file SELECTED STATIONS, SELECTED VISITS,
or LOCATION. The subsets were saved as a "selector list."
•
The selector list was used to get only the observations from SELECTED
BIRDS which were relevant to the stations, visits, or locations in the selector
list. The birds and their abundance numbers was saved as a "bird list."
•
Since only habitat "associated" species were needed, observations from the
bird list that had mean or maximum reformed abundance of zero were
deleted. (These would be habitat "unassociated" species.)
•
The number of species detected was calculated from the bird list, and the
number of stations, visits, or locations from the selector list. These figures
were added to a "data list."
•
The data list grew as the process was repeated again and again. The number
of species detected would become Y, and the number of stations, visits, or
locations was X, in the regression model Y=A+B*ln(X).
Additional points of this method:
• The random number generator used could not provide completely even
proportions within each class of X for each analysis. For example, in the
analysis of species detected and locations surveyed, it would have been
useful to have exactly 10 subsamples for 1 location surveyed, 10 subsamples
for 2 locations surveyed, 10 subsamples for 3 locations surveyed, etc., but
this was not possible. The average number of data points per location,
station, and visit class are given in the report in Tables 18-20.
•
The analysis of species detected on visits performed involved very few
possible permutations. For example, there were only three possible ways for
it to select only one visit: selecting visit 1, visit 2, or visit 3. For this analysis, a
highly repetitive "data list" was reduced to unique combinations of X and Y,
creating a data set that was not really randomly chosen, but "complete" in
terms of accounting for all the possible permutations.
Appendix A-2:
editing
Province
name
used in
analysis
Location name changes during data assembly and
Olympic Peninsula
Southern Oregon Cascades
Original location
name (used in
data entry)
ZEIGH
ZEIGL
CEDAR CRK3
CEDAR CRK3
DONEGAN1
DONEGAN1
DONEGAN2
DONEGAN2
FISHER 1
FISHER 1
FISHER 2
FISHER 2
GRASSHOP.1
GRASSHOP1
GRASSHOP2
GRASSHOP2
PARADZ
SMITH RDG1
SMITH RDG2
SMITRDGE 1
SMITRDGE2
SQUAW FLAT
SQUAW FLAT
STEELHEAD1
STEELHEAD1
STEELHEAD1
STEELHEAD2
STEELHEAD2
STEELHEAD2
WILSON 3
WILSON 3
WILSON 4
WILSON 4
Year relevant
to name
change
1996
1996
1994
1995
1995
1996
1995
1996
1994
1995
1994
1995
1996
1995
1995
1996
1995
1995
1995
1996
1996
1995
1996
1994
1995
1996
1994
1995
1996
1994
1995
1994
1995
Standardized
location name
(used in analysis)
ZIEGH
ZIEGL
CEDAR3
CEDAR3
DONEGAN 1
DONEGAN 1
DONEGAN 2
DONEGAN 2
FISHER1
FISHER1
FISHER2
FISHER2
GRSSHOPR 1
GRSSHOPR 1
GRSSHOPR 2
GRSSHOPR 2
PARADISE
SMTHRDG 1
SMTHRDG 2
SMTHRDG 1
SMTHRDG 2
SQUAWFLATS
SQUAWFLATS
STEEL1
STEEL1
STEEL1
STEEL2
STEEL2
STEEL2
WILSON3
WILSON3
WILSON4
WILSON4
Appendix A-2:
editing
Province
name
used in
analysis
Location name changes during data assembly and
Blue Mountains
Okanogan Highlands
Original location
name (used in
data entry)
BCK XING E
BCK XING E
BUCKXING W
BUCKXING W
DUTCHMAN
DUTCHMAN
E BROADYCK
E BROADYCK
ELK CREEK
ELK CREEK
MILL CRK 1
MILL CRK 1
MILL CRK 2
MILL CRK 2
MOTTET CRK
MOTTET CRK
NFK WW 1
NFK WW 1
NFK WW 2
NFK WW 2
PEAVINE CR
PEAVINE CR
STEWART SP
STEWART SP
SUMMER CRK
SUMMER CRK
UPRSWAMPCK
UPRSWAMPCK
WFK BROADY
WFK BROADY
FOGGYDEW E
FOGGYDEW E
FOGGYDEW W
FOGGYDEW W
FRAZER
FRAZER
FRAZER
GOLD EAST
GOLD EAST
GOLD WEST
GOLD WEST
PARADZ
Year relevant
to name
change
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1996
1997
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1996
1994
1995
1994
1995
1995
Standardized
location name
(used in analysis)
EBUCKCSNG
EBUCKCSNG
WBUCKCSNG
WBUCKCSNG
DUTCHMANCK
DUTCHMANCK
EBROADYCK
EBROADYCK
ELK CK
ELK CK
MILL CK 01
MILL CK 01
MILL CK 02
MILL CK 02
MOTTET CK
MOTTET CK
NFKWWR01
NFKWWR01
NFKWWR02
NFKWWR02
PEAVINE CK
PEAVINE CK
STEWARTSPG
STEWARTSPG
SUMMER CK
SUMMER CK
SWAMP CRK
SWAMP CRK
WBROADYCK
WBROADYCK
FD EAST
FD EAST
FD WEST
FD WEST
FRAZIER
FRAZIER
FRAZIER
MFG EAST
MFG EAST
MFG WEST
MFG WEST
PARADISE
Appendix A-2:
editing
Province
name
used in
analysis
Location name changes during data assembly and
Ochoco / Central Oregon
Highlands
Basin & Range
Original location
name (used in
data entry)
BALDBUTN
BALDBUTS
BUCKSPR
COWHOLL
DELILAKE
DODSONCR
DRYMT1
DRYMT2
DRYMT3
EMCREEK
LITTLEEM
LOSTGARD
NICHCR
SILVERCR
BEAR
BEAR
BEAR
BOTTLE SPR
BOTTLESP
BOTTLESP
CHEWACN
CHEWACN
DEER
DEER
DEER
NFSPRAGU
NFSPRAGU
RWFSILVER
RWFSILVER
S.BOTTLE
SBOTTLE
SBOTTLE
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
Year relevant
to name
change
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1994
1995
1996
1996
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1996
1994
1995
1994
1995
1996
1994
1995
1994
1995
1996
Standardized
location name
(used in analysis)
BLDBUTN
BLDBUTS
BUCK SP
COW HOLLO
DELI LAKE
DOBSON CK
DRYMTN1
DRYMTN2
DRYMTN3
EMIG CR
LIL EMIG
LST GARD
NICHOLL
SILVER CK
BEAR CREEK
BEAR CREEK
BEAR CREEK
BOTTLE
BOTTLE
BOTTLE
CHEWAUCAN
CHEWAUCAN
DEER CREEK
DEER CREEK
DEER CREEK
NF SPRAGUE
NF SPRAGUE
WF SLIVER
WF SLIVER
S. BOTTLE
S. BOTTLE
S. BOTTLE
SCHOOL CRK
SCHOOL CRK
SCHOOL CRK
Appendix A-3: Complete number of visits per year to each PNW point
a
count monitoring location, 1994-1997, with notes on missing visits.
