Vulnerability in Coastal Communities: Adaptation to
Change and Planning for the Future
Overview Report of the
CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
23-25 August 2003
Maureen Woodrow
Carleton University
Workshop of
Linking Science and Local Knowledge Node of the
Ocean Management Research Network,
Simon Fraser University
in cooperation with the
Global Environmental Change and Human Security Project,
Carleton University
February 2004
Acknowledgements
Steering Committee
Doug House, Deputy Minister, Department of Industry, Trade and Rural Development, formerly Sociology, Memorial University
Patricia Gallaugher, Director, Centre for Coastal Studies, Simon Fraser University
Maureen Woodrow, Executive Officer (GECHS), Carleton University
Wallace Bown, General Manager, Stages and Stores Inc., Change Islands
John Peckford, Deputy Mayor, Change Islands
Herbert Bown, President, Stages and Stores Heritage Foundation, Inc.
Kyla McGrath, Department of Political Science, Memorial University
Report Sponsor
We gratefully acknowledge the grant from the Oceans Directorate of Fisheries and Oceans Canada to the Linking
Science and Local Knowledge node of the Ocean Management Research Network for the publication of this report.
Workshop Sponsors
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of our sponsors who made this event possible:
Ocean Management Research Network (OMRN), Linking Science and Local Knowledge Node, Centre for Coastal
Studies, Simon Fraser University
Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, St. John’s, NL
Fisheries Products International, St. John’s NL
Education, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
Industry, Trade and Rural Development, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
Special Thanks
Town Council and Residents of Change Islands
The Town of Change Islands was incorporated in 1951. Its Town Council offers full snow clearing,
sanding and salting services during the winter, as well as sanitary waste collection once a week.
They also provide streetlights, public artesian wells, and an annual town clean up. The Council has
seven members with Eric Diamond as Mayor and John Peckford as Deputy Mayor. The population
of Change Islands according to the 2001 census is 360 people.
Stages and Stores Heritage Foundation in Change Islands
The Stages and Stores Heritage Foundation preserves and promotes the unique heritage
buildings of one of the last picturesque Newfoundland fishing communities. This is being achieved
primarily by the restoration of selected stages and stores located throughout the community and
also by the arrangement of lectures and discussions, publications of papers, pamphlets or books,
the preservation of records, and any other means that may be deemed appropriate.
Centre for Coastal Studies at Simon Fraser University
The Centre for Coastal Studies promotes interdisciplinary research, education and dialogue on
Canada's coastal ecosystems, particularly those in British Columbia.
By linking social and natural science with local knowledge, the Centre focuses on three key
themes:
(1) Marine conservation,
(2) Sustainable coastal communities and economies, and
(3) Building resource management capacity (government, community, academic).
Global Environmental Change and Human Security Project (GECHS) at Carleton University
The Global Environmental Change and Human Security Project strives to provide interdisciplinary
and integrative perspectives on the relationships between environmental change and security. The
basic objectives of the project are threefold:
(1) to promote research activities in the area of global environmental change and
human security,
(2) to promote dialogue and encourage collaboration among scholars from around
the world, and
(3) to facilitate improved communication (and cooperation) between the policy
community, other groups, including NGOs, and the research community.
Photographs
Claude Dube, Laval University, Quebec, PQ
Herb Bown, Stages and Stores, Change Islands, NL
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page
i
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Special Thanks
Foreword
Vulnerability and Adaptation
page
i
i
iii
1
Introduction
1
Background
4
Discussion
Vulnerabilities and Adaptations
Conflicts in Ocean Management Within
Coastal Communities
Approaches to Sustainable Livelihoods in
Coastal Communities
Strategies for Confronting Challenges
and Moving to the Future in Coastal Communities
Concrete Steps that Should be Taken for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Coastal Communities
Special Workshop Community Meeting
Monday, 7-10 PM, August 25, 2003
10
11
14
15
16
18
19
References
20
Annex ‘A’:
Photos of Work and Relaxation Activities at the Workshop
22
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
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Foreword
In this overview report I have tried to give both a sense of place and a brief overview of the
discussions. Some quotes and supplementary information are included if it gives value and
clarification to the presentations and discussions. The full report by Allison Catmur and Kyla
McGrath of Memorial University summaries the detailed discussion that took place over the two
days of the workshop. It is available on the website of the Linking Science and Local Knowledge
Node of the OMRN within the Centre for Coastal Studies, Simon Fraser University.
(www.sfu.ca/coastalstudies/linking/changeislands.htm)
Planning an international workshop in a community with limited facilities and access was a
challenge that required coordination at both the national, regional and local level. The initial idea
arose as a result of one of the node members, Maureen Woodrow, who has a summer
residence on the Island. A community such as this, the node felt, would be an excellent place
for a workshop whose subject was vulnerability. Discussions between the node and the Change
Islands Town Council were encouraging (www.changeislands.ca). A Steering committee was
set up including a representative from the Council, the local organisation sponsoring the
workshop - Stages and Stores Heritage Foundation (www.stagesandstores.com), and a
representative from the following universities who are also node members; Memorial University,
Carleton University and Simon Fraser University.
The Director and staff of the Centre for Coastal Studies at Simon Fraser University, Patricia
Gallaugher, Laurie Wood and Jennifer Penikett, coordinated the planning of the workshop, and
the national and international travel of all participants. Doug House, Memorial University along
with a student Kyla McGrath were responsible for all contacts both federal and provincial within
the province, inviting them to attend and participate in the workshop as well as seeking funding
from relevant federal and provincial sources within the province.
At the local level there was a certain sense of disbelief that it would ever happen. The
community had never hosted an event of this magnitude over a three-day period. The challenge
was to identify accommodation and arrange the noon and evening meals. In addition,
consideration had to be given to the ferry schedules, the number of places allocated to Change
Islanders on the ferry, and a welcome centre to direct those attending the workshop to their
assigned accommodation. Entertaining the invited guest was also a concern. The community
decided to present a concert on opening night to welcome the visitors, Stages and Stores
hosted a reception in the restored Torraville Stage following the concert to celebrate its official
opening and the musical group, the Split Peas from Twillingate, entertained the Change
Islanders and guests on Monday night. One of the events of the workshop was the arrival of this
group by boat at the new wharf in front of Torraville’s fishing stage.
Women’s and church women’s organizations (United Church Women, Anglican Church Women,
Salvation Army Women and the Sunshine Club) provided the meals. All guests were
accommodated on Island within homes and the Seven Oakes Island Inn and Cottages and
Hart’s Bed & Breakfast. Three local young Change Islanders (Sheila Powell, Kyle LeDrew and
Mark Rose) were an instrumental part of the local organization. The success of the workshop
was due to efforts at all these levels but the people of Change Islands made the difference by
sharing their Island home with so many strangers. All of the participants left with an
understanding not only of what it means to be vulnerable but also with the importance of
preserving places such as Change Islands for future generations.
