-
Freeman: 1889-1891
.................................................................................
An Honors Thesis
(Honors 499)
by
Jul ie Shipe
The:.is Advisor
Nina Mjagkij
Ball
State University
Muncie.
April
-
Indiana
20. 1993
Graduation - Spring 1993
1,:'/
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The portrayal
of Afro-Americans
in the late 1800s
differed among white and black publications.
Whites often
viewed blacks as a homogeneous mass of people and.
result.
as a
depicted a stereotype known as the Samba image.
reality.
the black race varied
1800s. a small
existed.
professional
These so-called
the Sambo stereotype.
in many
respects.
In
In the late
class of African-Americans
"Aristocrats of Color" challenged
In his cartoons.
a black cartoonist working for
existing economic and social
Henry Jackson Lewis.
T.Q~Jre..e..f!.1?i!u'
depicted the
distinctions between blacks of
the 1 '" ten i net e e nth c e n t u r y •
This paper presents the life of Lewis and the mission of
It) .~.....F.:r::.~ . e. rn a n. and its e d ito r. Ed war dE. Coo per .
A discussion
of the black aristocracy and examples of various individuals
of this e1 ite reveal s how this group differed from the
majority of the blacks.
Among the aristocracy,
the old elite
consisted of those freed before the war and obtained a formal
education while the newer elite arose following emancipation
and focused on acquiring great wealth before an education.
Lewis'
cartoons exemplify the existence of this class and the
tension within it between the old aristocracy and new
ar'istocracy.
-
The',s
carLoon~,
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portray the experiences of
the black masses and how the black aristocracy treated
perceived the black masses.
and
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THE NEGRO STILL IN SLAYElty.
L
It you call 1bitt freedom. what a rough. rougb ro&d thebe fr-ee day!;.
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THE POLITICAL DAIRY.
..:;)
\"'·U.:·' '~." ~wr"f) ('al"~e" tht:- TOI'Ch. and Votes the Party into Power and HOlds Oil' (1IIu'us) Hag. ttw ., \\~hik'
2'IHn and Brother" "'alks otT with the Game (Milk).
APPENDIX
-3 Source:
Lewis.
The
Freeman,
'3.
'THltJUI
~.
",:.
14
September 1889,
APPENDIX it
Occupations
agr;cul ture.
fishing, mining
professional
domestic
manufacturing
Negro descent
57%
11.
311.
61.
White
311.
41.
191.
28%
Sou r c e: 0 e pt. 0 fIn t e rio r, C ens u s 0 f fie e .<::.2.~P.~_Q_t:u.LJ'!.I ..__Q.~ the
.f::..L~'I_~ rl1:t1 .t:.~ns l! s (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
1890).381.
,
Me"
•
•
,-
APFr.r\,J[;:X
5
llae
(10 Sauth.,.,ltr)-Tbe Negro ia an Amelican citinn. anot, 18 socb, sboold have every
all the rigbl8 accorded to otber citizellL He sbould have tbe free and untrammded
hI ahort he sbould have 'a wbite man's cbance.
lopt i.
,
natiQDI altai nat rolored peol'le are 18 rank Nortb u South. Tbe Nl'gro CAn 'fote in tbe
~O~b, bat bu tbe doors of the induetr ea & d
,..-......
'.
..
can, al""av. vote bat b~ can get 11th ~
n bU"llea5 huu""s cloeeJ A1ta'DBt h,m, .. hoi,· in til" - ,,tW, h~
.'
'_ f
a
e work be cau do.
"
of the el.. ctlve
y-----"'.. .;.
W-.
80&TH&aY WUITa ~A"-Yee you pea I . lb X
h
•
Nl'lIru ill 'be H"U'b.
do It 0 .. P", In e. art "!&ie a ,".. at bo .. 1 aboat tbe rij(hte, ~IC, "~I 1I...
bim in :10ar lacklro!'8 andlr.: ~n~ KI~ ~ b,m a tI h,''''' mao a chaar~ ID tb .. Sorth? Why dUll" Yf)U 1'lJIuluy
sbort, wby are th .. doors of y .... dOD,. Wb1 dun t you a<iullt 111m to you, theatrt. and , .... l.o&tlt,UJIJ.· In
oar In uetnea closed anlDat hUll?
