C/61 - 23
A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHI
ON
CO*UNICATIONS AND POLITICAL DEVOPMENT
Prepared by
Jean Grossholts
and
ichard Hendrickson
for the
Social Science Research Council,
Commttee on Comparative Politics
Center for International Studies
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Canbridge, Massachusette
July, 1961
A SEIECTED BIBLIOGRAPH
on
COUNICATIONS AND POLITICAL DEVEIOPENT
tele of the Mass Media in Political Develonent
Ashford, Douglas E* "Patterns of Consensus in Developing Countries."
1, IV (April 1961), pp 7-10.
Anlurian Bhairal S1is
The major problem of coimensus formation in developing countries
is to expend the world view of participant individuals to include
the national scene. Creation of a "nationalistic fervor" by
reference to an outside threat leads to instability and my
hinder developmento
Bruner, Jerome S. and Jeanette Sayre. "Short-wave Listening in an
Italian Community." bp1g MinionQuarerly, V (Winter 1941),
pp 640-56.
A poll of a group of marginal Americans in Bostongs Italian north
end furnishes a clue to the motivation and behavior of the recent
iumigraot short wave listener.
Eldersveld, Samel J. "Experimental Propaganda Techniques and
Voting Behavior." American Political Scegge Review, 50 (March
1956), pp 154-65. Also in Eulau, .q. .1., Politica j3jgor
eseargh, Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press,
.a
R
.aggj4
1 , pp210-217.
The effectiveness of techniques for getting out the vote varies
with other considerations such as the type of campaign, personalities
involved, etc. Personal contact seems the most effective technique
for getting out the vote.
Eulau, Heins and Peter Schneider. "Dimensions of Political Involvement."
02jg
QuarerL, XI (Spring 1956), pp 128-42.
Political involvement depends on relatedness to the political
process. Sensitivity to politics is related to individual's
perception of the role of citisen and his perception of the
efficacy of political action.
Hadsel, Fred L. *Propaganda in the Funnies."
(December 1941), pp 365-68.
Cgrret Bg2
I
More people are reached by the comics than by any other part of
the newspaper. Comics analysed as to content and function.
2
14
Role of the Mass Media ;n Plitical
evelopmen, continued,
Kirchheimer, Otto. "German Democracy in the 1950's" World Politics,
1III (January 1961), pp 254-66.
External and internal problems of post war German devel opment.
Good documentation of German political development and role of
the mas media in this process.
Klappar, Joseph T e "What we know about the Effects of Uass Communication:
II (Winter 1957-8),
The Brink of Hope,," _ubq Opinion Quarter1,
pp 453-740
Summary of findings of mass media and mass communications research
and disacusion of some generalizations about effects.
Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. "Mass Communication Media and Public Opinion,"
36 (Fall 1959), p 401
rery,
J nl m
Question of real function of the mass media in Western society
People seek in the media confirmation for their
analyzed.
already existing opinions and philosophies.
"The Lynakey Tribunal: The British Method of
Robinton, Madeline B.
Pealing with Political Corruption." Political Science uarterly,
LXVIII (March 1953), pp 109-24.
The Britiah method of holding open hearings with thorough press
coverage, although destructive to some individuals without cause,
did tend to rally public support for proceedings and led to a
return of public confidence in the public administration. The
mss media served as a means of insuring maintenance of the
society9 s values.
Simon, Herbert A. and Frederick Stern. "The Effects of Television
upon Voting Behavior in Iowa in the 1952 Presidential election."
American Politia1 Science Review, 49 (June 1955), pp 4.70-77.
Also in _
cal Behavior: A Reader in The_
and eseareh,. pp 205-10,
Television had no discernable effect on total participation or
party division of the vote. Mass media had reachid a saturation
point so that the addition of television makes no substantial
difference In terms of evoking high inte:rest In a political
campaign,
Rot of the Mea
MediainEoliticalLeve~lomeqi
Stewart, Ponald H,
ontinued
"The Press and Political Corruption During The
o1tIca1 Science QarL
, IXVII
pp 426-47
Federalist Administrotion."
(September 1952),
The newspapers pioneered in directing popular attention to
gra~ft and corruption, pointing out land speculation deals,
ote. Faults tended to be associated with Individuals rather
than with abstract principles or inatitutions,
Emphasis on
the corruapton of the "ins" die, much to foster the growth of
an opposition party,
Wright, Charles P,,, "Functional Analysis and Mass Communication,"
b:;UC QpAnop Quartly, XXV (Winter 1960), pp 605-200
Kinda of factors involved in functional analysis of the role
of the media end the formulation of hypotheses are discussed
in terwm of the probleme involved in developing theory.
4
II. Communication Patterns
Alisky, Marvin. "Growth of Newspapers in Mexico's Provinces."
Jguurngles Quarterly, 37 (Winter 1960) pp 75-82.
Discusses effect of the amazing growth of readership and influence
of newspapers outside the national capital on local and provincial
politics.
They bring their readers into participation in local
events and carry comment and criticism of national officials and
policies0 At the same time they bring local political events to
a wider audience and even to national attention.
Cantwell, Frank V. "Public Opinion and the Legislative Process."
American Politial Science Review, LV ( October 1946), pp 924-35.
Also in Berelson, B. and Janowitz (eds.), Reader _n Pgb1g Opinion
and Co
ication, Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press, 1950, pp 121-31.
Legislators wait for public opinion to shape itself before dealing
formally with policy questions. Events play a more important role
than Congress or the President in shaping public opinion. Public
opinion seldom proposes a course of action and it always needs
leadership.
Damle, Y. B.
Villages. 1
"Gormunication of Modern Ideas and Knowledge in Indian
Public Opinion Quarterly, XX (Spring 1956), pp 257-70.
The influence of the social structure on the quality and quantity
of the communications which are assimilated in seven villages at
different distances and with differing contacts with urban center.
Structural constraints whether natural or imposed render certain
ideas and knowledge dysfunctional and lead to change.
Davison, W. Phillips. "On the Effects of Communication."
Quarterly, XXIII (Fall 1959), pp 343-60.
Public Opinion
Research must look deeper into the effects of communication on the
arousal of human needs and how they are satisfied. In one sense
the audience bargains with the message and vice versa.