Maureen Woodrow
March, 2004
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
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Vulnerability and Adaptation
Vulnerability is being threatened and subject to risk from both internal and external forces
within the environment. The capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from these
environmental changes characterizes adaptation. Vulnerability can be considered along a
continuum from resistance and resilience to susceptibility (Kaperson, 2001).
Coastal fishing communities around the world have many ways to cope with and adapt to
environmental changes. Understanding the context of current and historical vulnerabilities of
coastal communities and what strategies are embedded in their society, economy and
governments to cope with these stresses can help other coastal communities and governments
deal with them and build healthy and sustainable futures.
Old fishing premises on Change Islands
Old fishing premises on Change Islands
If I were to describe things as they are at the present time, I would say Change Islands with the rest of
rural Newfoundland is dying an agonizing death, with once in a while, a light dose of morphine from
the government to help kill the pain.
– Eric Diamond, Mayor, Change Islands, Opening Address
Vulnerability and resilience in terms of coastal communities in the province are important to
understand. They can be thought of in terms of health. Health is the freedom from disease and the
freedom from trouble but also the ability to weather the storm and rally from insults. It is the ability to
avoid major and irreversible choices.
– Bonnie McCay, Rutgers University
Introduction
Philosophy and Approach of Ocean Management Research Node (OMRN) Linking Science and
Local Knowledge Node
The Linking Science and Local Knowledge Node (LSLK) of Canada’s Ocean Management
Research Network (OMRN) is committed to building capacity for coastal and ocean resource
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
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management at the local level. It is a group of natural and social scientists with their
government, community and non-governmental organisation partners who work together to
assist in the development of sustainable ways of life in coastal communities. In building its
partnerships the node seeks to influence the way research is conducted in both natural and
social sciences by
•
•
•
increasing local capacity and community involvement in ocean and coastal
research,
building community-university-government research and education partnerships
for both resource management and community development, and
developing protocols and procedures with institutions to facilitate partnerships and
increase understanding of the various divergent perspectives of the partners
involved.
Achieving these objectives involves working with selected communities and institutions across
Canada from the Unama’Ki Institute of Natural Resources in Cape Breton to the Inner Coast
Natural Resource Centre in Alert Bay to Bonavista North Newfoundland’s Centre for Terrestrial
Aquatic Field Studies. In so doing the Node has met unfilled information and education needs in
coastal and ocean resource management. These partnerships represent models for bringing
together government, community, private sector and university partners to conduct regional
research, organise and house information and provide opportunities for dialogue about solutions
for future sustainability. The LSLK Node plays an important role in this process, allowing
participants in these collaborative initiatives across the country to connect with one another. The
Coastal Planning workshop in Alert Bay in April 2003 and the Vulnerability in Coastal
Communities conference in Change Islands in August 2003 are examples.
Change Islands Workshop
Simon Fraser University’s Centre for Coastal Studies, site of the Linking Science and Local
Knowledge Node of the OMRN in cooperation with Carleton University Global Environmental
Change and Human Security Project, and Memorial University, held a workshop on Change
Islands, NL August 23-25, 2003. Stages and Stores Heritage Foundation, Inc of Change Islands
were the local hosts.
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
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Located off the northeast coast of Newfoundland between Fogo
Island to the east and Twillingate and the New World Islands to the
west, Change Islands was settled in the late eighteenth century. Its
history and existence are tied to the fishery. Like many coastal
communities it suffered greatly from the Northern Cod moratorium
(1992) resulting in out-migration and limited economic
opportunities for those remaining.
From a population of almost 1000 at the turn of the twentieth
century its current population is about 360. However, Change
Islands is one of the few remaining Island communities off the
coast of Newfoundland that is still linked by ferry service.
The workshop brought together approximately 75 people including
Mayor Eric Diamond
residents of Change Islands, people from other coastal
communities, fishermen, industry representatives, federal and provincial agencies, academics,
non-governmental organisations and others, from across Canada, USA, Iceland and Norway.
We often hear people say the best thing about Change Islands is the peace and quiet. But for us, who
have been here since we were born, this is not a peaceful silence, when we remember premoratorium years; the sweet music of the motors and the beautiful scenery of boats going to and from
the fishing grounds, before the break of dawn and well into the night. The quietness now is not
peaceful; it is heartbreaking.
We now wonder about our future. We, as a Council, have tried to diversify but it is difficult. Our skills
are not often suited to industrial and commercial development. We are fisher persons who have
always lived by the sea. The island is precious to us. We want to save our community and continue to
live here.
– Eric Diamond, Mayor, Change Islands, Opening Address
The goals of the workshop were to build an understanding about the vulnerabilities and
adaptations within the coastal fishing communities of the province, draw lessons from best
adaptive practices, and develop guidelines and policies for coastal community-based
approaches to achieve future sustainability. The workshop sessions and discussion focused on
these issues from global, national, regional and local perspectives.
The proceedings for this event are recorded in two separate documents. The present document
provides an overview of ocean and coastal vulnerabilities, adaptations and what communities
might do to plan for a sustainable future. The results of the workshop are summarized around
the five major themes that guided discussions at the workshop. They are presented as
responses to five major questions guiding the discussions and presentations.
•
•
•
•
•
What are the vulnerabilities and successful adaptations within coastal communities?
What are the major conflicts in ocean management within coastal communities?
What are the approaches to sustainable livelihoods in coastal communities?
What are the strategies for confronting challenges and moving to the future in coastal
communities; and
What are some concrete steps that could be taken for sustainable livelihoods in
coastal communities?
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
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The second document (edited by Allison Catmur
and Kyla McGrath of Memorial University) is
posted on the Centre for Coastal Studies website
and includes a summary of all the presentations
and discussions of the workshop.
www.sfu.ca/coastalstudies/linking/reports.htm
Background
Brief History of the Fishery in Newfoundland and
Labrador
Historically the coastal communities of
Newfoundland and Labrador exist because of the
fishery. The settlement patterns along the more
Tickle Point, North Island, Change Islands
than 10,000 kilometers of rugged coastline gave
excellent access to the inshore fishing grounds.
As Newfoundland and Labrador moved into the twentieth century and became part of Canada in
1949 providing infrastructure and services for
these isolated communities was a challenge.