3
3
3
3
15
3
3
15
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
52
Total
3
3
1997
3
1996
3
1995
Northern Oregon Cascades
Location
BIGN
BIGS
COUG
DUNG
HOBO
PETE
PINEN d
PINESe
RUGNf
RUGSg
RULE
SKOK
TWRC
WHMP
ZIEGH
ZIEGL
Total
3CALF MDW
BAGBY WEST
BR RIVER
CAMPCREEK
CEDARCREEK
DEVILS RDG
FOOTBALL
HILL CREEK
HSJ
JADE
PAMELIA
PAW PRINT
PINCERS
PVD STREAM
VIGILANTE
W SANTIAMh
Total
1994
Province
Olympic Peninsula
1993
Number of visits
Year
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2i
3
3
9
15
9
9
9
8
6
6
6
6
15
15
9
8
15
15
160
13
13
12
13
12
12
13
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
10
195
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
42
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
50
45
3
3
3
2j
3
3
40
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
Appendix A-3: Complete number of visits per year to each PNW point
a
count monitoring location, 1994-1997, with notes on missing visits.
1995
1996
1997
Total
Blue Mountains
Location
CEDAR3
DONEGAN 1
DONEGAN 2
FISHER1
FISHER2
GRSSHOPR 1
GRSSHOPR 2
HOMESTEAD4
PARADISE
SMTHRDG 1
SMTHRDG 2
SQUAWFLATS
STEEL1
STEEL2
WILSON3
WILSON4
Total
DUTCHMANCK
EBROADYCK
EBUCKCSNG
ELK CK
LOOKINGLAS
MILL CK 01
MILL CK 02
MOTTET CK
NFKWWR01
NFKWWR02
PEAVINE CK
STEWARTSPG
SUMMER CK
SWAMP CRK
WBROADYCK
WBUCKCSNG
Total
1994
Province
Southern Oregon Cascadesb
1993
Number of visits
Year
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
12
9
9
12
12
9
9
12
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
12
168
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
191
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
24
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2k
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
47
Appendix A-3: Complete number of visits per year to each PNW point
a
count monitoring location, 1994-1997, with notes on missing visits.
1995
1996
1997
Total
Ochoco / Central Oregon
Highlands
Location
ANDREWS
BOULDER
DOE
DRIVEWAY
FAREWELL
FD EAST
FD WEST
FRAZIER
LOST
MFG EAST
MFG WEST
PARADISE
PEARRYGIN
SMITH
VIRGINIAN
WOLF
Total
BLDBUTN
BLDBUTS
BUCK SP
COW HOLLO
DELI LAKE
DOBSON CK
DRYMTN1
DRYMTN2
DRYMTN3
EMIG CR
LIL EMIG
LST GARD
NICHOLL
SAWMILL
SILVER CK
STINGER
Total
1994
Province
Okanogan Highlandsc
1993
Number of visits
Year
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
32
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
176
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
96
Appendix A-3: Complete number of visits per year to each PNW point
a
count monitoring location, 1994-1997, with notes on missing visits.
1995
1996
1997
Total
Location
BEAR CREEK
BOTTLE
BRIDGE
BUCK
CHEWAUCAN
DAIRY
DEER CREEK
GRAHAM
GUYER
JACKSON
MOSQUITO
NF SPRAGUE
S. BOTTLE
SCHOOL CRK
SYCAN
WF SLIVER
Total
1994
Province
Basin & Range
1993
Number of visits
Year
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
64
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
3
3
50
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
52
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
48
14
13
13
13
14
13
13
14
13
13
13
14
13
14
14
13
214
a. This table includes all visits conducted. Please note that a few of these visits were not included in the
analysis -- see section on "Data Processing" for more details.
b. Missing some sites in 1994 because the Tiller Ranger District was not participating at that time.
c. All sites in this province had only two visits performed in 1997.
d. This site was not set up until 1996.
e. This site was not set up until 1996.
f. No visits in 1997 because relevant roads were flooded out.
g. No visits in 1997 because relevant roads were flooded out.
h. No visits in 1996 because access routes to the field site were destroyed.
i. Only 2 visits instead of 3 because field observer was injured.
j. Only 2 visits instead of 3 because field observer was injured.
k. Only 2 visits instead of 3 because the original field data sheet was lost by the field observer.
Appendix
A-4. Complete list of visits composed of a number of stations other
a
than 5
Number of stations composing the visit
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
4
4
2
4
4
1
4
4
1997
Visit No.
3
4
2
4
1996
Visit No.
3
3
4
2
2
4
1
1
4
9
3
4
1995
Visit No.
4
2
Location
BIGS
COUG
SKOK
ZIEGL
3CALF MDW
BAGBY WEST
BR RIVER
HILL CREEK
PAMELIA
W SANTIAM
LOOKINGLAS
MILL CK 01
MILL CK 02
NFKWWR01
SUMMER CK
SWAMP CRK
WBROADYCK
ANDREWS
BOULDER
DOE
DRIVEWAY
FAREWELL
FD EAST
FD WEST
FRAZIER
LOST
MFG EAST
MFG WEST
PARADISE
PEARRYGIN
SMITH
VIRGINIAN
WOLF
1994
Visit No.
1
1993
Visit No.
1
Okanogan Highlands
Blue Mountains
Northern Oregon
Cascades
Olympic
Peninsula
Province
Year
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
3
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
a. This list comes from the complete data set. Not all the visits listed here were used in the analysis. See section on "Data Processing" for
more information.
