I
OREGoN STATE UNIVERSITY, OCTOBER 1966
VOLUME XV
- NUMBER4
Incorporating Trifluralin in Bean Plantings
Oregon Horticultural Society
Plans November 16-18 Meeting
•
The 81st annual meeting of the Oregon
Horticultural Society will be on November
16, 17, and 18 on the Oregon State Uni­
versity campus, Corvallis. Plan to attend.
"
Vegetable crops sessions are scheduled
for November 17 and 18. There will be a
Joint meeting of the Vegetable Crops and
Small Fruits sections on the morning of
November 18.
General sessions, a banquet, and a
business meeting will also be held.
,
•
I
1. 74u 1ueee
#
#
#
Page
Incorporating Trifluralin in Bean
Plantings. • . . • . . . . • . • • • • • • • • • • . • . . .• 1
Oregon Horticultural Society Plans
November 16-18 Meeting •.•...•.•.•... 1
Mutants in Snap Beans •...•.•.•.•••.•.•. 4
Blond Peas -­ Progress Report •••...•.•. 6
The herbicidal activity of trifluralin
is considerably enhanced by incorporating
the chemical with a surface layer of soil.
Mixing to a depth of about three inches
is generally recognized as the most effi­
cient method, although this may depend on
soil moisture conditions and the depth at
which weed seeds are germinating_ The rec­
ommended incorporation procedure includes
the use of a double disc operated in two
directions (cross disced) or a power-driven
rotary tiller. The use of a power-driven
rotary tiller will accomplish the most
thorough incorporation, but this is an ex­
pensive operation for large areas.
The study reported here was designed
to compare several methods of incorpora~­
ing trifluralin in a planting of bush snap
beans in order to obtain the best poss~ble
mixing of the herbicide and soil by use of
an operation requiring low power. Also,
herbicide applications timed before plant­
ing were compared with applications made
after the beans had emerged, an operation
not feasible with the equipment recommended
for preplant or postplant incorporation.
Trifiuralin was applied at application
rates of 1/2 and 3/4 pounds actual material
per acre. Equipment used for incorporation
included: (1) a power-driven rotary tiller
operated at depths of approximately one
(Continued next page)
2
Bean Plantings • ••
(Continued from page 1)
inch and three inches; (2) Mix-A-Product, a ground-dr1.ven rotary tiller; (3) a tine
tiller with an action similar to a spike-tooth harrowj (4) a Buddingh In-Row Weeder,
another groun4-driven rotary tiller; and (5) a special sprayer which provided some
soil penetration by directing close-spaced, high pressure, high volume spr~ jets
into the soil. Incorporation of the herbicide was carried out either prior to or
after planting or, with some treatments, about one week after the beans had emerged.
The treatments are listed in Table 1 on page 3.
Weed control evaluations were made about five weeks after the 'plots were planted
and established. Following this evaluation, the total plot area was weeded and main­
tained weed free until harvest. Prevalent weed species included redroot pigweed
(Amaranthus retroflexus), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), mustard (Brassics rapa),
and groundsel (Senecio vulgaris). As can be seen in Table 1, the rate of 374 pound
per acre usually 'resulted in better weed control than the rate of 1/2 pound per acre.
Equipment that provided the most thorough mixing of the herbicide with the 80il, 'such
as the rotary tiller, gave the best weed control. Where comparisons can be made, in­
corporating the herbicide after planting resulted in slightly better weed control than
preplant incorporations, although this is probably not a significant effect. The
post-emergence application and incorporation with the Buddingh In-Row Weeder provided
acceptable weed control at the zero appliaation rate of trifluralin, but part of this
effect can be attributed to the mechanical removal of weeds by the equipment. High­
pressure spray application as a post~emergence treatment was ~satisfactory.
.......;,
Yield data were obtained from a single complete harvest of 25 feet of row from
each plot. An analysis of this information showed no differences in yields of plots
when compared at the 5% probability level, although there appeared to be some.relation­
ship with the degree of weed control obtained. This was indicated by yield reductions·
in plots with poor weed control and was apparently due to weed competition during the
first five weeks of the experiment~
It can be concluded from this, study that a thorough and moderately deep mixing of
trifluralin with the soil will result in the best weed control, although a shallow
pos't-emergence incorporation treatment may be satisfactory; also, increasing the
effectiveness of the herbicide by proper soil incorporation does not jeopardize the
selectivity of/trifluralin on beans.
--Garvin Crabtree
Horticulture Department
--G. E. Page
Agricultural Engineering Department
(Continued page 3)
Oregon Vegetable Digest is. pUblished four times a year by the Agricultural Experiment Station, Ore­
gon State University, Corvallis, G. Burton Wood, Director. Address correspondence to the author con­
cerned or to the Department of Horticulture.
Material may be reprinted providing no endorsement of a commercial product is stated or implied. Please credit
Oregon State University. To simplify technical terminology, trade names of products or equipment sometimes witt
be used. No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.