The fishery has shaped the fabric of
Many on the northern and southern coasts of the
Newfoundland and Labrador society. The
fishing industry and the entire province are
Island did not have roads until the mid–1960s.
weathering a crisis. The small coastal
Road service in coastal Labrador was much later
communities have been hit hard by the
and is still not yet completed. The people of
moratorium. ..…Out-migration is a
these coastal communities were of proud and
particular challenge. The spread-out
independent spirit and often mistrusted
pattern of settlement, with 60% of the
outsiders. Their isolation led to self-sufficiency
population concentrated in the Northeast
and a capacity to do almost anything. But the
Avalon presents its own challenges.
reality was a history of dependency upon the fish
– Yvonne Jones, Minister of Fisheries
merchants who traded fish caught for goods and
and Aquaculture, Government of
services with little money changing hands.
Newfoundland and Labrador
Confederation with Canada introduced a
The people have few alternatives.
monetary economy to coastal fishing
They have a long history in the fishery,
communities but dependency continued through
their identification and the sense of
government transfer programs. The fishery,
who they are comes from it. This is
mainly cod, continued to be the life-blood of
imbedded in their culture.
these coastal communities until the Cod
– Bonnie McCay, Rutgers University
Moratorium in 1992. The closure of the cod
fishery led to an expanded shellfishery mainly in crab and
shrimp. Between 1992 and 2001 however the number of
harvestors decreased by 45% and the commercial value
of that fishery far exceeded the value of the groundfish
fishery. When the cod fishery closed in 1992 its
commercial value was $156K, the shellfishery $93K. By
2001 the commercial value of the shellfishery increased
to $509K. (DFO, Statistics) At the community level this
meant fewer jobs and increased out-migration in these
coastal communities. Between 1991 and 2003 the
average population of the province decreased by -10.3%
(Newfoundland and Labrador, Economics and Statistics,
December 2003).
Yvonne Jones
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
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The fishery may have defined Newfoundland and Labrador’s existence but its history is one of
mismanagement, lost opportunities and a bare livelihood for most of fishermen in the isolated
outports of the Island. Economic historian David Alexander (University of Toronto Press, 1983)
observed “the failure to expand the industry, and more importantly, to transform it in terms of
output and the technologies of catching, processing, packaging and organized marketing simply
left Newfoundland fishermen less competitive than their rivals.” When the Canadian government
took over control of the fishery five years following Confederation, its goal was to provide a
decent standard of living for residents of these coastal fishing communities. But with the
numbers involved in the fishery, the federal government could do little but treat the symptoms
rather than deal with the changes necessary in the structure of the industry itself. Several
attempts to either rationalize the industry through limited entry (1973), introduction of a 200-mile
limit (1978) or capitalization following the 200 mile limit, failed to either reduce the number of
fishermen or increase their income (Woodrow, 1996).
The provincial government played a role as well by
increasing the number of processing plants. A Coopers and
Lybrand study for the Task Force on Income and Adjustment
in the Atlantic Fishery (1993) observed a 15% increase in
fish plants in the province in the year 1991. The Final Report
of the Task Force on Income Adjustment in the Atlantic
Fishery (1993) estimated the numbers to be about 40,000.
Both levels of government used the fishery in its role as an
employer of last resort. It seemed to be acceptable for the
people in the fishery to have low wages. At the same time,
the growth in the number of fishers, boats and plants
imposed new pressures on the resource. Until the
moratorium, the numbers involved in the industry continued
to be large. If there is to be a fishery in the future, its
management will require more community input and new and
Gert van Santen
different ways of doing things. Learning not only from our past
but also from the experiences of other countries and regions is critical to successful adaptation.
Small-scale fisheries are extremely important. The World Fish Center estimates that 52 million people
around the world are involved in the catching and processing of fish, and over 95% of these people are
involved in the small scale fisheries (80% of them are in Asia). It is further estimated that these smallscale fisheries account for 40% of the world’s marine and inland fish catches. Nevertheless,
administrators, politicians, and academia neglect the small-scale fishery. The industrial fishery receives
all the attention.
– Gert Van Santan, Retired Fisheries Advisor to the World Bank
With regard to the individual tradable quotas, while it may be good for the national economy, it is not
favourable from the community perspective. One critical lesson is that a reduced fishing effort yields
greater returns, and fewer fishermen mean higher salaries
– Sigfus Jonsson, Fisheries Consultant, Reykjavik, Iceland
What do we see in the future for Norwegian coastal communities? Without the Fresh Fish Act (and
following the introduction of Individual Transferable Quotas), there is no benefit at all from living in one
of the most resource-rich areas of the country and world. Fishing as a career and way of life for people
living in these communities is no longer a viable alternative due to government policies that deliberately
removed the right to fish from small scale fishermen
– Ottar Brox, Retired Professor of Sociology University of Bergen, Norway
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The decline of the ground fishery resonates throughout Newfoundland and Labrador. It is incredible that
something so central to their economic and social life is rife with political infighting, intergovernmental
competition and bureaucratic mismanagement.
– Sister Elizabeth Davis, Commissioner, Royal Commission on Our Place in Canada
The ocean is a complex web of interdependencies. We must begin to view the fishery in terms of the
ecosystem web – it is an ecological phenomenon. When commercial stocks decline, other noncommercial stocks decline as well. …People are part of the ecosystem equation too. We need to have
an appreciation of the human role in the problem.
– Dick Haedrich, Professor of Biology, Memorial University
Ottar Brox
Dick Haedrich
Sister Elizabeth Davis
The Kittiwake Coast
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is now divided into twenty economic zones.
Change Islands is located on the northeast coast in Zone 14 known as the Kittiwake Economic
Development Zone. It spans 102 communities from the eastern gateway of Terra Nova National
Park west to Lewisport and north to Fogo Island. It encompasses over 13,000 kilometers of land
and 3,514 kilometers of North Atlantic coastline. The traditional industries of the land and the
sea have shaped the region’s culture. While fishing and forestry are still vital to the region’s
economy the service industries are the main economic force of the region. Its population,
according to the 2001 census, is about 50,000 people with the majority living in rural coastal
communities. The largest centre, built during World War II, is Gander with a population of about
9,600. Hundreds of islands lie off the Kittiwake coast; many were thriving communities at the
turn of the twentieth century; now only three of these coastal islands are still inhabited – St.
Brendan’s, Fogo Island and Change Islands.
Sealing and the cod fishing off the Labrador coast sustained the coastal communities until the
mid-1920s. However, by 1935 the distant fishery was virtually at its end while some Labrador
fishing continued until the mid-1940s. In the 1920s families turned to the inshore fishery (cod,
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capelin, squid, herring and some lobster) or to logging. Sawmilling and pulpwood cutting for the
large firms in central
Newfoundland became an
important source of wage
earnings. The construction
of the Canadian Armed
Forces base at Gander in
1940 had an impact on
wage earnings as well.