Deutschmann, Paul J. and Wayne A. Danieson. "Diffusion of Knowledge of
the Major News story." Journalism Quarterly, 37 (Summer 1960), pp 345-55c
Analysis of the diffusion process involved in dissemenation of three
big news stories and the role of the 'opinion leader' in relaying
additional information. This relay function is supplemental to
the media and the reinforcement function,
5
I.Commun4eatiops- Patterns
Glickmann, Harvey, "Viewing Public Opinion in Politics: A Common Sense
Approach." Public Opinion Quarterly, XXIII (Fall 1959), pp 495-504.
Considers the atomistic character of "public" and the influence of
environmental factors and sub-publics on the articulation and aggregation
problem.
Horikawa, Naoyoshi. "Television in everyday life." Japanese
Revgew, 1960, 10, pp 148-60.
ournalism
An inquiry into the change caused by television on the lives of
women and children,
Husain, Asad. "The Future of English Language Newspapers in India."
Journaism Quarterly, 33 (Spring 1956), pp 213-219.
The English language papers will maintain their prestige largely
because the vernacular press has only a regional standing and the
national language has not spread to dimensions necessary for a truly
national press. English language speakers constitute only 8% of the
populat on but they are spread all over India and the English papers
have national coverage.
Jennings, W. Ivor. "Universities in the Colonies." in Shannon, ed.,
New York, Harper, 1957, pp 114-119.
Updordeeloped rea
Discusses tha problem of education for life in the colonies versus
the emphasir on examinations and English education.
Kats, Elihu. "The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up to Date Report
on An Hypothesis." Public .pinion Qurterly, XXI (Spring 1957) pp 61-78.
Discuwsse character of opinion leader and source of his influence.
Function of inter-personal relations.
Lowe, Francia E. and Thomas C. McCormick, "A Study of the Influence of
Formal and Informal Leaders in an Election Campaign." Public Oinion
Quarterly, XX (Winter 1956), pp 651-662.
Qualities of informal leaders and degree of influence relative to
formal leaders noted, Finds citizen's political opinions relatively
independent of those attributed to leader.
6
II.
Compunication Patterns
Mardin, Serif. "Some Notes on an Early Phase in the Modernization
of Communications in Turkey." Comparative Studies in Socety nd
History, III (April 1961), pp 250-271.
The process of modernization in Turkey discussed in terms of Karl
Deutsch's model in Nationalism and Social Cormncation. Concentrates
on problem of language diversity and national assimilation. The
building of national unity among the Turks had no relation to the
assimilation of linguistic minorities by a linguistic majority that
Deutach assumed,
Park, Robert E. "Reflections on Communication and Culture." Ameriean
Jpgurna.l of Sociolog, XLIV (1939) pp 191-205. Alvo in Reader n
Publie Opinion and Communication
-75
Communications "spin a web of custom and mutual expectation which
binds together diverse social units." Two forms of organization
involved, the familial and the communal.
Pickerell, Albert G. "The Press of Thailand: Conditions and Trends."
Journalsm _Quarterly, 37 (Winter 1960), pp 83-960
Paternalistic government, political apathy and other influences have
shaped newspapers which are colorful but lack accuracy and responsibility.
Trend toward more bluntness, more factual accounts, less carefree ways
but problem of underdevelopment in media resources is major,
Pye, Lucian W. "Communication Patterns and the Problems of Representative
Government in Non-Western Societies." Public Opinn Quarterl
XX
(Spring 1956), pp 249-56,
Traditional patterns of communication, changes wrought by urbanization
and westernization and special problems of political communication
inherent in character and culture of non-Western society.
Ragsdale, Wilmott. "A Program for Developing the Media of Southeast Auia0o
Journalism Qurterly, 37 (Spring 1960), pp 275-93
Report of the UNESCO Conference on Development of Information Media
in Southeast Asia, Bangkok, January 18-30, 1960, Statistics on media
available.
Smith, 3ruce L. "Communications Research on Non-industrial Countries,"
PublIe Qpnion .Qartriy,, 16 (Winter 1952-3), pp 527-38
also in
Shannon, JUnderdeveegg Areas., p 360-367,
Outlines imin characteristics of these socielies wiTh emphasis on
audlience charac teristicso
7
II.
Communication Patterns
Stycos, J. M.
_Public ,
"Patterns of Comunication in a rural Greek Village."
ion Quarterly, XVI (Spring 1952), pp 59-70.
Investigates question: To what extent does 'opinion leader' hypothesis
fit the comunication pattern of a relatively underdeveloped area? Finds
that in an area with low literacy, low access to media, the importance
of the opinion leader is enhanced and to some extent formalized. Also
points to wthe information controllers" who because they own radios or
newapapers can control the flow of news.
Warner, Bob. "An Emerging Press: The African Story."
93 (August 27, 1960), p 120
Editor
L Publisher,
An examination of press conditions in the Congo Republic, Guinea, Somali,
and Valagasy.
8
Illo Attitude Change. Social4sation and Personality, Struture
Baur, E. Jackson. "Public Opinion and the Primary Group."
Sociological Review, 25 (Arril 1960), pp 208-19.
American
Typical history of a public passes through stages characterized by
mass behavior, public controversy between organised factions, and
institutionalised decision making. In each stage primary groups
perform generative and relay functions within larger structures.
Breed, Warreno "Uass Communication and Socio-Culturel Integration."
Sogal Force , 37 (December 1958), pp 109-116,
Analyses mess media as an independent variable in normative integrtion
in terms of publishing or not publishing material which may injure
popular faith in the society or important parts of it.
Power and close
as structural strata are protected by media and the media do not reveal
flaws in working of institutions or deviance from norms.
Deutsch, Karl Wo "The Growth of Nations: Some Recurrent Patterns of
Political and Social Integration." World Politics, V (January 1053),
p 168-195o
Defines comunity and people in terms of communications.
Lists
possible specific uniform ties in nation--building including the
the growth of basic communicatlon gride. Concept of self-interest
and the experience of self-awareness i part of the problem of
social integration.
Eisenstadt, S. No "Co micatlion Systems and Social Structures An
Exploratory Comparative Study,," Public Qgipon Quarterly, XIX
(Summer 1955), pp 153-67.
Compares communio.system of underdeveloped countries with more
urban-modern systemso Draws hypothesis as to how development takes
place.
Eisenstadt, S. N. "Conditions of Communicative Receptivity."
opinion Quarterly, 17 (Fall 1953), pp 363- 74
Pbtlie
Study of communication process of new immigrants in Israel,
characteristics of "low communicants" and conditions which give rise to
this. Finds that individuals need organization in a system and th.s
organization determines his communication receptivity.