Appendix B. Abundance of species, by province and location
Province = Olympic Peninsula
TWRC
WHMP
ZIEGH
ZIEGL
3.20
SKOK
4.40
.80
.80
RULE
.80
RUGS
5.60
RUGN
3.20
PINES
PETE
2.40
1.60
4.00
PINEN
HOBO
COUG
4.00
DUNG
BIGS
Species (migratory class)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
MARBLED MURRELET (B)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
BIGN
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
8.40
3.60
6.00
4.80
1.60
1.00
4.80
4.80
1.60
1.60
.80
.80
1.20
1.20
4.80
1.20
1.20
1.20
2.40
.80
.80
7.20
1.20
4.00
2.40
1.20
1.20
3.00
.80
.80
3.20
1.60
4.00
.80
.80
.80
1.80
.80
.80
.80
4.00
1.60
3.20
1.60
9.60
4.00
.80
.80
.80
.80
10.40
4.80
2.40
1.60
2.40
1.60
3.20
2.40
1.20
4.80
1.20
3.60
2.40
1.20
1.20
3.60
22.80
1.20
21.60
2.40
2.40
.80
8.00
8.00
1.60
.80
.80
1.60
2.40
4.00
23.20
9.60
4.00
.80
2.40
20.00
3.20
1.60
.80
.80
18.00
3.60
2.40
2.40
24.00
2.40
3.60
1.60
4.00
14.40
.80
.80
2.40
.80
1.60
2.40
14.60
4.80
1.60
2.40
.80
17.60
8.00
.80
.80
1.60
7.20
.80
2.40
3.20
20.00
1.60
1.60
2.40
2.40
.80
4.00
.80
19.20
18.40
2.40
.80
1.60
2.40
BIGS
COUG
DUNG
HOBO
PETE
PINEN
PINES
RUGN
RUGS
RULE
SKOK
TWRC
WHMP
ZIEGH
ZIEGL
Species (migratory class)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
BEWICK'S WREN (R)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER
COMPLEX (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
SONG SPARROW (B)
GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
BIGN
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
11.20
5.60
3.20
8.00
15.20
4.80
7.20
8.80
4.80
23.20
7.20
4.80
10.40
24.00
3.60
2.40
15.60
6.00
7.20
16.80
6.00
4.80
20.40
9.60
6.00
20.00
1.60
3.20
16.00
3.20
3.20
16.80
12.00
7.20
9.60
4.00
2.40
11.20
4.00
3.20
11.20
3.20
3.20
11.20
15.20
20.80
8.00
5.60
1.60
14.40
15.20
3.20
4.80
2.40
8.80
.80
6.40
.80
8.00
.80
3.20
12.00
22.40
11.20
17.60
38.40
15.20
.80
1.60
14.40
12.80
13.60
.80
8.80
24.80
11.20
.80
1.60
19.20
8.40
16.80
4.80
25.20
14.40
28.80
20.40
24.80
10.40
32.00
19.20
23.20
4.80
23.20
12.00
24.80
10.40
2.40
7.20
4.80
20.80
7.20
22.80
4.80
21.60
21.60
8.00
.80
4.00
2.40
.80
12.80
1.20
4.20
7.20
8.40
18.00
1.20
19.20
1.20
2.40
4.00
1.80
24.80
4.80
7.20
26.40
4.00
24.80
.80
6.40
12.80
.80
.80
7.20
8.00
18.00
10.40
1.60
2.40
.80
8.80
1.60
1.00
2.40
2.40
4.40
.80
.80
1.20
1.20
1.60
2.80
1.20
1.20
3.60
2.40
3.20
1.60
2.40
.80
5.80
2.40
1.60
1.00
6.80
3.20
35.20
3.20
52.00
.80
2.40
27.20
.80
1.20
7.20
4.80
12.00
13.60
42.00
2.40
6.00
3.60
2.40
48.00
8.40
.80
2.40
3.20
1.60
16.00
8.80
.80
8.00
Province = Northern Oregon Cascades
W SANTIAM
VIGILANTE
PVD STREAM
PINCERS
PAW PRINT
PAMELIA
JADE
HSJ
.60
HILL CREEK
DEVILS RDG
.60
FOOTBALL
CEDARCREEK
CAMPCREEK
BR RIVER
BAGBY WEST
Species (migratory class)
OSPREY (B)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
MOUNTAIN QUAIL (R)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
WILLOW FLYCATCHER (A)
LEAST FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
3CALF MDW
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
1.20
.60
3.00
1.80
1.20
.60
2.40
2.40
1.20
.60
2.40
.60
.60
4.20
1.20
.75
1.20
2.40
1.80
1.80
.60
.60
.60
.60
1.20
.60
.60
6.60
1.20
3.00
.60
.60
1.35
1.20
1.20
2.40
.60
.60
1.80
.60
1.20
1.20
6.60
1.80
1.20
2.40
2.40
3.00
5.40
3.00
1.20
1.80
.60
.60
.60
1.80
.60
1.80
.60
1.35
1.35
.60
3.00
1.20
.60
.60
.60
2.40
.60
.60
.60
2.40
1.80
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.20
.60
.60
16.20
9.60
4.80
6.60
1.20
21.60
22.80
22.80
1.20
1.80
1.20
.60
1.20
3.00
1.80
1.20
4.20
.60
.60
1.20
2.40
1.20
1.20
13.80
13.80
6.75
3.45
4.80
13.80
9.60
7.20
10.80
5.20
4.80
12.60
2.00
1.60
2.00
.80
1.20
9.00
10.80
.80
7.20
7.20
.60
26.40
12.60
19.20
12.80
3.20
10.80
13.20
1.80
13.20
13.20
13.80
7.20
9.00
15.00
7.20
6.00
11.40
7.20
17.40
9.60
7.20
28.80
9.00
8.40
28.20
18.60
13.80
13.20
14.40
13.20
.60
8.40
2.40
3.00
1.20
8.40
2.40
12.60
3.00
17.40
.60
6.60
6.00
1.20
15.60
3.00
.60
19.80
.60
.60
1.20
1.50
3.80
2.40
10.20
2.40
1.20
.60
2.40
1.20
15.00
1.00
12.60
1.80
9.60
3.00
6.00
.60
7.20
.60
1.80
10.20
9.60
1.20
6.60
15.60
8.40
8.40
8.40
11.40
10.80
4.80
9.60
9.60
8.40
15.80
8.00
1.00
10.20
1.20
4.80
6.60
9.00
6.60
10.80
9.00
9.60
28.20
10.80
1.20
13.80
.60
1.20
.60
.60
4.80
6.00
2.40
.60
4.20
23.40
3.60
.60
4.00
8.00
1.00
1.00
.60
2.40
8.40
.60
3.60
1.80
10.80
4.80
3.00
1.20
16.20
3.60
.60
.75
.60
.60
17.40
6.60
17.40
1.20
7.20
13.20
13.80
.60
1.20
13.80
3.60
.60
1.20
10.80
6.90
15.00
7.05
1.80
6.60
1.20
1.20
6.00
1.20
7.20
.60
.60
.60
34.80
10.80
23.40
24.60
36.60
52.20
27.45
14.40
7.20
4.80
2.40
.60
3.20
.80
2.40
12.80
12.40
8.80
11.20
8.00
2.40
8.80
.80
8.00
1.20
.60
51.00
12.60
1.80
12.00
.60
9.00
1.20
9.00
17.40
14.40
.60
W SANTIAM
3.00
4.80
3.00
1.80
JADE
.60
1.20
.60
5.40
HSJ
VIGILANTE
.60
7.20
PVD STREAM
4.20
9.00
DEVILS RDG
1.20
5.40
1.80
1.80
12.00
PINCERS
.60
9.00
3.00
14.40
6.60
1.80
6.00
15.00
6.00
1.20
.60
16.20