However, there is little
record of this impact other
than stories from relatives or
friends who worked there
and returned home on
weekends (Woodrow, 1996).
Nonetheless, for those who
remained in these coastal
communities, fishing
continued to be the principle
way of making a living. The
moratorium reduced the
number involved in the
fishery and out-migration
between 1991 and 2001
reduced the population of
the area by 15.5%
(Newfoundland and
Labrador, Economics and
Statistics, December 2003)
but the dependency of the
communities on the industry
remains today. Switching from cod to crab in the early 1990s extended the lifeline of many
communities but at the same time put stress on
Change Islands history is strongly associated
the crab stocks (DFO, Stock Status Report
with the fishery, in particular the cod fishery.
2002).
Schooners and sailing ships from the east and
northeast coast used Change Islands as a
stopping point en route to the Labrador. Now
the cod fishery is gone and this year the crab is
scarce. Most species are disappearing from
over-fishing. We now wonder about our future.
– Eric Diamond, Mayor, Change Islands, NL,
Opening Address, 23 August 2003
In the province, the crab stock is up, and as a
result the quotas and licenses are also up. This
year, the Fogo Island Co-op was 4 million
pounds short of the crab they processed last
year. The situation sounds a lot like what
happened to the cod fishery. If this province
has to face another moratorium, then it will be
time to say good-bye.
– Eddie Oake, Fogo Island Coop.
A strong sense of community exists in the
northeast coast island settlements. In the mid1960s a joint federal and provincial government
resettlement program slated both Fogo and
Change Islands for relocation to larger centers
closer to services and economic opportunities.
Not much information exists on why or how
Change Islands survived but there are several
studies on Fogo Island which explain its survival.
Chief among them are a series of films by the
National Film Board and Memorial University
Extension Service and a community
improvement committee (whose Vice Chair, Stan
Pierce was a Change Islander) that eventually
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
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led to the establishment of a Fisheries and Boat Building Cooperative in 1968. This Coop is still
in existence today. The capacity to grow and adapt to changing circumstances within the fishery
has been important for the community. In fact, many Fogo Island residents feel that the Co-op is
one of the main reasons for its survival over the past 40 years.
The Co-op that started in 1968 grew. There are now 80 enterprises
(fishing boats) on the Island and three processing plants-two of them
multi-species and one shrimp. About 400 people are employed as
active fishers and another 400 work in the plants. Annual sales in the
fishery amount to $25 million. Five percent of all earnings generated by
the Co-op are reinvested into the Co-op. To date during this year
alone, about $4 million has been reinvested. For 36 years, the Co-op
has sustained the community - without it Fogo would not have
survived.
– Eddie Oake, Fogo Island Co-operative, Change Islands, NL, 25
August 2003
Alternate economic activities have been slow to come in the region – it
seems that the culture and mentality have to change. Business is
developing in the larger communities of the northeast coast area but the challenge is to find
sufficient labour force since the population between 20 to 45 years is moving out of the area
leaving behind aging communities and a diminished pool of leaders. Fueling the problem is a
low birth rate in the area and the province as a whole.
Eddie Oake
The zone has been greatly affected by out-migration. There is an excess of lower educated, less
mobile workers. Many young workers with the skills and education required of emerging sectors
have already moved away. Areas most heavily dependent on the fishery have been the most
impacted by demographic changes. Technology and an aging workforce will continue to reduce
employment in the fishery.
– Paul Stride, Executive Director, Kittiwake Economic Development Corporation
Rural out-migration has a significant effect on the young people. For the A.R. Scammell Academy
Island Warriors basketball team, the 2003-2004 season may be the last year as the number of team
members is in decline. The graduating class of that year will only have eight students – getting a
grad date involves a ferry ride and a whole lot of scouting.
– Kyle LeDrew, Change Islands High School student and member of the Kittiwake Youth Council
In recent years several ventures on both Fogo and Change
Islands have demonstrated community initiative and leadership in
the area of tourism and the importance of reaching beyond the
community in the development process. Some of the examples
are– trails on both Fogo and Change Islands, summer folk
festivals on Fogo Island, Titling being declared a heritage
community, restoration of stages and stores on Change Islands,
a tourist inn and a bed and breakfast as well as adventure boat
tours on Change Islands.
– Kyle LeDrew
Kyle LeDrew
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Culture can be a vector for development in rural areas. There are three networks in Canada that are
putting these ideas into action – les Economusées or Economuseums, La Fondation Rues
Principales or Main Street Foundation and Les Villes et Villages d’Art et de Patrimoine or Cities and
Villages of Art and Heritage.
– Claude Dubé, Dean of Architecture, Laval University
It is important to stimulate an understanding of and appreciation for the built heritage, the
architectural heritage of the province….find the stories that are unique to your community. You
don’t want to do what everyone else is doing. You want to commemorate your uniqueness.
– Dale Jarvis, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Foundation
How did Tilting achieve it? Tilting expatriates have done a lot for our town. They formed a Tilting
Expatriates Association that operates out of St. John’s. Tilting has a long history of losing its young
people and in 1984 some of them got together and formed this group. They have worked hard with
the residents of Tilting. There is also the Tilting Recreation and Culture society formed in 1980. They
started to work on the restoration of properties within the town. In 1993 The Tilting Expatriates
Association started an annual newsletter. Robert Mellin, an architect who teaches at McGill and
lives in St. John’s, and has a house in Tilting wrote a book about the community. Sometimes it takes
people from away to come here and show us what we have.
– Lillian Dwyer, Mayor, Tilting
Diversifying the economy using heritage is an option – the notion of building a future based on the
past. However, it is important to bring in professional expertise, such as cultural heritage
management experts.
– Gordon Slade, Executive Director, One Ocean
While some of the islander residents recognize the value of these emerging cultural and
ecotourism ventures, others are skeptical. The tourist season is even shorter than the fishery,
they claim. Also, they are aware that providing services for tourists requires not only securing
financing but also an understanding of the incredible number of rules and regulations governing
most aspects of development. The leadership deficit within the area is a concern and those that
do become involved find themselves over-extended. Recognizing the value of the fishing
heritage and culture as a tool for economic development will require time – perhaps too much
time for the survival of the community. Strong municipal governments in rural communities can
play a role in shaping and creating opportunities for their community and their future.