Lewi~"
.
-
-
The
Freeman,
9
25
February
1889,8.
-
APPPENQIX 6
!"··tAr ' . /
,
'
'----
..
-
The
Source:
-
H8~ry ·J·3.ckson
Freeman's
Lew;s,
Panorama.
T"eF:re_~man,
26
9
M.3.rch
1889,
.L
,.
(
./
._----------
-
-........
APPt~',:)IX
",~..,....
~
---.-
i . HE GOT IN TH&WAY.
flO!
Th, .. bove "Iclure reprelOOts lhe raw, or a dog-edltqr. who became 110 j"aluu. of Th" }'reeruaD lballl .. foull.hly
10 \1Ie -,7 a!i4 w" OfWlhed. Thl, h~ ppelled a few _oieb &(0, but 'he dog-editor I, .\11\ am&nlDg u4 i'ro&nlDIt
~ ,· ... Ia.
.
i
Sou:C'~:
Hen~y
Sou r c
Lew is,
Jackson
Lewis,
The
Freeman,
11
Jan
..
!?:
Tile
Fr eem.'::l"f).
23
Feb r u a r y
27
1 8 8 9,
8.
1390,
n
0_
..
'
-
APPEND!><
8
T. THO)I,\S
..
':~()Uice:
The
()f,
Freernan,
h~ ~ew
FOHT{"!~'·:.
\'urk Sun.
15 September 1888.1.
28
I
11
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HI<;NR\' F. WILLI
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29
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JOBN A. NEWH\'.
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10
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of BereaCoLleIle.Eer0.Cl
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rzzy,
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~LI
(~.)
(2.)
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(4.)
OOO<iiC.
Nr, an~ ProlNIOr 01 ,,&lb.
B. fl. JWfiIl'INO.
01 1~&ofJ l)eparta:.eut
~D"
PrultWOr of LaUn.
JAB. R. D4TDKYtAY.
To tor 10 Jlfatbematlf,8 and fAUI
(~.)
(~.)
W. £ C. WRHiHT.
I'roft1lllOr 01 Natural ~ence.
L. V. DODGK.
30
('roh"l\:l(lr of G roI,k
-
•
________
PR_O_t'_.J_.(_',_'·_kl.·Io;, SchOI1tI·""d,_t_;d_~_.I_or_._ _ _ _ _ _,
-
:iource:
ThE'
Freeman.
70 SeDtember 1890.
1.
-
APPENDIX
12
F~CE.';:'A'.
eN c;
i
of himMIf apia.
u •• few owl-wi.e -.e- of my ~CiI rea41 tOllBdoi'BC
I1
•
Source:
Lewis • .l.b._~_Fre~_fT!~_Q.•
15
32.
-
February 1889.8.
•
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BON. FREDERICK DOUGLASS orF FOR HAYTI .
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~ -;:.,
I~r::)
w
.~
~
':""
C
:J
'D
i~
':'j
co
I:~)
'_c
The atteD~1D which ~b~ Nelro i;NCeI"iDI ftOm the pr_ aDd
Oar a~
ia tbeI opu"L
thM a l' allI of lhe N..",.· lraiDiq
,
~
s.
_I Libruy" ie the cartClioJl.
be (tbe NectoJ i. made mucn lalilr r ttan he reall,.
bu .umBel. ia iadicw.r.d jut
aft .u,e "politi.
A,PPENorx
17"
'WrY _ _ _ _ _
•
-
--.
~~-
WOSDERY,'L1.r AS'lOSISIiEU.
"Great Jeboe.aphat, AI.bam! did YOII e\'er t"Apt'<"1 ~) hf'f' lilt IIIlt- vI thai!"
;:-'t'C Ilrtirlt'.j
Lewis,
The
FrE'eman,
29
November
1890,
5 .
