Classification of Parasites
BLY 459
Final Exam Lab (December 7, 2011)
The only taxa and common names for which you will be held responsible are in bold type. If a
taxon is not in bold type, you will not be held responsible for it on the lab exam. Terms (other
than taxonomic ones in bold type) that may be asked are also listed. Material in lab handouts
(especially proper nomenclature), lab display sheets, as well as material presented in lecture.
Questions about vectors and locations within hosts may be asked. Be able to recognize healthy
from infected tissue. Photos from the Parasite Atlas may also appear on the exam.
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Class Turbellaria
Dugesia (=Planaria) Free-living, know anatomy
Bdelloura candida horseshoe crab gills
Class Monogenea
Gyrodactylus gills of freshwater fish
Neobenedenis gills of freshwater fish
Erpocotyle ASharksucker@ on shark fins/skin
Dermophthirius shark skin
Class Trematoda (= Flukes)
Subclass Digenea Life-cycle stages: Recognize miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria,
metacercaria, adults & anatomy, model
Order ?? Hirudinella ventricosa wahoo stomach
Order Strigeiformes
Family Schistosomatidae
Schistosoma mansoni adults, male & female, granuloma in liver,
ova, cercariae, adults in mesenteric veins,
Order Echinostomatiformes
Family Fasciolidae
Fasciola hepatica sheep & human liver, liver fluke,
Order Plagiorchiformes
Family Dicrocoeliidae
Dicrocoelium & Eurytrema Cure for All Diseases by Hulda Clark
Paragonimus westermani lung fluke, crustaceans are vectors
Order Opisthorchiformes
Family Opisthorcidae
Clonorchis (= Opisthorchis) sinensus Chinese liver fluke model
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Class Cestoidea
Subclass Eucestoda (= tapeworms) anatomy, model, stages of life-cycle
Order Proteocephalata
Proteocephalus
Order Pseudophyllidea teleost fishes
Family Diphyllobothriidae
Diphyllobothrium latum fish tapeworm,
Order Cyclophyllidea
Family Dilepididae
Dipylidium caninum dog tapeworm,
Family Taeniidae
Taenia solium pork tapeworm, human, model, ova
Taenia saginata (= Taeniarhynchus saginatus) beef tapeworm,
model
Echinococcus
Phylum Acanthocephala (= Thorny-headed worms) Recognize structures & life-cycle stages
ova,
Class Archiacanthocephala
Family Oligacanthorhynchidae
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus pigs, X-section, scarab beetles
are intermediate hosts
Family Rhadinorhynchidae
Leptorhynchoides in blue gill fish from the Causeway
Family Neoechinorhynchidae, longitudinal section
Neoechinorhynchus
Phylum Nematoda Structures & life-cycle stages,
Class Enoplea (= Adenophorea; = Aphasmidia)
Order Trichurida
Family Trichinellidae
Trichinella spiralis trichinosis,
Family Trichuridae
Trichuris trichiura human whipworm
Class Rhabditea (= Secernentia, = Phasmidia)
Order Rhabditida (RHABDO = rod, stick)
Strongyloides stercoralis, humans, dogs; rhabdiform & filariform
larvae
Order Strongylida (STRONGYLOS = round)
Family Ancylostomidea (ANCYLO = hooked; STOMA = mouth)
hookworms; male & female
Ancylostoma duodenale human; A. caninum dogs,
Necator americanus, human;
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Phylum Nematoda (continued)
Order Ascaridida (ASCARIS = worm) dissection
Family Toxocaridae
Toxocara canis dogs
Family Ascaridae
Ascaris lumbricoides human, dissection
Order Oxyurida (OXY = sharp)
Enterobius vermicularis human pinworm, appendix, ova,
Order Spirurida; microfilariae
Superfamily Filaroidea (FILUM = thread) (Filarial worms)
Family Onchocercidae
Wuchereria bancrofti elephantiasis
Onchocerca volvulus riverblindness
Dirofilaria immitis dog heartworm, mosquito vector
Family Dracunculidae, copepod vector
NOTE: THE FOLLOWING MATERIAL WAS PRESENTED AFTER THE FIRST LAB TEST
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Copepoda
Family Lernaeopodidae fresh-water fish; bulla
Salmonicola
Order ??