The idea of ocean management was not part of the vocabulary of the region. Individual
fishers and communities were concerned about the stocks but had little to do with the
way fishing was governed. Many studies were carried out to understand the fisheries
and its management but there was always a sense of removal from the communities.
Perhaps distance, perhaps history played a role. When the Oceans Act was passed in
1997 requiring a national ocean management strategy guided by the principles of
sustainable development, the precautionary approach and integrated management, it
seemed removed and unconnected to the coastal fishing communities. Furthermore, the
fishery was only one aspect of this plan. After half a century of ignoring coastal
communities, the people were asked to take the initiative and develop leadership to
manage the oceans. Participants also noted that at the same time the capacity of
fisheries and Oceans to implement the Oceans was shrinking. In addition, after the
collapse of the northern cod under the management of DFO coastal fishing communities
has little trust in the programs of the Department. The Oceans Act had good policies
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 9
associated with it but few financial resources, requiring implementation by communities
who were decreasing in number. This left communities wondering if this was another
more subtle federal government policy to resettle rural Newfoundland.
–
Agnes Pike
The strongest resource we have is our people and
we should never forget that. The attitudes and the
people themselves are the resource we’ve got to
develop and work on most.
– John Wickham, Industry, Trade and Rural
Development, Government of Newfoundland and
Labrador
The future of our communities lies in our leadership.
We should never look negatively upon the
community; we should remain positive and build on
opportunity. It is up to us. If we have to depend on
Agnes
government, we
won’tPike
get anywhere.
– Agnes Pike, Mayor of West Ste. Modeste, Labrador
I agree with Agnes Pike on the question of leadership
but also getting things started in rural areas is harder
than in urban centers. In rural areas you often have
to build up your infrastructure which can be very
costly. Electricity, water, sewer are more expensive.
The communities need not only financial support but
other support as well such as experts to advise on
marine or shoreline trails.
– Herb Bown, President, Stages and Stores, Inc.,
Change Islands, NL, 25 August 2003
Agnes Pike
Discussion
Five major questions were posed to guide the discussions and presentations during the two and
a half days of the workshop (see page 3):
The discussion around the first two questions occurred on Day 1 of the workshop within three
breakout groups. These discussions are summarized below under “Vulnerabilities and
Adaptations” and “Conflicts in Ocean Management within Coastal Communities”.
On Day 2 discussions on the last three questions were cut short since many participants had to
leave to catch the 5 p.m. ferry. Suggestions related to these three questions can be found on
Page 15 which are taken from workshop discussions, papers and presentations. They do not
replace a focused discussion but do represent some of the ideas that arose around these issues
within the workshop.
On page 18, the section “Concrete steps that should be taken for sustainable livelihoods in
coastal communities” provides suggestions, specific ideas and actions to address economic
development issues for Change Islands arising out of a special workshop community meeting
that occurred on Monday, 7-10 p.m., August 25, 2003.
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 10
Vulnerabilities and Adaptations
Vulnerabilities
Historically resource dependent communities have always been vulnerable to environmental
changes. The fishing communities of Newfoundland and Labrador were used to coping with
lean years but the cod moratorium changed their capacity to cope. This time the critical
resource was lost to them and this loss affected the economic, social and political factors, which
decreased the capacity of the coastal communities to deal with the lost resource and left them
more vulnerable.
Out-migration during the decade following the moratorium has left the communities with a
significantly reduced population especially in the age groups between 20-39. This means that
the youth and people with young families are leaving, taking their families and seeking
opportunities elsewhere. The consequence is a reduction in the labour force that could
potentially become employees for any new economic ventures in addition to a loss of leadership
and potential and social capital for the future. In the decade since the moratorium, communities
like Change Islands and Fogo have lost a generation of young adults. Without the children of
that lost generation the prospects for small community schools are dim. The saying goes “if the
school closes, the community is doomed”. In addition, without young workers there is no reason
for industry to establish itself in the region. The end result is communities that continue to be
dependent on the fishery with little opportunity for economic diversity. This creates a vicious
circle of youth leaving because there is no opportunity and no opportunities opening up because
there are no young workers.
The impact of history and the experience of the years since the moratorium have left the
communities with a loss of hope for the future. This makes it difficult for the few who still believe
in the communities. These hard working volunteers do not find it easy to mobilize people to
cooperate and get things done. Their single-minded desire for alternative plans for development
often creates tension within the community; some feel left out and wonder if there is a place for
them in a community of
the future without the
fishery. The volunteers
themselves become
frustrated and subject to
burnout and often
support projects that
have little opportunity to
succeed.
The Reid’s fishing stage on the Main Tickle, Change Islands
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
In a climate of
decreasing population it
is difficult to attract
financial resources to
encourage development
and give the young
people a reason to stay.
When money is available
there is often a lack of
expertise to implement
the planned activity. For
example, Change Islands
page 11
sometimes receives
money for trail
development but there is
also a need for expertise
in how to plan, set and lay
the trails according to
acceptable standards.
The battle for
development funds also
leaves communities in
conflict over scarce
financial resources and
results in opportunities
lost on a broader level.
Traditional rivalry over
fishing resources and
processing plants in
communities often means
people are incapable of
seeing the big picture and
the need to work together
The Main Tickle, Change Islands looking northeast toward the North
to establish ventures that
Island
could benefit the entire
region. For example, a
marine and hiking trail for Change Islands and Fogo Island or the entire Kittiwake coast has a
much better opportunity to attract visitors who are looking for a more professional trail system
offering varying levels of challenge and accommodations.
Also, government rules and regulations that govern development, in general, are so onerous
that it leaves rural and remote communities puzzled. Governments talk about rural development
but make it so difficult that it further increases the belief that what governments really want to do
is close down rural Newfoundland and Labrador and have everybody move to the urban
centers.
Adaptations
How people in coastal communities have coped and adapted historically is important in our
understanding of pathways to the future. Kasperson, Kasperson and Dow writing on Global
Environmental Risk state that
“Human response to global risk means understanding the processes of change,
recognizing and learning from the lessons of history, criticizing and restructuring
the economic and political order, creating new institutions, and fashioning a wider
and more enduring environmental citizenship and reciprocity with
nature”(Kasperson, R. and Kasperson, J, p.2).
Break out groups felt that the current circumstances of the fishery and coastal fishing
communities is related not only to the situation of the fishery on a global level but also to the
cumulative effect of over-fishing and lack of an environmental ethic in the industry in general.
Some harvesters do not respect the fishing resources until they are gone; the resource is
thought to be unlimited. There is an increasing gulf between fishers and the government
regulating body for the industry. There are, however, communities locally, nationally and
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 12
internationally where they have set up new structures and adapted to changing circumstances.
