1990
COLUMBIA
BASIN
RICULTURAL
RESEARCH
Special Report 860
Agricultural Experiment Station • Oregon State University
in cooperation with Agricultural Research Service • USDA
COLUMBIA BASIN
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
JUNE, 1990
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Ron Rickman, Chairman
Pamela Zwer
Hal Collins
Wakar Uddin
Acknowledgement is made to Carol Brehaut,
Gloria Eidam, and Pat Frank, for typing
1661MR
6/92 305
1125
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Off-Station Research Plot Locations 5
Publications 6
Pacific Northwest Winter and Spring Wheat Cultivar Descriptions. Development of Winter Barley Varieties 10
18
Club Wheat Improvement Program 20
Breeding for Resistance to the Russian Wheat Aphid Club Wheat
Improvement Program 23
Hard White Wheat for Oregon and Current Research on Disease
Resistance Response of Wheat Yields to Fungicides Applied as Seed Treatments
or in-row Bands Response of Barley Yields to Fungicide Seed Treatments A Summary of Jointed Goatgrass Cultural and Chemical Control
in Wheat - 1990 28
35
43
49
1990 Summary of Cheatgrass Control in Winter Cereals 52
Green Foxtail Herbicide Resistance in Mint 56
Performance of a Deep Furrow Opener for Placement of Seed
and Fertilizer Maximum Daily Temperatures During Reproduction and Green
Pea Yield 58
63
Precipitation Summary - Pendleton 66
Precipitation Summary Moro 67
Growing Degree Day Summaries 68
DISCLAIMER: These papers report on research only. Mention of a specific
proprietary product does not constitute a recommendation by the U. S.
Department of Agriculture or Oregon State University, and does not imply
their approval to the exclusion of other suitable products.
ii
INTRODUCTION
Staffs of the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center (CBARCOregon State University; Pendleton and Sherman Stations) and the Columbia
Plateau Conservation Research Center (USDA-Agricultural Research Service;
Pendleton) are proud to present results of their research. This bulletin
contains a representative sample of the work in progress at these Centers.
A collection of bulletins over a three-year period will give a more complete assessment of the productivity and applicability of research
conducted on behalf of producers in eastern Oregon and comparable agricultural regions. Changes in staffing, programming, and facilities at these
Centers during the past year are summarized below.
Promotions and Awards
Scott Case was promoted by OSU from the rank of Research Assistant to
Senior Research Assistant. Don Rydrych was distinguished with an award for
completing 25 years of service to OSU.
Within the USDA Joseph Pikul, Jr. and Phaedra Hawkins were promoted
and Rich Greenwalt and Les Ekin were awarded merit salary increases in
recognition of the consistently high quality of their work. Merit cash
awards were given to Maralyn Horn and Theresa Miglioretto and performance
awards to Betty Klepper, Ron Rickman, and Dale Wilkins. Rich Greenwalt and
Tami Toll both received cash awards for valuable suggestions which saved
money and time in doing the work of the station.
Staff Changes
New OSU staff members include Robert Correa (Facilities and Equipment
Manager), Karen Morrow (Experimental Biology Aide), and Kathleen Van
Wagoner (Experimental Biology Aide). Kelly Thomas resigned as Research
Assistant.
For the USDA staff, three temporary employees, Kami Albert, Robert
Quaempts, and Heather Westersund, worked for an 8-week period last summer
on a special ARS program for Research Apprentices in Agriculture. Other
temporary (3 to 6 month) employees for USDA and OSU included Jim Jerome,
Theresa Miglioretto, Kim Richards, Darrell Johnson, Heidi Bornstedt, Gina
Meengs, Stanley Krajewski, and Kathy Ward.
New Projects
A project to compare the morphological and phenological development
of club and common wheat cultivars was initiated in collaboration between
local staff and two visiting foreign scientists. Betty Klepper and Don
Rydrych began a new project to compare the root system development of
several grassy weeds and crop plants. Dale Wilkins and several other staff
members started a new project to find out if chisel-type tillage operations
in frozen planted soil would enhance over winter infiltration and thus
decrease runoff on sloping lands planted to cereals. Paul Rasmussen and
Hal Collins undertook a special project to review the literature of longterm impacts of management on soil properties for the LISA project.
Tom Chastain initiated new studies on dwarf bunt of wheat, planting
quality of pre-harvest sprouted wheat seed, Russian wheat aphid insecticides, and started work to determine the feasibility of small-red spring
lentils, winter lentils, and white lupine as rotation crops. Cooperators
on these projects included Betty Klepper, Richard Smiley, Dale Wilkins, Don
Rydrych, Brian Tuck, and Mike Stoltz.
1
Facilities
Improvements to OSU facilities included renovation of offices,
storage, and sidewalks at the Sherman Station, and of the basement in the
OSU Office Building at Pendleton, to convert it into an agronomy research
laboratory. Additional work was performed on roadways at both Stations,
and to the windbreak trees at Pendleton. Special emphasis during 1989 and
1990 was placed on improving research and support equipment. Major purchases included the following used equipment: two J.D. HZ grain drills, rod
weeders, plot sprayer, 2.5 T truck, and D-4 tractor. New equipment included a Hege plot combine, to be stationed at Moro, and computer systems
for the agronomy program and the main office at Pendleton. An older computer and truck were transferred from Pendleton to Moro to improve research
efficiency at both Stations, and to introduce the capacity for electronic
mail between the Stations.
Work was completed on the new facility which will allow our
microbiologist to handle radioisotopes and other specialized chemicals that
can't be handled in our main building. The old USDA greenhouse was converted into a solar drying room to allow rapid air-drying of large samples
and to conserve on energy required to operate drying ovens. The new rootwashing laboratory was insulated and plumbing was installed to improve safe
access to water lines.
Training
The USDA and OSU staffs jointly taught a class for Saturday Academy
on agricultural soils in the Fall of 1989. The class was attended by about
a dozen local students.
OSU employees participating in training classes at BMCC included
Gloria Eidam, Don Rydrych, Karl Rhinhart, and Stan Krajewski. Muriel
Wilson participated in a workshop on secretarial effectiveness. Don
Rydrych participated in a People-to-People International tour of weed
science programs and facilities in Hungary, Poland, and the U.S.S.R.
Several USDA staff took courses in computer science at Blue Mountain
Community College, including Les Ekin, Doug Nelson, Carol Brehaut, Pat
Frank, Daryl Haasch, Betty Klepper, Tami Toll, Katherine Skirvin, Dale
Wilkins, Sharron Wart, and Clyde Douglas. Pesticide training was taken by
Dale Wilkins, Bob Ramig, Larry Baarstad, and Daryl Haasch. Dale Wilkins
also took a course, "Motivating Engineering Abilities for Effective Design"
through the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Larry Baarstad attended a course on how to organize and manage a preventive maintenance
program put on by Washington State University. One-third of the staff updated their Red Cross First Aid training and all eligible staff received an
update of CPR training. An 8-hour course in Defensive Driving was put on
at the station and was attended by most of the staff. Larry Baarstad
presented a special safety seminar on crane safety for about half of the
staff.
Visitors
Two foreign postdoctoral scientists, Dr. Aurora Sombrero from Spain
and Dr. Shigenori Morita from the University of Tokyo, completed their
postdoctoral year and returned to their home countries. Monika Wimmer from
West Germany spent three months working with Hal Collins, Joseph Pikul and
John Zuzel on a project to clarify the role of microbial products in the
aggregate stability of surface soils.
Distinguished visitors hosted by staff at the Center included William
G. Chace, Jr., and Robert Reginato (Director and Assoc. Director, USDA-ARS,
Pacific West Area, Albany, CA), Craig Morris (Director, Western Wheat
Quality Lab, Pullman, WA), John Sullivan, (Director, Wheat Marketing
Center, Portland), Gary Lee (Director, Idaho Agr. Expt. Stn., Moscow), Roy
Arnold (Dean, OSU Coll. of Agr. Sci.), Thayne Dutson (Dir., Oregon Agr.
Expt. Stn.), Ernie Smith (Dir. Oregon Extension Service), Mike Burke (Dir.
of OSU Academic Programs), Van Volk and Kelvin Koong (Assoc. Directors, OSU
Coll. of Agr. Sci.), Mike Smith (Univ. of Idaho), Geoffry Kew (Australia),
John Purchase (South Africa), Armin Werner (Univ. of Bonn, Federal
Republic, Germany), Pete Thomson and Terry Higg (Washington D.C.), Ken and
Carole Wetherby (Australia), Karim Ammar, Khelifa M'Hedhbi, M. Ben Salem,
Amor Yahyosi, Raouf Cherif (Tunisia), Andres Encinas (Mexico), a delegation
of four from Korea, Doug Whitelock (New Zealand), S. Prihar (India).
Department Heads who visited the Centers included Sheldon Ladd (OSUCrop Science), Benno Warkentin (OSU-Soil Science), and Stella Coakley (OSUBotany & Plant Pathology). Other visitors included numerous
representatives of equipment and chemical companies, news media, and
faculty and staff from research and extension programs in Washington, Idaho
and Oregon. Visiting scientists included Lloyd Elliott, Dave Bezdicek, Ann
Kennedy, John Kraft, Keith Saxton, and Alex Ogg from Washington, and Warren
Kronstad, Chris Mundt, Floyd Bolton, Russ Karow, Arnold Appleby, and Jim
Vomocil from Oregon.
We also conducted workshops for the technical staff of the USDA-Soil
Conservation Service, and for McGregor Co.
Seminars
The seminar series at the Center was coordinated by Joseph Pikul.
Seminars included the following speakers and subjects: Don Rydrych (crop
management in the U.S.S.R. and crop production in Hungary and Poland),
Frank Young (introduction and summary of the Pacific Northwest IPM
project), Mathias Kolding (what's new from the Hermiston cereal breeding
program), Dale Wilkins (influence of seed placement on winter wheat
development), John Zuzel (surface residue effects on infiltration), Clinton
Reeder (political and marketing activities of the Oregon wheat industry),
Pamela Zwer (the club wheats and Russian wheat aphids), Marshall Gannett
(ground water investigations in the Ontario, Oregon area), Vince Vermeul
(quantifying soil macroporosity in tilled soil), Allen Busacca (geologic
history and soils of the Palouse and channeled scablands - recent
advances), John Sullivan (soft white wheat quality and marketing), Rick
Miller (vegetation changes in the Great Basin), John Zuzel (frozen soil,
runoff and erosion research in northeast Oregon), Joseph Pikul (heat and
water flux in a diurnally freezing and thawing soil), Tom Chastain (effect
of sodium hypochlorite on dwarf bunt teliospore viability and wheat seed
quality), Hal Collins (influence of crop residue management on
heterotrophic bacterial diversity in wheat rhizospheres), Joseph Pikul
(effect of fall chisel tillage on water infiltration in frozen soil), Ron
Rickman (cover crop utilization in the Pacific Northwest), Paul Rasmussen
(long-term fertilization, crop residue and tillage studies 1931-present,
Pendleton, OR), Clyde Douglas (straw loading rate and field placement effects on decomposition of wheat straw with different nitrogen contents),
Sue Waldman (logical organization and implementation of a crop model),
Betty Klepper (phyllome developmental patterns in winter wheat), Ron
Rickman (dry matter creation and distribution in a development driven
winter wheat model), and special travel talks on Spain with Aurora
Sombrero, and on Antarctica with Doug Nelson.
Liaison Committees
The Pendleton and Sherman Station Liaison Committees have region-wide
representation and provide guidance in decisions on staffing, programming
and facilities and equipment improvement at the Stations. Membership is by
3
appointment by the Director of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
and also, at Pendleton, by the Director of the Pacific West Area, USDA-ARS.
These committees provide a primary communication linkage among growers and
industry and the research staff and their parent institutions. The
Committee Chairman and OSU and USDA administrators encourage and welcome
your concerns and suggestions for improvements needed in any aspect of the
research centers or their staffs. The Pendleton Station Liaison Committee,
led by Chairman John Rea (Touchet, WA.: 509-394-2430), met on January 15,
1990. The Sherman Station Liaison Committee, led by Chairman Steve
Anderson (Arlington: 503-454-2513), held meetings on June 15, 1989 and
January 8, 1990.
Expressions of Appreciation
The staff wishes to express their appreciation to individuals, associations and corporations who have given special assistance for the
operation of experimental plots on or associated with the Center during
1989-1990. The Oregon Wheat Commission continues to provide the critical
support upon which many of the Center's projects are founded. Thanks are
also given to those who donated equipment for long-term use by the Center
(George Moreau, Kaye McAtee, and John Rea), funds and/or chemicals
(Monsanto Chem. Co., Nor-Am Chem. Co., MSD-AGVET, CIBA-GEIGY, duPont,
Wilbur-Ellis Co., Sandoz Chem. Co., and Sherman Farm Chemicals), or loaned
equipment or facilities (John Rea, Tremayne Rea, Frank Tubbs, Soil
Conservation Service, and the Agric. Engineering Dept., Washington State
Univ.).
We also acknowledge those who donated labor, supplies, equipment or
funding for the Pendleton Field Day (Umatilla County Ag Lender's Assoc.
[Pacific Security, U.S. Bank, Inland Empire Bank, First Interstate Bank,
Farm Credit Services], Wheatland Insurance, Farm Chemicals of Athena,
Pendleton Grain Growers, Pendleton Senior Center, Main Street Cowboys,
Umatilla County Wheat Growers League, Farm Equipment Headquarters, Inc.,
Morrow County Grain Growers, Frank Tubbs, and Larry Coppock), the Moro
Field Day (Monsanto, Mid-Columbia Producers, Inc., PureGro, Sherman Farm
Chemicals, Condon Grain Growers, Sherman County School District, and Lean
To [Kathy Neihart]), and the OSU Alumni Picnic (Safeway Stores and Dwight
Wolfe).
Cooperative research plots at the Center were operated by Floyd
Bolton, Warren Kronstad, Patrick Hayes, Chris Mundt, Russ Karow, Ann
Kennedy, Keith Saxton, and the Soil Conservation Service. We also thank
the SCS District Conservationists in Oregon and Washington for their assistance. Additionally, we are very thankful for the ever-present assistance
from the Extension Service personnel in all counties of the region, and
especially from Umatilla, Union, Sherman, Morrow, Gilliam, Wallowa, and
Wasco Counties and from Columbia and Walla Walla Counties in Washington.
We also wish to thank the 60 or more farmers who have allowed us to work on
their property during the past year, and who have often gone the extra mile
by performing field operations, loaning equipment, donating chemicals, and
adjusting their practices to accommodate our plots. The locations of these
outlying sites are shown on the map that follows.
We truly appreciated the support and encouragement of growers, organizations, and businesses with a mission common to ours; to serve in the
best manner possible the crop production needs of our region. We welcome
your suggestions on how we may continue to improve our attempts to reach
this goal.
Richard Smiley
Superintendent
OSU-CBARC
Betty Klepper
Research Leader
USDA-ARS-CPCRC
4
OFF-STATION RESEARCH PLOT LOCATIONS
••••
Washington – Oregon
Eastern Border Counties
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1
GILLIAM, OREGON
Jordon Maley
Louis Rucker
MORROW, OREGON
Eric Anderson
Charles Anderson
Frank Anderson
Doug Drake
Tad Miller
Ken Peck
Lyle Peck
Keith Rea
Joe Rietmann
SHERMAN, OREGON
Les Gray
Pat McNab
Bill Todd
UMATILLA, OREGON
Glenn Broigotti
Dutch Clark
Larry Coppock
Dick Goodwin
Wes Grilley
1
1
GRANT
UMATILLA, OREGON (con't)
Doug Harper
Jim Harris
Bob Johns
Maurice Johns
Sheldon Kirk
K. C. Loiland
Frank Mader
Don Mills
Bob Newtson
Larry Newtson
Alan Pinkerton
Fred Price
Clint Reeder
Leon Reese
Sherman Reese
Fred Rice
Bob Schmidtgall
Carl Schuenning
Gunder Terjeson
Glenn Thorne
Mike Thorne
Ken Thompson
Stan Timmerman
Dwight Wolfe
Don Woodward
5
UNION, OREGON
Bob Broigotti
John Cuthbert
Bernal Hug
Kent Hug
Kurt Von Blockland
Bill Weatherspoon
Gil Weatherspoon
WALLA WALLA, WASHINGTON
Donald Meiners
WALLOWA, OREGON
Stu Coleman
George Marshall
WASCO, OREGON
Van Harth
WHITMAN, WASHINGTON
Jon M. Whitman
PUBLICATIONS
Chastain, T. G. 1989. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on dwarf bunt teliospore
viability and wheat seed quality. Agron. Abstr. p. 149.
Chastain, T. G. and D. F. Grabe. 1989. Spring establishment of orchard-grass
seed crops with cereal companion crops. Crops Sci. 29:466-471.
Chastain, T. G. and D. F. Grabe. 1989. Spring establishment of turf-type tall
fescue seed crops with cereal companion crops. Agron. J. 81:488-493.
Collins, H. P., C. L. Douglas, Jr., and R. W. Smiley. 1989. Influences of crop
residue management on heterotrophic bacterial diversity in wheat rhizospheres.
Agron. Abstr. p. 212.
Douglas, C. L. Jr. 1989. Straw loading rate and field placement effects on
decomposition of wheat straw with different nitrogen contents. Agron. Abstrs.
p. 213.
Douglas, C. L. Jr., P. E. Rasmussen, and R. R. Allmaras. 1989. Cutting height,
yield level, and equipment modification effects on residue distribution by
combines. Trans. ASAE 32:1258-1262.
Dunfield, T. G., A. D. Brede, and T. G. Chastain. 1989. Control of ergot in
Kentucky bluegrass seed production. Fungic. Nematicide Tests. 44:247.
pp. 87-88.
Klepper, B. and R. W. Rickman. 1989. Phyllome developmental patterns in winter
wheat. Agron. Abstr. p. 18.
Klepper, Betty. Root growth and water uptake. 1990. In (B. A. Stewart and D.
R. Nielsen, Eds.) Irrigation of Agricultural Lands. Amer. Soc. of Agron.,
Madison, WI. pp. 281-322.
Klepper, Betty, Aurora Sombrero, Shigenori Morita, Dale Wilkins, Ron Rickman, and
Pamela Zwer. 1989. Stand establishment in club and common wheats. pp. 40-42.
In 1989 Columbia Basin Agric. Res. Spec. Rept. No. 840.
Kraft, J. M. and D. E. Wilkins, 1989. The effects of pathogen numbers and
tillage on root disease, root length and seed yields in green peas. Plant
Disease 73:884-887.
Morita, S., C. L. Douglas, B. L. Klepper, R. W. Rickman, A. Sombrero, and D. E.
Wilkins. 1989. Root system development of common and club wheats. In Columbia
Basin Agric. Res., Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. Spec. Rept. 840.
Morrison, J. E. Jr., R. R. Allen, D. E. Wilkins, G. M. Powell, R. Grisso, D. C.
Erbach, L. P. Herndon, D. L. Murray, G. E. Formanek, D. L. Pfost, M. M. Herron
and D. J. Baumert. 1989. Expert system for selecting conservation planting
machines: Planting. Trans. ASAE 32:397-401.
6
Newcomb, G. B., R. E. Ingham, R. W. Smiley, and J. A. Pinkerton. 1989. Effects
of nematicide treatment on Heterodera avenae and wheat yield in northeast Oregon
(abstract). J. Nematol. 21:576.
Peterson, C. M., Betty Klepper, and R. W. Rickman. 1989. The contributions of
seed reserves to seedling development of winter wheat. Agron. J. 81:245-251.
Pikul, J.L. Jr. and J. F. Zuzel. 1990. Heat and water flux in a diurnally
In K. R. Cooley (ed.) Frozen soil
freezing and thawing soil. p. 113-119. impacts on agricultural, range, and forest lands. Proceedings of an
International Symposium, Spokane, WA, March 21-22, 1990. U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 90-1.
Hanover, NH.