•
-
37
-
A,PPE\lOrX
18
,-
C.-._JIi.
~~
'7J--~I
t
:f
,
, "'>-
, r -:"::::<..
~
_
~4c-.
.•
'~,
....
-~::-.
---
-.'
JH~r;t'~=,I"t;
..
THE
~l~l
.~
MI~~ GIR ••·FI.l:.-"What .tI,jection have you to lha~
talk,. IlIl.nHl\Jg lJlI~ n
lJl .. " llt·":U-y,IIEA1I,-'·lIe lIe\~r
at'p. fools."
t..±'
:
Ml:<~ G.-uYou~anoot
nnd that fllult with Mr.
I
MJ:<:; B.-'·lJe's.'1t I>erfect hOJ'(.-al\\"Il\·s talklDg" abo t
.
::iourCE:
-
-
Lewis,
T rJ
e Fr e em 2. n.
I
28
38
AT;OS.
Ithy !\Ir. Li)ChlJlatc····
.-e. Ill' ~l'l'IIIS to think all \\ 1I(ll\'1I
inel:'
101:,'"8
Mar c h
J COU'! ulldcr,.lllnd,"
- -Adapted.
1891,
2,
-
•
TIm DAL.
nudey.,..
: H."'n, "achJned puta_"tIaelmTH.ID • .AL.
BeIng "ooru pU" the Imagination
II abnormallY dnelopecl. Wealth, po,ltIon and "ireatneu" are relultl of a
generouf nature.
"
artnatioD I.
yea}tIa. po,Idon. &n1 .. pam.... .,."reallUl of
toO.
l
~~
J
1
~
~
~
.
.
trl'
"
':;ourc:e:
Lew~s.
The Fr'eeman,
23
A"ugus~"
39
1890,
5.
-
APPE'\'I)IX
20
j
1
~.
1
..1
o
:-;ourc€:
'-'
40
1
1
.
-
APPENDIX
21
.'
--•
• __
-
-
--'::......,;.
- i:'---..".. ...
:_~-r
- - ...
c;-. ____- - ,
.
:~ \ \ .
Uul'itt.(lWO l't'!t·;-·'ti"lIy, 1'... ", yuu ,lilli', "IIU,,"
mc !!IOCO ~UU'M' MoL nt"'" l'\ulht'8
t .. _tu'~I>II,
),1111'11 • ,hid .. ! yllln 1"_ d"" "I w ... '" hili d .. lhc"
more'o II X mooth,'fore he II injl ilL.. you du~ htl."
Tom Struckh ... k :-"Wh}' 1'",l8,
tOolb, doo.. lIlIa 11",11. "lot'
B.
)IIU
hi,," duw ..
-hllllli ",ull:'
P:-"\IITIIIII. hill 11"10 • .' ,," Illt· It I'>t·'·, .... 1
1& "ltt'.lIIlJ
haod mall,"
~~wis.
The_C~?eman,
11 October
4j
-
1890,
3.
-
APPENDIX
22 Source:
Lewis.
I!:'_Lf.rE'eman.
7
SE.>ptember 1889.5.
A STEP OR. TWO IN ADVANC'E.
J
42
1
1
•
A,PPENor;>(
23
•
'rHE XORTHERX AXD SOUTHERN QrESTIOX.
~I ... Satil'e Soutb-"Gnlld mOl-nin; 8ab. Am YUq de teach~r. sah1"
M,', SOl,them PedajrolfUe-··Well. ~e,.; hut f learn there i$ mncb hatl-ecllt~aill~t till' :S .. nh(,1"11
Segro."
Mr. S, :--.-hSah. dat am lie l"t1ft'."
Mr. S. I' ,-"Bf'cau>'(' We' drt':<."; nt'atl~' an.) I"l'''llCCt our-eheat a,. th('y rill. I ,.111'1''' .... • t .. Ix.' the
rea~ln8...
.