PAW PRINT
2.40
4.80
PAMELIA
4.80
1.20
HILL CREEK
1.80
.60
.60
FOOTBALL
.60
3.00
CEDARCREEK
CAMPCREEK
BR RIVER
BAGBY WEST
Species (migratory class)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
PLAIN TITMOUSE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
WESTERN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
3CALF MDW
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
.60
1.80
29.40
2.00
.80
57.00
38.00
28.20
28.80
19.80
55.20
36.00
1.20
2.40
1.20
1.80
1.20
7.20
.60
1.20
1.00
.60
1.20
1.80
.60
.60
1.20
1.20
.60
2.40
6.00
5.40
2.40
4.20
2.40
1.20
7.80
30.00
.60
8.40
6.00
7.80
1.20
.60
37.80
10.20
15.60
3.60
5.40
4.20
.80
1.80
2.80
.80
1.20
11.55
W SANTIAM
.60
1.95
1.20
.60
.60
VIGILANTE
PINCERS
2.40
.60
.60
4.20
3.60
PVD STREAM
PAW PRINT
.60
PAMELIA
14.40
.60
JADE
.60
HSJ
CEDARCREEK
3.00
HILL CREEK
CAMPCREEK
.60
FOOTBALL
BR RIVER
1.20
4.35
DEVILS RDG
BAGBY WEST
Species (migratory class)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
SONG SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
3CALF MDW
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
1.80
7.20
.60
.60
.60
12.00
2.20
18.60
4.20
4.80
1.80
3.15
10.80
1.80
.60
1.80
13.20
3.60
7.80
1.20
.60
7.20
2.40
.60
7.80
2.40
2.40
1.20
20.40
6.00
18.00
.60
5.40
1.20
1.80
5.40
.60
12.60
1.20
9.60
1.60
.80
.80
12.00
Province = Southern Oregon Cascades
STEEL2
WILSON3
WILSON4
2.40
.60
1.20
2.40
2.40
2.40
.60
1.80
.60
2.40
4.80
4.80
4.20
3.00
3.00
STEEL1
.80
SQUAWFLATS
PARADISE
3.60
SMTHRDG 2
HOMESTEAD4
4.00
SMTHRDG 1
GRSSHOPR 2
GRSSHOPR 1
FISHER2
FISHER1
DONEGAN 2
Species (migratory class)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
MOUNTAIN QUAIL (R)
BAND-TAILED PIGEON (A)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
DONEGAN 1
CEDAR3
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
1.80
.60
.60
.60
.60
1.20
.80
1.80
1.80
7.20
1.80
3.00
2.40
1.20
.60
.80
6.40
1.60
2.40
.60
.60
.60
.60
1.80
1.80
.60
.60
.60
.60
1.20
3.00
2.40
1.80
.80
1.60
.80
4.00
3.20
4.00
3.00
12.00
1.20
7.20
.60
12.00
24.60
4.00
10.40
2.40
6.40
.80
3.20
16.80
.80
5.60
4.00
10.40
.80
.60
.60
1.80
.60
.60
1.20
21.00
5.40
3.60
10.20
4.80
.80
.80
1.60
.80
4.00
.80
.80
8.80
7.20
11.20
1.60
7.20
12.80
.80
1.60
1.80
2.40
1.20
2.40
1.20
4.00
2.40
.80
.80
.80
1.60
.80
1.60
1.60
.80
.80
4.00
1.60
2.40
4.80
3.20
2.40
7.20
.80
8.80
29.60
.80
6.40
2.40
6.40
1.60
7.20
3.20
4.80
.80
9.60
27.20
.80
.60
3.60
1.80
.60
1.20
.60
12.80
4.80
9.60
.80
3.20
25.60
2.40
9.00
6.00
.60
13.80
7.20
5.60
23.20
1.80
12.60
7.20
.60
9.00
12.60
1.60
.80
2.40
1.60
16.80
3.20
17.60
16.20
1.80
4.20
13.20
11.40
.60
.60
3.00
2.40
2.40
3.00
.60
1.20
1.20
13.80
11.40
1.20
10.20
15.00
.60
4.80
1.80
10.80
.60
13.80
13.80
13.80
3.00
12.60
13.80
10.80
8.80
.80
6.40
1.60
5.60
.80
1.60
3.20
3.20
1.60
.80
.80
9.60
3.20
WILSON4
1.60
6.40
3.20
.80
WILSON3
4.80
9.60
3.20
2.40
STEEL2
4.80
8.00
6.40
1.60
STEEL1
4.80
.80
SQUAWFLATS
6.00
13.20
2.40
1.80
1.80
12.60
2.40
1.80
SMTHRDG 2
4.80
5.60
9.60
SMTHRDG 1
4.00
12.80
14.40
.80
1.60
5.60
1.60
3.20
PARADISE
12.00
.60
.60
1.20
HOMESTEAD4
6.00
7.80
7.80
GRSSHOPR 2
8.80
6.40
2.40
5.60
5.40
14.40
6.00
.60
4.20
25.80
.60
8.40
GRSSHOPR 1
4.00
5.60
4.80
FISHER2
4.00
13.60
4.00
.80
11.20
14.40
FISHER1
4.20
15.60
7.80
.60
14.40
15.60
1.20
9.60
DONEGAN 2
Species (migratory class)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
HUTTON'S VIREO (R)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
HERMIT/TOWNSEND'S WARBLER COMPLEX (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
SONG SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
DONEGAN 1
CEDAR3
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
6.60
15.60
7.20
3.60
7.80
7.20
.60
1.20
14.40
1.20
1.20
2.40
7.20
7.20
6.00
2.40
.60
11.40
8.40
1.20
6.00
12.00
5.40
.60
13.80
12.00
.80
2.40
6.00
2.40
.80
.60
10.20
1.80
.80
7.20
2.40
8.40
.60
2.40
23.20
.60
7.80
19.20
15.20
.80
4.80
1.20
6.60
3.60
2.40
1.60
16.00
10.20
12.80
27.20
16.00
20.80
2.40
4.00
4.80
.60
14.40
1.20
9.00
3.00
5.40
3.60
9.60
.60
9.00
.60
9.60
1.80
.60
1.80
3.00
3.60
.80
.80
.80
4.80
.80
.60
14.40
1.20
1.20
2.40
6.60
.60
2.40
.80
1.20
3.20
2.40
2.40
.80
7.20
5.60
.60
.60
.60
1.60
1.60
4.80
.80
2.40
.80
4.00
4.80
2.40
1.60
2.40
.60
Province = Blue Mountains
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
BARRED OWL (R)
GREAT GRAY OWL (R)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
1.00
WBUCKCSNG
WBROADYCK
SWAMP CRK
SUMMER CK
STEWARTSPG
PEAVINE CK
NFKWWR02
NFKWWR01
MOTTET CK
MILL CK 02
MILL CK 01
LOOKINGLAS
ELK CK
EBUCKCSNG
EBROADYCK
Species (migratory class)
DUTCHMANCK
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
1.50
2.50
1.50
.50
.60
.60
1.50
1.00
3.00
.50
.60
.60
1.20
1.50
.50
1.50
1.20
.60
.60
1.00
.60
1.50
.50
.60
3.60
1.80
.50
9.00
2.50
4.20
.60
1.80
1.00
2.00
.50
2.00
2.50
1.00
3.50
2.40
5.40
1.20
.60
1.20
.60
.60
2.40
1.20
.60
7.00
3.00
.50
3.00
4.80