Pikul, J. L. Jr., J. F. Zuzel, and D. E. Wilkins. 1989. Fall Tillage to improve
water infiltration in frozen soil. p. 89-91. In 1989 Columbia Basin Agric. Res.
Spec. Rept. No. 840.
Pikul, J. L. Jr., J. F. Zuzel, and D. E. Wilkins. 1989. Effect of fall chisel
on water infiltration in frozen soil. Agron. Abstr. p. 290.
Ramig, R. E. 1989. Variability of crop-year precipitation. pp. 92-100. In
1989 Columbia Basin Agric. Res., Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. Spec. Rept. 840.
Rasmussen, P. E., R. W. Smiley, and H. P. Collins. 1989. Long-term (1931present) fertilizer, residue management, and tillage studies at Pendleton,
Oregon. Agron. Abstr. p. 250.
Rasmussen, P. E. and C. R. Rhode. 1989. Soil Acidification by NH4-N
fertilization with conventional and stubble mulch tillage in a wheat/fallow
system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:119-122.
Rasmussen, P. E., C. R. Rohde, and R. W. Smiley. 1989. Improving grain yield:
60-years of progress. p. 11-13. In 1989 Columbia Basin Agric. Res. Oregon
Agric. Expt. Stn. Spec. Rept. 840.
Rasmussen, P. E., H. P. Collins, and R. W. Smiley. 1989. Long-term management
effects on soil productivity and crop yield in semi-arid regions of eastern
Oregon. Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. Bull. 675. 57 p.
Rickman, R. W., Paul E. Rasmussen, Harold P. Collins, and David Granatstein.
1989. Cover crop utilization in the Pacific Northwest. Agron. Abstr. p. 292.
Rickman, R. W. and B. Klepper. 1989. Dry matter creation and distribution in
a development-driven wheat model. Agron. Abstr. p. 21.
Rydrych, D. J. 1989. Weed control technology in Eastern Oregon. In Proc. of
38th Oregon Soc. of Weed Sci., Oregon State Univ. Ext. Serv., Clackamas, OR. pp.
89-92.
Rydrych, D. J. 1990. Downy brome control in winter wheat with clomazone. In
Proceedings of Western Society of Weed Science, Reno (Sparks), Nevada. March 1315.
7
Rydrych, D. J. 1990. Weed control in crops in the Soviet Union. In Proceedings
of Western Society of Weed Science. Reno (Sparks), Nevada. March 13-15.
Rydrych, D. J. 1989. Weed control and crop production in Russia. In Proc. of
39th Washington State Weed Conf. Washington State University, Yakima, WA. pp.
113-119.
Rydrych, D. J. 1990. Kochia control in spring wheat. In Proceedings of Western
Society of Weed Science. Reno (Sparks), Nevada. March 13-15.
Rydrych, D. J. 1990. Jointed goatgrass cultural and chemical control in winter
wheat. In Proceedings of Western Society of Weed Science, Reno (Sparks), Nevada.
March 13-15.
Rydrych, D. J. 1989. Kochia - A potential problem in cereals. pp. 87-88. 1989 Columbia Basin Agric. Res., Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. Spec. Rpt. 840.
In
Rydrych, D. J. 1989. New concepts in weed control. Oregon Wheat. Vol 40, No.
3, Pendleton, Or. p.9.
Smiley, R., D. Wilkins, W. Uddin, S. Ott, K. Rhinhart, and S. Case. 1989.
Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat and barley. pp. 68-79. In: 1989 Columbia Basin
Agric. Res., Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. Spec. Rept. 840.
Smiley, R. W., W. Uddin, and K. Rhinhart. 1989. Rhizoctonia root rot of barley
affected by timing of glyphosate application (abstract). Phytopathology 79:1217.
Smiley, R. W. 1989. Biology of soilborne pathogens causing patch diseases of
turfgrasses. p. 55-60. In H. Takatoh (ed.) Proc. 6th Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf.
(Tokyo). 458 pp.
Sombrero, A., P. K. Zwer, B. Klepper, and R. Rickman. 1989. Comparison of club
and common wheat yield components at two locations, Pendleton and Moro. pp. 4651. In 1989 Columbia Basin Agric. Res. Spec. Rept. No. 840.
Veseth, R. and D. J. Wysocki. 1989.
Pacific Northwest Conservation Tillage
Handbook. PNW Extension Publication, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
Waldman, Sue and R. W. Rickman. 1989. Logical organization and implementation
of a crop model. Agron. Abstr. p. 2 5.
Wilkins, Dale E., Marshall R. Haferkamp, and David C. Ganskopp. 1990. Power
requirements of an imprinter and rangeland drill. J. Range Management 43:273274.
Wilkins, D. E. 1989. Adjustments in current tillage equipment and operations
for improving surface residue retention. In Proc. 8th Annual Inland Empire
Conservation Farming Conf., Pullman, WA.
Wilkins, D. E., B. Klepper, and R. W. Rickman. 1989. Measurement of wheat
seedling response to tillage. Trans. ASAE. 32:795-799.
Wysocki, D. J. 1989. Leopard Spots in Eastern Oregon. Sharpshooter, Oregon
Society of Soil Scientists Newsletter, 12(3):1.
8
Wysocki, D. J. 1989. National Non-Point Source (NPS) Conference. Conservation
Tracks, SWCS Oregon Chapter Newsletter, 2(2):4-6.
Wysocki, D. J. 1989. Runoff and Erosion Events in the Inland Northwest. STEEP
Extension Conservation Farming Update, Fall 1989, p. 17-18.
Improving Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil. 1989.
Wysocki, D. J.
Extension Conservation Farming Update, Summer 1989, p. 13-14.
STEEP
Wysocki, D. J. 1989. Inversion -- A Weed Control Technique in Dryland Cereals.
STEEP Extension Conservation Farming Update, Spring 1989, p. 14-15.
Wysocki, D. J. and D. J. Rydrych. 1989. "Inversion" - A weed control technique
in dryland cereals. In D. F. Wysocki (ed.) Steep Extension Conservation Farming
Update. 1989. pp. 13-14.
How Much Straw do You Produce? 1989.
Wysocki, D. J.
Conservation Farming Update, Summer 1989, p. 7-8.
STEEP Extension
Zuzel, J. F. and J. L. Pikul, Jr. 1990. Frozen soil, runoff, and soil erosion
research in northeastern Oregon. In Proc. Int. Symposium Frozen Soil Impacts on
Agricultural, Range and Forest Lands., CRREL Special Report 90-1. Hanover, NH.
pp. 4-10.
Tillage and
1990.
Zuzel, J. F., J. L. Pikul, Jr., and P. E. Rasmussen.
fertilizer effects on water infiltration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:205-208.
Zuzel, J. F. and J. L. Pikul, Jr. 1989. Surface effects on infiltration, runoff
and erosion. EOS 70:1114.
9
PACIFIC NORTHWEST WINTER AND
SPRING WHEAT CULTIVAR DESCRIPTIONS
P. K. Zwer, K. J. Morrow, and K. H. Van Wagoners
INTRODUCTION
The club wheat improvement program conducts yield trials comparing cultivars
and advanced breeding lines in diverse environments around northeastern Oregon.
Six on-farm locations, located near Athena, Arlington, Helix, Heppner, LaGrande,
and Lexington, as well as the Pendleton and Sherman Experiment Stations were
selected to represent the agronomic zones. Data, such as agronomic
characteristics, disease reactions, and yield, are collected at each site.
Information gathered from this program as well as other sources is compiled and
presented in this paper to assist in the selection of winter and spring cultivars
for this region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three yield trials, assessing winter grain, advanced club wheat, and spring
grain, were sown at the eight locations around northeastern Oregon. Additional
preliminary tests and the Western Regional Soft White Winter Wheat Yield Test
were conducted at the Pendleton and Sherman Experiment Station. Table 1 shows
the sowing and harvesting dates for the winter and spring grain yield trials.
The experiments were planted with a Hege drill at a seeding rate of 20 to 22
seeds ft-2 . The plots, composed of five rows with 12 inch centers, measured 80
ft2 . Data were collected for plant height, grain yield, and test weight.
Table 1. Sowing and harvest dates for the winter and spring wheat and
triticale yield trials, 1988-89.
Winter trials
Harvested
Location
Sown
Arlington
Athena
Helix
Heppner
LaGrande
Lexington
Moro
Pendleton
October 12
October 8
October 11
October 6
September 30
October 6
October 4
October 8
July 18
August 11
August 3
August 4
August 29
July 19
July 25
July 24
Sown
Spring trials
Harvested
March 28
March 31
March 30
March 27
April 10
March 27
March 29
March 24
July 18
August 11
August 3
August 4
August 29
July 19
July 25
July 24
1 Assistant professor, experimental biology aide, and experimental biology
aide, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University,
Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The winter yield trials were dusted into dry soil during late September
and early October at Arlington, Athena, Helix, Heppner, and Lexington. Seedling
emergence was uniform at Athena and Heppner, whereas seedlings emerged
differentially at Arlington, Helix, and Lexington. Inconsistent soil moisture
conditions at Moro and Pendleton, also resulted in non-uniform emergence. Soil
moisture, sowing conditions, and seedling emergence were excellent at LaGrande.
Despite the dry sowing conditions at most locations, good plant stands were
established at Athena, Heppner, Lexington, and Pendleton. Poor stand
establishment resulted in lower yields at Moro, prostrate knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare) and gopher damage reduced yields at Arlington, and extensive downy
brome (Bromus tectorum L.) infestation at Helix resulted in unrepresentative
yield estimates. The Helix winter grain yield data for 1989 are not presented
for this reason.
Table 2. 1988-89 winter grain yield trial data for seven locations in northeastern Oregon.
Line or
Cultivar
Location
Moro Pendleton
Lexington
LaGrande
Heppner
Athena Arlington 2
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test Test
3
Ht wt Yld Ht wt Yld Ht wt Yld Htl wt Yld Ht wt Yld Ht wt Yld Ht wt Yld
Location
ave.
yield
common wheat HARD RED
Andrews
Batum
Hatton
ORCR8313
Wanser
21
24
27
27
25
57
55
62
59
60
19
17
20
20
14
28
33
40
32
41
59
53
60
61
60
76
71
71
76
75
23
21
23
27
26
60
55
63
61
60
23
21
23
25
21
32
35
42
35
41
53 99
54 96
58 92
57 103
57 92
31
31
36
34
37
60
58
62
61
60
47
46
38
50
41
30
31
37
29
36
60
58
64
61
63
57
67
53
48
48
32
32
39
33
41
61
59
64
63
62
54
59
61
57
50
54
54
51
54
49
SOFT WHITE
Basin
Cashup
Daws
Dusty
Hill 81
22
25
24
23
24
56
56
56
53
55
23
19
18
20
20
25
28
29
30
33
56
59
58
57
57
83
84
79
75
80
20
24
25
23
26
57
56
57
57
59
29
22
26
32
33
27
32
31
32
34
53
53
56
53
53
107
116
107
104
106
27
27
29
30
33
59
59
59
61
60
47
42
48
45
51
24
29
32
28
31
60
60
59
59
58
59
65
62
58
68
27
30
32
30
32
62
60
61
60
60
57
53
58
71
60
58
57
57
58
60
Lewjain
Madsen
Malcolm
Oveson
Stephens
24
25
26
26
22
54
55
55
56
52
22
21
21
24
21
30
32
30
32
30
56
56
56
57
53
80
81
83
84
79
24
23
27
24
25
56
58
57
58
55
28
31
32
29
33
30
33
34
35
33
50 102
52 97
51 108
53 100
53 104
29
33
32
31
33
60
59
58
59
59
45
50
52
50
52
29
31
30
31
30
59
60
59
57
59
65
60
60
56
59
32
32
33
33
32
60
61
62
59
60
63
66
72
62
61
58
58
61
58
58
58
57
57
60
59
41
46
51
52
45
28
29
28
23
27
59
59
59
58
59
61
60
61
18
63
32
33
32
31
33
59
59
59
60
61
61
61
60
64
60
54
55
58
58
58
61
60
club wheat Crew
Mundt-Mix `'
Hyak
OR855
Tres
21
21
24
27
21
52
50
50
62
54
16
19
15
60
20
32
32
30
29
33
58
57
56
60
58
77
83
79
84
84
22
20
22
22
21
54
52
56
60
55
26
24
26
30
24
34
32
32
31
34
52 97
54 90
53 112
53 100
56 111
31
30
32
29
30
triticale5 Flora
Whitman
28 42 27
38 48 24
36 41 83
43 49 79
26 44 19
34 50 26
32 41 101
43 48 118
31 45 51
31 52 54
31 48 74
37 51 51
33 50 69
44 54 68
Nursery ave.
25 55 22
32 56 79
24 56 27
34 53 103
31 58 47
30 59 58
33 60 61
1 Height expressed as inches.
2
3
Test weight expressed as pounds per bushel.
•
Yield expressed as bushels per acre.
4
A mixture of equal proportions of Faro-Jacmar-Tres-Tyee.
5 Triticale yields were determined using 60 pounds per bushel.
11
Plant height, grain yield, and test weight were collected for the winter
grain entries and are presented in Table 2 for the 1988-1989 growing season.
The entries represent cultivars from three wheat market classes, hard red, soft
white, and club, as well as triticale. Two advanced breeding lines presently
being considered for cultivar release, a soft common (OR830801) and a club
(0R855), are also included in the data summarization. Long term yield averages
for this same group of cultivars are shown in Table 3. Agronomic characteristics
and disease reactions are summarized in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.
Table 3. Yield averages for winter grains grown in diverse agronomic zones from 1985-89.
Arlington
Line or Cultivar
#Yrs l Yld 2
Athena
Location
LaGrande
Heppner
Helix
Lexington
Moro Pendleton
#Yrs Yld #Yrs Yld #Yrs Yld #Yrs Yld #Yrs Yld #Yrs Yld #Yrs Yld
common wheat
HARD RED
2
2
2
2
2
30
33
34
35
29
2
2
2
2
2
74
73
69
78
66
1
1
1
1
1
35
51
47
45
43
2
2
2
2
2
41
37
39
44
36
2
2
2
2
2
102
103
98
113
92
2
2
2
2
2
46
49
42
49
40
2
4
3
4
3
51
55
46
48
41
2
3
3
4
4
59
68
59
69
54
Basin
Cashup
Daws
Dusty
Hill 81
2
2
5
5
5
33
32
.•5
37
36
2
2
3
3
3
76
80
80
76
80
1
1
2
2
2
43
39
59
66
67
2
2
5
5
5
43
37
38
41
40
2
2
5
5
5
113
119
94
95
94
2
2
5
5
5
47
47
51
50
51
3
3
5
5
5
60
63
52
56
51
2
2
4
4
4
74
72
71
78
73
Lewjain
Madsen
Malcolm
OR830801
Oveson
Stephens
4
2
5
38
34
36
3
2
3
80
80
83
2
1
2
63
41
66
4
2
5
40
42
41
4
2
5
99
109
93
4
2
5
52
48
55
5
5
34
38
3
3
81
79
2
2
67
66
5
5
41
43
5
5
89
86
5
5
51
58
4
4
5
2
5
5
54
54
55
71
49
54
3
4
5
2
5
5
78
73
76
70
62
73
89
104
112
106
92
5
2
2
3
5
48
48
48
51
51
5
2
4
4
5
51
59
51
43
52
4
1
4
3
5
71
61
67
78
72
108
118
2
1
49
54
2
1
69
51
1
1
69
68
Andrews
Batum
Hatton
ORCR8313
Wanser
SOFT WHITE
club wheat Crew
5
Mundt-Mix 32
Hyak
2
OR855
3
Tres
5
34
33
32
54
30
3
2
2
3
3
74
79
74
82
82
3
2
2
3
3
65
46
45
64
67
5
2
2
3
5
Flora
Whitman
1
2
3
34
39
42
42
34
5
2
2
3
5
triticale4 2
1
35
24
2
1
78
79
2
55
2
1
36
26
Number of years tested.
•
Yield expressed as bushels per acre.
A mixture of equal proportions of Faro-Jacmar-Tres-Tyee.
4 Triticale yields were determined using 60 pounds per bushel.
12
2
1
Table 4.
Agronomic characteristics for selected winter cultivars in Oregon.7
Cultivar
Released
Year State r
Emergence
index
2
2
Winterhardiness
Maturity
Height
3
Lodging4
resistance
Test 2
weight
Chaff s
color
Head
type
COMMON WHITE
Basin 61985
Cashup 61985
1976
Daws
1984
Dusty
Hill 81
1981
Pr
Pr
WA
WA
OR
6
7
4
5
5
6
8
8
5
5
Midseason
Midseason
Midseason
Mid-late
Midseason
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-MT
R
R
R
MR
R
8
8
6
7
7
W
W
W
W
W
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
John
Lewjain
Madsen
Malcolm
Nugaines
1984
1982
1988
1987
1961
WA
WA
WA
OR
WA
6
6
5
5
5
7
6
4
4
7
Midseason
Late
Midseason
Early-mid
Midseason
SD-M
SD-M
SD-MT
SD-M
SD-M
R
MR
R
R
R
7
7
7
7
8
W
W
W
W
W
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
Oveson
Sprague
Stephens
Yamhill
1987
1973
1977
1969
OR
WA
OR
OR
5
6
5
7
4
7
4
4
Mid-late
Early-mid
Early-mid
Midseason
SD-MT
SD-M
SD-M
MT-T
MR
MS
R
MR
7
7
7
7
W
W-B
W
W
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awnletted
Crew
Faro
Hyak
Jacmar
1981
1976
1988
1978
WA
OR
WA
Pr
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
7
Midseason
Early-mid
Early-mid
Early-mid
SD-MT
SD-MT
SD-MT
SD-M
MR
R
MR
R
6
5
6
5
W-B
B
W
B
Awnless
Awnless
Awnletted
Awnletted
Moro
Tres
Tyee
1965
1984
1979
OR
WA
WA
8
5
5
5
5
6
Early-mid
Midseason
Midseason
MT
SD-M
SD-MT
MS
R
R
5
7
5
B
W
W
Awnless
Awnletted
Awnless
1985
1979
1965
1978
WA
WA
WA
ID
5
6
6
6
7
9
9
8
Mid-late
Mid-late
Midseason
Early-mid
SD-SM
MT
M
MT
R
MR
MS
R
6
8
8
8
W
W
B
-
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
CLUB
HARD RED
Batum
Hatton
Wanser
Weston
WA = Washington, OR = Oregon, ID = Idaho, Pr = Private.
2 Scale of 1 to 10, poor to excellent.
3 SD = semidwarf, SM = short-medium, M = medium, MT = medium-tall, T = tall.
4 R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible.
5 W = white, B = brown.
6 Information provided by developer, Columbia Basin Seeds.
7 Table compiled by R. Karow, Extension Cereal Specialist, OSU.
Extensive spring rains in early March delayed sowing the spring grain yield
trials two to three weeks. Favorable soil moisture resulted in excellent stand
establishments in Arlington, Athena, Helix, LaGrande, Lexington, and Moro. Wet
sowing conditions at Heppner resulted in differential seedling emergence,
primarily in the tractor tire tracks. Poor seedling emergence also occurred in
Pendleton, where the experiment was sown into wet soil which crusted.