Mr.:S. s,-"So, "Ah. DO! (;IU!(> Yflu 'UII" air rlti~t up norr wid the Yankt'E',.. an,) ~.. t toe lIH1l'h
hrainat , ... de8e tolkll to cheat you lIut'li all pm can eam chery year."
:~ourC~I:
LE''W'~.,
The Fre2rPan,
7
Septerrober 1889,5,
43
1
A P P r:.:'-J:] r :<
24
•
RACE PRIDE.
Hotel Proprletor-"Want to resign, 8ambo~ ~bal, .. tbe matter?"
Colored 'Walter-"I don't .. aU OD DO nlggers, sab!"
Hotel Proprletor-"Wbv, tbat's Bamboojee putllpJee Bab, tbe peat 810doo t"1'eler."
Colored Walter-{wlth Increueci Itlirneca) "Bot I .bao't walt 0000 fordgn olfgaha, aah !"-TexU SI1tlogL
44
AP"fNDrx 25
THE ItACE PUHRLEM.
~;·.)urC'e:
-
1- "" .....
1 ,.,
ThE'
Fr e em an.
The Uiff'erent )Ietlwds of Soh' in:..' it a:
30M.:\ ,... c h
45
1 889,
8.
Endnotes
............................................
l EC'ward
1891,
E.
Cooper,
Ray for d W.
Th9.l,Jgh~
Log an,
( New Yo r k :
Th~.Ne.gr..o.
123.
4 Lew; s.
"The Neg ro St ill
• 2 8 S e pte mb e r
s
'., Log an,
1880.
L; f
Ron
L.
;n
cis m in a Market
(March 1973):
Af11~Fic::?Q
Press,
8.l bid ••
Among
southern cotton
147.
By 1890,
remained
and
11 7 •
Cartoon,
The
the farmers
"The
Economic
0
Ex-Sl ave
in
Impact of
fSc..o..Q.o.'!Ij...c..Hi.?.:t:..o.EY.
only 221 of black
tenants.
in
regions worked as
farmers
Department of
Goverment Printing Office.
1896).
175.
H i g g s .G().'!IPe.:t:.jtj'O'Q .... ?Q.<:l.G..9e.C...c.J'O'I):.I:l.J.?c.k?..iJ1 the.
...S.c::. .9.0().r.D.Y....JJ3 6 §. - 1 9 11
1977):
1 24 .
A Study of the
(Cambridge:
68.
7 H'i ';;J g s ,G.()r.D.pe.. :t:.i.tJ.9Q '
-
18 April
4.
Environment." :J..9l,J . CQ?J
owned farms while 78%
(Washington D.C.:
the
1 9 5 4 ).
Rasom and Ri chard Sutch,
the Post-Bellum South:
6 Rob e r t
1 8 8 9,
Inc..
; n Sl ave ry."
e. . . . ?D.9Tbgl/gb~. •
801 of Blacks
tenants.
inA mer i c a.QbJ.f e
The D i alP res s.
3 Ib ;d.,
Er:~~'!I?Q
33
The . F.r.~e..'!I.?Q,
Obituary,
8.
2
F~. a
ed.,
74 •
76.
46
Cambridge University
9William Warren Rogers,
Arkansas:
IjJ?:t::9.C.Y,
"Negro Knights of Labor
A Case Study of the
10
"Miscellaeous"
in
Strike,"
Labol"
(September 1969),499.
10 Ibid .,
500.
l l Ibid .,
501-505.
12 . . .
"Iary
York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts.
13 L.ew 1'
S,
"Southern Race Riots,"
September 1889.
14
of
1971),
111.
Cartoon,
The.fr~...~f!l?I),
14
5.
D epa r t men t
0
f
.1:.JJ..~ . . . . ~ J.~Y.~QtQ..C::~Q::'l,J.::'.
Printing Office,
I n t e rio r,
the
•
1890),
C ens u s 0 f f ice
( Was ~1 i n g ton D. C . :
,C::9.f!lP.~Q.c::Ijl,Jf!l.
Go v ern men t
381.
15 Ibid .
16
L i f e?Qc::ITb.9.l:J,9Q ..t:
17 Ibid .•
141.