.60
3.00
.60
1.80
1.50
4.00
1.50
4.50
4.20
4.80
4.80
4.20
1.20
3.00
1.80
1.80
3.60
.60
3.00
1.80
.50
4.50
.50
3.00
.60
.60
1.20
1.20
3.00
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.00
.50
8.00
4.00
1.80
5.40
1.20
1.00
3.60
2.00
1.20
.50
3.00
5.50
1.20
4.80
1.50
1.50
3.00
.60
7.20
3.00
4.50
1.00
1.20
2.40
1.20
6.60
6.60
4.20
5.40
2.50
6.00
1.50
2.50
3.50
1.00
10.00
7.50
2.50
1.20
3.60
1.50
1.50
7.20
3.00
1.20
3.00
7.50
1.50
4.50
1.00
2.50
1.00
1.20
.60
3.00
6.50
4.00
.50
4.80
5.40
.60
.60
3.60
.60
12.50
16.50
10.00
10.00
15.00
5.50
.50
20.50
3.00
2.00
6.00
1.50
19.00
2.50
2.50
.50
3.50
1.00
.50
14.50
.50
2.50
15.50
21.00
19.50
20.00
20.40
16.50
15.00
28.20
1.20
7.20
4.50
3.50
5.00
9.00
5.50
10.80
.60
12.00
3.60
9.00
18.50
15.00
17.50
.50
13.50
19.00
3.50
7.20
21.00
13.20
13.50
22.00
2.00
16.20
25.20
2.40
6.00
.60
4.20
18.00
4.80
1.80
7.80
5.40
21.00
15.00
.60
9.60
6.00
11.40
5.40
12.00
3.00
1.80
.60
16.80
17.00
7.00
2.00
1.50
3.50
25.00
4.00
1.00
3.00
2.50
1.00
7.00
2.00
8.50
15.00
.50
13.50
3.00
1.50
9.50
2.50
.50
6.50
1.00
8.00
19.80
5.40
1.80
3.60
1.20
15.00
31.50
10.50
4.00
.50
.60
15.00
4.20
4.20
7.20
3.50
.60
2.40
12.00
17.40
.60
15.60
9.00
.60
.60
7.80
4.80
1.20
16.20
22.20
4.80
5.40
1.20
2.40
.60
17.40
WBUCKCSNG
9.60
20.40
16.80
10.80
4.20
WBROADYCK
7.00
6.50
4.50
4.20
4.20
.60
SWAMP CRK
SUMMER CK
7.50
4.20
6.00
5.40
16.20
7.20
2.40
1.20
7.80
23.40
.60
12.60
24.50
2.50
2.00
6.00
15.60
2.40
1.20
.60
6.50
6.50
1.20
4.80
3.60
2.00
6.50
1.00
4.00
6.50
1.00
5.00
6.00
10.20
14.40
9.60
1.80
4.50
8.00
.50
16.50
4.50
2.00
2.50
2.00
3.50
2.50
1.50
3.00
6.00
21.00
6.60
2.40
10.20
3.60
STEWARTSPG
17.40
5.40
10.80
1.20
1.20
4.20
1.20
.60
14.40
PEAVINE CK
5.40
12.00
2.40
10.80
4.80
18.60
NFKWWR02
.60
6.00
3.00
4.50
2.50
NFKWWR01
21.00
1.20
4.20
4.20
MOTTET CK
22.20
1.20
3.00
4.80
4.80
2.40
13.20
MILL CK 02
.60
4.20
3.00
1.20
1.20
8.40
MILL CK 01
2.40
4.80
1.20
7.80
12.60
LOOKINGLAS
EBUCKCSNG
3.00
6.00
4.80
1.20
1.80
11.40
ELK CK
EBROADYCK
Species (migratory class)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
WESTERN BLUEBIRD (B)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
DUTCHMANCK
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
1.50
2.50
6.00
2.50
5.50
5.50
.50
3.00
8.00
.50
17.50
.60
7.20
1.20
.60
1.20
10.80
9.00
.50
11.00
19.00
9.00
.50
.50
.50
15.00
6.50
4.00
6.50
3.00
4.20
14.40
.60
11.40
4.20
.60
16.20
7.80
1.20
1.20
.50
.60
14.00
16.80
NFKWWR01
15.50
19.20
1.20
2.40
22.80
6.00
2.00
2.50
21.00
5.00
3.50
3.00
14.50
2.50
8.00
7.00
14.50
9.50
1.80
16.20
1.80
1.20
1.20
20.40
3.60
17.00
2.00
4.00
5.50
19.00
3.50
1.00
2.00
.50
.50
1.00
3.00
4.80
21.60
4.80
1.20
5.40
.60
14.40
1.80
7.20
11.40
15.60
1.20
17.40
4.80
4.80
.60
15.00
1.80
18.60
.60
11.50
1.00
14.00
.50
.50
.50
.50
10.50
.50
4.20
18.60
12.60
1.20
6.00
13.20
14.40
6.00
6.00
16.80
16.20
1.80
5.50
13.00
11.50
3.50
4.00
10.50
9.50
6.50
9.00
14.00
1.20
4.80
19.20
5.40
.60
22.20
2.40
.60
3.60
18.00
12.60
1.20
14.40
.60
2.40
6.00
18.60
4.80
15.00
19.20
19.50
1.20
3.00
12.00
1.80
1.80
1.20
13.80
1.80
3.00
3.00
18.00
3.50
1.20
1.00
WBUCKCSNG
MOTTET CK
13.00
WBROADYCK
MILL CK 02
.50
20.00
SWAMP CRK
MILL CK 01
2.40
SUMMER CK
LOOKINGLAS
1.80
STEWARTSPG
ELK CK
16.80
PEAVINE CK
EBUCKCSNG
7.80
NFKWWR02
EBROADYCK
Species (migratory class)
BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER (A)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
FOX SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
DUTCHMANCK
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
19.50
.50
5.00
2.50
21.50
2.00
18.00
3.00
2.50
14.00
3.50
.60
1.20
19.80
4.20
1.00
1.00
3.60
.60
5.00
8.50
2.00
.60
16.80
1.20
15.60
.60
15.60
5.40
10.50
2.00
.50
1.00
11.00
2.00
4.00
12.00
6.50
6.60
15.60
16.80
1.20
4.20
20.40
9.60
.60
5.40
12.60
17.40
5.50
16.00
9.00
.50
5.00
10.50
9.00
2.50
17.00
6.50
16.20
7.00
19.50
7.00
2.50
6.00
14.40
13.20
6.00
Province = Okanogan Highlands
WOLF
VIRGINIAN
SMITH
PEARRYGIN
PARADISE
MFG WEST
MFG EAST
LOST
FRAZIER
.50
.50
.50
.50
FD WEST
FD EAST
DRIVEWAY
DOE
FAREWELL
CANADA GOOSE (B)
HARLEQUIN DUCK (R)
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
BLUE GROUSE (R)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
FLAMMULATED OWL (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
SPOTTED OWL (R)
BARRED OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
BLACK SWIFT (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD (A)
RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
BOULDER
Species (migratory class)
ANDREWS
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
1.50
.50
.50
.50
1.00
.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
1.00
.50
.50
1.00
.50
.50
.50
.50
8.50
2.00
.50
3.00
.50
.50
1.00
.50
.50
.50
1.00
.50
.50
.50
.50
1.50
1.00
.50
.50
.50
.50
2.00
1.00
.50
2.50
.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
.50
2.50
4.50
10.50
1.00
.50
.50
.50
3.00