13
Table 5. Disease reactions for commonly grown winter wheats in Oregon.7
Cultivar
Rust
Bunt Flag
Stripe Leaf Common Dwarf smut
Cephalosporium2Septoria
Foot3
rot
Take
all
Snow
mold
COMMON WHITE
Basin 4
Cashup 4
Caws
Dusty
Hill 81
R1
R
MR
MR
MR
R
R
MS
MS
MR
R
R
R
R
R
MR
S
S
S
S
John
Lewjain
Madsen
Malcolm
Nugaines
MS
R
R
MR
MR
S
MS
R
MR
S
S
R
S
R
R
S
MR
S
S
S
Oveson
Sprague
Stephens
Yamhill
R
S
MR
MS
S
S
MS
MR
MR
S
R
S
Crew s
Faro
Hyak
Jacmar
MR-S
S
R
S
MR
S
R
S
Moro
Tres 6
Tyee
MS
MR-S
S
R
MR
T
MS
R
R
MS
MS
S
MR
MR
MS
MS
MR
MS
S
S
-S
S
S
S
S
MS
MS
-T
R
MS
MS
S
S
-S
S
R
S
S
MS
MS
MS
S
MR
T
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
-
S
MS
R
T
S
S
S
S
MS
MT
MR
-MR
MS
MS
MR
S
S
S
S
S
MS
MR
MR
S
S
MS
R
MR
S
MR
S
S
S
MR
MS
MS
-MS
S
S
S
MS
S
MR
S
MR
MR
MR
R
S
S
MR
S
S
MR
S
MR
MS
MS
T
MS
S
S
MS
R
R
R
--
S
MS
MR
MS
MS
S
S
MS
MT
CLUB
MS
MT
HARD RED
Batum
Hatton
Wanser
Weston
S
S
S
MS
1 R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = Susceptible, T = tolerant,
MT = moderately tolerant, -- = reaction unknown.
2 Resistance to cephalosporium stripe seems to vary with environment. Resistance may be due to
morphological growth patterns rather than true genetic resistance.
3 Pseudocercosporella foot rot.
4
5
6
Information provided by developer, Columbia Basin Seeds.
Crew is a multiline variety composed of ten separate lines, some of which are rust susceptible.
Tres is moderately resistant to powdery mildew. A stripe rust race in parts of eastern Oregon and
Washington has overcome Tres' stripe rust resistance.
7 Table compiled by R. Karow, Extension Cereal Specialist, OSU.
The spring grain yield data for the 1988-1989 growing season are presented
in Table 6. Three wheat market classes (hard red, hard white, and soft white)
and triticale were included as entries in the yield trial. Three cultivars were
grown for the first time in the Oregon regional yield tests: Klasic, Wakanz,
and Wadual. Long term yield averages for the spring grain entries are summarized
in Table 7. Agronomic characteristics and disease reactions are presented in
Tables 8 and 9, respectively.
14
Table 6. 1989 spring grain yield test data for eight locations in northeastern Oregon.
Location
LaGrande
Heppner
Lexington
Moro
Pendleton
Location
Test
Ht wt Yld
ave.
yield
Test
Ht wt Yld
Test
Ht wt Yld
Test
Ht wt Yld
Test
Ht wt Yld
Bronze Chief
Dirkwin
Edwall
Klasic
Kodiak
22
20
19
20
16
56
53
63
59
55
21
17
12
22
20
29
33
30
23
20
56
53
54
57
54
62
63
62
76
65
23
25
25
20
15
58
55
56
59
56
35
42
39
32
31
19
19
20
19
15
58
55
57
60
55
17
16
21
18
20
30
37
34
25
22
48
42
46
52
46
59
64
58
71
59
21
22
22
21
16
56
51
54
58
51
26
25
25
28
26
25
28
28
21
18
58
56
56
62
56
47
54
54
55
49
24
32
28
21
17
60
58
59
64
60
35
61
47
43
35
38
43
40
43
38
McKay
OR4870316
OR4870355
OR4870400
OR4870456
21
21
23
22
20
60
54
56
66
68
20
20
21
22
22
32
29
34
33
27
56
52
58
55
61
64
67
69
64
69
25
24
26
25
22
59
59
60
59
61
37
41
43
38
37
22
18
21
20
18
56
54
59
59
60
16
16
16
16
17
33
31
38
36
31
48
49
51
54
55
56
59
64
65
81
24
21
25
25
21
54
53
53
53
57
25
23
27
27
24
28
24
33
27
26
58
60
60
58
62
46
50
49
41
55
29
25
27
32
24
59
61
61
61
63
46
40
41
56
35
39
40
41
41
43
OR4870475
OR4870503
OR4870570
ORS8413
ORS8501
20
22
22
22
22
65
51
54
56
58
20
20
19
21
21
24
33
32
31
33
56
58
51
55
59
66
59
61
70
65
20
27
26
25
25
57
56
58
59
60
36
40
40
43
42
18
21
21
22
21
58
58
57
59
60
22
18
18
21
17
27
35
32
33
37
51
48
49
46
55
74
65
63
74
75
18
23
22
21
22
52
53
53
55
55
29
24
26
24
25
23
28
27
28
28
59
58
57
66
61
56
48
48
57
45
22
30
29
24
30
62
60
60
59
62
33
52
50
41
69
42
41
41
44
45
ORS8510
Owens
Penawawa
Twin
Wadual
23
22
21
21
25
57
53
64
57
56
22
20
19
12
23
29
34
31
33
35
58
55
57
53
56
65
64
66
60
63
25
27
24
24
25
59
56
56
56
58
39
40
36
41
37
22
22
19
17
22
59
57
57
55
58
21
19
14
17
17
33
35
35
35
35
50
46
49
45
52
65
62
75
68
64
23
22
20
20
27
56
53
54
37
57
24
24
26
19
26
28
28
26
26
30
61
57
58
55
59
56
47
56
53
49
28
29
27
30
32
61
59
60
58
61
45
52
50
59
56
42
41
43
41
42
Wakanz
Wampum
Waverly
Westbred 906R
Yecoro Rojo
21
21
21
25
20
52
61
54
59
56
22
15
18
22
19
30
36
32
30
23
55
51
55
57
59
73
59
69
70
70
24
25
27
24
19
57
58
58
59
60
46
37
43
41
33
20
21
20
20
18
57
54
56
61
60
23
16
15
21
22
34
39
34
34
24
51
48
45
53
51
72
56
63
68
74
22
25
24
22
18
53
50
49
58
57
31
22
26
28
28
26
29
27
28
24
60
58
58
60
61
59
48
59
51
51
30
34
31
28
21
62
58
60
62
62
72
54
63
49
43
50
38
45
44
43
Grace
Juan
Karl
Nutricale
31
33
25
33
59
57
47
46
21
26
24
23
42
46
33
52
42
46
49
45
43
58
68
42
34
36
27
46
46
50
51
48
35
47
42
40
30
28
22
33
48
49
49
48
13
16
17
15
45
45
35
45
39
45
40
39
36
65
71
36
34
35
28
40
43
44
43
44
23
27
30
24
38
38
28
42
47
51
51
49
45
60
56
42
42
36
28
49
49
52
54
49
59
49
52
43
34
44
45
33
Nursery ave.
21
57
20
30 56 64
Line or
Cultivar
Athena
Helix
Arlington
2
Test
Htl wt Yld 3
Test
Ht wt Yld
Test
Ht wt Yld
COMMON WHEAT
Triticale4
24 58 39
20 58 18
1 Height expressed as inches.
2 Test weight expressed as pounds per bushel.
3 Yield expressed as bushels per acre.
4 Triticale yields were determined using 60 pounds per bushel.
15
33 49 65
22 53 26
27 59 51
27 61 49
Table 7. Yield averages for spring grains grown in diverse agronomic zones from 1985-89.
Arlington
Line or Cultivar
Lexington
Moro
#Yrs
Pendleton
Yld
#Yrs
Yld2
2
5
4
1
2
28
27
22
22
29
2
3
2
1
2
59
63
62
76
59
2
2
1
1
2
36
45
39
32
30
2
3
2
1
2
49
24
25
18
30
2
5
4
1
2
66
63
52
71
65
2
5
4
1
2
33
38
33
28
30
2
5
4
1
2
51
41
38
55
51
1
4
4
1
1
35
52
49
43
35
McKay
Owens
Penawawa
Twin
Wadual
5
5
3
5
1
25
28
24
26
23
3
3
2
3
1
62
62
66
64
63
2
2
1
2
1
40
45
36
47
37
3
3
2
3
1
26
27
22
27
17
5
5
4
5
1
54
63
62
66
64
5
5
3
5
1
32
36
34
36
26
5
5
4
5
1
40
40
37
44
49
4
4
4
4
1
45
50
51
35
56
Wakanz
Wampum
Waverly
Westbred 906R
Yecora Rojo
1
4
4
3
5
22
21
24
29
26
1
2
2
3
3
73
61
66
61
61
1
1
1
2
2
46
37
43
37
32
1
2
2
3
3
23
21
20
30
31
1
4
4
3
3
72
54
55
70
69
1
4
4
3
5
31
31
32
38
35
4
4
4
5
5
37
31
39
37
36
4
4
4
4
4
56
48
54
46
41
2
2
2
2
27
34
32
27
2
2
2
2
46
62
64
43
2
2
2
2
48
60
44
44
2
2
2
2
21
30
29
20
2
2
2
2
49
71
74
47
2
2
2
2
34
38
39
31
2
2
2
2
46
57
54
41
1
1
1
1
59
49
52
43
Triticale3
Grace
Juan
Karl
Nutricale
3
Location
LaGrande
Heppner
Helix
#Yrs 1
COMMON WHEAT
Bronze Chief
Dirkwin
Edwall
Klasic
Kodiac
2
Athena
#Yrs
Yld
#Yrs
Yld
#Yrs
Yld
#Yrs
Yld
#Yrs
Yld
Yld
Number of years tested.
•
Yield expressed as bushels per acre.
Triticale yields were determined using 60 pounds per bushel.
Table 8.
Agronomic characteristics for selected spring cultivars in Oregon.6
Cultivar
Released
Year State r
Maturity
SOFT WHITE COMMON
Dirkwin
Edwall
Owens
Penawawa
Twin
Wadual
Wakanz
1978
1984
1981
1985
1971
1988
1988
ID
WA
ID
WA
ID
WA
WA
Early-mid
Early-mid
Midseason
Midseason
Mid-late
Midseason
Midseason
HARD RED COMMON
Bronze Chief
Kodiak
McKay
Spillman
Westbred 906R
Westbred 926
Yecora Rojo
1985
1985
1981
1989
1982
1987
1975
Pr
Pr
ID
WA
Pr
Pr
CA
Early
Early
Midseason
Midseason
Early-mid
Early-mid
Early
Lodging3
resistance
Test ``
weight
color
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
MR
R
R
R
R
R
6
7
8
8
5
9
8
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
Awnless
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awnless
Awned
Awned
SD-M
SD-S
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-M
SD-S
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
B
W
W
W
W
W
W
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
Awned
Height2
1 CA = California, ID = Idaho, OR = Oregon, WA = Washington, Pr = Private.
2 SD = semidwarf, S = short, SM = short-medium, M = medium, MT = medium-tall, T = tall.
3 R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible.
4 Scale of 1 to 10, poor to excellent.
5 W = white, B = brown.
6 Data taken from C. R. Rohde and Washington State Crop Improvement Assn.
16
Head
type
Table 9. Disease reactions for selected spring wheat cultivars in Oregon and
Washington.1
Cultivar
Ru st 2
Leaf
Stripe
Stem
SOFT WHITE COMMON
Dirkwin
Edwall
Owens
Penawawa
R
MR
R
MR
VS
MR
S
MR
R
R
R
R
Twin
Wadual
Wakanz
R
MR
MR
S
MR
MR
-MR
MR
Bronze Chief
Kodiak
McKay
Spillman
MR
MS
R
R
MS
MS
R
R
R
MS
R
R
Westbred 906R
Westbred 926
Yecora Rojo
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
HARD RED COMMON
1 Data collected from C. R. Rohde and Washington State Crop Improvement Assn.
2 R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible,
S = susceptible, and VS = very susceptible.
CONCLUSION
The regional testing program, conducted by the club wheat improvement
program, provides yield data and agronomic characteristics for winter and spring
grain cultivars as well as advanced breeding lines. The entries are grown in
several diverse northeastern Oregon agronomic zones, characterized by differences
in precipitation, soil depth, and growing degree days. The yield trials are
conducted to compare the performance of new cultivars and advanced breeding lines
to standard cultivars over this range of environments.
17
DEVELOPMENT OF WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES
P.M. Hayes, A.E. Corey, and R. W. Smiley'
Multiple-use winter barley varieties with consistently high yield
potential and quality are an economically attractive cereal crop alternative for the Columbia Basin. The immediate objective is the development of
varieties, both two and six-row, competitive in yield with leading feed
varieties that have sufficient malting quality for the export market. A
longer term objective is the development of winter malting barley varieties
with malting quality meeting the specifications of the United States industry. At this time, there are no winter barley varieties in the United
States that meet either export or domestic use criteria. Despite the name,
"Wintermalt" has little or no malting quality. A good malt barley is a
good feed barley, but the reverse is not the case; hence the multiple-use
designation.
The Winter Barley Elite Trial (WBELT) consists of advanced lines undergoing at least two years testing prior to entry in the Western Regional
Winter Barley Nursery (WRWBN). These advanced lines are compared to check
varieties in terms of yield, maturity, height, resistance to biotic and
abiotic stresses, and quality. After two years of testing in the WRWBN, a
line can be considered for release as a variety. Current entries in the
WBELT were developed by M. Verhoeven and A. Corey. Lines emerging from the
doubled haploid, molecular marker assisted selection, and cold tolerance
research programs will be evaluated at Pendleton beginning in 1990/1991.
As shown in Table 1, yields in the WBELT fall into a relatively narrow range, with Steptoe not competitive as a fall-seeded barley. Overall,
test weights are acceptable, but the plump and thin data indicate problems
with kernel size.
To meet malting specifications, progress needs to be
made in maximizing kernel filling in the 6-rows. Current 2-row barley
lines (eg.1861016), with uniformly larger grain, readily satisfy kernel
plumpness requirements. However, there is a tendency for the industry to
favor 6-row.
To satisfy typical contract specifications, a malting barley producer
must meet minimum kernel size requirements, not exceed tolerances for
skinned and broken grain, and not exceed a specified protein ceiling. The
maximum allowable protein will vary, but will probably fall in the 14%
range. Current experimental lines in the WBELT have acceptable protein,
but most are deficient in % extract, a characteristic that typically shows
a modest negative correlation with protein.
1 Assistant professor and senior research assistant, Crop Science
Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331; and superintendent and professor, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center,
Oregon State University, Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
This research was supported, in part by grants from the American Malting
Barley Association, Inc.; Busch Agricultural Resources, Inc., and Great
Western Malting Co.
18
Overall, the advanced lines are shorter than the checks; coupled with
greater straw strength, this should reduce lodging in high yielding environments. However, in areas where moisture is likely to be limiting, the
reduction in plant height cannot be carried to extremes. Experimental
lines in the WBELT show considerable variation in maturity. Lines 1861016
and 1861112, for example, are approximately two weeks earlier than Hesk and
Maturity differences may well dictate adaptation to a particular
Scio.
production area and must be kept in mind when comparing average yields.
Two recent Tri-State winter barley releases are "812" (Idaho) and
Data on 812 appears under the designation
"Hundred" (Washington).
"79AB812". The variety Hundred will be included in future experiments.
Nine OSU/Corvallis lines are currently entered in the Western Regional
Winter Barley Nursery and within the next two years release of one or more
is envisioned.
Table 1.
Pendleton 3 year Summary - 1987, 1988, & 1989
Yield
lbs/A
SCIO
BOYER
HESK
SHOWIN
STEPTOE
WINTERMALT
79AB812
ORWM 8407
1861016
1861018
1861167
1861112
1861118
1861119
ORWF 8410
ORWF 8413
ORWF 8414
1861042
1861125
1861147
1861029
1861155
1861130
1861148
4937.3
* 5446.8
5044.3
* 5313.4
* 4735.8
5200.5
* 5480.5
5228.2
5612.0
5140.2
5155.7
* 5325.6
* 5581.4
* 4879.2
5468.5
5074.2
4905.6
4921.0
* 5520.7
5347.2
5291.8
5486.4
5526.9
5322.2
Test wt
lbs/bu
Height
cm
49
47
48
46
50
51
50
51
54
50
51
49
51
50
49
48
51
49
47
49
49
50
50
50
113
115
98
93
107
113
97
83
100
98
100
90
93
103
74
89
95
100
83
96
101
99
111
93
* 2 years of data
19
Plump
49
40
41
28
75
68
58
42
91
60
62
70
75
74
38
31
58
78
61
44
50
67
64
66
Thin
21
31
33
42
10
11
20
30
2
15
13
12
8
9
30
37
17
6
16
22
18
12
15
13
CLUB WHEAT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
P. K. Zwer, K. J. Morrow, and K. H. Van Wagoner'
The two primary goals of the club wheat improvement program are to develop
excellent quality, high yielding disease and pest resistant club wheat cultivars
and to provide data for cultivars and advanced breeding lines grown in diverse
agronomic zones throughout northeastern Oregon. Several projects were initiated
this past year to address research components important to these overall goals.
Disease and pest resistance
A vast effort was directed toward assessing genetic resources as well as
advanced breeding lines for resistance or tolerance to stripe rust, Rhizoctonia
root rot, strawbreaker foot rot, and the Russian wheat aphid. The headrow
nursery, composed of 6,480 rows, was inoculated with three pathotypes of Puccinia
striiformis, CDL-20, CDL-27, and CDL-29. The uniform infection provided an
excellent field evaluation for stripe rust resistance in the advanced breeding
nursery as well as F, progenies generated from crosses between stripe rust
resistant common wheat resources and adapted club wheat lines. The data were
utilized to select breeding lines with resistance as well as advancing material
into the yield testing program. This process will continue on a yearly basis.
A cooperative experiment with Dr. R. W. Smiley, designed to characterize
winter wheat genetic resources for tolerance to Rhizoctonia root rot, was sown
at two locations. Autoclaved millet seed infested with Rhizoctonia solani was
sown into 10-foot strips, providing a uniformly inoculated treatment. Paired
rows of the 216 and 432 entries sown at Pendleton and Moro, respectively, were
planted into non-inoculated and inoculated soil. The two treatments had four
replications. Tolerance was estimated by dividing the cultivar's yield in the
inoculated plot by the yield in the non-inoculated plot. Differences between
treatments were observed for height, maturity, and yield. Several lines,
however, were identified with small yield differences in the two treatments,
indicating tolerance to the pathogen.
The seedling evaluations for Russian wheat aphid resistance were productive.
The objectives outlined for this project are to identify effective sources of
resistance or tolerance to the Oregon RWA biotype, to conduct inheritance
studies, and to incorporate resistance into adapted club wheat cultivars. A
seedling evaluation procedure, similar to the one developed by South African
scientists, was conducted in the greenhouse. Genetic resources, possessing
tolerant reactions, were identified in the initial evaluation. The seedling
assessments will continue so that additional sources of resistance or tolerance
are identified. Genetic studies are underway to determine the inheritance of
the tolerant resources. The crosses made for the genetic study are also useful
in the general breeding program.
1 Assistant professor, experimental biology aide, and experimental biology
aide, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University,
Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
20
Breeding program
The field crossing program resulted in 280 crosses in 1989. The crosses
represent combinations to improve disease and pest resistance, quality, yield,and
develop a spring-habit club. Extensive notes were taken in the headrow nursery,
resulting in a reduction of 6,480 to 2,160 rows. Early generation populations,
primarily F2 seed, was harvested this summer, resulting in 192 early generation
plots for 1990. Additional club wheat selections, F3 and F4 selected bulks, were
harvested from populations developed by Dr. W. Kronstad. Additional studies
concerning the inheritance of the club and common spike, genotype x environment
interactions as related to milling and baking quality, the Western regional
stripe rust assessment nursery, and Michigan State University winterhardy early
generation populations were advanced for another year. Four preliminary club
wheat yield trials, each composed of 40 entries and three replications, were
harvested at Pendleton. An advanced club wheat yield trial which assessed 50
entries in three replications was harvested at Pendleton and Moro. Several
excellent advanced club wheat lines were identified and moved into 1990 advanced
and regional yield tests. Table 1 summarizes yield data and height for several
advanced breeding lines included in the regional club yield tests. Two
preliminary yield trials, composed of 30 entries and three replications, were
sown at Pendleton for the 1990 field season. Two advanced yield trials, composed
of 30 entries and three replications and one club mixture yield trial, composed
of 30 entries and three replications, were planted at Pendleton and Moro. An
advanced club breeding line, OR855, is being considered for release. The
parentage is Paha//Sel 72-330/Daws. The release will be dependent on the results
from adult-plant disease reactions with the Tres pathotype (CDL-41) of Puccinia
striiformis.