Head buried in fish flesh
Photo, attached to shark eye
Class Branchiura
Argulus fish lice
Class Cirripedia barnacles
Order Thoracica
Family Coronulidae whale barnacles
Family Poecilasmatidae Octolasmis on gills of blue crabs
Order Rhizocephala
Family Sacculinidae crab parasites, feminization of males, parasitic
castrators
Loxothylacus texanus blue crabs
Loxothylacus. panopaei mud crabs
Heterosaccus californicus kelp crabs; morphology of male and
female crabs
Class Malacostraca
Order Amphipoda
Family Cyamidae whale lice
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Phylum Arthropoda (continued)
Order Isopoda
Suborder Flabellifera
Family Cymothoidae, fish gills
Sharksucker on shark dorsal fin
Suborder Epicaridea
Family Bopyridae crab and shrimp gills
Order Decapoda
Family Pinnotheridae pea crabs in oysters, mussels, and worm tubes
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Insecta
Order Anoplura sucking lice
Family Pediculidae
Pediculus humanus humanus (= P. humanus corpus) body louse
Pediculus humanus capitis head louse, egg on hair
Family Pthiridae
Phthirus pubis crab louse
Order Hemiptera bugs
Family Reduviidae
Rhodnius, the assassin or kissing bug; Chaga's disease
Family Cimicidae bedbugs
Cimex lectularis
Order Siphonaptera fleas,
Pulex irritans
Order Diptera flies; halteres
Family Culicidae mosquitoes; male & female,
Anopheles malaria vector, feeding position
Culex - filarial worms
Family Muscidae
Glossina sleeping sickness vector
Family Oestridae skin bot flies, warble flies, myiasis
Cuterebra emasculator forms bots or "wolves" on squirrels and
cats
Gasterophilus intestinalis Larvae in stomach of horses & cattle, egg
on hair
Hypoderma bovis larvae in skin of cattle
Horse bot fly egg on hair
Family Tachinidae parasitoid, pupate inside host, in lubber grasshoppers
Order Hymenoptera wasps, parasitoids
Family Braconidae tomato horn worm, pupate outside host, small
Family Chalcidae pupate inside pupae of insect hosts, small, numerous
Family Ichneumonidae pupate inside host, large
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Phylum Arthropoda (continued)
Subphylum Chelicerata chelicera
Class Arachnida,
Subclass Acari, ticks & mites
Family Ixodidae (hard ticks)
Ixodes dammini lyme disease vector, adult, nymph
Family Argasidae (soft ticks)
Family Trombiculidae
Chigger mite, Ared bugs@@, 6-legged larvae, human skin
Family Sarcoptidae
Sarcoptes Scabies mite, Adult female tunnels through human skin
Family Demodicidae
Demodex human follicle mite; members of this genus (diff.
species) also cause dog mange
Family ?
Dermatophagoides dust mite, house dust allergy
Family Varroidae
Varroa bee mite
Phylum Euglenozoa
Subphylum Kinetoplasta (KINETO = movement)
Class Trypanosomatidea
Order Trypanosomatida (Responsible for names of forms, i.e. amastigote
Family Trypanosomatidae Leaf-like, sometimes rounded
Section Stercoria fecal transmission
Trypanosoma cruzi Chaga's disease; vector is the assassin or
kissing bug Rhodnius of the family Reduviidae;
amastigotes in heart, trypomastigotes in blood.
Trypanosoma lewisi rat, grown in culture to show dividing stages
Section Salivaria hypodermal transmission
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness; vector is the
tsetse fly, Glossina
Section Suprapylaria
Leishmania tropica Oriental sores in human skin, dog reservoir
host
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Phylum Retortamonada
Class Diplomonadea (DIPLO = double)
Order Diplomonadida 1 or 2 karymastigonts; 1-4 flagella typically one directed
back over body; organelles forming cell axis; mitochondria extremely
reduced
Giardia intestinalis (= G. lamblia) trophozoite, cyst
Phylum Sarcodina (Amebas) Pseudopoda
Class Lobosea
Order Amoebida
Family Endamoebidae nucleus, endosome, chromatin, vacuoles, pseudopod
Entamoeba histolytica, trophozoites and cysts (4 nuclei), healthy
& damaged intestinal examples
Taxonomic rank uncertain
Family Vahlkamphidae
Naegleria fowleri Infect meninges & brain of humans; water is
vector
Phylum Ciliophora; macro- & micronucleus conjugation
Class Litostomatea
Order Vestibuliferida Digestive tract of vertebrates
Balantidium coli cysts& trophozoites in humans
Order Entodiniomorphida
Family Ophryoscolecidae
Entodinium in cattle & sheep intestine
Taxonomic rank uncertain: Myxozoa Polar bodies or polar capsules with polar filaments
Family Myxobolidae
Myxosoma pansporoblast on fish gills
Kingdom Plantae
Dodder, haustoria
Indian pipe
Phylum Nemertea - Ribbon worms
Carcinonemertes egg predator
Phylum Nematomorpha - horsehair worms in arthropods
Phylum Annelida
Class Hirudinea – leeches
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia
Family Unionidae glochidia larvae of freshwater mussels parasitize gills
of freshwater fish
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa - sea anemones
Edwardsia (undescribed species) juveniles feed on ovaries in
medusae of moon jellyfish in GOM.
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Osteichthyes
Family Trichomycteridae Amazon catfish, candiru, micro-predator feeds
on blood from fish gills, occasionally lodges in urethra of mammals
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Gregarinea Mature gamonts large & extracellular, gametes similar (= isogamous),
parasites of invertebrates & lower chordates
Order Eugregarinorida
suborder Septatina, cephaline gregarines
Pyxinia crystalligera mealworms epimerite, protomerite,
deutomerite, nucleus
Class Coccidea Gametes dissimilar (anisogamous); intracellular parasites of vertebrates.
Order Eimeriida
Family Sarcocystidae bradyzoites, tachyzoites
Toxoplasma gondii, invades many organs such as brain & lungs
Order Haemosporida
Family Plasmodiidae, Oocysts in Anopheles Recognize uninfected white
blood cells. Erythrocytic cycle: gametocyte, schizont, merozoite [=
ring stage]; sickle cell, sequestration in infected placental & brain
capillaries, hemozoin in liver, Exo-erythrocytic cycle.
Plasmodium falciparum human blood parasite
Plasmodium vivax human blood parasite
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