Gempests, K. "The Relation of Empathy to Effective Communication,"
Journalism Quarterly, XXXVII (Autumn 1960), pp 533-46.
Sunarises all writings on empathy- its nature, meaning and role in
personality development, Draws some hypothesis about meaning in terms
of communiation.
9.
III. Attitude Change. Socialisation and Personality Structure. continued
Geiger, Kurt.
"Changing Political Attitudes in Totalitarian Society:
A Case Study of the Role of the Family."
(January 1956), pp 187-205.
2
Polits,
VIII
Interviews with refugees on parent-child relations vis-a-vis Soviets
and religion. Conflict of values weakens family as unit of opposition.
Golden, H. H.
"Literacy and Social Change in Underdeveloped Countriea."
RuCAI 9169,
20 (1955),
pp 2-7.
znds lIteracy correlates with industrialisation at .87 and at .84
with per capita income.
Greenstein, Fred I.
journa
"Sex Related Political Differences in Childhood."
Politics, 23 (May 1961), p 353
Review of findings on children's social development and report on
New Haven study showing continuing sex differences in direction and
degree of political attention and participation.
as early as 9-10 years.
Differences appear
. "Children's Images of Political Authority." American
Political
Qo
t
evi,
y
LIV (December 1960),
pp 934
New Haven study indicates grade 4 to 8 children have some perceptions
of political letders and their roles and importance.
Absence of
political cynicism or skepticism at this age.
Gulick, John. "Conservativisa and Change in a Lebanese Village."
E
B EUgt Jg
_1 8 (Summer 1954), pp 295-307.
Changes which have taken place as a result of contact with the West.
What has changed: occupational roles, economics, religion, kinship
structure, social behavior, localism.
Guttman, Louis and Urill G. Foa.
Attitude."
Pu~bli
"Social Contact and an Inter-Group
Dinion Quarterl,
XV (Spring 1951), pp 43-53.
Survey of cross-section of Israeli population on attitude toward
government civil servants. Amount of contact was not related to
direction of intergroup attitude but was related to the intensity
of that attitude,
Kats, Daniel.
"The Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes,"
Public OApnn Quarterly, xxIV
(Summer 1960),
pp 163-204.
Reasons for holding or changing attitudes are found in the functiona
they perform for the individual, specifically the functions of
adjustment, ego defense, value expression and knowledge.
otivationa1
impact of other groups of variables considered.
10
III. Attitude Change, Socialization and Personality Structure, continued
Klapp, Orrin E. "Social Types: Process and Structure."
Sociological R~eve, 23 (December 58), pp 674-8.
American
Distinguishes between formal role structure and social typing. The
later specify's much of the informal structure and special situations
that develor for which no formal role exists. In a changing society
social typing defines emerging roles and thus plays a role in the
development of social structure. They give informal status, contribute
to identity problems solutions in transitional societies.
Meier, Dorothy and Wendell Bell. "Aunomie and Differential Access to
Reig, 24
the Achievement of Life Goals." American So
(April 1959), pp 189-202.
rysfunction and communication problems.
Nair, Le P. "Independent Religious Movements in Three Continents."
I (January 1959),pp 113Comparative Studies i Society andHistory
Reaction to opposition to established religious institutions
appear similar: greater autonomy in achieving benefits or reinterpretation of the dogma and goals. Suggests political party or
labor union organization may be similar,
Patai, Raphael. "The Dynamics of Westernization in the Middle East."
Middle East Journal, 9 (Winter 1955), pp 1What prevailed, means used by West, why some practices accepted easier
than others, etc. Sees change as the development of mental attitudes
in the direction of rational thinking.
"The Concentration and Dispersion of Charisma."
Shils, Edward.
Politics, XI (October 1958), pp 1-19.
World
Charisma can be dispersed if individuals can find a way of breaking
loose from habits of extended family without losing the basic organisational structure of personal life, By learning to use own capacity
the individual gains in self respect but he must develop a basic
structure to organise himself in relation with others, that is, develop
a belief in his own charisma as well as charisma of those in authority.
Tumin, Melvin U. "Some Disfunctions of Institutional Imbalances."
Bqhavi2ra Sclenc . I (July 1956), pp 218-23.
How does the economic structure--especially job recruitment, placement,
performance, and reward--compare with the structure of kinship-role
playing, and how do these structures interact? Ways in which
institutions may become and be dominant and effect of imbalance which
results particularly the imbalance in value attainment.
11
III. AttitUde Chage. Socialisation and Personality Structure, continued
Vickers, Geoffrey. "Is Adaptability Enough?"
(July 1959), pp 219-234.
Behavioral
ienc,
4
Outlines a conceptual model for the adaptation of a system. Points
out essential features of adaptation, problems raised. Society's
regulatory process and how it reacts to changes. Control and
conflict within the system.
Walter, E, V. "Power, Civilisation and Psychology of Conscience."
Amerigan Political Science Review LIII (September 1959), pp 641-61.
Function of political power is to regulate, direct, coordinate, and
control existing social relationships. To function properly it
requires certain social and psychological conditions. Traditional
societies differ in these conditions and change brin-s about crisis
in political power.
Wurfel, David. "Foreign Aid and Social Reform in Political Development:
A Philippine Case Study 0 " American Political Science eie, LIII
(June 1959), pp 456-82.
American use of foreign aid to effect social reform, minimum wage
act and encourage land reform, Social and political problems
encountered in the processo
12
IV.
Role of S'etfric Grous in Develommn
Almond, Gabriel A, *A Comparative Study of Interest Groups and the
LU (March
Political Process." American Political §gAAMe Leud
1958), pp 270-2.
Description of tho Committee on Comparative Politics of the SSTC
its membership, orientation, objectives, and initial hypotheses.
Rationale of interest group and functional approach.
Ashford, Douglas E. "Labor Politics in a New Nation."
Quarterly, XIII (June 1960), pp 312-331.
ttgr Politis
Study of U.U.T. labor movement in Morocco since independence. Example
of a labor union becoming a well-organized and functionally specific
interest group during the achievement of independence and then denying
its union purposes in order to engage in politics and seek political
influence.
Blankaten, George I. "Political Groups in Latin America."
Foltical Scine Reew, LIII (March 1959), pp 106-27.
American
Describes and classifies institutional, associational and non-associational
groups in Latin American politics. Argues for the "group analysis"
approach for an understanding of tatin American politics.
Dubin, Robert. "Industrial Conflict and Social Welfere."