Table 1. 1989 agronomic data for advanced club wheat breeding lines.
Arlington
Helix
Heppner
2
Test Test
Location
Pendleton
Moro
Lexington
ave.
Test
Test
Test
Test
Location
yield
Selection
Htl
wt
Yld 3Ht
wt
Yld
Ht
wt
Yld
Ht
wt
Yld
Ht
wt
Yld
Ht
wt
Yld
86-315
86-636
87-955
24
24
57
59
26
29
22
22
57
60
28
19
23
23
60
60
25
26
29
30
58
60
49
48
28
28
27
61
61
63
66
71
59
39
31
38
62
63
63
97
98
113
49
49
86
87-911
87-1040
87-1043
87-1072
22
51
20
21
60
24
21
55
23
28
56
40
27
31
28
30
59
59
59
63
59
61
62
62
36
45
42
40
60
62
62
63
99
81
89
111
44
71
76
87
87-1260
Stephens
Tres
23
25
22
54
49
53
12
21
21
20
24
21
58
57
59
22
30
23
20
24
22
57
56
57
25
26
23
29
31
30
58
55
58
47
46
45
24
29
29
62
59
59
47
53
54
38
35
40
63
60
61
108
97
101
44
46
45
1 Height expressed as inches.
2
Test weight expressed as pounds per bushel.
3 Yield expressed as bushels per acre.
21
Club and common wheat comparison
An experiment in cooperation with Dr. R. Rickman, Dr. E. Klepper, and
Dr. A. Sombrero was finalized in 1989. This two-year study contrasted several
morphological characteristics associated with emergence, stand establishment,
plant development, and maturity in two club (Tres and OR8218) and two common
(Stephens and Hill 81) wheat selections. The experiments, sown at the Pendleton
and Sherman Field Stations, were sampled at the 3-leaf, 5-leaf, boot, and
anthesis. Harvest samples, measuring one meter, were collected to determine
plant number, spike number, kernel number, and kernel weight. Another sample
was collected to compile detailed information concerning the spike, spikelets,
and kernel number. The data are presently being analyzed and results developed
into papers.
Quality
Advanced breeding lines and cultivars (110 samples) were sent to the Western
Wheat Quality Laboratory for milling and baking assessment. Sixty samples from
the regional winter wheat and club wheat yield trial representing two locations
were also sent for evaluation.
Several comparisons and associations were explored to determine differences
and similarities in club and soft white common wheat quality. Quality
assessments, conducted in cooperation with the Western Wheat Quality Laboratory,
provided data for cultivars grown in a range of locations and years. Six years
of data for flour yield, flour ash, milling score, flour protein, mixograph
absorption, cookie diameter, cake volume, and sponge cake score were analyzed
for six cultivars. The materials represented a very small subset of club and
common wheat cultivars grown together in yield trial experiments across
northeastern Oregon. Statistical differences were found between the cultivars
for flour yield, milling score, and mixograph absorption. Differences between
this group of club and common wheat cultivars appeared to primarily be flour
yield and mixograph absorption. This information will be used in conjunction
with additional studies to establish the basis for superior quality attributes.
A study to determine associations between soft wheat milling and baking
quality and the HMW-glutenin subunits was undertaken. Club and soft white winter
wheat cultivars were characterized for HMW-glutenin subunit alleles by Dr. D.
Kasarda at the ARS Western Regional Center. Elgin, an excellent quality club
wheat cultivar grown in the 1950's, and Tres, a recent club wheat cultivar
release, possessed the poor bread-making alleles, 2, 6, and 12. Club and soft
common wheat cultivars possessed many of the poor bread-making alleles, however
some alleles asssociated with good bread-making qualities were identified in
combination. Club and soft common cultivars, however, did not possess the 5
and 10 subunits which are almost always associated with good bread-making
qualities. Further studies will characterize a greater diversity of club and
common wheat cultivars and lines, possessing combinations of poor and good soft
wheat quality with HMW-subunits, so that associations can be established between
good and poor milling and baking quality.
22
BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE
TO THE RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID
CLUB WHEAT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
P. K. Zwerl
The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxis Mordvilko, is indigenous to
southern Russia, Iran, Afghanistan and countries bordering the Mediterranean.
However, in 1980 the aphid was identified for the first time on the North
American continent in Mexico (Gilchrist et al, 1984). By 1986 the herbivore
reached Texas, spreading to New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado (Hatchett
et al, 1987). The aphid continued to disseminate and was identified in Montana,
Idaho, Washington, and Oregon in 1987. The Russian wheat aphid (RWA) is now
established in the eastern Oregon soft white winter wheat producing region,
encompassing Umatilla, Morrow, Gilliam, Sherman, Malheur, Baker, Union, and Grant
Counties.
Significant yield and quality losses due to the RWA have been documented
throughout the world (Peairs, 1987, du Toit and Walters, 1984). The aphid
induces stunted growth, white, yellow, and purple leaf streaks, leaf curling,
head trapping, and sterility. The leaf rolling protects or partially protects
the insect from parasites, predators, and contact insecticides. Economically
feasible controls are limited. Presently farmers in the western United States
are spraying large areas with systemic insecticides. In terms of economic
viability and environmental safety, genetic resistance remains an important
approach to RWA control.
A program, assessing genetic resources for RWA resistance and tolerance,
was initiated within the club wheat improvement program in 1988. The project
objectives are 1) to identify effective sources of resistance or tolerance to
the Oregon RWA biotype, 2) to conduct inheritance studies, and 3) to incorporate
resistance or tolerance into adapted club wheat cultivars. This paper presents
the initial results from evaluating genetic resources for varying levels of plant
tolerance to the RWA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The genetic resources chosen for this study represented a diverse group
selected as parents in the crossing program, carried as advanced breeding lines
in the club wheat improvement program, or identified by South African scientists
as tolerant to the RWA. A seedling evaluation procedure, similar to the
procedure developed by South African scientists (du Toit, 1987), was conducted
in the greenhouse from October 1988 to May 1989 at the Columbia Basin
Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, Oregon. Aphids, grown on susceptible
seedlings sown in four inch plastic pots and confined by a plastic cylinder, were
increased and transferred onto test materials. Ten genotypes were sown in a
wooden flat and compared with the resistant and susceptible checks, Appaloosa
1 Assistant professor, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon
State University, Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
23
(oats) and Gus (barley), respectively. Twelve seedlings per genotype were
infested when the third leaf emerged by gently placing three to five aphids near
the seedling at the soil surface. The insects migrated immediately into the
first leaf whorl of the plant. The flats containing the seedlings were placed
into insect cages constructed specifically for the RWA assessment. The cages,
measuring 239x62x61 cm., were constructed from wood framing and covered with a
finely woven polyester material, allowing excellent ventilation. The seedlings
were subjected to RWA infestation for 21 days before symptom evaluation. The
procedure required five weeks from the time seeds were sown until symptom
assessment. The numerical evaluation scale presented in Table 1 was developed
by South African researchers and used to describe symptom differences between
genotypes (du Toit, 1987) in this study.
Table 1. Symptom evaluation scale for RWA damage assessments.
Seedling Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
Symptoms
No chlorosis, flat leaf
Small chlorotic spots, flat leaf
More prominent and frequent chlorotic spots, flat leaf
Chlorotic spots and midveinal stripe, rolled leaf
Extensive chlorosis, tightly rolled leaf
Extensive chlorosis and necrosis, tightly rolled leaf
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data, collected from the evaluation of the 995 cultivars and advanced
breeding lines, are summarized in Table 2. A small percentage, 0.4% and 1.6%,
of the total group was found to have tolerant symptom assessments of 2 and 3,
respectively, whereas 98% or 975 lines were characterized as susceptible. The
histogram in Figure 1 illustrates the skewed distribution toward susceptible
genotypes. Although most entries were susceptible, 20 lines were identified
with varying tolerance levels. Table 3 presents the tolerant lines identified
in this study. Two Triticum aestivum lines, PI137739 and PI294994, and two
Triticum monococcum lines, SA544 and SA836, provided excellent seedling
protection to the biotype of Diuraphis noxia present in Oregon. South African
scientists previously characterized the material as tolerant to the RWA in their
country (du Toit, 1987, du Toit and Van Niekerk, 1985). The data confirmed the
effectiveness of tolerance in Oregon. Fifteen advanced breeding lines and
PI262660 exhibited intermediate symptom expression. Although 15 advanced
breeding lines and PI262660 developed less chlorosis and leaf rolling than
susceptible lines, the material was not as exceptional as the tolerant lines
SA544, SA836, PI137739, and PI294994. PI262660 was also a tolerant selection
identified in South Africa.
Thus genetic resources, possessing tolerant
reactions, were identified in the initial evaluation.
In light of the research conducted at CBARC, PI294994 was submitted in the
First Uniform RWA Seedling Screening Test, coordinated by Dr. J. Quick at
Colorado State University. The study conducted at eight locations in the western
USA confirmed the tolerance in PI294994. The mean scores over all locations for
24
0
a
cn
as
CI)
25
Table 2. Levels of tolerance to the RWA in seedling evaluations.
Seedling Score
No. Lines
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
0.4
1.6
8.4
50.3
39.3
100
4
16
84
500
391
995
Table 3. Tolerant lines identified in the RWA evaluation.
Species
Seedling
# Lines Score
Line or parentage
2
2
T. monoccocum
SA544
SA836
T. aestivum
PI137739
PI294994
PI262660
OR8030
C588-5E-03WS/Stephens YMH/HYS/5/AUHMINN/HK/3/38MA/4/YMH/ERA -
-
-
-
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
T. compactum
RBS/YMH/3/EG//PI178383/2*YMH PAHA//SEL 72-330/DAWS UNKNOWN
YMH/TOB//BEZ/3/SPN//63-189-66-7/BEZ
YMH//7C/MORO
KOL/MIC//FARO
2
3
4
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
chlorosis and leaf rolling were 3.1 and 1.5, respectively. The chlorosis rating
was based on a scale from 1 to 9, where 1 exhibited no chlorosis and 9 was
extensive. The leaf rolling was characterized with a scale from 1 to 3, where
1 displayed no rolling, 2 showed leaf folding, and 3 exhibited rolling. The
Uniform RWA Seedling Test confirmed PI294994 was tolerant in Colorado, Idaho,
Kansas, Montana, Oklahoma, Oregon and Texas, USA as well as Alberta, Canada.
PI137739, a hard white spring, PI294994, a hard red winter, and PI262660,
a hard white winter, represent genetic resources from Iran, Russia, and Bulgaria,
respectively. The advanced breeding lines, presented in Table 3, represent soft
white winter club and common wheat. Although the lines possess diverse
parentages, Yamhill was utilized as a parent in four of the nine crosses.
Yamhill was not evaluated in this study.
26
Inheritance studies conducted by du Toit (1989) provided important
information concerning genetic diversity and gene action for PI137739 and
PI262660. Greenhouse experiments evaluating backcross, F2, and F3 seedlings
showed the tolerance in each line was conferred by a single, dominant gene which
differed in PI137739 and PI262660. The genes were designated as Dnl in PI137739
and Dn2 in PI262660. The simply inherited genes, conferring tolerance to the
RWA, can be transferred into adapted material using a backcross program. Plant
breeding strategies incorporating multiple major genes for a polygenic resistance
should be implemented, providing the basis for a more durable resistance.
Genetic resources tolerant to the RWA biotype present in South Africa were
also found to be effective in Oregon. In addition to the assessments at CBARC,
PI294994 exhibited resistance at seven additional locations in western USA and
Several advanced breeding lines possessed intermediate
Alberta, Canada.
resistance when challenged with Diuraphis noxis. This material will be
reevaluated in replicated experiments, confirming effective resistance for the
improvement of club wheat cultivars.
LITERATURE CITED
Du Toit, F. 1987. Resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Diuraphis noxia
(Hemiptera: Aphididae). Cereal Res. Commun. 15:175-179.
Du Toit, F. 1988. Another source of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia)
resistance in Triticum aestivum. Cereal Res. Commun. 16:105-106.
Du Toit, F. 1989. Inheritance of resistance in two Triticum aestivum lines to
Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 82:1251-1253.
Du Toit, F and H. A. Van Niekerk. 1985. Resistance in Triticum species to the
Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Cereal
Res. Commun. 13:371-378.
Du Toit, F. and M. C. Walters. 1984. Damage assessment and economic threshold
values for chemical control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia
(Mordvilko) on winter wheat, pp. 58-62. In M.G. Walters (ed.), Progress in
Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordv.) research in the Republic of South
Africa. Tech Commun. Dep. Agric. S. Afr. 191.
Gilchrist, L. I., R. Rodriguez, and P. A. Burnett. 1983. The extent of
Freestate streak and Diuraphis noxia in Mexico. pp. 157-163. In Barley yellow
dwarf Proc. Workshop, CIMMYT, Mexico. 6-8 December 1983. United Nations
Development Programme and CIMMYT, CIMMYT, Mexico.
Hatchett, J. H., K. J. Starks, J. A. Webster. 1987. Insect and mite pests of
wheat. pp. 625-675. In Wheat and Wheat Improvement. Agronomy Monograph, no.
13. ASA,CSSA,SSSA, Madison, WI.
Peairs, F. B. 1987. Aphids in small grains. Colorado State University Coop.
Ext. no. 5.568.
27
HARD WHITE WHEAT FOR OREGON AND CURRENT
RESEARCH ON DISEASE RESISTANCE
W. E. Kronstad, N. H. Scott, C. S. Love, S. E. Rowe, D. Kelly,
R. Knight, M. Moore, M. C. Verhoeven1
Increased interest in the production of Hard White Winter Wheat
(HWW), has come about with greater competition for markets and the realization of the potential domestic and international demand for such wheat.
Major advantages of HWW over Hard Red Wheat (HRW), would include: 1) higher
extraction rates (75 percent for HRW, 77 to 78 percent for HWW), 2) . wholewheat baked productions more aesthetically appealing, 3) milling standards
based on color specification by some countries, 4) bran of HWW is potentially more valuable, 5) HWW might be marketable as a premium or identitypreserved product, and 6) greater diversification in complementing the
growing of other market classes (e.g. softwhite).
Additional advantages for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) would be: 1)
diversity of climatic conditions for the growing of different market
classes of wheat, 2) white wheat is already produced, 3) transportation advantages particularly to the Asian Rim countries, and 4) Oregon State
University's international program where HWW lines are potentially available for the growers in the PNW.
The major disadvantage of growing HWW in the PNW would be: 1) the
handling and marketing of new market class of wheat and potential contamination of soft white wheat, and 2) as with all white wheat, the greater
potential for sprouting problems.
Current Interest
A number of wheat breeding programs in the United States and Canada
are now focusing their efforts on developing HWW cultivars. The University
of California at Davis released the Hard White Spring Variety 'Classic' and
a breeding program in Canada recently announced the release of a Hard White
Spring Wheat. Other programs in Montana and Kansas are also close to
releasing HWW varieties. Also other states and private breeding programs
have initiated programs as well to develop HWW varieties.
Hard White Varieties are not new to the PNW. Several varieties including Burt were often regarded as being hard or semihard. However,
largely due to the potential contamination of HWW with the SWW, wheat
breeders in the PNW have been reluctant to develop and release HWW
varieties even though as part of their breeding effort such wheats have
emerged.
In addition to the potential markets for HWW, several factors have
surfaced that have prompted the wheat breeders at OSU to take a hard look
at the development of HWW. Recently the Australian Standard White Wheat
has competed successfully against SWW from the PNW for the noodle market in
Asia and the flat bread in the Middle East. This type of Australian wheat
when compared to SWW tends to have 1) higher water absorption capacity, 2)
1 Professor, senior instructor, research assistant, research assistant,
biological aide, senior research assistant, senior research assistant,
Crop Science Department, Oregon State University,
and instructor,
Corvallis, Oregon 97331.
28
a minimum viscosity of at least 40 on a McMichael Viscometer, 3) flour
protein of 9 to 11 percent, and 4) a Farinograph peak time of less than 4
minutes. This type of flour is also of interest to the Pendleton Flour
Mills for their frozen pancake and waffle flours. Thus these semi-hard
white wheats could also find a place in the domestic marketplace.
Current Status
Crop Science Department's wheat breeding project became involved with
the International Cereal Research Center (CIMMYT) in 1971, to enhance
germplasm of both winter and spring wheat. The approach has been to systematically cross winter and spring wheats to exchange desired genetic
factors for yield, disease resistance, milling and baking properties, etc.
for the improvement of both types of wheat. The resulting improved wheat
germplasm is then distributed through an international network of
cooperators which involves over 125 breeding programs. In return, the OSU
program receives advanced genetic materials from these countries (e.g.
Russian aphid resistant lines, enhanced protein material, other sources of
disease resistance). As a consequence of this probing of both the winter
and spring gene pools, the resulting progeny represent nearly all the current market classes of wheat grown in the United States. In addition,
promising semi-hard and HWW selections have emerged. Since the focus of
the OSU domestic programs is on the development of SWW, Club and HRW cultivars, the semi-hard and HWW selections are sent to international
cooperators or recycled through the breeding program as parental material.
Based on the demands of their respective countries, many of the international cooperators actually preferred the HWWs which in turn reflects the
desire of certain export markets.
When it appeared that HWW might be a viable approach to diversify,
thus becoming more competitive in the marketplace, OSU's breeding program
was expanded to take further advantage of the OSU-CIMMYT international
program. As HWW lines emerged in the program, they were put into preliminary and advanced replicated yield trials. These trials were established
in 1987-88 and 1988-89 at the Rugg site near Adams, at the Sherman Branch
Experiment Station at Moro and on the Chambers Farm in the Willamette
Valley. There were 76 entries in the Hard White Replicated Advanced
Nursery and 53 in the Hard White Replicated Preliminary Nursery in the 198889 growing season.
In addition, there were 163 entries in the non-replicated preliminary
yield trials grown at the three locations which included Soft, Semi-hard
and Hard White Wheats this past year.
Data for those lines which exceeded Stephens and had other promising
traits are provided in Tables 1-4.
In Tables 1 and 2, data for semi-hard white wheats are provided which
have been found to be acceptable quality-wise by the Pendleton Flour Mills
for their frozen pancake and waffles.
A summary of yield data for the most promising HWW selections in comparison to Stephens is presented in Tables 3 and 4. These 23 selections
were the best of the 76 entries evaluated over the three locations when
grown in two different nurseries.
The question remains, is the development of semi-hard and HWW a viable option for the wheat growers in the PNW? Unfortunately, due to budget
constraints and the uncertainty of funding for the international program
with CIMMYT, the HWW program was discontinued this year. The more promising lines were planted in the crossing blocks to be hybridized with soft
white lines. Three semi-hard white lines, which were found to have acceptable milling and baking properties by the Pendleton Flour Mills for
specific end product uses, are still in the testing program.