.50
.50
.50
1.00
.50
.50
1.00
1.00
3.50
.50
.50
.50
3.00
.50
1.50
3.00
.50
.50
2.00
1.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
1.50
3.00
.50
1.00
2.50
.50
1.50
2.10
2.70
.50
DRIVEWAY
FAREWELL
FD EAST
FD WEST
FRAZIER
LOST
MFG EAST
MFG WEST
PARADISE
PEARRYGIN
SMITH
1.00
1.00
.50
1.00
3.00
1.50
1.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
.50
2.10
.50
1.50
1.50
.50
12.50
6.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
.50
8.00
15.50
2.50
2.50
3.50
10.00
15.00
7.00
1.50
.50
1.00
.50
1.00
2.00
1.00
3.50
2.50
2.00
1.00
3.50
1.50
2.00
1.50
1.50
.50
1.00
.50
5.80
1.50
2.00
15.50
8.50
8.00
6.00
14.50
4.50
.50
10.00
7.50
5.50
8.00
4.50
1.00
14.50
3.00
.50
12.00
3.50
1.50
3.50
1.00
1.00
8.00
15.00
.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
.50
3.00
.50
1.00
4.00
8.50
.50
1.50
3.50
.50
18.00
10.50
.50
.50
3.00
15.50
1.00
.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
17.00
5.50
1.50
.50
3.00
1.50
.50
.50
4.50
1.50
1.50
2.00
1.50
.50
2.50
12.00
10.00
5.50
5.00
8.00
3.50
13.00
18.00
.50
2.50
.50
1.50
2.00
4.00
2.00
4.00
.50
2.00
1.50
2.50
2.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
4.00
5.50
19.50
3.00
7.00
19.00
3.00
18.00
13.50
5.50
6.00
9.50
3.50
3.50
2.00
.50
1.50
2.50
.50
.50
1.00
5.50
8.50
.50
.50
.50
4.00
3.50
4.00
3.50
.50
5.50
7.00
3.50
2.50
1.00
.50
WOLF
DOE
1.50
VIRGINIAN
BOULDER
Species (migratory class)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY FLYCATCHER (A)
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE (R)
AMERICAN CROW (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
WINTER WREN (R)
ANDREWS
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
2.00
.50
1.00
3.50
5.00
3.00
2.50
11.50
14.00
5.00
1.50
1.50
7.50
19.00
2.50
1.50
3.00
8.50
12.00
4.50
1.00
3.00
9.00
10.50
3.00
1.00
1.00
3.50
3.50
2.00
2.00
5.00
4.50
.50
4.50
14.50
12.10
11.00
1.50
.50
3.50
.50
2.50
7.50
.50
1.00
12.50
23.00
4.00
2.00
1.00
2.50
5.50
1.50
16.00
17.00
9.00
3.00
.50
.50
9.00
.50
9.50
4.00
3.50
5.50
4.00
3.50
2.50
4.00
7.00
5.50
2.50
1.50
2.50
3.00
1.00
7.50
4.00
.50
4.00
8.00
7.50
1.50
.50
11.00
18.50
4.50
1.50
9.50
14.50
5.50
1.50
10.50
16.50
14.50
6.50
.50
8.00
20.50
3.50
2.00
10.50
.50
2.50
.50
14.00
3.00
1.50
2.50
11.00
.50
2.50
2.50
1.00
9.00
15.00
14.50
DOE
3.50
1.00
14.50
.50
7.00
10.00
12.50
1.00
13.00
2.50
7.00
8.50
9.00
.50
7.50
8.50
4.50
9.50
12.00
3.00
.50
12.00
3.00
3.50
2.50
4.50
20.50
4.00
3.50
1.50
6.00
8.50
3.00
4.50
1.50
.50
3.00
1.50
6.00
.50
1.00
5.00
2.50
16.00
10.50
3.00
5.50
5.50
3.50
5.00
4.50
8.00
5.50
2.00
.50
3.50
1.50
8.50
6.50
.50
.50
10.50
15.50
24.50
1.00
2.00
11.50
2.50
.50
7.50
16.00
6.00
1.00
18.00
3.00
.50
12.00
.50
1.50
.50
12.00
6.50
1.50
8.50
2.00
8.00
7.00
.50
2.50
10.00
5.50
3.50
10.50
12.00
6.00
8.00
10.50
12.50
6.00
8.00
12.50
12.00
5.50
WOLF
9.00
.50
3.00
.50
3.00
12.00
5.50
VIRGINIAN
8.50
1.00
.50
4.00
.50
1.50
.50
8.40
1.50
.50
7.50
2.00
2.50
3.50
.50
3.00
7.50
2.00
9.50
14.50
1.00
2.00
1.00
.50
1.50
2.00
5.50
6.50
15.50
6.50
16.30
12.50
1.00
SMITH
6.50
2.00
5.00
10.00
4.50
5.50
PEARRYGIN
10.00
1.00
6.50
.50
10.00
5.50
2.50
1.00
6.50
PARADISE
FRAZIER
1.50
1.00
1.00
6.50
1.00
5.50
.50
10.50
MFG WEST
FD WEST
4.00
1.50
4.50
.50
4.00
6.00
MFG EAST
FD EAST
1.50
5.00
4.50
3.00
.50
2.50
LOST
FAREWELL
3.00
.50
3.00
BOULDER
3.00
.50
1.00
ANDREWS
Species (migratory class)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
VEERY (A)
SWAINSON'S THRUSH (A)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
VARIED THRUSH (R)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
RED-EYED VIREO (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
BREWER'S SPARROW (A)
VESPER SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (B)
DRIVEWAY
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
1.00
.50
18.50
.50
2.50
11.00
.50
12.00
8.50
1.00
.50
16.00
7.50
7.00
11.00
7.00
3.50
1.00
11.00
21.50
3.00
.50
4.00
6.50
4.00
2.00
2.50
7.50
9.00
6.50
.50
6.00
8.00
8.50
7.00
4.00
5.00
14.00
1.50
2.50
14.50
1.50
7.50
7.50
1.00
3.00
2.00
2.90
3.50
1.50
7.00
10.50
21.50
1.50
4.50
15.50
30.50
3.50
SMITH
PEARRYGIN
PARADISE
1.00
WOLF
2.00
8.50
20.00
4.00
MFG WEST
1.50
6.00
MFG EAST
1.00
LOST
2.00
1.00
4.00
7.50
13.00
3.50
VIRGINIAN
1.50
1.00
FRAZIER
3.50
FD WEST
1.50
3.00
7.50
.50
3.50
.50
3.00
4.50
27.50
5.00
FD EAST
3.00
.50
2.50
1.00
1.00
.50
6.50
3.50
4.50
4.00
FAREWELL
3.00
DRIVEWAY
.50
DOE
BOULDER
Species (migratory class)
WESTERN MEADOWLARK (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
ANDREWS
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
Province = Ochoco / Central Oregon Highlands
STINGER
SILVER CK
SAWMILL
NICHOLL
LST GARD
LIL EMIG
EMIG CR
DRYMTN3
DRYMTN2
DRYMTN1
DOBSON
CK
DELI LAKE
COW
HOLLO
BUCK SP
BLDBUTS
Species (migratory class)
TURKEY VULTURE (B)
OSPREY (B)
COOPER'S HAWK (B)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