Cflinct Renlgbuka,
I (June 1957), pp 179-99,
gIgg
Role of conflict and response to same in social integration and social
change. Social change is "hamered out" in the daily lives of citisens
and their reference groups. The interplay and conflict over the ends
of power seeking groups is the fund :ntal social process and the outcome
of this conflict settles social policy questions.
Eisenstadt, S. N. "Internal contradictions in Bureacratic Politics."
Commarabie Stus
g .glgtZ ajg
MjigjgEZ, I (October 1958), pp 58-75c
Punctional analysis of bureeataecies in pre-modern cultures. Shows
that goals institutionalised by ruling elites who established centralised bureaucracies were eventually undermined by those recruited into
the suprorting institutions.
. "Political Struggle in Bureacratic Societies."
II (October 1956), pp 15-36.
World Politics,
Political sphere of bureacracies is strongly goal oriented with goe' s
distinct from those of other institutions or sub-groups in the society,
Description of these socibes and social conditions which give rise to
thes.
13
IV.
R21e of Speeifie Group- in Develoment, continued
Freedman, Maurice. "Immigrentaand Associations: Chinese in 19th Century
Singapore," CoMarative Studies Ln Society and History, III (October
1960), pp 25 ff',
Societies organised by Chinese created a sub-society during the 19th
century, Secret societies insulated Chinese from other societies and
provided consensus mechanism within the relatively closed society,.
Friedmann, J.
"Intellectuals in Leveloping Societies,"
Jyjlos
(No.
4,
1960), pp 513-44.
Modern intellectual must be ranged alongside the innovator in affairs
of business as a principal agent in promoting economic growth. He
mediates new values, formulates an effective ideology, etc.
Hoselitz, B. F.
"The Recruitment of White-Collar Workers in Underdeveloped
Countries," International Sggil jSience Bulletin, VI (No. 3, 1954),
pp 3-11. Also appears in Shannon, Underdeveloed Argj, pp 181-9.
Character of the white collar worker and his recruitment on a personal,
non-rational basis must be understood in terms of the development needs
of underdeveloped countries.
Kozicki, Richard J. "Indian Interest Groups and Indian Foreign Policy,"
Indian Journal of Political Scice, (July-September 1958), pp 219-27,
Notes general absence of interest groups in India, But Federation of
Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry is active in foreign policy
particularly discusses this group with respect to Indo-Burmese and IndoCeylon policies.
Lerner, Daniel and Richard Robinson. "The Turkish Army as a Modernizing
Force, World Pjltics, XIII (October 1960), pp 19-44.
Role of military in spread of Westernization and Western values and in
pressuring politicians to behave has been of great importance in Turkey.
Contacts with West have been more intense historicalV and through U.S aid
Lichtblau, George E. "The Politics of Trade Union Leadership in Southern
Asia,"
W2rld Politics, VII (October 1954), pp 84-101.
Unemployed intellectuals took over leadership of the labor movement
to achieve social and political mobility otherwise denied them. Workers
and leaders interests converged and were identified with nationalisa
Political ambitions and personalized character of relationship converts
unions into recruitment mechanism for political process and government
takes over a protective role toward worker,
314
IV.
Role of Specific Groups in Developsmnt, continued
Liebman, Charles S. "Electorate Interest Groups and Local Government
Policy," American Behavioral Scientist, IV (January 1961), pp 9 ff.
Develops a model of policy formulation which assumes a complete
separation of policy formulation and electoral activity. Voter
decisions are entirely personality oriented and there is no
expectation that particular policies will be realised because a
particular candidate is elected. Thus elected officials are not
bound by constituent demands.
Rangnekar, r. K. "The Nationalist Revolution in Ceylon,"
LXII (December 1960), rp 361-74.
Pagflc Affair.,
Peaceful transfer of power in Ceylon prevented the development of
meass movement which might have served to unify the people. Bandaranaike
aroused first nationalist spirit with appeals to politically alienated
using socialism and nationalism0
Reed, Howard. "A New Force at Work in Democratic Turkey,"
Journal 7 (Winter 1953), pp 33-44.
Mdde ,Ego
Peasant has become target of political appeals and as prosperity and
communication increase his demands become wider and more detailed,
Fxample of broadening base of political power.
Rudolph, Lloyd Iand Susanne H. Rudolph. "The Political Role of India's
Caste Associations," Pacific Affairs, XXXIII (March 1960), pp 5-224
Caste associations as an example of indigenous forms of associations
providing channels of communication and bases of leadership and
organization to overcome "technical political illiteracy" handicaps
of traditional elements and thus allow them participation in politics.
Sakata, Yoshio and John Whitney Hall. "The Motivation of Political
Leadership in the Meiji Restoration," Journal gf A8si Studieg, XVI
(November 1956), pp 31-50.
Analyses restoration in terms of the political agents who brought it
about. Breakdown of equilibrium of three distinct political institutions
and the development of a potential bargaining process as quid pro quols
fluctuated. Significant in terms of imbalanees created during develorment
and changes brought about through response to these imbalances.
Sayeed, Kalid B, "Political Role of Pakistan's Civil Service,"
Affairs, XX (June 1958), pp 131-46.
Pacific
Civil Servant!s distrust of the politicisn and his ways and the strength
of the civil service gives that group unnatural weight in political affairs,
They are not responsive to needc and very slow to act,
15
IV. Role of S
if
Shils, Ed-card,
World .Poli.
roe
Developmnt, continued
"Intellectuals, Public Opinion and Economic Development,"
X (January 1958), pp 232-55o
Finds that the intellectuals need to contact masesa with their vision,
and me-s the preas as the chief organ of instructuared public opinion0
Generasl discussion of preas problems in underdeveloped countries,
"The Intellectuals in the Political Development of the New
o
States " World Poljtics, XII (April 1960), pp 329-68&
Changing roles of intellectuals in the process of political development
Szigliano, Pobert Co "Political Parties in South Vietnam Under the
Republic." argfiq Affairs, XXXIII (1ecember 1960), pp 327-346.
Development of Vetnamese political parties as ins'trumnts for dealing
with foreign rulers. Seek accomodation and a wider range of participation
but miostly aimed at independence.
"Patterns and Problems of Local Administration in
Wickwer, W 11ardy.
the Middle Easton Middle East Journal, 12 (Summer 1958), pp 249-60.