29
Table 1. Two year averages for selections from the semi-hard white winter
wheat program, Oregon State University
Selection
Variety
Corvallis
Moro
Stephens
Hill 81
Malcolm
OR8500305P
OR8502288H
OR8500374H
OR8500378H
OR8505311P
OR860049
OR860341
OR860471
OR860701
94.0
84.8
103.1
65.9
97.2
79.4
81.7
103.7
88.1
107.2
97.6
98.3
75.5
64.9
71.6
62.5
69.7
65.9
51.0
68.1
69.7
72.6
65.9
68.8
115.9
86.3
114.7
93.7
100.1
84.5
91.0
95.6
98.7
114.3
104.9
105.3
91.7
67.1
100.4
Location
averages
Pendleton
average
95.1
78.6
96.5
74.0
89.0
76.6
74.6
89.1
85.5
98.0
89.4
90.8
Table 2. Two year averages for important quality characteristics of semihard white winter wheat selections, Oregon State University
Variety
Hardiness
Farinograph
water
Flour
absorption %
NIRS
Viscosity
protein %
Stephens
Hill 81
Malcolm
55.7
56.4
55.7
9.2
9.8
9.0
41.8
44.5
48.0
27
27
23
Ave. SWW
varieties
55.9
9.3
44.8
26
58.7
59.4
58.2
61.7
57.8
60.5
62.6
60.8
61.8
9.0
9.8
9.1
9.7
8.3
9.1
10.8
10.0
9.4
54.5
49.0
41.5
50.0
48.0
33.5
88.5
58.5
53.5
18
83
67
91
20
88
92
86
65
60.4
9.5
54.1
68
OR8500374H
OR8505311P
OR8500378H
OR8550305P
OR8502288H
OR860049
OR860341
OR860471
OR860701
Ave. semi-HWW
selections
30
Table 3. Two year summary of grain yield of hard white winter wheat grown
at three locations in 1987-88 and 1988-89, Oregon State
University
Entry
Stephens
ORCW8423
ORCW8623
OR8400114P
OR8400115H
OR8401142S
OR8401161H
OR8401711P
OR860123
OR860126
OR860127
OR860764
OR860794
OR861599
Corvallis
Bu/A
Moro
Bu/A
Rugg
Bu/A
118.2
117.5
120.0
123.8
129.0
114.0
120.8
115.3
124.2
125.0
129.0
116.0
129.2
127.5
71.1
62.0
73.0
67.4
72.1
75.4
65.7
64.0
68.0
68.0
68.3
68.6
63.2
71.5
93.4
109.2
117.2
114.0
103.2
100.8
107.5
111.0
96.8
113.2
105.2
117.2
113.6
105.5
Selection
average
94.2
96.2
103.4
101.8
101.4
96.7
98.0
96.8
96.3
102.1
100.8
100.6
102.0
101.5
Table 4. Summary of the grain yield of hard white selections grown in the
HWRPN at three locations in 1989, Oregon State University
HWRPN
Stephens
OR870805
OR870809
OR870849
OR870852
OR870944
OR871121
OR871143
OR871144
Corvallis
Moro
Pendleton
119.8
133.7
130.4
120.4
136.3
132.8
124.5
131.2
134.7
63.1
53.8
48.6
52.3
50.1
46.3
56.0
57.3
55.0
136.2
139.3
132.2
128.6
136.6
133.7
125.8
132.0
136.5
If semi-hard and HWW cultivars are to be a reality for the PNW, all
segments of the industry must come to some kind of agreement. The potential risks are many, and the ever changing abiotic and biotic stresses
combined with the need to maintain and market an excellent quality product
requires a major breeding effort be devoted to the SWW and HRW. With
limited resources, it would appear to be a more prudent approach to concentrate on improving one or two market class rather than diluting the
research effort by focusing on several different market classes. What is
clear is that greater attention must be paid to marketing the wheats on the
basis of quality regardless of the market class and end product use.
Current Disease Work on Strawbreaker Foot Rot and Cephalosporium stripe
Strawbreaker foot rot, causal agent Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton, is a serious disease of winter wheat in the
Two main pathotypes of P. herpotrichoides have been
Pacific Northwest.
identified based on colony morphology and host specificity. The wheat
types (W-types), which form colonies in culture which have smooth, even
margins, are more pathogenic to wheat than to either barley or rye. The
31
rye types (R-types), which produce colonies in culture with feathery margins, are equally pathogenic to wheat, barley, and rye. P. herpotrichoides
sporulates on infested residue and infected hosts from late autumn to early
spring during periods of cool, moist weather. Splashing conidia penetrate
leaf sheaths at or near the soil line. Lesions, which are distinct, elliptical, and dark-colored, develop on leaf sheaths and stems, and may
eventually girdle the stem, weakening or killing the tiller. Strawbreaker
foot rot reduces kernel size and number and causes lodging or death of
tillers and plants.
Strawbreaker foot rot is favored by early seeding, high soil moisture, a dense canopy, and recurrent host crops. Disease severity is
reduced in spring wheat and in late-seeded winter wheat because the plants
are exposed to infection for a shorter period of time. Rotations are effective in controlling the disease, but only when susceptible cereals are
not grown for a period of at least two years. In areas where economically
feasible, cerbendazim (MBC) and other benzimidizole fungicides such as
benomyl and thiabendazole, have been used to control the disease. In
Europe, the development of MBC-resistant isolates of P. herpotrichoides
following extensive fungicide use has been well documented. The recent appearance of MBC-resistant types in the Pacific Northwest may be due to the
increasing reliance on fungicides to control strawbreaker foot rot in earlyseeded winter wheat.
Isolates of both W-type and R-type P. herpotrichoides may be either
sensitive or resistant to MBC fungicides. However, there is apparently no
difference between MBC-sensitive and MBC-resistant types in cultural or
conidial morphology, or in pathogenicity to cereals. As MBC-resistant isolates become more common, which appears to be the trend in the Pacific
Northwest, fungicides become less effective, and disease control by alternative means, especially the use of resistant varieties, becomes more
important.
Currently, although there are no highly resistant commercial winter
wheat cultivars available for use in the Pacific Northwest, Cerco, and two
other recent Washington State University releases, Hyak and Madsen, offer a
moderate level of resistance. In Europe, resistance from the lines VPM-1
and Capelle-Desprez, which are highly resistant and resistant, respectively, have been used effectively. The cereals breeding program in the
Department of Crop Science has intensified efforts to breed resistant soft
white winter wheat utilizing resistance sources such as VPM-1, CapelleDesprez, and the recent English release, Rendezvous. Rendezvous, which is
an awnless, semi-dwarf, soft white winter wheat, has been used extensively
in the OSU breeding program because in addition to excellent resistance to
strawbreaker foot rot, this line also has resistance to many foliar
pathogens including Septoria tritici blotch, leaf rust, and stripe rust.
At the present time, 31 F, 85 F, and 162 F segregating populations
with Rendezvous in the background, as well as over 400 populations containing other sources of resistance, are being evaluated for growth
characteristics and pest resistance in field trials near Pendleton and
Corvallis. Beginning in the 1990-1991 growing season, the post promising
FV and F± selections will be evaluated for resistance to strawbreaker foot
rot in an inoculated field trial. The entries in this trial, which are inoculated with a conidial suspension washed from artificially-infested oat
kernels, will be evaluated on the basis of disease severity and yield under
inoculated and non-inoculated conditions. In addition, a small number of
the most promising lines will be evaluated for seedling response to foot
rot in the greenhouse.
Cephalosporium gramineum (Nisikado and Ikata), the causal agent of
Cephalosporium stripe, is a soil-borne fungus, surviving between hosts as a
saprophyate in infested crop residue on or near the soil surface. Fallsown cereals become infected through roots which have been predisposed by
freeze stress, or become infected through roots which have been predisposed
32
by freeze stress, or injured by soil frost heaving or insects. Although
barley, oats, and rye are damaged by Cephalosporium stripe, winter wheat is
the most susceptible of the cereals grown in the Pacific Northwest, where
in some areas the disease is a major limiting factor to grain yield.
Cephalosporium stripe infection is heavily influenced by the environment, with disease severity varying widely from year to year depending on
several environmental factors. Excessive winter soil moisture favors 1)
spore production by the fungus, 2) aids dispersal of fungal propagules, 3)
increases soil frost heaving with a corresponding increase in disease
severity, and 4) prolongs survival of the fungus in infested host debris.
In addition to soil moisture, soil pH also influences the incidence of
Cephalosporium stripe. Low soil pH aids survival of the fungus in infested
host debris, and increases the incidence and severity of Cephalosporium
stripe, especially in susceptible cultivars.
The disease is controlled by deep plowing, refuse burning, crop rotation, and delayed seeding. Resistance in wheat has been identified by
several workers, and cultivars with moderate levels of resistance are
However, no highly
available in Kansas, Montana, Washington, and Oregon.
resistant commercial cultivars adapted to the Pacific Northwest currently
exist.
The OSU cereals breeding project is continuing to test advanced
breeding lines from our own breeding program, as well as sources from other
breeding programs in the region, for resistance to Cephalosporium stripe.
Research in 1990 includes the establishment of a replicated screening nursery near Helix on a site farmed by Bob Johns, and a greenhouse seedling
assay of the lines included in the field trial. The screening nursery,
sown 11 October 1989, was established on the north-facing slope. The field
is adjacent to a field of Malcolm which experienced a severe epiphytotic of
Clephalosporium stripe in the 1988-89 growing season. The 40 lines included in the trial include check varieties which differ in their disease
response from very susceptible (Stephens), to moderately resistant (Luke),
and advanced lines from breeding programs in Oregon, Montana, Washington,
Idaho, and Utah. The lines in the nursery from the OSU breeding program
contain resistance sources such as P1 178383, Luke, and Lewjain. In addition to five F populations selected from F populations obtained from Don
Mathre at Montana State University in 1987 were included in the nursery.
These populations utilize the resistance sources P1 278212, Cl 07638, and
Lenore. Disease severity will be assessed when the plants reach Feekes
growth stage 10 (boot).
During the winter of 1990, a greenhouse seedling assay adapted from a
procedure developed at Michigan State University by Van Wert et al. (Plant
Disease 68:1036-1038) will be used to determine the seedling reaction of
each of the lines included in the field trial. Results from the field
trial and the greenhouse seedling assay, which have been shown to be highly
correlated in previous trials, will be used to identify possible sources of
resistance to be used as parents in the winter wheat breeding program at
Oregon State University.
Russian Wheat Aphid Research
Due to the international involvement of OSU in wheat germplasm enhancement program, and a fortuitous trip to South Africa by John Leffel, a
county agent in Washington County, lines of wheat resistant to the Russian
wheat aphid (RWA) were acquired three years ago. These lines have been
crossed with varieties like Stephens, Hill 81 and Malcolm using both backcrossing and toperossing. The good news is that the researchers in South
Africa have determined that the resistance is simply inherited and is controlled by one or a few dominant genes. From a breeding standpoint this
makes selection for resistance in segregating progeny much easier.
Unfortunately, even after three crosses back to adapted material it has
33
been difficult to find good agronomic type plants as there appear to be undesirable traits associated with the RWA resistant genes. In the more
promising crosses, a single seed descent method is being used to obtain two
and possibly three generations per year thus reducing the time necessary to
develop resistant varieties.
The dilemma facing breeders is how much of the limited research
budget should be directed toward breeding for RWA resistance. It is apparent that the RWA is a major problem on spring wheats, but appears to be
a lesser problem on winter planted materials. Since it takes 10 to 12
years to develop a new variety of winter wheat, breeders must second guess
if the RWA will become a major limiting factor to wheat production. To ignore it and find that it is a problem several years down the road and then
start a breeding program would also be irresponsible on the part of the
breeders. Thus, this is a dilemma in which cereal breeders now find themselves.
34
RESPONSE OF WHEAT YIELDS
TO FUNGICIDES APPLIED AS
SEED TREATMENTS OR IN-ROW BANDS
Richard Smiley, Wakar Uddin, Sandra Ott, Dale Wilkins,
Karl Rhinhart, and Scott Casel
SYNOPSIS
Fungicides were evaluated for improving the yield of winter wheat in eastern
Oregon. Nineteen fungicides or fungicide mixtures were applied either as seed
treatments or as bands below or with the seed. Thirteen field experiments were
performed at four sites from 1986 to 1989. Three test sites were located in
Umatilla County and one was in Sherman County. Most tests were on fields managed
with conventional tillage, but one fungicide mixture was evaluated in both
conventional and no-till seedbeds at two sites.
Fungicides either failed to improve yields of winter wheat or were
inconsistent from site to site and/or year to year. The most consistent
treatment tested was a combination of metalaxyl with other fungicides. It was
the only mixture tested that did not cause a reduction in yield in at least of
the tests. Take-all, Rhizoctonia root rot, and Pythium root rot were abundant
in these tests but foliar diseases occurred only occasionally and the smuts were
not present. Fungicides seldom reduced the amount or intensity of any disease
in the studies we report here.
Seed treatments are generally applied to complement genetic resistance in
an integrated strategy to control of smut diseases. The fungicides currently
used for this purpose (Vitavax 34 and 200) did not cause significant reductions
in yields of winter wheat. In view of their importance for controlling smut
diseases, continued use of Vitavax 34 and 200 is supported by our results.
However, it should be recognized that an economic response to such treatments
is unlikely when smuts are not present in damaging amounts.
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments were conducted at the four locations summarized in Table 1.
Experiments at the Thompson farm and the Moro and Pendleton Experiment Station
sites were performed on fields that had long histories of 2-yr wheat/fallow
rotations, using stubble mulch tillage systems that retain moderate amounts of
plant residue on or near the soil surface. One experiment at the Thompson Farm,
during 1988, was performed on a field that had been fallowed for two years after
a crop of winter wheat. Experiments at the Wolfe Farm were performed on a field
that had been utilized for no-till, annual recrop winter barley for 4 to 5
1 Superintendent and professor, research assistant, and biological aide,
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University,
Pendleton, OR 97801; agricultural engineer, USDA-ARS, Columbia Plateau
Conservation Research Center, Pendleton, OR 97801; research assistant and
research assistant, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon
State University, Pendleton, OR 97801 and Moro, OR 97039.
35
consecutive years before being plowed,
study. Conventional tillage (moldboard
and/or field cultivator or rod weeder)
experiments at all locations, except for
Thompson sites during 1986/87.
disked, and seeded to wheat for this
or chisel plow followed by offset disk
was used to prepare the seedbed for
the no-till treatment at the Wolfe and
Table 1. Experimental sites for seed treatment studies: 1986-1989.
Test site
Thompson Farm
Wolfe Farm
Pendleton Exp. Stn.
Sherman Exp. Stn.
Location
15 mi N Pendleton
8 mi SW Pendleton
9 mi NE Pendleton
.5 mi SE Moro
Agronomic
zone
5-yr Mean
precip.
So i l
pH
5
5
2
4
12
13
15
10
6.3
6.8
5.4
5.1
Aqueous suspensions of the fungicides listed in Table 2 were applied to
seeds to deliver the desired treatment rates. All seed was planted within one
week after treatment.
Seed Treatment Studies
Three experiments were performed at the Wolfe, Thompson and Moro sites
during 1986-1987. Experimental design at each site was a randomized complete
block with 4 or 5 replications for each of the 14 treatments described in Table
3. Plots were 8 x 50 ft and contained six rows of plants spaced at 16-in
intervals. 'Stephens' winter wheat (70 lbs/ac) was planted in early October
1986, using a John Deere model HZ drill equipped with Wilkins slit openers.
Liquid urea was dispensed 2-in below the seed at the rate of 50 lb N/ac at the
Wolfe and Thompson sites, and 40 lb N/ac at Moro. Detailed measurements of
seedling growth and diseases were made during the fall, spring and summer.
Yield components were measured at maturity by harvesting the center four rows
of each plot. Only the grain yield data will be presented in this report.
Two additional experiments with winter wheat were performed during 19871988. The experiments were randomized complete blocks with 6 and 10 replications
for each of the six treatments (five fungicides and a nontreated control) at the
Wolfe and Thompson farms, respectively. Six treatments described in Table 4 were
delivered side by side simultaneously through different openers on the 6-row
drill. Plots were 300 ft long. Plots were planted during mid October 1987,
using the same seeding rate and drill described earlier. Urea and thiosol were
applied to deliver 50 lb N and 12 lb S/ac. Each 300-ft row was harvested
individually with a plot combine.
Four experiments (2 sites x 2 cereals) were established to examine the
effect of a seed treatment mixture on wheat in contrasting plant residue
management systems. During the autumn of 1986 replicated (4 to 5 times) plots
of no-till as well as conventional tillage (moldboard plow plus disk) were
36
Table 2. Common name, trade name, and formulation of fungicides used for seed
treatment and banded-placement studies.
Common name Trade name
benodanilb
Benefit
captan
Captan
carboxin
Vitavax 34
carboxin + thiram
Vitavax 200
chloroneb
FloPro D
flutolanilb
furmecycloxb
imazalil
FloPro IMZ
iprodioneb
Rovral
metalaxyl
Apron
prochlorazb
Prochloraz
propiconazoleb
Tilt
quintozene (PCNB)
Terraclor
tolclofos-methyl bRizolex
triadimenol
Baytan
Formulationa
50W
50W
34F
20+20F
65W
50W
500E
30F
30F
35W
50W
3.6E
24F
250F
30F
a Active ingredient in the commercial wettable powder (W), flowable (F), or
emulsifiable (E) formulation, expressed in either percent or grams/liter.
b
Not registered for use as a seed treatment on small grains in Oregon.
established as 16 x 100 ft main plots at the Wolfe and Thompson farms. Wheat
seed was either treated with a mixture of carboxin + thiram + iprodione +
chloroneb, or left untreated. The fungicide treatments were planted as 8 x 100
ft subplots paired within each tillage treatment, as described in Table 5. The
sites, previous crops, seed drill, planting date and rate, and fertilizer rates
were as described above. Plots were harvested with a plot combine.
Fungicide Placement Studies
Reports from Australia indicate that several root diseases are suppressed
more by placement of fungicides below or with the seed rather than on it.
Experiments to test this concept were performed on two fields at the Columbia
Basin Agricultural Research Center at Pendleton during 1988-1989.
One experiment was performed on a wheat/fallow rotation. Fallow was
prepared with twisted-shank chisels followed by a sweep and then a rod weeder.
Fertilizer delivering 80 lb N/ac and 5 lb S/ac was broadcast during September,
1988. Two other experiments were on a field of annual no-till spring barley.
'Stephens' winter wheat commercially treated with Vitavax 200 and Lindane was
planted at the rate of 80 lb/ac. The fungicides for the banded placement
treatments (see Table 6) were prepared by adsorbing them onto uniformly sized
fertilizer granules. The fertilizer had an N-P-K-S-Fe ratio of 7-7-7-11-11.
The fertilizer was applied at 11 lb N/ac. Controls consisted of a non-fertilized
and also a fertilizer-without-fungicide treatment.
37
Two experiments on the conventional and no-till fields were randomized
complete block designs with 6 or 10 replications for each of 10 treatments.
Plots measuring 5 x 45 ft or 5 x 100 ft contained five rows of plants spaced at
10-in intervals. Wheat seed was planted at 1-in depth into dry soil on
October 7, 1988, using a 10-ft wide Great Plains drill equipped with 11 doubledisk openers. The center opener was blocked and different treatments were
delivered from each half of the drill during each pass through the experimental
area. The fungicide and fertilizer treatments were placed in bands 1/2-in below
the seed. Seedling emergence in dry soil was delayed until November 22. A plot
combine was used to determine grain yields.
A third experiment was conducted to compare fungicide placements below or
between seed rows of the Yielder no-till drill. A 2 x 3 factorial design with
eight replicates was used to investigate two fungicide placements and three
fungicide chemicals. Each plot measured 10 x 100 ft. The 10-ft wide drill had
paired rows spaced 5-in apart with 15-in between pairs. The fungicides were
placed either 1/2-in below the seed (1-in depth) in each row, or were deep banded
between the paired rows (2.5-in below and 2.5-in beside the seed placement).
Wheat seed was planted on October 18, 1988 and seedling emergence occurred on
November 30. Grain yields were measured from samples collected with a plot
combine.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
All fungicides and their mixtures failed to significantly improve wheat
yields in all tests (Tables 3-6). Some fungicides even tended to cause a slight
decrease in yield. A summary of all tests is presented in Table 7. A few
fungicide mixtures provided overall yield increases of 6 to 8 percent, but were
also noted for the inconsistency in response that was omnipresent in these
studies. This can be illustrated with two examples. The average yield increase
of 6 percent reported (Table 7) for the captan + triadimenol (Captan + Baytan)
treatment was derived from three tests in which the yield was increased by 7 and
22 percent, or reduced by 11 percent. Likewise, the average yield increase of
8 percent reported for the carboxin + thiram + imazalil (Vitavax 200 + FloPro
IMZ) treatment was derived from tests in which the yield was increased by 11 and
18 percent, or reduced by 6 percent.