The cooperative on Fogo Island is a prime example. The Fogo Island Cooperative Society was
formed in 1967 in response to the closure of salt fish production operations on the island that
had traditionally brought fish from local harvesters. Starting as a shipbuilding cooperative
designed to provide in-shore fishermen with bigger longliners, the organisation grew over the
years. Today, the Co-op operates three fish processing facilities handling shrimp, crab and
groundfish, one buying station, a marine service centre and a modern product development
facility.
The Co-op is owned and operated by 700 fish harvesters and 500 plant workers who invest 5
percent of their net income into the Co-op annually and ultimately control the operation. Their
annual sales (of a variety of fish species) to international markets are approximately $25 million
(Ted Warren, “Back to the Future” in The Navigator, November 2002). Eddie Oake, a
spokesman for the Fogo Coop, speaking at the workshop expressed the opinion that it is one of
the main reasons for the economic survival of Fogo Island.
Leadership is important in adapting to new ways of doing things. A good leader with vision and
determination can encourage and guide the community to undertake new ventures and be
positive about the directions they take. Agnes Pike spoke of how leadership on the Labrador
Straits was a factor in several new ventures in the area. Lillian Dwyer of Tilting, Fogo Island,
spoke of the role of leadership in encouraging people to work together, ensuring community
support, knowing the limitations of the community and how to use expatriates in moving the
community agenda forward.
Several examples of cultural heritage on the northeast coast are paving a pathway to the future.
Tilting is the first community to be declared a Provincial Heritage District. The citizens of Tilting,
the Town Council and the Tilting Recreational and Cultural Society had a strong belief in the
importance of their fishing heritage and they were helped along by two external factors – an
expatriate Tilting
Association and a book
published on Tilting by a
summer resident (Robert
Mellin).
The Torraville stage and wharf restored by the Stages and Stores
Heritage
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
On Change Islands the
efforts of the Stages and
Stores Heritage
Foundation to preserve
and promote the unique
and historic fishing
buildings is making a
difference. In this case, it
was two expatriate
Newfoundlanders who
established a summer
residence and saw the
potential for the
restoration of the fishing
structural heritage and
its adaptation to other
uses.
page 13
To encourage further growth and development of cultural heritage, it is important to build on
these ventures and create tourist attractions that are not only unique to each location but at the
same time network with other sites in the region. In this way the entire region can become
desirable offering more and varied attractions. However, the concern arose that tourism will
never replace the fishery. It is not a savior for these coastal communities. The tourist season in
the province is shorter than the fishery. It will take a long time to develop the level of service and
facilities required to attract a sufficient number of tourists. In addition, special training will be
needed within the industry to ensure quality services and facilities.
Conflicts in ocean management within coastal communities
The management regime that predominates in Canadian East Coast fisheries is property rightsbased on quota licenses. This is a major source of conflict in fishing communities. Traditionally
the fisheries resource was thought of as a common property but with quota licenses fishermen
or enterprises have quasi property rights to harvest annually a pre-determined quantity of fish.
These individual transferable quotas (ITQs) change the individual portions of the total annual
catch and allow the holder to catch that portion of the total allowable catch each season. These
quotas are fully tradable and can be sold or leased to another person. In the offshore groundfish
fishery, they have been in effect in Atlantic Canada since the early 1980s. Since then they have
become a fact of life in other fisheries – the herring seine fleet, the offshore lobster, the snow
crab fishery, and portions of the inshore and midshore groundfish sector (Comeau, Coastal
Communities Network, 6 Oct. 1997). One problem with ITQs is that they tend to reduce the
number of fishermen or enterprises since over time the quotas are sold. This leads to a
concentration of licenses in the hands of fewer and fewer individuals or enterprises, those with
the adequate financial resources buyout small operators. Eventually this concentration disrupts
local fishing communities since the quotas belong to individuals or enterprises and not the
communities (McCay, Apostle and Creed, April 1998). The social and environmental
consequences of this type of management were highlighted at the workshop in the
presentations of Ottar Brox of Norway and Sigfús Jónsson of Iceland.
The community is a huge stakeholder in the fishery, but there is a “disconnect” between the
community and the decisions being made by the federal government. There needs to be a
mechanism through which the broader community interests can come into play. Models are
required for fisheries management that take into account the importance of community (see
McCay, Apostle and Creed, 1998; Allison and Ellis, 2001 and Munro, Bingham and Pikitch,
March 1998). Combining ITQs with some form of community-based fisheries management
could be an answer. Academics can assist by presenting case studies that provide information
on how the two types of fisheries management regimes can be combined to preserve
communities. There are examples internationally in Greenland, Australia and New Zealand. We
need to study these examples and understand the process of how they were obtained and how
the communities manage the quotas for economic and environmental sustainability.
An estimated 51 million people are involved in the catching of fish around the world and over 95
percent of these are involved in small-scale fisheries. This kind of fishery is community based.
Van Santen provided examples which demonstrate that it is possible to successfully restructure
small-scale fisheries and in some cases demonstrate long-term sustainability. He concluded
that it requires a tremendous amount of effort but it is possible and has been done. Small-scale
fisheries are not a historical anomaly. Maintaining and even expanding the concept at a global
level may provide a solution for the management of the earth’s coastal environment and create
a fishery that is sustainable for both the ecosystem and communities.
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 14
The conflicting use of the oceans highlighted by participants as a concern, for example,
aquaculture versus commercial fishery or different groups after the same resources for different
reasons such as tour boats and iceberg harvesters. In addition the petroleum industry in the
province is increasingly in conflict with the fishing industry. However in May 2002 the fisheries
and petroleum industry created an organizational alliance, One Ocean, which is designed to
foster responsible development of the one ocean they both share. Gordon Slade, Executive
Director of One Ocean was in attendance at the workshop and discussed its importance in
providing a form for open discussion of issues of concern.
A view of a quiet cove on the North Island of Change Islands showing traditional buildings
Approaches to sustainable livelihoods in coastal communities
•
The key to success for the province is a more collaborative and cooperative
approach to governance with the federal government and communities based on
new ways of thinking and relating. Communities must work harder to have their
voices heard and to regain control of the fishery. A strong partnership between
the federal and provincial governments and with communities is essential to this
approach.
•
Good energetic leadership with a vision and long-term commitment is critical for
Newfoundlanders and Labradorians. They must begin to reassess the simple
things around them that may have a hidden value and think of new development
options beyond the fishery.
•
It is critical in the fishery to think at the level of the ecosystem. The ocean is a
complex web of interdependencies of which people are a part. We have to
understand the human role in the problem of fisheries management. Always
keeping the precautionary principle in mind is critical to the future – when in
doubt we should be cautious and err on the side of the fish.