Problem of decentralisation of administration and creation of viable
political and administrative units at the local level. Use of Western
institutions and the results, Socio-cultural factors inhibiting and
enhancing development,
Wright, Gordono
"Peasant Politics in the Third' French Republie '
XX (March 1955), pp 7546.
e.n!e Quaverl,
Politics
Role of peasants in development. They have tended to back reactionary
forces and slor down social reform.
16
V,
Cu;Ltral 'Faetors that Enhance or IMede Democratic DeveLo"2pment
Bernstein, Marver. "Israel a Capacity to Govern."
(Apiril 1959), pp 399-417,
ol
A2.Politijo, XI
Analyzen the achievements and problems -the nation-building elite of
Israel experienced in their development of a modern state0 Deals
with orientations toward government, development of legitimy, etc.
Brze'Anski, Zbigniew.
"The Politics of Underdevelopment,"
IX (Oct&er 1956), pp 55-75,
World Polities,
Economic development requires totalitarian regimes, Foreign aid
programs therefore, can not contribute to political and social
change in the direction of democratic development,,
Cook, Thomas 1o "Democratic Psychology and Democratic World Order,"
Worl Politics, I (July 1949), pp 553-564.
Need to re-evaluate assumptions about political theory and psychology
with a view to developing useful theoretical base for functicnal
theory,,
r.
I
"Tridonesis and the Commonwealth in Southeast Asiat A
Reappraisal," International Affairs, 34 (October l58), pp 454-68
Cowan, C
Description of events in Indonesia arising out of the 1.949 decision
to change the constitution from a federal to a central unitary state.
Notes the biggest problem in Indonesia is the failure to grasp the
fundamental principle of Western parliamentary practice: the t governments
succeed one another modifying each others programs as the pendulum swings
f'rom one to another.
Finaudi, Mario. "The Crisis of Politics and Government in France."
Polit~ic
TV (October 1951), pp 64-84c
Worl
Problems of parliamentary system in multi-party state. Does not
generate spirit of compromise or acceptance of majority rule. How
find the dividing line between party politics and government,,
" A Meaning for Turnerls Frontier,"
PoliticL Science Quartrly, LUTY (September 1954) pp 321-353 and also
U
(December 1954) pp 565-602,,
Elkins, Stanley and Eric MeYetriek.
Political democracy is most obvious where there is r necessity to act
that is, in the initial stages of seting up a new cor.runity where there
Implies no clear diatInction
is no struicture o' natural leedership.
between rulers and ruled in this settinp
17
V0
Cultural Factors that Enhance or Impede Democratic Development
Emerson, Rupert. "The Erosion of Democracy."
Studies, XX (November 1960), pp 1 ff.
The Journal of Asian
Military take-overs in South East Asia raise the question of the
suitability of Western evolved democracy for Asian environements.
Griffith, Ernest S. and John Plamenats, J. Roland Pennock. "Cultural
Prerequisites for Democracy." Aeica Political Science Review,
50 (March 1956), pp 101-37,
A philosophical essay by each author on the requirements for democracy
restricted to five highly industrialized countries.
Hauser, Philip M. "Cultural and Personal Obstacles to Economic
Development in the less Developed Areas." Huan Organisation,
18 (Sumer 1959), pp 78 ff .
Elements of colonialism which impede economic development: truncated
social orders, pluralistic societi.es, over-urbanisation, resurgent
nationalism, mass disillusionment with respect to the timing of
economic development0
Elements of indigenous culture which impede
development: value systems which conflict with material aspirations,
highly stratified socieities with a relatively small but powerful
elite, etc.
Hughes, Colin A. "Semi-Representative Government in the British West
Indies." Political Science Quarterly, LXVIII (September 1953), pp 338-53o
Two main tendencies in West Indian politics--lone wolf tradition of
personality politics and over organization on paper which is ineffeative
in terms of political organization. Transitional societies tend to have
loosely organised politics at the same time that many opportunities exist
to avoid accountability. This is crucial.
Lane, Robert. "The Fear of Equality "
LIII (March 1959), pp 35-51.
American Political Science Review,
Finds that working class Americans do not promote or hold to the ideal
of equality. This value is promoted largely by intellectuals.
Lipset, Seymour. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Pevelopment
and Political Legitimacy." American Political Science Ree
LII
(March 1959), pp 69-1050
Compares "democracies" nore or less democratic in terms of wealth,
industrialization, education and urbanization0 Compares in terms
of legitimacy and effectiveness of government. Finds development
problems of new states inherent in the requirements mentionedlevel of economic development and level of political effectiveness
and legitimacy.
V,, Cultural Factors that Enhance or Impd
remocratic IDevelopment, .contInued'
Folitic1 l Science Quartey
Mershall, Jamese "The Nature of Democracy 0 "
LXV (March 1950), pp 38=5.4o
The measure of a people's democracy is the extent of its freedom
from dependence, This is a sign of a political maturity, All modern
Societes embody a degree of dependence those which try to decretve
the level of dependence are democratie. If citizen is dependent he
tan not relerse the aggrevsions and anxieties which society creates
must rely on leaders, Democracy is a complex serise of human rdation
ships a-nd e 4srative cultural relationshipo
RosenbeJg, Uorris 0 "The Meaning of Politics In Mass Society."
O2inon QuYtrleZjy, XV (Spring 1951), pp 5-15,
Public
iest8 three positive motivations to polilcal action and three
obstructions to political action. Politics gives no immediate
concrebe, gratification and thous rouses apathy 'but his allows
people to accept political defeat of their candidates.
Sayeed, Khalid Ben. "Collapse of Parliamentary Democracy in Pakistan."
Middle East Journal, 13 (Autumn 1959), pp 389-406.
Background of the situation, the division in leadership and the
problems of the martial law regime in meeting demands of public
opinion, Overall view of the problem of demoeratic development
and social reform and difficulties of finding political solutions
to social problems.
Tambeah, S. J, and Bryce Ryan,
oei,
y "
"Secularization o" Family Values in
22 (June 1957), pp 292-9.
,nfertility in ' ry'al
Examines traditional ftmily values and
Sinkalese communities. Different levels of urban contact, isolation
other variables point out that harsh envircnmental conditions are not
sufficient condition for modification of' value principles.
yen der Kroef, Justus V. "Indonesilas Economic W'ture."
Afaltra, 'XXI
(March 1959), pp 46-72.
Ilic
Th politica of economic development rnd the problem of need for
captel versus th'e ettitude toward foreign capital.. Traditional
ways of complete representation and unanimity not conduelve to
developMnt problem Solving, Mitual cooperation value places more
coniern on
ieology than on reconstr-uction o
19
VI.