Three fungicide mixtures provided yields that were at least equal to the
nontreated controls every time these mixtures were evaluated as seed treatments
(Table 7). Metalaxyl was notable as the common ingredient in each of these
mixtures. In particular, metalaxyl (active against Pvthium species), in
combination with fungicides that suppress Rhizoctonia spp., provided the only
consistently positive yield responses throughout this study. Metalaxyl performed
very well in combination with carboxin + thiram, flutolanil, or tolclofos-methyl.
Even with this consistency, however, the overall yield increase from the nine
tests containing these mixtures was only 1 to 3 percent. At an average yield
of 50 bu/ac and wheat prices of $4.00/bu, a 2 percent increase represents an
additional profit of about $4.00/acre. It is also noteworthy that when used
alone, metalaxyl and all other fungicides were less consistent and often less
effective than mixtures containing metalaxyl plus one or more other fungicides
(Table 7). For instance, metalaxyl alone actually reduced the yields in three
of the four tests where this was evaluated.
Root diseases were common on winter wheat at each experimental site.
Rhizoctonia root rot was the dominant disease at each site, and appeared to be
38
the only disease occurring at the Sherman Experiment Station at Moro. A complex
of Rhizoctonia root rot and take-all was dominant at the Wolfe farm and a complex
of Rhizoctonia and Pythium root rots dominated at the Thompson farm. Foliar
diseases were rarely encountered in these studies, and smut diseases did not
Occur.
Table 3. Influence of seed treatments on yield of winter wheat at three
experimental sites during 1986/1987.
Treatment and rate
(oz active ingredient/100 lbs seed)
Wolfe
nontreated control
27.7
52.3
17.6
carboxin (0.86)
+ quintozene (0.86)
+ iprodione (0.86)
+ benodanil (3.32)
+ furmecyclox (1.04)
+ prochloraz (0.34)
+ tolclofos methyl (1.04)
25.4
30.8
30.9
28.4
30.8
22.0
24.1
49.7
48.3
44.3
47.2
49.0
49.4
46.1
19.2
20.5
16.7
17.0
18.9
21.6
16.5
carboxin + thiram (0.86 + 0.86)
+ metalaxyl (0.53)
+ imazilil (0.08)
+ iprodione + chloroneb (1.32 + 1.44)
28.1
29.6
30.8
30.8
50.8
55.2
49.4
43.9
18.9
18.1
20.8
18.1
captan + triadimenol (0.99 + 0.43)
29.6
46.8
21.4
captan + propiconazole (0.99 + 0.05)
Significance of F ratio
30.9
NS'
50.1
NS
16.9
NS
Grain yield (bu/ac)
Thompson
Moro
a NS = not statistically significant at p< 0.10.
Table 4.
Influence of seed treatments on grain yield of winter wheat at two
experimental sites during 1987-1988.
Winter wheat
Grain yield (bu/ac)
Treatment and rate
(oz a.i./100 lb seed)
nontreated control
carboxin (0.86)
carboxin (1.72)
carboxin + thiram
(1.33 + 1.33)
+ metalaxyl (0.35)
+ metalaxyl + quintozene
(0.35 + 0.99)
Significance of F ratio
a Not statistically significant at p<0.10.
39
Thompson
Wolfe
30.2
29.5
30.1
29.3
60.7
60.5
60.6
60.4
30.3
29.9
60.4
60.5
NS'
NS
Table 5. Influence of a seed treatment on grain yield (bu/ac) of wheat produced
in soils prepared by two primary tillage systems at two sites during
1986/1987.
Experimental site
and test species
Wolfe farm
Thompson farm
a
Tillage system
Plow/Disk
No-till
NF
F
NF
F a
31.9 29.7
28.2 31.6
15.4 14.9
24.7 24.5
Significance of F ratio
Tillage Fungicide FxT
NS
NS
NS
NS
.01
.01
(F) - fungicidal seed treatment containing carboxin + thiram + iprodione +
chloroneb at the application rate described in Table 3; (NF) nontreated
seed.
b Not statistically significant at p<0.10.
Table 6. Grain yields (bu/ac) of winter wheat when the Great Plains or
Yielder drill were used to plant the seed and to deliver bands of
fungicides and a fertilizer into conventional or no-till seedbeds.
Yielder drill: No-till
Great Plains drill Treatment and rate (oz a.i./ac) Conventional No-till Below seed Between rows
non-fertilized control
fertilizer carrier control'
flutolanil (1.05)
(2.10)
metalaxyl (1.05)
(2.10)
tolclofos-methyl (1.05)
(2.10)
metalaxyl + flutolanil
(2.10 + 2.10)
metalaxyl + tolclofos-methyl
(2.10 + 2.10)
Significance of F ratio
LSD (0.05)
87.7
98.9
96.5
99.5
97.7
97.1
97.4
97.4
99.2
73.5
76.1
77.7
77.0
75.3
77.0
77.8
77.6
77.0
100.4
76.6
0.01
6.1
0.01
2.3
93.2
94.9
93.1
94.8
94.5
94.7
NSb
NS
' The fertilizer-carrier control (10 lb N/ac, as 7-7-7) serves as the basis for
comparison of all treatments, since all fungicides were applied on this
carrier.
b Not statistically significant at p<0.10.
40
Table 7. Summary of winter wheat yields in 13 experiments with 19 fungicide
seed treatments or banded treatments.
Treatment
No. of
tests
Successful
testsa
% Yield
changeb
carboxin
+ quintozene
+ iprodione
+ benodanil
+ furmecyclox
+ prochloraz
+ tolclofos methyl
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
2
0
- 1
7
- 3
-4
4
-1
-13
carboxin + thiram
+ metalaxyl
+ imazalil
+ iprodione + chloroneb
+ metalaxyl + quintozene
5
5
3
7
2
3
5
2
5
1
0
3
8
0
- 1
captan + triadimenol
3
2
6
captan + propiconazole
3
1
1
flutolanil
6
5
0
tolclofos-methyl
6
4
0
metalaxyl
+ flutolanil
+ tolclofos-methyl
4
2
2
1
2
2
- 1
1
1
1
1
2
1
a
Number of experiments in which the gr ain yield from the specified seed
treatment was numerically equal to or greater than the yield derived from
planting untreated seed. Individual tests are reported in Tables 3-6.
b
Net change in yield derived from each seed treatment, with respect to the
nontreated control, and averaged over the total number of tests performed
for each treatment.
Seed treatments had little impact on the incidence or severity of
Rhizoctonia root rot. The banded application of fungicides below or beside the
seed, rather than on it, led to higher efficiencies in disease control.
Nevertheless, the banded placements also failed to generate a yield response
related to the suppression of root rot. Our results confirmed that triadimenol
suppresses the occurrence of take-all, as has been reported elsewhere on wheat.
Another important observation was that the placement of a starter fertilizer
below the seed at planting (Table 6) provided a much stronger yield response than
any of the fungicides. This response was larger than we anticipated on the basis
of previous nitrogen and sulfur placement studies performed at Pendleton. The
fertilizer used in this study contained nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, sulfur and
iron. Additional tests of wheat responses to more complex fertilizer sources
appears warranted. We also found that fungicides are not likely to perform any
better on no-till seedbeds than on those that are prepared with conventional
tillage (Table 5).
41
SELECTED REFERENCES
Douglas, C. L., Jr., R. W. Rickman, J. F. Zuzel, and B. L. Klepper. 1988.
Criteria for delineation of agronomic zones in the Pacific Northwest. Journal
of Soil & Water Conservation 43:415-418.
Smiley, R. W, D. E. Wilkins, and E. L. Klepper. 1990. Impact of fungicide seed
treatments on Rhizoctonia root rot, take-all, eyespot, and growth of winter
wheat. Plant Disease 74:in press.
Smiley, R. W., W. Uddin, S. M. Ott, and K. E. L. Rhinhart. Influence of
flutolanil and tolclofos-methyl on root and culm diseases of winter wheat. Plant
Disease 74:in press.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express appreciation for assistance provided by Gustafson, Inc.,
Julie Biddle, Sandra Ott, Daniel Goldman, Wakar Uddin, Karl Rhinhart, Scott
Case, Tami Toll, Daryl Haasch, Donald Wysocki, Dwight Wolfe, Kenneth Thompson,
John Rea, and the Hermiston Agr. Res. and Extn. Ctr. Financial assistance from
the Oregon Wheat Commission, Gustafson, Inc., and Ciba-Geigy Corp. was truly
appreciated. These studies were performed as components of Oregon Agricultural
Experiment Station Project 268, USDA-CSRS-Western Regional Competitive IPM
Project 161, and the USDA-CSRS-Pacific Northwest STEEP Program.
42
RESPONSE OF BARLEY YIELDS
TO FUNGICIDE SEED TREATMENTS
Richard Smiley, Wakar Uddin, Sandra Ott, Dale Wilkins,
Karl Rhinhart, and Scott Casel
SYNOPSIS
Fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for improving grain yields of
barley. Thirteen field experiments were performed on fall- and spring-planted
crops at five eastern Oregon sites from 1986 to 1988. Four test sites were
located in Umatilla County and one was in Sherman County. Up to 14 fungicides
or fungicide mixtures were tested on conventionally tilled fields. One mixture
was also evaluated in a comparison of conventional and no-till seedbeds at two
sites.
The yield of fall-planted barley was either unchanged or was reduced by
fungicides. The yield of spring barley was increased by more than 10 percent
by several fungicidal mixtures, but the most promising mixtures contained
fungicides that are not currently registered for use on small grains. Take-all
and Rhizoctonia root rot were abundant in these tests, but foliar diseases
occurred only occasionally and the smuts were not present. Fungicides seldom
reduced the amount or intensity of any disease in these studies.
A principal reason for application of seed treatments to barley is to
control smuts. In the absence of smut the most commonly used fungicides (Vitavax
34 and 200) caused an overall reduction (3 - 5 percent) in the yield of fallplanted barley. We conclude that an economic response to such treatments is
unlikely in the absence of damaging amounts of smut.
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments were conducted at the five locations summarized in Table 1.
Experiments at the Thompson farm and the Moro and Pendleton Experiment Station
sites were performed on fields that had long histories of 2-yr wheat/fallow
rotations, using stubble mulch tillage systems that retain moderate amounts of
plant residue on or near the soil surface. One experiment at the Thompson Farm,
during 1988, was performed on a field that had been fallowed for two years after
a crop of winter wheat. Experiments at the Wolfe Farm were performed on a field
that had been utilized for no-till, annual recrop winter barley for 4 to 5
consecutive years before being plowed, disked, and seeded for these studies.
The experiment at Hermiston was on an irrigated, conventionally tilled field that
had been used to produce consecutive crops of winter wheat.
1 Superintendent and professor, research assistant, and biological aide,
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University,
Pendleton, OR 97801; agricultural engineer, USDA-ARS, Columbia Plateau
Conservation Research Center, Pendleton, OR 97801; research assistant and
research assistant, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon
State University, Pendleton, OR 97801 and Moro, OR 97039.
43
Table 1. Experimental sites for seed treatment studies: 1986-1989.
Agronomic
zone
Location
Test site
Thompson Farm
Wolfe Farm
Pendleton Exp. Stn.
Hermiston Exp. Stn.
Sherman Exp. Stn .
15 mi N Pendleton
8 mi SW Pendleton
9 mi NE Pendleton
1 mi S Hermiston
.5 mi SE Moro
5
5
2
6
4
5-yr Mean
precip.
Soil
pH
6.3
6.8
5.4
6.6
5.1
12
13
15
9
10
Conventional tillage (moldboard or chisel plow followed by offset disk
and/or field cultivator or rod weeder) was used to prepare the seedbed for
experiments at all locations, except for the no-till treatment comparisons at
the Wolfe and Thompson sites during 1986/87.
Aqueous suspensions of the fungicides listed in Table 2 were applied to
seeds to deliver the desired treatment rates. All seed was planted within one
week after treatment.
Table 2. Common name, trade name, and formulation of fungicides used for seed
treatment and banded-placement studies.
Common name
benodanilb
captan
carboxin
carboxin + thiram
chloroneb
furmecycloxb
imazalil
iprodioneb
metalaxyl
prochlorazb
propiconazoleb
quintozene (PCNB)
tolclofos-methylb
triadimenol
Trade name
Formulation'
Benefit
Cap tan
Vitavax 34
Vitavax 200
FloPro D
50W
50W
34F
20+20F
65W
500E
30F
30F
35W
50W
3.6E
24F
250F
30F
FloPro IMZ
Rovral
Apron
Prochloraz
Tilt
Terraclor
Rizolex
Baytan
a Active ingredient in the commercial wettable powder (W), flowable (F), or
emulsifiable (E) formulation, expressed in either percent or grams/liter.
b Not registered for use as a seed treatment on small grains in Oregon.
44
Fall-Planted Barley
Fungicide evaluation experiments were performed at the Wolfe, Thompson and
Moro sites during 1986-1987. Experimental design at each site was a randomized
complete block with 4 or 5 replications for each of the 14 treatments described
in Table 3. Plots were 8 x 50 ft and contained six rows of plants spaced at 16in intervals. 'Steptoe' barley (70 lbs/ac) was planted in early October 1986,
using a John Deere model HZ drill equipped with Wilkins slit openers. Liquid
urea was dispensed 2-in below the seed at the rate of 50 lb N/ac at the Wolfe
and Thompson sites, and 40 lb N/ac at Moro. Detailed measurements of seedling
growth and diseases were made during the fall, spring and summer. Yield
components were measured at maturity by harvesting the center four rows of each
plot. Only the grain yield data will be presented in this report.
Two experiments (2 sites x2 cereals) were established to examine the effect
of a fungicidal seed treatment mixture on barley in contrasting plant residue
management systems. During the autumn of 1986 replicated (4 to 5 times) plots
of non-tilled as well as conventionally tilled (moldboard plow plus disk) soil
were established as 16 x 100 ft main plots at the Wolfe and Thompson farms.
Barley was either treated with a mixture of carboxin + thiram + iprodione +
chloroneb, or left untreated. The fungicide treatments were planted as 8 x 100
ft subplots paired within each tillage treatment. The sites, previous crops,
seed drill, planting and fertilizer rates, and other features were as described
above.
Spring-Planted Barley
Four experiments were performed at the Wolfe, Thompson, Hermiston, and Moro
sites during 1987. Experimental designs were randomized complete blocks with
four replications for each of 8 to 14 treatments (7 to 13 fungicides or mixtures
plus a nontreated control) described in Table 3. Plots were 8 x 50 ft and
contained six rows of plants spaced at 16-in intervals. The seed (70 lb/ac) was
planted in early March using a John Deere model HZ drill equipped with Wilkins
slit openers. Liquid urea was dispensed 2.5-in below the seed at the rate of
50 lb N/ac at the Wolfe and Thompson sites, 60 lb N/ac at Hermiston, and 40 lb
N/ac at Moro. During April seedlings were removed from each plot for assessments
of diseases on the roots and foliage. Grain yields were measured by threshing
four rows of plants in each plot.
A truck load of wheat seed in Walla Walla County was accidently treated
twice with carboxin during 1986. The doubly treated seed was planted next to
seed treated with the normal rate of carboxin. The double-rate of carboxin
appeared to reduce the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot and, therefore, deserved
further evaluation in replicated plots. We compared the single and double rates
on spring barley at two locations during 1988. The plots consisted of complete
blocks with 6 and 10 replications for each of the six treatments (five fungicides
or mixtures, and a nontreated control) at the Wolfe and Thompson sites,
respectively. Treatments described in Table 5 were established as 300 ft long
individual rows, with the six treatments being delivered side by side
simultaneously through different openers on the 6-row drill. Plots were planted
during early March, using the same seeding rate and drill described earlier.
Urea and thiosol were applied to deliver 50 lb N and 12 lb S/ac. Each row was
harvested individually with a plot combine.
45
Table 3. Influence of seed treatments on grain yield (bu/ac) of barley at four experimental sites
during 1986/1987.
Moro
Fall-planted barley
Wolfe Thompson Moro
44.6
24.3
48.3
58.4
22.7
73.3
63.1
NTa
NT
75.9
78.2
76.1
53.0
48.7
NT
NT
54.0
46.2
NT
20.7
26.9
18.0
20.6
23.6
19.1
21.9
40.2
45.6
40.2
32.4
41.3
38.2
39.2
64.1
61.2
51.9
59.6
59.9
55.9
55.9
22.1
23.9
21.8
22.2
22.1
21.5
24.4
46.7
47.0
38.6
36.1
74.5
69.8
77.1
74.6
47.3
NT
45.0
50.0
21.2
18.6
19.8
23.3
36.6
42.5
43.4
39.7
63.1
62.8
63.3
56.7
22.3
20.7
21.7
21.9
captan + triadimenol (0.99 + 0.43)
43.4
NT
NT
18.7
43.7
61.2
20.3
captan + propiconazol (0.99 + 0.05)
32.8
NT
NT
21.0
42.0
58.4
20.6
0.01
8.9
NSb
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Spring-planted barle y
Thompson Hermiston
Treatment and rate
(oz active ingredient/100 lbs seed)
Wolfe
nontreated control
38.4
63.3
carboxin (0.86)
+ quintozene (0.86)
+ iprodione (0.86)
+ benodanil (3.32)
+ furmecyclox (1.04)
+ prochloraz (0.34)
+ tolclofos methyl (1 04)
42.8
40.1
41.6
44.9
44.5
52.7
47.7
carboxin + thiram (0.86 + 0.86)
+ metalaxyl (0.53)
+ imazalil (0.08)
+ iprodione + chloroneb (1.32 + 1.44)
Significance of F ratio
LSD .05
a Not tested.
b
Not statistically significant at p<0.10.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
Fungicides caused a significant improvement in the yield of barley in only
one of 13 tests (Tables 3-5). This occurred on spring barley at the Wolfe site
(Table 3). More importantly, seed treatments on fall-planted barley often
resulted in a net reduction in grain yield (Tables 3 and 4). Fungicide mixtures
that exhibited promise in one or two test sites, or in one year, were not
consistent from location to location or year to year. This inconsistency is
summarized in Table 6. Tests also indicated that fungicides are not likely to
perform any better on non-tilled seedbeds than on those that are prepared with
conventional tillage (Table 4).
The most promising potential for yield improvement with fungicides was found
with spring barley. Several fungicide mixtures provided important increases in
yield (Tables 3 and 5), although there was again an inconsistency from site to
site and/or year to year (Table 6). The treatments that showed the highest
additional yields are not currently registered for use on small grains. Our
observation that fungicides were more effective on spring barley than on fallplanted barley coincides with our observations that Rhizoctonia root rot is more
severe on spring wheat and barley than on the fall-seeded crops. In view of the
short residual activity of most seed treatment fungicides, and the shorter
growing season for cereals planted during the spring, it seems logical that seed
treatments should be most efficient on cereals planted during the spring.
Although the amount of crop damage caused by soilborne pathogens is not known
with certainty, the results of soil fumigation tests on a wheat-fallow rotation
at the Thompson farm, using methyl bromide + chloropicrin, provides an insight
into crop losses that are possible in wheat stands that look "normal". We
measured 32 percent and 6 percent increases in yields of spring and winter
wheats, respectively, on plots that had been fumigated two years earlier.
46
Table 4. Influence of a seed treatment on grain yield (bu/ac) of fall-planted
barley produced in soils prepared by two primary tillage systems at
two sites during 1986/1987.
Experimental site
and test species
Wolfe farm
Thompson farm
Tillage system
No-till
Plow/Disk
Fa
NF
F
NF
37.0
59.8
40.3
56.4
18.4
52.0
15.8
52.0
Significance of F ratio
Tillage Fungicide FxT
.01
.08
NS
NS
.03
NS
a (F) = fungicidal seed treatment containing carboxin + thiram + iprodione +
chloroneb at the application rate described in Table 4; (NF)
seed.
nontreated
b Not statistically significant at p<0.10.