3
Bean Plantings ...
(Continued from page 2)
Table 1. Weed control and response to trif1uralin
applications with several methods of soil incorporation
Rate of
trifluralin
Lbs. active/A
Type of
application
0
Untreated check
Surface
Surface
Rotary tiller (shallow)
Rotary tiller (shallow)
Average yield
Lbs./plot
Pre-plant
Pre-plant
Pre-plant
Pre-plant
5·7
6.0
7·7
8.0
13·9
17·2
14·9
17·2
16.1
Post-plant
Post-plant
Pre-plant
Pre-plant
Pre-plant
8.2
9·0
1·5
9·7
9·7
15,,5
17·7
14.4
16.0
21·3
3/4
1/2
Mix-A-Product
Mix-A-Product
Mix-A-Product
Mix-A-Product
Tine tiller
Pre-plant
Pre-plant
Post-plant
Post-plant
Pre-plant
6.0
7·0
6.7
8·7
4·5
17·8
18.8
14.4
19·2
14.8
3/4
0
1/2
3/4
1/2
Tine
Tine
Tine
Tine
High
Pre-plant
Post-plant
Post-plant
Post-plant
Post-plant
6.0
0·5
7·0
6·5
5·5
:L7·2
15·2
16·9
19·5
16'.2
3/4
1/2
3/4
0
1/2
High pressure spray
High pressure spray
High pressure spray
Buddingh In-Row Weeder
Buddingh In-Row Weeder
Post-plant
Post-emergence
Post-emergence
Post-emergence
Post-emergence
6.0
2·5
5·0
4.5
6·5
16.1
13·3
14·7
17.8
15·1
3/4
Buddingh In-Row Weeder
Post-emergence
7·7
12·5
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/ 4
1/2
3/4
0
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
1/2
,~
Timing
Average
weed control
rating1
!I Weed
Rotary
Rotary
Rotary
Rotary
Rotary
tiller
tiller
tiller
tiller
tiller
(Shallow~
(shallow
(deep~
(deep
(deep)
tiller
tiller
tiller
tiller
pressure spray
1.2
control ratings are average of four replications.
o = no effect, 10 = complete control of all weeds.
AAA
~
11~1ttJte~ ~ ~
Optimum growth of tomato seedlings was obtained when the phosphorus containing
fertilizer band was placed 2 inches directly under the seed, according to G. E.
Wilcox of Indiana. (Proc Amer. Soc. Hart. Sci., 88s 521-526, 1966.)
e
4
Mutants in Snap Beans
Within any 8wecies of living things--plant or animal--mutations of varied kinds
occur and then breed true in sUbsequent generations. Mutations are now believed due
to certain biochemical "accidents'· primarily in the chromosomes; once occurring, they
are capable of faithfully repeating themselves. For a given kind of mutant, frequency
rate varies with the organism and with the environment within which the organism
exists.
Rate of mutation can be partially controlled by man--especially via radiation
of various types and via certain ch~m1cal agents. £om~ day we may be able to manip­
ulate, at will, the biochemical systems of the inheritance units (the "genes" on the
chromosomes). We have no such exacting control today.
Most mutations are harmful to organisms, and many of the mutants in crop plants
are undesirable as far as man is concerned. In the snap bean several kinds of
mutants are troublesome to breeders, seedsmen, processors, and consumers. The most
common of these mutants in round pod beans are: (1) small flat, (2) large oval,
(3) stringy, and (4) small, round, fibrous "pea bean." In Blue Lake pole beans the
small flat mutant has long been known. The mutants are borne on plants which pro­
duce normal, round pods. When seeds of the flat mutants are planted, they produce
flat pods only. The large oval, stringy, and "pea bean" mutants seem to be less
common, but all must be carefully rogued from stock seed plantings.
The impact of enVironment, especially very high or very low temperatures, on
mutation rate in beans has not been thoroughly explored. Some beans tend to develop
oval pods when temperatures are relatively low; for example, during nighttime tem­
peratures of 40-50° F in late fall in Oregon. Several years ago 08U797, a fairly
promising bush bean derived from Blue Lake pole, was essentially round podded when
maturing in August, but became uniformly oval when maturing in early October. No
mutation was involved in this case. Yet observations over several years have indi­
cated that a relatively large nUmber of small flat pod mutants may occur in the low
temperatures of late fall in western Oregon. Theoretically, it should not be sur­
prising to note higher than average mutation rates at temperatures deviating well
from the normal requirements of a given species.
(Continued page 5)
i!f/~
1tKe, , ,
~'
In a study of mulches on muskmelons in New York, Schales and Sheldrake found
that early season soil temperature (I-inch depth) was increased about 10 0 F by clear
plastic and petroleum mulch, 50 by clear plastic/black plastic, 3-5 0 by black plastic,
and none by white plasttc. straw and peat moss decreased soil temperatures 8 to 12°.
Plant growth was most rapid, fruit set was earliest, and yields highest with plastic
mulches. (~. Amer. Soc. Hart. Sci., 88: 425-430. 1966.)