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 15
•
The Oceans Act gives the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans the lead role in the
management of Canada’s oceans through a national strategy that sets out the
overall approach and framework of ocean management through three related
programs – integrated management, marine protected areas and marine
environmental quality. The programs are intended to be community driven and
offer opportunities for communities to become involved and work side by side
with the government towards sustainability of ocean resources and coastal
communities. However, the lack of financial and management resources negates
the potential usefulness of this initiative.
•
Communities must be strategic and remain goal oriented; the goal is always
sustainable development and youth should be involved at all levels. Thinking
outside the box, taking risks and doing more research can lead to new and
innovative ventures in rural coastal communities. Strategic thinking and planning
are important in any future approach.
•
The global fisheries are the “last wild round up on the planet,” the “last free-forall”. The sea exists as “the final frontier” for humans. Our lack of understanding
of the ocean is a major problem for management. The current scale of
management does not encourage stewardship. The allocation of coastal
resources, which is just as important as stock rebuilding, is beyond the control of
communities. Their future is dependent on fisheries management. The North
American Fisheries Organization (NAFO) has not worked very well. If stocks are
rebuilt, how people will gain access depends on the efforts of people in
communities around the province – communities must be proactive versus
reactive.
•
In the early 1990s, the collapse of the groundfishery created a community crisis.
There was a need to refocus regional development efforts. Government was
downsizing, there was less money and a need for greater accountability. As a
consequence of these changes, the provincial government established a new
approach, involving the creation of regional economic development boards.
Strategies for confronting challenges and moving to the future in coastal communities
•
Collaboration is important at all levels to achieve strategic planning. Municipal
governments can play a critical role, but some municipalities in Newfoundland
and Labrador are weak because of the large number of municipalities - 600 in
total, with several unincorporated areas.
•
A coordinated and concerted strategy for culture as a vector for development is
critical. Repeating the errors of the past should be avoided. Communities must
seek to determine their uniqueness and not try to copy others.
•
Communities must remain strategic by staying goal oriented. ACOA has
programs available such as the Business Development Program, the Atlantic
Innovations Fund, and the Strategic Community Investment Fund. The keys to
long-term strategic adjustment include:
• capitalize on existing assets and previous investments – build on existing
strengths
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 16
• cultivate innovation and economic diversity
• create long-term social capital, and
• catalyze community, industry and government partnerships
•
Business development drives our economy. The private sector can create longterm, sustainable jobs but in the development process, solutions should be
locally made and, the local has to be linked to the outside with a multi-pronged
strategy and long-term re-investment in the community.
•
Folklore, culture and heritage are completely interwoven. Not everybody can do
the same thing; it is important that each community identify its own unique
stories. This uniqueness is what should be commemorated. There are
measurable social and economic spin-offs associated with these projects, such
as employment, enhanced tourism, and increased community pride.
•
Being a steward of your community means also becoming a steward of your
environment. Discovering the resources in your community that are worth
preserving requires an understanding of the unique features of the environment
in which the community is located. Defining long-term goals has to include finding
jobs for youth and creating a community in which young people want to stay and
raise a family.
•
Tourism is a seasonal industry and very dependent on sustaining significant
marine, natural, cultural and human resources. Integrated and sustainable
management programs are necessary as we move forward.
•
Building alliances is an important strategy for coastal communities. Summer
residents, former residents and visitors can play a key role in promoting
alternative development strategies. Change Islands and Titling are important
examples of using outside collaborators in the development strategy.
Stages and stores in a cove on the North Island of
Change Islands
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
• Seeking professional advice
and expertise is very important
when communities undertake
development projects. For
example, one of the most
important things that the Battle
Harbour Historic Trust did was to
seek professional expertise. It is
important to have a cultural
resources management expert
who will help with the
development of the historic site in
the right way. The best
investment that the Trust ever
made was to engage a coastal
resource management expert.
That expert stayed with the
project for ten years until all the
major properties had been
restored.
page 17
Concrete steps that should be taken for sustainable livelihoods in coastal communities
•
Actively seek alternatives to ITQs. There are unexplored alternatives to the
individual traded quotas. ITQs will lead to small operations in coastal
communities being shut out. We will start to see imported labour. The
Norwegian situation that was described is where this province is headed – but
there may be still time to turn it around.
•
It is important to get a full view of the fishing industry and the role of the
community in the industry. Working together with communities, government,
industry and the unions, Fisheries Products International (FPI) was more
successful. Mary’s Town, Harbour Breton and Fortune are among the most
modern groundfish processing plants, probably in the world. Now, at least three
or more rural communities in Newfoundland and Labrador have a future because
of modernization.
•
The community needs to be the driver; the community has to take ownership of
the program and strategic planning. People have to take control of their future.
•
There needs to be separate and unique programs and regulatory standards to
cater to business development in rural areas and the special needs of people
starting businesses in these locations. There are too many levels of restrictions
and regulations that have to be met to acquire approvals for development and
the cost of implementing all the required regulations is significantly higher in rural
and remote regions of Newfoundland and Labrador than in urban centers.
•
Eight key attributes that determine the success and sustainability of small scale
fisheries (Gert Van Santen, Retired Fisheries Advisor to the World Bank ) are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
static exploitation levels of local stocks, at levels well below
biologically optimal levels;
a carefully analyzed selection of technology, and of its improvements;
controlled investment;
controlled entry and exit of labour, and careful organization of
fishermen at the local, regional and national levels;
effective governance providing protection of local small-scale
fisheries, and control of all other fisheries activities that operate in its
vicinity and support functions (research, extension) at the local,
regional, and national levels;
local leadership, with sufficient background and experience – or
access to externally available knowledge – to handle the political,
cultural, financial, scientific and technical aspects of governance
activities, conflict management, and sector planning;
a direct, stable link between production of fish and
processing/marketing, with preferably negotiated transfer prices; and
(desirable)
a global system identifying fish produced by sustainable small-scale
fisheries, and providing premium prices for such products to
producers.
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 18
Special Workshop Community Meeting, Monday, 7-10PM, August 25, 2003
Following the workshop residents of Change Islands felt it was important for them to determine
what they could do to advance their economy. Doreen Hart, former mayor offered to host a
meeting in her home. Heather MacLellan, Assistant Deputy Minister of Tourism chaired the
meeting and all the remaining participants, along with a number of Change Islands’ residents,
attended the three hour meeting. What follows are suggestions that arose as a result of the
discussions between the residents of Change islands and workshop participants. The minutes
of this meeting are available on the website for the workshop at:
www.sfu.ca/coastalstudies/linking/changeislands.htm)
Specific Ideas and Actions for Change Islands:
•
There is a need to define one’s position in the region – one’s uniqueness.