Table 5.
Influence of seed treatments on grain yield of spring barley at two
experimental sites during 1988.
Treatment and rate
(oz a.i./100 lb seed)
Grain yield (bu/ac)
nontreated control
carboxin (0.86)
carboxin (1.72)
carboxin + thiram
(1.33 + 1.33)
+ metalaxyl (0.35)
+ metalaxyl + quintozene
(0.35 + 0.99)
Significance of F ratio
a Not statistically significant at p<0.10.
47
Thompson
Wolfe
49.9
51.6
50.0
49.5
30.4
27.2
20.9
30.0
54.2
47.4
16.8
19.3
NSa
NS
Table 6. Summary of spring- and fall-planted barley yields in 13 experiments
with 13 fungicidal seed treatments.
Treatment
Fall plantings
Spring plantings
Successful % Yield
No.
of
%
Yield
No. of Successful
change
tests
tests
changeb
tests
tests'
carboxin
+ quintozene
+ iprodione
+ benodanil
+ furmecyclox
+ prochloraz
+ tolclofos methyl
8
4
2
2
4
4
3
5
4
1
1
3
3
3
- 1
6
- 9
1
14
11
12
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
0
1
1
0
1
- 3
2
-11
-11
- 5
-10
- 5
carboxin + thiram
+ metalaxyl
+ imazalil
+ iprodione + chloroneb
+ metalaxyl + quintozene
6
5
4
4
2
4
3
3
2
0
5
- 5
1
5
-21
3
3
3
7
0
1
1
1
3
-
-
-
-
captan + triadimenol
2
1
- 5
3
1
- 5
captan + propiconazol
2
0
-14
3
1
- 7
5
4
2
1
a Number of experiments in which the grain yield from the specified seed
treatment was numerically equal to or greater than the yield derived from
planting untreated seed. Individual tests are reported in Tables 3, 4 and 5.
b Net change in yield derived from each seed treatment, with respect to the
nontreated control, and averaged over the total number of tests performed for
each treatment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express appreciation for assistance provided by Gustafson, Inc.,
Julie Biddle, Sandra Ott, Daniel Goldman, Wakar Uddin, Karl Rhinhart, Scott Case,
Tami Toll, Daryl Haasch, Donald Wysocki, Dwight Wolfe, Kenneth Thompson, John Rea,
and the Hermiston Agr. Res. and Extn. Ctr. Financial assistance from the Oregon
Wheat Commission, Gustafson, Inc., and Ciba-Geigy Corp. was truly appreciated.
These studies were performed as components of Oregon Agricultural Experiment
Station Project 268, USDA-CSRS-Western Regional Competitive IPM Project 161, and
the USDA-CSRS-Pacific Northwest STEEP Program.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Douglas, C. L. Jr., R. W. Rickman, J. F. Zuzel, and B. L. Klepper. 1988. Criteria
for delineation of agronomic zones in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Soil &
Water Conservation 43:415-418.
Smiley, R. W. and D. E. Wilkins. 1990. Response of Rhizoctonia root rot and
growth and yield of barley to fungicide seed treatments. Plant Disease
74:submitted.
48
A SUMMARY OF JOINTED GOATGRASS
CULTURAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
IN WHEAT - 1990
D.J. Rydrychl
INTRODUCTION
Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricum) is a recent invader in the
wheat producing areas of the Pacific Northwest and eastern Oregon. Jointed
goatgrass can be found in 8 of our eastern Oregon counties and at all
elevations. It has become established along roadsides, waterways, fence
lines, and in cultivated fields. It is spread by seed in contaminated seed
lots, by trucks and combines, and by runoff water along natural
drainageways. It is estimated that there are 50,000 acres of goatgrass
(partial to total) sites scattered throughout the eight counties in eastern
Oregon. Goatgrass is difficult to contain because of dormant seed, early
shattering, and it has the same growth habit as winter grains.
We have no registered effective chemical control of goatgrass at the
present time. Control levels of 70-85 percent gave been obtained by fall
application of two new herbicides. These control levels are not high
enough for field sanitation and eradication, therefore these control levels
must be matched to proper management and crop rotation to be successful.
There are several cultural methods that have been tested in research
plots in eastern Oregon. They include, crop rotations, spring planted
grains or crops, perennial crops such as alfalfa, perennial grass, and
In addition, tillage systems such as double fallow have been
legumes.
highly successful for goatgrass control. Field burning tests have shown
that goatgrass seed populations can be dramatically reduced in re-crop
grain management. The use of no-till has also improved the efficiency of
goatgrass control by the use of selective herbicides such as trifluralin
and metribuzin. The research in eastern Oregon was conducted to explore
combinations of cultural and chemical systems that could be used by farmers
Some of the
for goatgrass suppression, seed reduction, and eradication.
results of the tests are recorded in the tables.
METHODS
A series of experiments were established at the Pendleton Station to
test the effectiveness of cultural and chemical treatments on goatgrass. A
split-plot experimental design was used with four replications on a Walla
Walla silt loam soil, (pH 6.2, OM 1.9 percent). Plot size averaged 24' x
100' in an area that was contaminated with jointed goatgrass seed.
Cultural sub-plots included no-till, double fallow, wheat-fallow, annual
grain crop, and spring grain. Data were collected on seed populations,
weed control, rotation interactions, crop tolerance, and yield potential.
The data are recorded in Table 1 and 2.
1 Professor of agronomy, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center,
Oregon State University, Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
49
Table 1. Goatgrass cultural control using field burning and rotations OSU-CBARC Pendleton, Oregon
- 1990
Treatment )Time
Seedbed
Goatgrass
Prep.
Control
Broadleaf
Cheatgrass
Control
Control
Crop
Grain
Injury Yield
lb/A
Wheat-Fallow2+ Tycor
PPS 3
Wheat-Fallow + Tycor
PPS
Wheat-Annual Crop + Tycor PPS
Wheat-Annual Crop + Tycor PPS
Fall burn 4
88
99
100
0
5030
None
65
95
100
0
4500
Fall burn
85
92
100
0
3290
38
90
100
0
1460
None
1 Note: Tycor is not registered in Oregon for wheat at this time.
2Winter wheat (Stephens) - Planted - 12 October 88
3 Tycor - Pre-plant surface (Inversion) - 10 October 88
4 Fall Burn - Stubble burned September 1988
Table 2. Goatgrass cultural and chemical control in cereals - 1990 OSU - CBARC - Pendleton,
Oregon
Treatment 1Time
Goatgrass
Cheatgrass
Control
Control
z
Wheat-Fallow2+ Tycor
PPS 3
Wheat-Fallow
Wheat-Annual Crop 4+ Tycor
PPS
Double Fallow + Tycor
PPS
Double Fallow
Grain
Control Injury Yield
lb/A
88
100
100
0
5030
18
85
35
0
4400
85
99
100
3290
70
40
95
100
92
100
88
0
0
0
0
0
4820
0
Wheat-Annual Crop
Broadleaf Crop
100
1460
6690
6400
No-Till + Tycor
PPS
99
99
100
No-till + Metribuzin
PPS
98
98
99
0
4700
90
92
75
4550
100
100
0
0
0
No-Till
Spring Crop
1 Note: Tycor is not registered in Oregon for wheat at this time.
2 Fall Wheat (Stephens) planted 12 October 88
3 Chemicals - 10 October 88 - Pre-plant surface Plots - 24' x 100'
4 Spring wheat (Dirkwin) planted 15 April 89
50
2370
RESULTS
Fall Burning
The effect of fall burning on goatgrass seed production is recorded
in Table 1. The use of fall stubble burning is limited by conservation
considerations. However, these tests were only conducted on the worst
rotations such as wheat-fallow in a stubble mulch culture and in the annual
crop rotation. Fall burning had a great impact on the annual crop rotation
because yield was reduced over 50 percent in the non-burned plots. Both
systems had Tycor applied in the crop for selective goatgrass control.
Tycor efficiency was greatly improved in the burned plots.
Burning had less impact on the wheat-fallow rotation but Tycor was
influenced by the system and fewer goatgrass seedlings were observed in the
non-chemical plots as well.
Tillage Practices
Double fallow had the most profound effect on goatgrass seed production (Table 2) with or without the use of Tycor. Yields of 6690 lb/A were
produced on four replications in the double fallow plots that had Tycor
added for goatgrass. However, the effect of double fallow is such that a
Tycor treatment would not be necessary in the crop year except for improved
efficiency.
No-till gave the next best level of goatgrass control in a wheatfallow rotation. Goatgrass, surprisingly is controlled by both Tycor or
metribuzin. Metribuzin was not effective for groatrass in any other rotation. No-till has also been effective in reducing goatgrass seed
populations after the third crop year without the use of Tycor. However,
chemical treatments would probably be necessary in a no-till rotation for
the best crop management.
SUMMARY
The most effectual cultural control for goatgrass control is spring
planted crops. Double fallow has proved to be over 92 percent effective on
goatgrass control without the use of selective herbicides. No-till can be
up to 98 percent effective on goatgrass competition and both Tycor and
metribuzin work in the system. The worst goatgrass rotation was annual
crop wheat. The wheat-fallow rotation was also poor when evaluating the
effect of goatgrass competition. However, the use of field burning did
help the goatgrass control in the annual crop and wheat-fallow systems and
did improve the activity of Tycor in each case. Several of these management systems when combined with a chemical control gave good jointed
goatgrass control. Total eradication would not be possible unless a long
term spring crop rotation was included in the management.
Several new goatgrass herbicides are being evaluated for selective
goatgrass control in wheat and barley. However, any chemical treatment
will not be 100% effective on goatgrass because of the seed dormancy factor. However, chemical controls combined with tillage and cultural methods
are good enough for good goatgrass seed reduction in eastern Oregon
cropland.
51
1990 SUMMARY OF CHEATGRASS
CONTROL IN WINTER CEREALS
D.J. Rydrychl
INTRODUCTION
Grass weed control in cereals has become one of the primary objectives of the weed research project at Pendleton. Several new chemical
formulations have been tested since the 1980 registration of metribuzin
(Sencor or Lexone) in an effort to improve crop safety and increase the
level of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) control in the cereals. In addition,
some new concepts have been introduced that will allow the use of nonselective herbicides that can not be used in a conventional manner. One of
these programs called "Inversion" was successfully established in 1988
using Cheat-stop. Cheat-stop is applied as a pre-plant surface treatment
that is sprayed ahead of the planter unit so that natural safety bands are
created to protect the winter cereal crop from chemical injury. The
"Inversion" system was developed by the weed project at Pendleton. Several
new compounds are being evaluated that can supplement Cheat-stop and allow
a wider selection of herbicides so that cheat grass can not become resistant to a single compound.
Field experiments have been conducted since 1980 in a wheat-fallow
rotation at several locations in Eastern Oregon for the evaluation of new
concepts and new chemical herbicides for selective cheatgrass control in
cereals. The results of some of these tests are recorded in Tables 1 and
2.
METHODS
A series of experiments was established at the Pendleton Station in
1989 to summarize the results of research conducted in preliminary screening investigations. Split-plot experimental designs were used with three
replications on Walla Walla silt loam soil (pH 6.2, OM 1.9%). Stephens
winter wheat was planted in areas highly infested with cheatgrass. Data
was collected on weed control, crop yield, and crop safety. Materials were
applied with a plot sprayer with total volume of 20 GPA at 30 PSI using
flat-fan nozzles (8002). Efficacy data and weed control readings were
tabulated in May, 1989, and yields were taken in July 1989. The results of
the tests are recorded in Tables 1 and 2.
RESULTS
The most important application concepts that have been successful
after numerous tests are shown in Table 1. Cheat-stop, metribuzin
clomazone, and Hoelon all had good crop safety when using the "Inversion"
system or pre-plant surface technique. The "RELAY" system, which is a
split application technique, has proven to be highly effective for selective cheatgrass control in cereals. The "RELAY" test using Finesse as a
pre-plant surface (PPS) treatment in the fall, followed by a post-emergence
treatment with metribuzin in the spring was highly effective for cheatgrass
with good crop safety.
1 Professor of agronomy, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center,
Oregon State University, Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
52
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The compounds clomazone and Tycor are very effective for the PPS
(Inversion) technique but are not registered for use in Oregon at this
time. However, there are several compounds (Table 1) that can be used for
successful cheatgrass control in cereals. In addition, Tycor, and
metribuzin are effective as post-emergence treatments for cheatgrass after
germination and emergence. Hoelon has excellent crop safety and when combined with a companion has good cheatgrass and broadleaf weed activity.
The screening trials are recorded in Table 2. Several new compounds
look promising for future registration. Acetochlor and clomazone are two
excellent soil applied herbicides that have fair crop safety with excellent
cheatgrass activity. Compound C4243 was not as successful in these tests
but it has the potential for good cheatgrass activity. The compound was
used as a post-emergence treatment in this study but there is too much
foliar activity. Tests in 1990 have shown that C4243 has excellent crop
safety and cheatgrass activity when applied pre-plant surface (PPS).
SUMMARY
There are several new products that have excellent effectiveness
against cheatgrass that could be registered for use in the winter cereals.
Most of the compounds can be used only as pre-plant surface treatments
(clomazone, Acetochlor, C4243) however, Tycor can be applied with any
method from soil application to post-emergence. Tycor and clomazone are
the only herbicides that are also effective on other grasses such as ripgut
and goatgrass
brome (Bromus diandrus), bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa),
(Aegilops cylindrica).
The research data also shows that the application techniques such as
"Inversion" and "RELAY" can be used much more in eastern Oregon for grass
and broadleaf weed control in cereals. The RELAY system can be used commercially now by using compounds that have federal registration.
Other new concepts are also being investigated such as using biotechnology and soil bacteria for cheatgrass control in cereals. This new
technology will not be available for several years so we will have to
depend on conventional treatments such as were discussed in this paper.
55
GREEN FOXTAIL HERBICIDE
RESISTANCE IN MINT
Donald J. Rydrychl
INTRODUCTION
Weed control in peppermint has come a long way from the days of hand
weeding, crop rotations, and the use of animals such as weeder geese.
Early research in Umatilla County was devoted to the reduction of labor intensive weed control methods that were common in the industry. Experiments
were conducted on area mint farms to test the activity of diuron (Karmex)
and terbacil (Sinbar) on annual weeds such as green foxtail (Setaria
viridis), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), witchgrass (Panicum
capillare), prickly lettuce (Lactuca scariola), kochia (Kochia scoparia),
marestail (Erigeron canadensis), pigweed (Amaranthyus retroflexus) and many
other species. The use of diuron was effective on broadleaf weeds but
grass weed control was erratic. Tests in the late 1960's showed that terbacil was very effective on annual grasses in mint with good crop safety.
Terbacil (Sinbar) was eventually registered in mint and was used for many
years in the management programs.
Repeated use of a herbicide over a period of years can be risky because of a possible natural buildup of weed resistance to the herbicide.
This is exactly what happened with the grass species, green foxtail in the
Stanfield area. Green foxtail became resistant to terbacil in the 1980's
and no longer could be controlled. It was this problem that led to a research project in mint in 1988 to find a replacement herbicide for green
foxtail control.
METHODS
Established stands of peppermint were selected that had heavy stands
of green foxtail. Trials were established on dormant peppermint on
February 18, 1988 using a randomized block design, with three replications.
Plots were 10 feet wide and 20 feet long. Carrier volume was 20 GPA
delivered at 30 PSI using flat fan nozzles. Herbicides were applied on
dormant peppermint on February 18, 1988 for the soil active herbicides such
as diuron and terbacil. Weeds such as green foxtail, kochia, marestail,
and prickly lettuce were dormant. A post-emergence treatment (Fusilade)
was applied in May, 1988 when green foxtail had three to five leaves and
broadleaf weeds were established. Fusilade is not active on broadleaf
weeds so manual removal was used for these species. Visual evaluations
were conducted on green foxtail control in June, 1988 and repeat evaluaThe results of the green foxtail tests are
tions were made in 1989.
recorded in Table 1.
RESULTS
Several compounds showed good green foxtail control in peppermint for
the entire season. Prodiamine, napropamide (Devrinol), oryzalin (Surflan)
and diuron all gave good foxtail control when applied in the dormant
season. Fusilade gave excellent green foxtail control in peppermint when
applied post-emergence. However, terbacil (Sinbar) was very weak on foxtail.
1 Professor of agronomy, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center,
Oregon State University, Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
56
Table 1.
Treatment
Fusilade
Prowl
Prodiamine
Devrinol
Cinch
Surflan
Diuron
terbacil
Control
Green Foxtail Herbicide
Stanfield, Oregon - 1988
Resistance
OSU,
Broadleaf
Control
Rate
Treatment*
Time
Foxtail
Control
lb/A
.75
1.00
1.00
4.00
1.50
1.00
1.50
1.00
%
%
May
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
97
53
99
99
35
89
99
28
0
0
57
99
93
73
96
99
100
0
*Feb - 18 Feb 88 - Peppermint - Dormant
Weeds:
Green foxtail; Marestail
(PL); Lochia (KO).
-
CBARC,
Mint
Injury
%
MT,PL,KO
MT,PL,KO
MT,KO
MT,KO
MT,KO
KO
MT,PL,KO
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
(MT); Prickly lettuce
May - 10 May 88 - Peppermint 4"-6" tall
Green foxtail - 3 to 5 leaf
Broadleaf weeds - 6 to 8 leaf, 3"-6" dia.
Although terbacil gave excellent control of broadleaf weeds (Table
1), it was very weak on foxtail. This was not the case when terbacil was
first used in peppermint in the 1960's. However, repeated use of terbacil
in the same area for many years allowed green foxtail to develop resistance
to the product. The only products that are registered for use in peppermint in Oregon include Devrinol, terbacil, and diuron. The compounds
fusilade, prowl, prodiamine, cinch, oryzalin are not registered for peppermint at this time.
The compounds napropamide (Devrinol) could be used as a substitute
for terbacil (Sinbar) to overcome the herbicide resistance in a normal crop
management rotation. This is the first documented case of a naturally occurring green foxtail biotype that has become resistant to terbacil in
eastern Oregon. Terbacil and diuron are both photosynthetic inhibitors and
work on a single site within the plant. The best management program in
peppermint would include a variety of weed control methods and a variety of
selective herbicides. This management combined with crop rotation and tillage will prevent resistant weeds, such green foxtail from becoming an
economic problem in peppermint.
57
PERFORMANCE OF A DEEP FURROW OPENER FOR
PLACEMENT OF SEED AND FERTILIZER
D. E. Wilkins and D. A. Haaschl
INTRODUCTION
Placement of fertilizer at the time of seeding wheat has the advantages of reducing the number of trips over the field, maintaining a
maximum of crop residue on the soil surface and reducing soil water loss
through less soil disturbance. Each tillage operation that disturbs the
soil profile containing stored water and brings some of that soil to the
surface results in loss of valuable soil water. Soil disturbance also
buries crop residue and therefore reduces the effectiveness of residue for
erosion control.
The value of fertilizer placement for small grain production in eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon has been well documented (Hyde, et
al., 1987; Koehler et al., 1987; Rasmussen, 1983; Rasmussen and Wilkins,
1982). Placement is especially important for spring seeded cereals in conservation tillage systems as compared to conventional tillage systems
because cooler soil temperatures, higher soil moisture, and decomposition
of surface residue reduce the availability of nutrients to crop plants
(Koehler et al., 1987). Placement of the fertilizer in relation to the
seed depends on the type and concentration of fertilizer, soil type, soil
temperature and the soil water content. Placing 22 kg/ha of urea ammonium
phosphate solution 0.5 cm below the seed in a light soil followed by hot
weather reduced and delayed emergence (Rasmussen et al., 1980). For eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon the fertilizer band should be
approximately 5 cm below the seed for fall seeded wheat (Parsons and
Koehler, 1984; Babowicz et al., 1985; Wilkins et al., 1984; Payton et al.,
1985). Separation between seed and fertilizer in spring seeded cereals is
not as critical as in the fall because the seedbed is usually cool and
moist.