FLAMMULATED OWL (A)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL (R)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER (R)
BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
BLDBUTN
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
3.60
2.40
2.40
1.20
1.20
2.40
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
2.40
1.20
2.40
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
2.40
1.20
1.20
1.20
3.60
1.20
3.60
2.40
1.20
1.20
2.40
2.40
3.60
1.20
2.40
1.20
2.40
1.20
1.20
3.60
2.40
1.20
1.20
13.20
1.20
8.40
1.20
1.20
6.00
1.20
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
3.60
2.40
3.60
3.60
2.40
1.20
1.20
1.20
3.60
4.80
1.20
1.20
2.40
6.00
7.20
1.20
9.60
7.20
1.20
3.60
6.00
2.40
1.20
2.40
1.20
2.40
2.40
1.20
1.20
2.40
1.20
1.20
2.40
9.60
1.20
2.40
3.60
13.20
1.20
12.00
3.60
7.20
20.40
2.40
6.00
12.00
1.20
16.80
7.20
4.80
7.20
6.00
7.20
10.80
4.80
7.20
4.80
DRYMTN2
DRYMTN3
3.60
1.20
19.20
3.60
9.60
15.60
7.20
37.20
6.00
2.40
1.20
1.20
16.80
14.40
10.80
1.20
3.60
8.40
1.20
4.80
4.80
9.60
3.60
10.80
12.00
3.60
10.80
9.60
6.00
7.20
3.60
1.20
12.00
7.20
9.60
8.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
1.20
3.60
1.20
3.60
15.60
3.60
4.80
2.40
13.20
1.20
7.20
3.60
1.20
10.80
3.60
3.60
3.60
20.40
3.60
3.60
1.20
21.60
9.60
1.20
2.40
4.80
3.60
8.40
4.80
3.60
10.80
3.60
7.20
10.80
1.20
7.20
13.20
6.00
4.80
14.40
4.80
6.00
6.00
1.20
1.20
6.00
2.40
8.40
3.60
10.80
1.20
8.40
4.80
12.00
1.20
8.40
8.40
7.20
1.20
4.80
3.60
9.60
9.60
1.20
12.00
2.40
3.60
6.00
3.60
1.20
1.20
4.80
3.60
9.60
1.20
8.40
3.60
2.40
4.80
4.80
4.80
6.00
1.20
12.00
9.60
8.40
STINGER
1.20
SILVER CK
2.40
SAWMILL
DRYMTN1
2.40
1.20
NICHOLL
DOBSON
CK
3.60
1.20
2.40
9.60
10.80
1.20
3.60
9.60
7.20
1.20
4.80
LST GARD
3.60
10.80
8.40
1.20
2.40
LIL EMIG
1.20
1.20
EMIG CR
14.40
12.00
4.80
DELI LAKE
1.20
COW
HOLLO
10.80
3.60
9.60
BUCK SP
BLDBUTS
Species (migratory class)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE (R)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
ROCK WREN (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
RUFOUS-SIDED/SPOTTED TOWHEE (B)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
PURPLE FINCH (B)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
BLDBUTN
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
2.40
18.00
4.80
8.40
4.80
6.00
6.00
1.20
9.60
6.00
1.20
8.40
4.80
9.60
7.20
1.20
2.40
9.60
6.00
8.40
3.60
9.60
4.80
10.80
9.60
10.80
9.60
14.40
10.80
4.80
1.20
7.20
1.20
9.60
6.00
9.60
3.60
8.40
3.60
7.20
3.60
10.80
1.20
1.20
2.40
20.40
1.20
2.40
3.60
15.60
2.40
14.40
8.40
3.60
1.20
1.20
1.20
3.60
1.20
6.00
3.60
7.20
31.20
2.40
15.60
3.60
2.40
4.80
6.00
10.80
2.40
6.00
10.80
6.00
2.40
1.20
6.00
9.60
2.40
1.20
1.20
3.60
1.20
1.20
STINGER
SILVER CK
SAWMILL
NICHOLL
LST GARD
7.20
LIL EMIG
DRYMTN3
9.60
EMIG CR
DRYMTN2
DRYMTN1
DOBSON
CK
DELI LAKE
COW
HOLLO
BUCK SP
BLDBUTS
Species (migratory class)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
BLDBUTN
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
Province = Basin & Range
.60
.60
2.40
1.20
1.20
.60
3.60
10.20
1.20
1.80
1.80
.60
7.20
.60
WF SLIVER
S. BOTTLE
NF SPRAGUE
MOSQUITO
JACKSON
GUYER
GRAHAM
.60
SYCAN
.60
SCHOOL CRK
3.60
DEER CREEK
DAIRY
BUCK
BRIDGE
BOTTLE
1.80
CHEWAUCAN
Species (migratory class)
GREAT BLUE HERON (B)
WOOD DUCK (R)
MALLARD (B)
AMERICAN WIGEON (B)
COMMON MERGANSER (R)
TURKEY VULTURE (B)
OSPREY (B)
BALD EAGLE (R)
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (B)
RED-TAILED HAWK (B)
GOLDEN EAGLE (B)
AMERICAN KESTREL (B)
RUFFED GROUSE (R)
CALIFORNIA QUAIL (R)
SANDHILL CRANE (B)
KILLDEER (B)
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (B)
COMMON SNIPE (B)
RING-BILLED GULL (B)
MOURNING DOVE (B)
GREAT HORNED OWL (R)
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (R)
LONG-EARED OWL (B)
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (A)
VAUX'S SWIFT (A)
BEAR CREEK
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
.60
.60
1.20
.60
.60
.60
1.80
1.20
.60
.60
.60
.60
1.20
.60
.60
2.40
1.80
1.20
.60
.60
.60
11.40
2.40
1.20
4.80
3.60
1.80
15.00
.60
.60
.60
1.80
.60
.60
.60
3.60
.60
.60
1.20
.60
1.20
1.80
.60
.60
3.00
1.20
.60
3.00
.60
.60
.60
3.00
3.60
1.20
2.40
10.20
.60
7.80
3.00
2.40
7.80
.60
11.40
.60
2.40
.60
2.40
1.20
1.20
.60
1.20
.60
10.20
.60
1.80
3.00
3.60
.60
1.80
3.00
8.40
.60
3.00
1.80
1.80
.60
10.80
8.40
4.80
8.40
6.60
4.20
8.40
10.20
.60
7.80
2.40
3.00
5.40
1.80
12.60
1.20
3.60
1.20
3.60
.60
3.00
2.40
1.20
1.80
1.80
3.00
9.60
4.80
1.20
.60
4.20
1.80
1.20
1.80
.60
1.20
.60
.60
4.80
.60
3.60
.60
WF SLIVER
1.20
1.80
1.20
2.40
1.80
3.00
.60
1.20
6.00
2.40
6.00
3.00
2.40
3.60
2.40
4.20
.60
4.20
2.40
5.40
.60
1.80
.60
5.40
1.20
10.80
.60
.60
.60
5.40
.60
2.40
9.60
.60
4.20
.60
.60
.60
2.40
4.80
10.80
.60
9.00
3.60
14.40
1.80
1.80
.60
1.80
.60
1.20
3.00
19.20
6.00
.60
6.00
4.80
.60
1.80
SYCAN
SCHOOL CRK
S. BOTTLE
3.00
.60
.60
NF SPRAGUE
MOSQUITO
JACKSON
GUYER