5
Mutants • ••
(Continued from page 4)
In the April 1964 issue of Vegetable Digest three mutants obtained by use of
diethyl sulfate were described--dark green, silver, and small leaf. These mutants
were used immediately in crosses with bush Blue Lake materials such as OSU 949 in
an attempt to reduce- leafiness and sprawllness. No promising selections have been
obtained. The three mutants are associated with either small, short pods orlpw
yields, or both. They clearly illustrate that simple inheritance units (genes)
accounting for a given characteristic, as seen by the eyes of man, may also have an
influence on many other characteristics of the organism.
From a practical view, constant attention in roguing deleterious mutants is
necessary in bean seed stocks. This roguing is no guarantee of complete freedom from
flat pods, since such mutants may occur in the field on othe~ise normal, round pod
plants. Yet the roguing program is necessary to halt an ever-increasing percentage
or ,undesirable plants.
--w.
A.Frazier
Horticulture Department
•••
"
11~~",
Zahara and Sims reported that on once-over mechanical harvesting for cucumbers
in California, spacings of 3 and 6 inches in single rows on 40~inch beds Quty1elded
spacings of 1 and 12 inches in the row. -Preliminary studies with other-spacing
treatments indicated even higher yields may be obtained with two or four plants per
clump at 6-inch spacings between clumpsl using double rows on 40-inch beds.
(California Agriculture-, 20: 9-10, 1966.)
In western Washington, Tompkins found that broccoli plants produced from large
seeds had much higher early yields of center heads than plants from-small seeds. In
most cases, total center head production for the entire season was not influenced by
seed size. Plants maturing early tended to have smaller center heads than plants
maturing at midseason and later. Transplants grown from sized seed were quite uni­
form. ~Proc. Amer. Soc. Hart. Sci., 88: 400-405, 1966.)
6
Blond Peas --Progress Report
Observations of pea varieties for blending (light coloration) and other characters
were continued in northeast Oregon in 1966. Previous reports in Oregon Vegetable
Digest (XIII (4), 1964, XIV (1,2), 1965J and XV (2), 1966) indicated that varietal
characteristics were related to the occurrence of blond peas. Twelve varieties were
grown within a commercial field in replicated, irrigated plots near Imbler. Blond
peas were present in commercial plantings_
Plots were harvested at a tenderometer value of 95-105, washed, blanched, and
scored according to USDA standards. Additional samples were frozen for subsequent
evaluations. Mean values and observations are presented in Table 1 on page 7­
Following one season in which one replicate of the trial was eliminated (by
inadvertent planting on a section of the field previously treated with a residual
herbicide) and one season in which all the plots were exposed at least once to a
frosty period, yield estimates are based upon only four replicates. Therefore, not
all observations could be reduced to numerical values.
.
OSU 436-1 was again strikingly superior in the intensity of green color, al­
though there were color variations noted in the sample_ 436-1 1s an enation-resist­
ant selection from a cross to Miragreen. Early vine growth of 436..1 was slow~ and
pods were concentrated near the top of the plant. Flavor of OBU 436..1 has been
rated as insipid, being decidedlylack1ng in sweetness. Small amounts of seed for
breeding purposes are available from Dr. J. R. Baggett, Horticulture Department,
Oregon state University, Corvallis.
Venus was rated best in overall appearance of growth of the commercial lines in
the field plots.
Dark Skin Perfection, 436-1, 69-F, Scout, Signet, Venus, and Perfected Freezer­
60 will be included in similar trials in 1967­
--Andrew A. Duncan
Extension Vegetable Specialist
--Ernest J. Kirsch
County Extension Agent
--Bud Bier
Field Dept., Lamb-Weston, Inc •
•••
..
Table 1.
No.
Variety
1
D. S. Perf.
2
436-1
163-F
3
Mean Values and Observations of Pea Varieties
Color evaluations
USDA color scores
Source
Yield of vines
and peas
1bs./A
(x 1,000)
Yield of' peas
1bs./A
(x 1,000)
Comments on
growth habit
19
19
32
35
3·1
3-5
22
2.2
Unevenness in maturity
Short vines; pods at top
Short pods
18+
36
5·7
Good, healthy vine growth
18+
40
4.6
Short pods
19
32
5·0
Rank vines; matures rapidly
17+
35
3·5
19
28
3·0
Rank vines; large pods
and peas
Best overall appearance
19­
37
45
41
5·1
(check)
19+
Western
osu
, .
Valley
4
69-F
5
Sun Valley
6
Scout
7
Signet
8
Venus
Perf.
Freezer 60
Freezer 661
Freezer 649
Precursor
9
10
11
12
Western
Valley
Western
Valley
Western
Valley
Asgrew
Asgrow
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Clause
(check)
(check)
(check)
(France)
18
19
18
27
5·5
3·3
1.0
Good growth; large pods
Good growth; large pods
Good growth; large pods
Extremely uneven