Several openers have been developed to place fertilizer below seed
(Hyde et al., 1987). One type of opener developed by Wilkins (1988) minimizes the soil disturbance by making two furrows. The first furrow, in
which fertilizer is placed, is very narrow. A second and wider furrow is
made directly over the fertilizer furrow. Experimental results indicated
this type of opener had promise for seeding small grains in the Columbia
Plateau (Wilkins et al., 1985). A commercial opener made by S and M
Manufacturing Co. and distributed by Stoess Manufacturing Co., Washtucna,
Washington uses the two furrow concept.
The objective of this research was to evaluate seed and fertilizer
separation, stand establishment and early growth of winter wheat seeded
with a drill equipped with double furrow opener points made by S and M.
1 Agricultural engineer and engineering technician, USDA-ARS, Columbia
Plateau Conservation Research Center, Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
58
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Double furrow opener points made by S and M (Figure 1) were mounted
on a John Deere HZ model deep furrow grain drill that had row spacings of
41 cm. 'Stephens' winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was seeded (90
kg/ha) with this drill September 26, 1989 on the Columbia Plateau
Conservation Research Center near Pendleton, Oregon. The soil was a Walla
Walla silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic, Typic Haploxeroll) that had
been chemically fallowed for one year. The preceding crop was winter wheat
that left approximately 6000 kg/ha of crop residue on the soil surface.
Liquid fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate, URAN (32-0-0)) was applied at
seeding time through these opener points at the rate of 80 kg/ha of N.
Figure 1. S and M Manufacturing Co. grain drill opener point.
59
Stand counts, gravimetric soil water content at time of plant emergence, seed and fertilizer placement and early plant development were
determined for two rows at each of four locations in the field. Three of
these locations had liquid URAN injected through the opener points and the
fourth had no fertilizer applied. Stand counts were taken from one meter
in each observation row. December 21, 1989 plants were excavated from 1/2
m of the observation rows, taken to the laboratory, and evaluated for main
stem and tiller development, above ground plant dry weight, and plant
height as described by Wilkins et al., 1989. The location of the seed and
fertilizer were determined by analysis of soil cores. Two 5 cm square and
14 cm deep soil cores sectioned in 2 cm increments were taken in each row
and composited.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the soil and plant measurements are shown in Tables 1
and 2. As soil water content increased the depth of seed placement increased. Fertilizer placement was not influenced by soil water content at
time of seeding. This indicates the opener was running at a constant depth
and the amount of back filling of the fertilizer furrow with soil was a
function of soil water content. The high water content soil (11.2 percent)
did not flow into the fertilizer furrow as readily as the dry soil and
therefore the mean seed depth increased as soil water content increased.
Although this phenomena is ideal for reducing seedling damage from fertilizer toxicity in dry conditions, the 4.4 cm separation between seed and
fertilizer was less than the recommended 5 cm or greater (Babowicz et al.,
1985; Parsons and Koehler, 1984; Payton et al., 1985).
Table 1. Placement of seed and fertilizer with S and M opener
points
Mean seed
Mean
Soil Mean
Fertilizer water seed fertilizer & fertilizer
separation
Location injected content depth depth 9.5
9.3
9.9
11.2
no
yes
yes
yes
1
2
3
4
Cm
5.8
3.6
5.4
5.6
-
4.7
3.6
2.8
8.3
9.0
8.4
Table 2. Response of early seedling development to seed and
fertilizer placement by S & M opener points
Location
1
2
3
4
Stand
Plant
height
%
cm
66
56
53
59
Haun
Above ground
Tiller present
T2
T1
TO
- -
5.8
3.6
5.4
5.6
14.3
12.5
12.3
13.3
60
9
7
0
5
%
67
53
59
65
-
plant dry
weight
g/plant
-
88
42
61
65
.12
.07
.10
.10
Early plant development was stressed as a result of marginal soil
water for emergence, hot soil temperatures subsequent to seeding and the
close proximity of seed to the fertilizer band. The average daily maximum
2.5 cm soil temperature At the Columbia Basin Agricultural Experiment
Station was 82°F for the first two weeks following seeding. Banding fertilizer below seed with S and M opener points reduced emergence, delayed
early growth and reduced early tillering (Table 1). Because of the marginal soil water in the seed zone, stand establishment was low (53 to 66
percent). The best stand establishment occurred where no fertilizer was
injected.
The percent of plants with Tl and T2 tillers in rows with injected
fertilizer increased as soil water content in the seed zone (top 10 cm) increased from 9.3 to 11.2 percent. The differences in the percent of T2
tillers is primarily due to the difference in stage of plant development.
T2 tillers first appear after plants reach a main stem Haun value of 3.5
(Klepper et al., 1982). Many of the plants in the fertilized rows had Haun
values less than 3.5 and therefore would not be mature enough to have T2
tillers.
The slight depression in early growth and tillering from placement of
fertilizer with S and M opener points is not expected to result in any significant reduction in yield. There is evidence that seeding with this
opener when the soil water is marginal for germination and emergence of
wheat and the mean maximum 2.5 cm soil temperature during emergence exceeds
80°F following planting some seedling stress may occur. This stress will
increase as the soil becomes drier, soil temperature increases above 80°F
and the soil becomes lighter.
Further testing and evaluation is recommended because this test was for only one season and soil.
REFERENCES CITED
Babowicz, R. J., G. M. Hyde and J. B. Simpson. 1983. Fertilizer effects
under simulated no-till conditions. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engr. Paper No. 831025. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engr., St. Joseph, MI 49085.
Hyde, G. M., D. E. Wilkins, K. Saxton, J. Hammel, G. Swanson, R. Hermanson,
E. Dowding, J. Simpson and C. Peterson. 1987. Reduced tillage seeding
equipment development. In (L. E. Elliott, ed.) STEEP-Conservation Concepts
and Accomplishments. pp. 41-56.
Klepper, Betty, R. W. Rickman, and C. M. Peterson. 1982. Quantitative
characterization of seedling development in small cereal grains. Agron. J.
74:789-792.
Koehler, F. E., V. L. Cochran, and P. E. Rasmussen. 1987. Fertilizer
placement, Nutrient flow, and crop response in conservation tillage. In
(L. E. Elliott, ed.) STEEP-Conservation Concepts and Accomplishments. pp.
57-65.
Parsons, B. and F. Koehler. 1984. Fertilizer use by spring wheat as affected by placement. Proceedings, Thirty-fifth Annual Northwest Fertilizer
Conf.
Payton, D. M., G. M. Hyde and J. B. Simpson. 1985. Equipment and methods
for no-tillage wheat planting. Trans. of the ASAE 28(5):1419-1424, 1429.
Rasmussen, P. E. 1983. Winter wheat response to nitrogen fertilizer in notill annual cropping and conventional tillage wheat-fallow rotation. In
1983 Research Report - Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Special Report
680, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
Rasmussen, P. E. and D. E. Wilkins. 1982. Wheat response to rate and
placement of fertilizer in reduced tillage systems. Proceedings, PendletonWalla Walla Fertilizer Conf. Jan. 1982. Pendleton, OR.
61
1988. Apparatus for placement of fertilizer below seed
Wilkins, D. E.
with minimum soil disturbance. U.S. Patent number 4,765,263.
Wilkins, D. E., B. Klepper and R. W. Rickman. 1989. Measuring wheat seedling response to tillage and seeding systems. Trans. of the ASAE
32(3):795-800.
Wilkins, D. E., P. E. Rasmussen and D. A. Haasch. 1984. Influence of
speed on placement of seed and fertilizer with USDA modified opener. In
1984 Research Report - Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Special Report
713, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
Wilkins, D. E., P. E. Rasmussen, W. Warn and D. A. Haasch. 1985. New
grain drill opener for placement of seed and fertilizer. In 1985 Research
Report - Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Special Report 738, Oregon
Agricultural Experiment Station.
62
MAXIMUM DAILY TEMPERATURES DURING
REPRODUCTION AND GREEN PEA YIELD
R. E. Ramig and F. V. Pumphrey1
Temperature and pea growth has attracted the attention of producers,
processors, and researchers for decades. At first thought doing research
with temperature seems rather futile, since temperature in a pea field is
nearly impossible to control beyond adjusting the planting date. On second
thought, knowledge of temperature effects provides insight on which environmental conditions are most influential on pea growth and yield.
A review of published information reveals that growing season temperatures have a very dominant influence on pea yield. Wang (1982)
concluded that 75 percent of the year-to-year variation in pea yields in
Wisconsin was due to temperatures during seedling growth and during
reproduction. Warm springs and cool summers produced the higher yields.
In Australia, Ridge and Rye (1985), found 68 percent of variation in dry
pea yield was attributed to frosts during first bloom and high temperature
during flowering. Locally, analysis of rainfall, temperature, and green
pea yields indicated 65 percent of the year-to-year variation in yield was
caused by seasonal variations in rainfall and maximum daily air temperatures during reproduction (Pumphrey et al., 1979). Maximum daily
temperatures of 80° to 81° from prior to blooming until harvest are optimum
for green pea production. Mean daily temperatures during the reproductive
stage of growth are not indicative of the influence of temperature on pea
yield.
The earlier investigation of seasonal rainfall and temperatures
aroused interest as to how stressful maximum air temperatures during the
reproductive stage of growth were to pea yields. Modern statistical procedures and computers provided means of analyzing many years of daily
temperatures and green pea yields. The objective of this manuscript is
therefore, to report the quantitative relationship of maximum air temperature between bloom and harvest and yield depression of green peas.
Green pea yields from 1945 through 1988 were collected from three
locations -- Koehler Betts Farm northeast of the Columbia Basin Research
Center, Crowe research farm approximately two miles southwest of Weston,
Oregon, and the Columbia Basin Research Center. Yields were omitted for
the years 1947, 1966 and 1987 because of late spring frost damage to peas.
Daily maximum air temperatures occurring at the Columbia Basin Research
Center during the reproductive stage of growth (May 10 to harvest) were
used.
Degree days occurring
75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93,
tween degree days occurring
pea yield were established
coefficients were fitted to
air temperatures during the
each year above ten base temperatures (69, 72,
and 96) were accumulated. The relationship beannually above each base temperature and green
using simple regression analysis. Regression
a curve expressing the effect of maximum daily
reproductive growth stage on green pea yield.
1 Soil scientist, USDA-ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center,
and professor emeritus, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center,
Oregon State University, Pendleton, Oregon 97801.
63
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Maximum daily air temperatures above 80-81°F greatly reduced green
pea yields. The adverse effect of a degree-day of temperature increased
exponentially as the maximum air temperature increased (Figure 1).
This analysis indicates the reduction in yield was 13, 22, and 35
pounds per acre per day when daily temperatures of 85, 90, or 95°F occurred. Sufficient data was not available to provide a reliable analysis
of the effect of a 100°F temperature; the best estimate using Figure 1
would be a yield reduction of over 55 pounds per acre per day.
How often did various maximum daily temperatures occur during the 41
years used in this study? A temperature of 90°F occurred every year (Table
1). A temperature of 99°F or higher occurred 18 years in the 41 years.
40
30
20
10
0
66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99
MAXIMUM DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE (•F)
Fig. 1. Decrease in yield of green peas as the maximum
daily air temperature from bloom (May 10) to
harvest increased.
64
Table 1. Number of years maximum daily air temperatures between May 10 and
green pea harvest exceeded the base temperature at the Pendleton
Experiment Station, 1945-19881/
Base
Temperature
(:)F,
Years
No.
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
41
41
41
41
37
30
18
1/ Omits 1947, 1966, and 1987. No pea harvest; late spring frost. Total
years with data = 41.
This information encourages growing early maturing varieties and
utilizing the cooler part of the pea growing season. Continued careful
planning is needed between green pea growers and processors to minimize the
pea reproductive growth stage occurring during the warmer part of the growing season. Dry pea producers have more flexibility in deciding planting
dates than the green pea producers.
Early maturing and heat tolerant traits should be utilized as much as
possible in pea breeding programs that are developing varieties for the
Palouse Region.
Pumphrey and Ramig (1977) published a procedure for estimating yields
of green peas for processing. The prediction required October through
March and expected April through June precipitation. It assumed average
excess heat from bloom to harvest. This report finds that the heat stress
effect is exponential and refines the estimation of the heat stress effect
on yield of green peas. These heat stress-yield relationships should aid
processors in estimating pea yields from daily temperatures as the growing
season progresses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Appreciation is given to F. Ball, Kohler Betts, W. DeWitt (deceased),
L. G. Ekin, T. R. Horning (deceased), M. M. Oveson (deceased), and H. M.
Waddoups who also collected data analyzed in this study.
REFERENCES
1.
Pumphrey, F. V., R. E. Ramig, and R. R. Allmaras. 1979. Field
response of peas (Pisum sativum L.) to precipitation and temperature.
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104:548-550.
2.
Ridge, R. E. and D. L. Rye. 1985. The effects of temperature and
frost at flowering on the yield of peas grown in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Res. 12:339-346.
3.
Wang, J. Y. 1962. The influence of seasonal temperature ranges on
pea production. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80:436-448.
4.
Pumphrey, F. V. and R. E. Ramig. 1977. Green pea yields, rainfall,
and excess heat.
pp 1-5.
In 1977 Columbia Basin Agricultural
Research, Special Report 485, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
65
PRECIPITATION SUMMARY - PENDLETON
C3ARC - Pendleton Station - Pendleton, Oregon
(Crop year basis, ie; September 1 through August 31 of following year.)
Crop Yr. Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Total
60 Year
.47 16.38
.34
Average
.77 1.37 2.00 2.10 1.93 1.54 1.72 1.50 1.39 1.24
1968-69
.83
1.36
2.71
2.65
2.62
.78
.43
2.31
1.26
.75
.06
0
15.76
1969-70
.65
1.41
.44
2.39
5.23
1.50
1.87
1.05
.62
.85
.11
.05
16.17
1970-71
1.02
1.40
2.22
1.02
1.44
.77
1.28
1.65
1.66
3.14
.63
.33
16.56
1971-72
1.42
1.72
3.14
3.93
1.15
1.70
2.11
1.35
1.50
.91
.76
.35
20.04
1972-73
.49
.66
1.14
2.47
.89
.89
1.27
.58
1.03
.12
0
.09
9.63
1973-74
1.77
1.24
5.86
4.40
1.29
2.00
1.50
3.64
.38
.33
1.30
0
23.71
1974-75
.02
.35
1.56
1.76
3.73
1.68
.97
1.72
.68
.69
.05
1.38
14.59
1975-76
0
2.16
1.47
3.40
2.13
1.09
1.69
1.65
1.21
.58
.04
2.58
18.00
1976-77
.44
.53
.47
.59
.90
.57
1.72
.46
1.70
.31
.12
2.21
10.02
1977-78
1.54
.69
1.79
3.19
2.27
1.71
1.40
3.50
.81
1.27
.59
1.37
20.13
1978-79
1.61
0
1.68
2.28
1.31
1.54
1.74
1.82
1.15
.18
.12
2.08
15.51
1979-80
.17
2.56
2.31
1.05
2.85
1.55
2.12
1.20
2.45
1.42
.23
.18
18.09
1980-81
1.24
2.96
1.81
1.99
1.26
2.31
2.30
1.29
2.30
2.12
.40
.02
20.00
1981-82
1.51
1.62
2.41
3.27
2.61
1.86
1.99
1.54
.48
1.12
1.02
.50
19.93
1982-83
1.68
2.68
1.46
2.69
1.63
2.97
3.90
1.23
2.08
1.92
1.00
.68
23.92
1983-84
.82
.91
2.79
3.44
.99
2.56
3.23
2.37
2.11
2.05
.05
1.25
22.57
1984-85
.98
1.18
3.43
1.96
.69
1.49
1.33
.65
.89
1.42
.05
.98
15.05
1985-86
1.54
1.34
2.66
1.27
2.38
3.04
1.94
.83
1.79
.09
.61
.19
17.68
1986-87
1.87
.91
3.41
.95
2.08
1.31
1.85
.83
1.63
.62
.47
.06
15.99
1987-88
.04
0
1.44
1.61
2.60
.32
1.65
2.59
1.79
.94
0
0
12.98
1988-89
.40
.08
3.65
1.10
2.86
1.55
2.95
1.94
2.19
.33
.15
1.19
18.39
*1989-90
.24
1.00
1.65
0.49
1.43
.63
1.89
20 Year
Average
.97
1.20
2.26
2.24
2.05
1.62
1.94
1.61
1.42
1.00
.39
.77
17.45
*Not included in 60 or 20 year average figures.
66
PRECIPITATION SUMMARY - MORO
(Crop year
CBARC - Sherman Station - Moro, Oregon
September 1 through August 31 of following year.)
basis, ie;
Crop Yr. Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
80 Year
Average
.61
.90 1.71 1.69 1.63 1.17
.99
.76
.83
.69
.22
.28
11.47
1968-69
.40
1.04
2.67
2.09
1.93
.44
.63
.84
.84
1.99
0
0
12.87
1969-70
.52
.76
.53
2.00
3.96
1.27
.88
.38
.33
.22
0
0
10.85
1970-71
.13
.68
2.36
1.21
1.63
.12
1.28
.84
.93
.81
.20
.09
10.28
1971-72
1.36
.45
1.50
1.03
2.25
.26
1.44
.40
.45
1.70
.07
.55
11.46
1972-73
.57
.43
.83
1.60
1.09
.34
.40
.21
.34
.25
0
.07
6.13
1973-74
.90
.85
3.70
3.99
1.29
.97
1.30
1.18
.38
.02
.41
0
14.99
1974-75
0
.37
1.02
1.39
2.01
1.47
1.25
.46
.53
.84
.40
1.26
11.00
1975-76
0
1.17
1.34
1.26
1.25
.93
.95
1.06
.14
.06
.79
1.06
10.01
1976-77
.04
.10
.43
.20
.18
.63
.50
.08
2.70
.28
.37
.90
6.41
1977-78
.88
.22
2.00
3.22
2.80
1.31
.74
1.42
.43
.44
.59
1.32
15.37
1978-79
.33
.01
.79
.69
1.59
1.54
.99
1.06
.28
.10
.07
1.12
8.57
1979-80
.53
2.59
2.23
.65
3.41
1.83
.94
.89
1.27
1.37
.16
.11
15.98
1980-81
.42
.79
1.73
2.95
1.52
1.22
.65
.41
1.06
1.15
.20
0
12.10
1981-82
.92
.82
1.99
4.73
1.10
.72
.55
1.45
.37
1.15
.21
.40
14.41
1982-83
1.42
1.96
1.08
1.89
1.40
2.43
2.74
.61
1.96
.39
.80
.60
17.28
1983-84
.52
.62
2.45
2.31
.17
1.07
2.34
1.32
.89
1.09
.17
0
12.95
1984-85
.53
.86
3.18
.41
.27
.97
.44
.14
.63
.92
.05
.14
8.54
1985-86
1.11
1.09
1.19
1.12
1.84
2.39
.98
.34
.35
.06
.54
.07
11.08
1986-87
1.52
.45
1.53
.78
1.68
1.10
1.54
.28
.99
.29
.78
.11
11.05
1987-88
.07
.01
.66
3.23
1.60
.21
1.25
2.21
.55
1.02
.04
0
10.85
1988-89
.56
.02
2.51
.22
1.33
.77
1.91
.84
.91
.08
.11
.50
9.76
*1989-90
.07
.59
.96
.48
1.91
.17
.76
20 Year
Average
.61
.73
1.70
1.76
1.63
1.05
1.13
.78
.78
.68
.28
.40
12.10
May
*Not included in 80 or 20 year average figures.
67
Tota
CUMULATIVE
GROWING DEGREE DAYS
4000 0'
3500-
MORO
30002500200015001000-
1988-1989
1989-1990
1948-1984 -
500 -
O N D J
F
J
M A M J
A
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
O
s
0
N
D
J
F
IA
68
A
M
J
J
A