GRAHAM
DEER CREEK
.60
.60
4.80
DAIRY
BUCK
BRIDGE
BOTTLE
CHEWAUCAN
Species (migratory class)
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD (A)
BELTED KINGFISHER (B)
LEWIS' WOODPECKER (B)
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (B)
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER (B)
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER (B)
DOWNY WOODPECKER (R)
HAIRY WOODPECKER (R)
NORTHERN FLICKER (B)
PILEATED WOODPECKER (R)
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (A)
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (A)
WILLOW FLYCATCHER (A)
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER (A)
DUSKY FLYCATCHER (A)
GRAY FLYCATCHER (A)
CORDILLERIAN FLYCATCHER (A)
TREE SWALLOW (B)
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW (A)
NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW (A)
BANK SWALLOW (A)
CLIFF SWALLOW (A)
BARN SWALLOW (A)
GRAY JAY (R)
STELLER'S JAY (R)
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER (R)
COMMON RAVEN (R)
BEAR CREEK
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
.60
.60
10.80
1.20
37.20
.60
6.00
1.20
1.80
5.40
.60
3.60
.60
1.20
1.20
2.40
1.20
2.40
3.00
3.60
.60
.60
3.00
2.40
4.80
2.40
.60
.60
2.40
3.60
3.00
3.00
1.20
2.40
1.20
3.00
.60
8.40
1.80
2.40
3.00
10.20
13.80
1.20
.60
4.80
13.80
17.40
1.20
1.80
.60
3.00
.60
1.20
.60
1.80
4.20
.60
1.80
.60
1.20
13.80
3.00
2.40
18.60
.60
14.40
1.20
7.80
7.80
1.20
4.80
1.80
1.20
11.40
25.20
.60
8.40
16.20
2.40
5.40
3.00
11.40
2.40
1.20
6.00
4.20
3.60
.60
4.20
.60
1.20
1.20
.60
3.60
6.60
.60
3.00
7.80
10.80
6.00
.60
7.80
1.80
3.00
1.20
5.40
6.00
.60
1.20
6.00
18.60
1.80
4.20
17.40
.60
4.80
13.80
.60
6.60
14.40
1.80
24.60
.60
3.60
1.80
9.00
22.80
.60
16.80
2.40
.60
2.40
4.20
.60
1.80
2.40
.60
3.00
1.20
.60
19.80
1.20
3.00
3.00
2.40
2.40
.60
.60
10.20
.60
.60
16.80
10.20
.60
6.60
.60
.60
20.40
1.20
.60
7.80
1.80
3.60
5.40
10.20
6.00
3.60
4.20
.60
1.20
.60
15.60
1.20
5.40
.60
.60
1.20
22.80
9.60
14.40
13.80
.60
.60
3.60
3.00
2.40
.60
.60
3.60
4.20
.60
3.00
.60
12.00
1.20
7.20
3.00
.60
1.80
7.80
.60
10.20
WF SLIVER
13.20
.60
SYCAN
14.40
8.40
4.20
SCHOOL CRK
3.60
11.40
3.60
S. BOTTLE
9.00
1.20
.60
NF SPRAGUE
3.60
15.00
5.40
3.00
3.00
1.20
3.00
4.80
MOSQUITO
12.00
.60
JACKSON
6.60
4.20
GUYER
2.40
GRAHAM
7.20
1.80
DEER CREEK
5.40
DAIRY
BUCK
12.60
9.00
.60
CHEWAUCAN
BRIDGE
6.00
.60
BOTTLE
Species (migratory class)
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE (R)
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (R)
PYGMY NUTHATCH (R)
BROWN CREEPER (B)
ROCK WREN (B)
HOUSE WREN (A)
AMERICAN DIPPER (R)
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET (B)
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD (B)
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (B)
HERMIT THRUSH (B)
AMERICAN ROBIN (B)
CEDAR WAXWING (B)
EUROPEAN STARLING (R)
SOLITARY VIREO (A)
WARBLING VIREO (A)
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (A)
NASHVILLE WARBLER (A)
YELLOW WARBLER (A)
YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER (B)
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER (A)
MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER (A)
WILSON'S WARBLER (A)
WESTERN TANAGER (A)
BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK (A)
BEAR CREEK
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
.60
1.80
.60
2.40
3.60
7.80
6.00
.60
.60
26.40
9.00
7.20
3.00
.60
.60
12.00
4.20
1.20
1.80
4.80
4.80
.60
2.40
4.80
4.80
7.80
1.80
.60
18.60
6.60
1.20
1.20
4.80
1.20
3.00
1.20
.60
3.60
3.00
2.40
5.40
24.00
6.60
.60
8.40
1.80
2.40
6.60
3.60
1.80
1.20
.60
6.60
9.00
3.00
15.60
1.20
9.60
.60
2.40
7.20
.60
.60
1.80
3.60
16.80
1.20
.60
4.80
.60
2.40
3.60
.60
1.20
6.60
8.40
13.80
.60
9.00
10.20
2.40
5.40
.60
4.80
3.00
1.20
.60
3.00
.60
7.20
4.80
13.20
19.80
18.60
1.80
10.20
13.80
1.80
9.00
3.00
3.00
21.60
5.40
1.20
5.40
1.20
7.80
WF SLIVER
1.20
2.40
SYCAN
NF SPRAGUE
MOSQUITO
SCHOOL CRK
.60
.60
6.60
1.20
1.80
4.20
4.20
.60
6.00
3.60
9.00
S. BOTTLE
.60
JACKSON
GRAHAM
3.00
.60
6.00
1.80
GUYER
DEER CREEK
DAIRY
BUCK
BRIDGE
BOTTLE
CHEWAUCAN
Species (migratory class)
LAZULI BUNTING (A)
GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE (A)
CHIPPING SPARROW (A)
BREWER'S SPARROW (A)
SAVANNAH SPARROW (B)
SONG SPARROW (B)
LINCOLN'S SPARROW (A)
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (B)
DARK-EYED JUNCO (B)
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (B)
WESTERN MEADOWLARK (B)
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD (B)
BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD (B)
NORTHERN ORIOLE/BULLOCK'S ORIOLE (A)
CASSIN'S FINCH (B)
RED CROSSBILL (R)
PINE SISKIN (B)
EVENING GROSBEAK (R)
BEAR CREEK
Mean of max reformed detections (birds/hr)
all years combined
Location
2.40
1.80
1.80
8.40
3.00
11.40
18.00
4.20
7.20
4.20
6.60
1.80
6.60
39.60
16.20
.60
2.40
1.80
1.20
.60
5.40
1.20
2.40
1.20