Change Islands could build on its unique character as the “Squid-jiggin’
Grounds.” The community could build on the history of the cod fishery.
•
Emphasis could be placed on the geological uniqueness of the area.
•
Emphasis could also be placed on the “Islands Experience” and the ocean
frontage. Many people are coming in and buying ocean frontage and the value
of this property will be very important in the future.
•
Hiking and other outdoor adventure activities (bird-watching, boating, kayaking)
need to be expanded.
•
There is a critical need to work with adjacent communities – like Twillingate and
Fogo – and to find linkages. For example, many tourists visit Twillingate to view
the icebergs, and Change Islands is also part of this “Iceberg Alley”. These
connections could be maximized, while at the same time, emphasizing the
uniqueness of Change Islands.
•
Decide what element of the market to go after. For example, do you want to
attract the resident market or the international market?
•
Mentorship is important. The work that is being done by Stages and Stores is
wonderful, and it is an example of how regions have grown in our past. Other
mentors will be important.
•
More workshops like this would be desirable – to bring back cultural resource,
tourism and heritage specialists to help with planning.
•
Access a heritage coordinator/facilitator. People can be brought in from the
Strategic Social Plan, the Zonal Board, and HRDC, to put the focus on some of
the things that need to be done.
•
The first thing to do is to take advantage of opportunities including the ACOA
programs. Write up a major proposal for a project that is justifiable on a business
case basis.
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 19
•
There is a need to articulate short- and long-term goals – these should be highlevel goals.
•
It is important to place the right value on your product.
•
Proposed projects for Change Islands:
Inventory of natural, cultural, marine, historic, geological, etc, resources.
Guide-book to give visitors when they come so they can orient themselves.
Conservation and protection.
Strategies around expanding trails, services, etc.
Sunset on Change Islands on the last day of the workshop
References:
Alexander, David, Atlantic Canada and Confederation: Essays in Canadian Political Economy compiled
by Eric W. Sager, Lewis R. Fischer and Stuart O. Pierson, Toronto. Published in association with
Memorial University of Newfoundland by University of Toronto Press, c1983
Allison Edward and Frank Ellis “The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries”,
Marine Policy, 25, 2001
Bohle, Hans-Georg, “Vulnerability and Criticality” in UPDATE, Newsletter of the International Human
Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, No, 2, 2001
Canada Fisheries and Oceans, Statistics (Licences and Commercial),
(www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/statistics/main_e.htm )
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 20
Canada Fisheries and Oceans Science, Statistics, Newfoundland Region, Stock Status Report C201(2002), Newfoundland and Labrador Snow Crab
Canada Fisheries and Oceans, Charting a New Course: Towards the Fishery of the Future, Task Force
on Income and Adjustment in the Atlantic Fishery, Supply and Services Canada, November
1993Fisheries and Oceans Science
Comeau, Senator Gerald, Speech to Annual General Meeting of Coastal Communities Network,
Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia, 6 October 1997, (www.coastalcommunities.ns.ca/ccnpubs3.html)
DeWitt, Robert L. Public policy and community protest: the Fogo case, St. John's, Newfoundland, Institute
of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1969
Kasperson, Roger, “Vulnerability and Global Environmental Change” in UPDATE, Newsletter of the
International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, No, 2, 2001
Kasperson, Jeanne and Kasperson Roger, Global Environmental Risk, United Nations University Press,
London, Earthscan, c2001
McCay, Bonnie J, Richard Apostle and Caroly Creed, “Individual Transferable Quotas, Comanagement
and Community: Lessons from Nova Scotia”, Fisheries, Vol. 23, No. 4 April 1998
Mellin, Robert Tilting, Newfoundland: House Launching, Slide Hauling, Potato Trenching & Other Tales
from a Newfoundland Fishing Village, Princeton Architectural Press, 2003
Munro, Gordon, Nathaniel Bingham and Ellen Pikitch, “Individual Transferable Quotas, Community-based
Fisheries Management Systems, and Virtual Communities” Fisheries, Vol. 23, No. 3, March 1998
Newfoundland and Labrador, Demographic Change Newfoundland & Labrador Issues and Implications,
December 2003, Economics & Statistics, Department of Finance, 2003,
(http://www.economic.gov.nf.ca/pdf2003/demography)
Warren, Ted, “Blending Traditional Values and Modern Technologies on Fogo Island”, The Navigator,
November, 2002
Woodrow, Maureen, Resistance to Regulatory Change in the Fishery: A Case Study of Nine Communities
in Bonavista North, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Sociology, Laval University, 1996
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop
page 21
ANNEX ‘A’
Photos of Work and Relaxation
Activities at the Workshop
A.
The “Split Peas” Concert at the A.R. Scammell School
The “Split Peas” arrive at the Torraville stage wharf by boat from Twillingate for the evening concert
An evening’s entertainment by the “Split Peas” at the A.R. Scammell School
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop – March 2004 – ANNEX ‘A’
page
22
Good old Newfoundland dancing (Francis Reid and Maureen Woodrow)
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop – March 2004 – ANNEX ‘A’
page
23
B.
At the Official Opening of the Walter Torraville Fishing
Stage and Wharf
Workshop attendees and Change Islands’ residents enjoy the evening at the Torraville fishing stage
Pete Porter (left) talking with workshop delegates, Jamie Dawson and Larry Felt at the Torraville stage
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop – March 2004 – ANNEX ‘A’
page
24
The living relatives of Walter Torraville with Herb Bown at the opening of the Torraville fishing stage
C. Dinner at the SUF Hall
Getting ready for dinner at the SUF Lodge
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop – March 2004 – ANNEX ‘A’
page
25
Mrs. Morgan talks about “STUFF”, etc.
Mrs. Morgan talks about “STUFF”, etc.
D. Other Photos around Town
Mona McDougall, Namgis First Nation, Alert Bay, BC at the Anglican Church, built in 1892
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop – March 2004 – ANNEX ‘A’
page
26
Claude Dube, Dean of Architecture & Fine Arts, Laval University, PQ at the Anglican Church, built in 1892
Heather MacLellan and Eric Diamond at a community meeting discussing potential development opportunities
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop – March 2004 – ANNEX ‘A’
page
27
Rainbow over Sam Smart’s root cellar on Diamond Point
Change Islands – a very special place
Overview Report of August 23-25 2003 CHANGE ISLANDS Workshop – March 2004 – ANNEX ‘A’
page
28