Theories and Models of Poltcal Systems
Almond, Gabriel A.,, Taylor Cole and Roy C. Macridis. "A Suggested
Research Strategy in Western European Government and Politics."
AMIcan Pogli&col Scienge Rgyag, 49 (December 1955), pp 1042-49,
Review of U.S. and European political theory and research and a
suggested strategy for consensus among researchers as to the most
urgent needs of the field, the best approaches and suitable methodolcgy.
Almond, Gabriel. "Comparative Political Systems." Journal jffolitics,
XVIII (August 1956), also in Eulau, et. al. Political Beavior:_ Ae der
iI .Taggggq Rsarcgh.
Formulation of the political culture model and the functional
analysis of interest groups used in PolItie gf .he Deelojina
Apter, David. "A Comparative Method for the Study of Politics." The
American Jural of Sociolo"y, LXIV (November 1958), pp 221-237.
Sets up three main dimensions-social stratification, political
groups and government-in order to produce a manipulative theory
out of comparative research. Outlines main components of each
dimension and purports to show how each dimension interacts with
the other two.
. "The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization
of Ghana and Ugenda." WoQd Politics, XIII (October 1960), pp 45-68.
_____
Compares Ghana and Uganda to shoe how their modern existence has been
and is being shaped by the nature of their tradtions. Defines in terms
of instrumental versus consummatory systems and the possibilities of
innovation in each system.
Berelson, Bernard. "Democratic Theory and Public Opinion."
e
2nion Qarteri,
16 (Fall 1952), pp 313-330. Also appears in
Eulau, j.t..j.,
Political Behavior: A Ragerg
j g
and Research.
Discussion of the prerequisites of democracy as outlined by theorists
and compared to what public opinion studies have shown to be the
actual case about political behavior. Suggests points where theory
is too gross and needs refinement. Sets up guidelines as to
requirements of "democracy."
Bretton, Henry Lo "Current Political Thought and Practice in Chana."
AeLrin Poltical Science tA gs,
52 (March 1058), pp 47 ff.
Attempts to isolate some of the problem areas and political
characteristics implicit in behavior patterns of contemporary
and future political systems in developing areas. Looks at
practices and behavior of party organisation end the conduct of
elections, parliamentary and administrative affairs.
20
V1.
Theories and Models of PolitIeal Systems, continued
Easton, Davido "An approach to the Analysis of Political Systems."
Wrld olities, IX (April 1957), pp 383-400.
Input-output systems model of political process0 Discusses the
dynamic character of the process and the kinds of demands, channels,
supports and outputs required to keep it operating0
Eiaenstadt, S.
"Primitive Political Systems: A Preliminary Comparative
Analysis,," American Anthropologist, LXI (April 1959), pp 200-20o
Good description of the basic elements of a political system,
Emerson, Rupert,, "Nationalism and Political Development." Journl 9f
Polltics, 22 (February 1960), pp 3-28o
Nationalism answers none of the practical problems of development or
independence. Its contribution is of the spirit and psychology and it
may even impede development i' used as a screen for domestic failures.
Gyr, John W. "An investigation into and Speculations about, the formal
nature of the problem solving process,'
Behavioral Science, 5 ,Janlay
1960),
pp 39-59.
The process of a person fitting "guesses" about the environment to his
experience in it,
Need to consider such things as the succession of
trials made by the subject in solving problems, information available
to him prior to each trial, mechanism inside individual which might
account for the specific linkages between information and trial and
the control system within this process,
Kahin, George McT., Guy Pauker, Lucian W. Pye,
"Comparative Politics of
Non-Western Countries," American Political Science Review, 49 (December
1955),
pp 1022-41,
A preliminary review and forecast of studies in comparative politics
concentrating on problems of non-Western countries: the political
process, groups and media of influence, dynamic factors to be
considered by students in the field,,
Kahl, Joseph A. "Some Social Concomitants of Industrialization and
Urbanization,"
Organisation, 18 (Summer 1959), pp 53ff0
Good review of litereture on urbanization and Its effects on
family structure, personal choices, attitudes toward life, etc,
21
VI.
Theories and Models of Political Systes,. continued
Rudolph, Susanne. "Consensus and Conflict in India." Worm
(April 1961), pp 383-99.
EgridB,
lull
Indian politics does not legitimise power or men who "live off" poelte.
Discusses reasons for and results of this phenomena.
Rustow, Dankart A., "New Horinns for Comparative Politics."
Politics, IX (July
), pp 530-49c
.Wggi
Differences between comparattv ;titles
of Western and non-Western
world emphasise need for new concepts. Broad view of the situation
shows similarities in experience. The constants have become variables
and we need a more historical touch.
Weiner, Nyron.
",*e Maint Power: Notes on Indian Political
Behavior." WorlgPolitics, 'aI (April 1956), pp 392 ff.
One prerequisite of a democratic system is a willingness of political
groups to make political calculations ( e.g. compromises and
*colitions)
to increase their strength. This is lacking In lndia and leadero are not
concerned for the political conequences of their acts. Indie attitudea
toward power tend to place leaders outside of fcanal wae n their own
organisation.
0
22
I.
The Communications Process
Bent, Silas.
News
er Crusaders: A Neglected Sto!Z* New iork:
MCOraW-Hills 193
Bruce, John. Ga
Years
Ro
Century: The StorY of San Francisco's Hundred
ourna a
Now orlic
dom HI
194t
Cater, Douglas. The Fourth Branch of Government.
14iflinp 19599
Boston:
Houghton
Do Fleur, Melvin and Otto N. Larsen.
E.xprimnt in
The Flow of InforMUtions An
as Comunications. "
YorkTHarper, 195
Hovland, Carl I.
"Effects of Ass Iedia of Communication,"
Handbook of Social
holo,
II, G. Lindsey (editor). CambridLe:
Addison-Wesley, 1954, pp
3.
Hovland, Carl I., Irving I. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley.
q m=
and Persuasion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.
Hughes, Helen MnGill. News and the Human Interest Story.
University of Chicago
eis
959 ~
Janowits, M. The Commun
Free Press,152
n an Urban Set ing
on
Chicago:
encoot The
Katz, Elihu and Paul Lasarafeld. "Personal Influence," in Eulau, et al.,
Political Behavior, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1956, pp '19-59.
Lang, Kurt and Gladys E. "Mass Media and Voting," in Eugene Burdioik
and Arthur J. Brodbeck (editors), American Voting Behavior Glencoas
The Free Press, 1959.
Lasewell, Harold D. "The Structure and Function of Communications
in Society," in L. Bryson, The Communication of Ideas. Now York:
Institute of Religion and Soe
Studies,*1
S
23
I.
The Communications Process, continued
Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudste
The Peopie'
Choice: How the Voter Makes U His Mind in a PresidentisTC,
.
Ner YrkTThiIe T
w,[rntaiaFPeare #
Lazarefeld, Paul F. and Robert K. Morton. "Mass Communcation, Popular
Taste and Organized Social Action," in L. Bryson, The Communication
of Ideas. New York: Institute of Religion and SociaTudiIes,9W.
Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Frank Stanton.
Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944.
Radio Research 191 2-3.
New York:
Lee, Alfred MClung. The DailyNewspaper in America: The Evolution
of a Social Instruimet .
ow York: am&Ul
, 97.
Merton, Robert K. "Patterns of Influence: A Study of Interpersonal
Influence and of Commnication Behavior in a Local Community,"
in Lasarafeld, Paul F, and Frank Stanton, Communications Research
1948-9. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949,~p" 85-0.
Merton, Robert K. "The Sociology of Knowledge and Mass Communication,"
Part III of Social
and Structure. Glencoe: The Free Press,
1959.
Pool, Ithiel de Sola. Trends in Content Analysis.
of Illinois Pres, 19
Urbana: Universdty
Riley, John W., Jr. and 14. W. Riley. "Mass Communication and the
Social Structure" in Merton, Broom and Cottrell, Sociology Tda.
New York: Basic Books, 1959, pp 537-78.
Rosten, Leo. The Washington Correspondents,
Brace Company,
Schramm, Wilbur (editor). Mass Communications.
of Illinois Press, 1944e,
New York: Harcourt,
Urbana: University
Schramm, Wilbur. Responaibility in Mass Communications.
Harper and Brothers,
New York:
0
24
I.
The Cowmnications Process$ continued
Schraum, Wilbur (editor). The Process and Effects of Mass
Maieivr 1954 0
Communications . Urbana:
Science Research Associates.
ThedM Comics.
January, 1956.
Siebert, Fred S., T. B. Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm. Far Theories
of the Press. Urbana: University of T1linois PressI19 6 .
Sinclair, Upton.
The Brass Chsc)o
Pasadena: The Author, 1919.
Waples, Douglas, Bernard Berelson, and F. R. Bradahaw. What ad
of Evidence on the Social Effeci o
Does to frgjs A S
versity
hicago: '(ioeai
ro
Readin and a Statmenft
Williams, J. Go Redio
Paris: UNESCO, 1950.
n FundaMnal EAti URD
_Undvn
&31ea
Wright, Charles R.
Ction:
CjOMMss
A Sooiolotical Fersectiy
New York: Random House (Paperback), 1960o
25
II.
Attitude Change Socialisation and Personali
Child, Irvin L. "Socialisation," in G. Lndsq, Hadbook of
Social Psychology, II.
Cambridge: Addison-es.e
pp 655-09
Daedalus, 89 (Spring 60),
"M4ass Culture and Mass Md
Dood, Leonard Wo
Am
AP
New Haven: Yale"nversAF';
Handlin, Oscar. The Uprootedo
1951 (paperbaw7
oMare
Fipviliaed:
na
90
New York: Grosset and Dunlap Publifhers,
to 1
togant
tri am
Hays, Samuel P. The
University of Chicago Press, 1957.
8
.n
9
Chicago:
Heberle, Rudolf. Social Mavexents An IntrOductiont to Po~iial
Sociology. New Yorks App1eTon-Ceu-rfts,15.
Hoselits, Bert F. (editor). Socio
Development. Glencoe: The F
LAis
ress,
Hlyman, Herbert. Political Socialisation: A Stu
MFrie
of Political Be"TaivTO
o Econom
n the P
Inkeles, Alex and David J. Levinson. "National Character: The Study
of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems," in 0. Lindsey,
Handbook of Social Psychology, II,
Cambridge: Addison-Wesleys
Kerr, Clark, John T. Dunlap, et al. Industr a
Cambridge: Harvard University PresaZ 196
and Industrial Man.
Kluckhohn, Clyde. "Culture and Behaviors" in 0. Lindsey, Handbook
Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 19!4""pl 1-76o
of Social Psychology, II.
Lipset, S. M., Paul F. Lasarafeld, A. H. Barton and J. Lins. "The
Psychology of Voting: An Analysis of Political Behavior,"
Cambridge:
in G. Lindsey, Handbook of Social Psychology, II.
Addison-Wesley, 954s
1118E
0
U
26
II.
Attitude Cha e Socialisation and Personalit , continued
Mannoni, O.
Po
and Caliban: The Fsghro
of Colonisation.
Translated byaml"osrado:
ag,1
Public
Public
inion Quarterl XXII, Fall 1958, Daniel Lerner,(editor).
titud
earc
n Modernising Areas."
Qarter,
XXIV, Suwmer 1960, Daniel Katz (editor).
Slotkin, James S. From Field to Factory New Industrial EM o
m
(Research Centern Ecnio
L~Delopuent'i"n
lral
=418ge
University of Chicago) Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960.
Smith, M. Brewster, Jerome S. Bruner and Robert W. White.
and Personality. New Yorks John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
nions
Shils, Edward. "The Studr of the Primary Group," in Lerner and
Lasell (editors), The P
Sciences: Recent
l
in
Sco
and
thod Stanford: Stnaford University Press, 1951.
Spindler, G. D. Socio-Cultural and P choloical Proceses in
Menomini Accul turaton. Berkey:
versity of""a.11frnia
Press, 1955.
Thomas, William F. and Florian Zuaieki. The Polish Peasset in
Europe and America. New York: Knopft, 1f.
1
0
27
III.
Studies of Specific Grou
and Case Studies of DevloMnt
Apter, David, The Gold Coast in Transition.
University 1re s","T7a.
Princetons Princeton
e in Morocco.
pumTiished
Ashford, Douglas., Political Cha
University Press,$"
1,""Tio
Princeton: Princeton
Baileys F. G. Caste and the Economic Frontier: A 1
ie'useZ r UyPrisq
,
Oria
Man. ssUF
e in Highland
0.
Bascom, Willia R. and Melville J. Herskovits (editors). Continu
in African Cultures. Chicago s Chicago Unive
and Chan
Na
ua
act
Coleman, Jwes So
o
a
Berkele
University of Ca~foindia Prs715""
Dore, R. P. .Cit Life in Japan: A S
University o Ca3!oria
s
Dore, R. P. Land Reform in Ja
national A
r.ersity
.
of a Tolo Ward.
London: Royal Institute of InterPress, 1959.
Ehrman, Henry W. (editor). Interest Grou
Pittsburgh: University of""tTTEE
iri;g
Emerson, Rupert*
of Asian and
Fallers, L. Be
Berkeley:
on Four Continents.
5.
From fti5e to Nation: The Rise to Slf-Assertion
a rid
aa U es
Ps
Bantu B
in the Poiiq
W. Heffer adon,
au
O~~O
ASuofIm
tion and Conflict
0rA
i9
Fisher, Margaret and Joan V. Bondurant. The Indian
Democratic Elections. Berkeley: Univeerty ofC
Ginsburg, N. and Chster Roberts.
Washington Press, 1958,
M
noe with
olifa 1756
Seattle: University of
28
III.
Studies of Specific Groups and Case Studies of Development, continued
Karpat, Kemal H. Turks 'a Politics: The Transition to a Multi-Party
Sytm
Princeton
ncentoniver
ty Press, 199.
Kazuo Kawai. Jaan's American Interlude.
Chicago Press,
O.
Kobre, Sidney. The Dev
Colonial Pres,-19s.
Mn
Chicago: University of
of the Colonial N aper.
Pittsburgh:
Lynd, Robert S. and Helen errili Lynd, Middletown in Transition:
A Stu.d. in Cultural Conflicts. Ne York~Harcoir Bras i
'daqpany,937
Five Elections
MacKensie, W. J. M. and Kenneth Robinson (editors).
a
in Africa: A Grou of El.ectoral Studies. Oxford: CI siide
Marvick, 0.
Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960.
Political Decision-Makers.
McKim, Marrialt (editor). Vil
Community. Chicago: Universit
India: Studies in the Little
icg7rss
I9
Park, R. and Irene Tinker (editors). Leadershi and Political
rTiy
Institutions in India. (Some papers from seinarT95T"Rnliefdnwinceton University Press, 1959.
Redfield, Robert. The ittle
Culture. Chicago: riliry
Cammmni
a
and Peasant Societ
rss 5"
c"
Rose, Saul. Socialism in Southern Asia.
Press, 1957
New York: Oxford University
Scott, Robert. Mexican Government in Transition.
of Illinois Pr
,"I959
Shannon, Lyle (editor).
and
Underdeveloped Areas.
Urbana: University
New York: Harper, 1957.
I *
*A
29
III
Studies of Specific Groups and Case S dies of Deelopmnt, continued
inJa
and Industrial Dnt
Stanford: Stanford Uiversiy
Smith, Thomas C. Political Chan
7e
Goverment Enter
66.
Press, 1955.
Smythe, Hugh H. and label M. The New Nigerian Elite.
Stanford University Press,
Weiner, 1%rron. Par
Press, 1957.
o
Modern Indonesian Eite
Politics in India.
Wolf, Charles, Jr. Fore
Aid: Theo
Princeton: kinceton U versity
Wriggins, W. H. Celons
University Press$
Stanfords
: Its Implcations for United
ncil on Fo reig1Tis a
)
Social Cha
in Latin America
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.
(ublished Of;
New TorkiTllMer, 1960.
Van Niel, Robert. The EmerE
Chicago: QuadrangI 1166
s
,
Princeton: Princeton University
and Practice in Southern Asia.
T 60.
of a New Nation,
Zinkin, Maurice. Developmnt for Free Asia.
Pacific Relations, 1956.
Princeton: Princeton
New York: Institute of
30
IV.
Theories and Models of Political Systems
Almond, Gabriel and James S. Coleman, et al. The Politics of the
Develping Areas, Princeton: Princeton Unirsity Pires;""W O
Banfield, Edward C. and Laura F. The Moral Basis of
Socie
Glencoe: The Free Preii I9$
Barnes, J. A. Politics in a Changing Society.
Press, 19540
Backward
New York: Humanities
Dahl, Robert. "Hierarckl, Democracy and Bargaining in Politics and
Economics," in Research Frontiers in Politics and Uovernment.
Washington: Brookings Instils- 193I , pp 47-5. Ao appiars
in Eulau, et al. Political Behavior, pp 83-90.
Dahl, Robert and Charles E. Lindblom.
New York: Harper, 1953.
Politics, Economics and Welfare0
De Grasia, Sebastian. The Political Comuity: A Stud of Anomie.
Chicago: University o Chicago
19ai
yress,
Eulau, H. et al.
Political Behavior.
Glencoe: The Free Press, 1956.
Johnson, John J.
Political Chan
in Latin America: The Emergence of
the Middle Sectors.
in o : S-nfo'r' UVersityn3res,
w
Key, V. 0. Politics, Parties and Pressure Go
Publishers, I8
Lasswell, Harold D. The An
Approach. New yOrlIi Qxo
Lasawell, Harold D.
Company, 1948.
New York: Crowell
is of Political Behavior: An Enpirical
niversty
1re1s
Power and Personality.
New York: N. W. Norton
Latham, Earl, The Proup Basis of Politics: A Study in
Legislation .thaca:
ielfrUniversity Press, l'2Lerner, Daniel.
M1iddle East.
n Point
The Passin of Traditional Societ : Modernising the
2nIs e"ree Press, 19 .
1
i
31
IV.
Theories and Models of Political Syters
continued
Lipset, Seymour M. Political Man: Where, How and
Works in the Moder World.
Yor Dley
Michels, Roberto
Oligarchial
Publisher,
Political Parties: A Sociologcal Stu
V
onrne
odern Democracy. Ne
"
Ince" "95""
Riesman, David et al.
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Thr
.
Truman, David B.
Ins.
of the
9i
Now Haven: Yale University
Schapera, I. Government and Politics in Tribal Societies.
Oxford University Pres 1
Tocqueville, Alexis de.
University Press, 19l7.
,
in
The Governmental Process.
.
London:
New York: Oxford
New York: Knopf, 1953.
Translated and
Weber, Max. From Max Weber: Esa ain Socipol
Now
York: Oxford
sq
Co
iht
~
d
edited by He.~1.'rW
University Press, 1958.
Wittfogel, Karl A.
Power.
Oriental
p
A
niriyFrss2
~Tel
New Haven
57F.
of Total
-wmwWOSISaimmm