18 Ibid .,
152.
19 L ew 1'
"2iouthern and
fr::~.~r:n..?Q
20
21
b.~.Ii>'.
Log an,
t?.. .
• 9
S,
Fe b r u a r y
,
I n t e r lor,
b roc h u rea t
AR ••
0
Northern White Men,"
He r it ag e,
Lew i sex h i bit a t
Tb.~... A.r.:.t: .... g ...L
. Ij.. ~}~.
the Old S tat e
-
H0 use •
Summer 1991.
J.r'.fJ. . ~.~D.fl~....... 9.. t.: . . 9.. ~.9... g.r::.?PQy . .?.C::.f()Q().f!l.J.<::?, ...... ?..Q.cl ..... F.'.~.r::::.. 9...Q...?J.. . jt:.y ( Po r
Washington:
The
• 1 8 90 •
fAr k an sa s
H. J.
Cartoon,
8.
.C::9r~. p~r:l.<::1.J~f!l
Dep a r tme n t
Little Rock,
1 8 8 9.
, 14 0 •
Kennikat Press.
1976).
47
78.
t
-
23 Ibid .
24'1\'i11ard B.
1974):
H.
t"loneyhon,
Gilded Age,"
1985):
~.
30
"Black Pol itics
in Arkansas During
22f.).
"H •.J.
Lewis,
Freeman Artist:
!3.J?:.f..I<..J::I j.?t..9CY..NE':! V:!s9Q ..d..N(?.t.E':!? August 1 9 9 0,
Depa r t men t
29
in the
AT 1<?'. Q.???H...i..?...t Cl.r:: .i ~.?J.Q..l,J?'C.tE':!cJ.y 4 4 (Autumn
Marvin Jeter,
Pap e r ,"
28
"Arkansas Negroes
223.
26 Ibid .,
,", 7
ed.,
294.
25 Car1
the
Gatewood,
0
fAr k a n s asH e r ita 9 e,
Moneyhon,
Jeter,
"Black Politics,"
"H.J.
Lewis,"
.
MarV1n Jeter,
into Tennesse,
r...L·i??:i._s.?j.pp.J .. Ar.:.<::~.?E':!. (?J99y
77.
32 Ibid .,
78.
25
s. '
3;
b roc h u r e .
224.
3.
"The Palmer-Lewis
Mississippi,
31 Ibid .,
tL~)~.b.E':!\I¥j ...
A Working
and
"Mound Survey"
Louisiana,
(Dec 1 9 9 0 ):
1881-1883,"
76 •
3~\n 11 ard B. Gatewood. "Edward E. Coope r, B1 ack
Journalist,"
34 Ibid .,
270
35 Ibid .,
271.
36
Henry .Jackson
Car too n.
-
T.h.~.F.r::.E.!.~r.D.?'0. •
Lewi s,
"The
Fr'eeman' s
9 Mar c h 1 8 8 9.
48
4.
Panorama."
Forays
37
Gatewood,
38.John
F.
"Coope r,"
Marszslek,
269.
"The
Freeman's Ten
A People's Poll" Mid-America 67
Lew is.
1890.
"He Got
H.J.
8;
fr?~rrt?r}.
39
40
41
23
.??rrt.?f') ,
IQ~.F.r
Lewis.
Freeman,"
"Who
Feb r u a r y 1 8 8 9,
Reads
C::,atewood,
"AR Negroes,:
Gar 1 and Penn,
(New York:
Arno
the
Blacks:
57:
11
H. J.
January
Cartoon,
The
8.
"Cooper,"
..E..dJ:t:.o C?
(April-July 1985):
i n the Way. " Cartoon.
Catewood,
I.
Greatest
271.
294.
Th~.A 1'r.:: 0 -:
Am eric ?:..n Press and
Press and
the
its
New York Times 1969).
337.
42 Ibid .•
336.
4::'Ibid.
44
"T.
Thomas
September 1888.
\v r i t e r s
Fortune,"
1:
H.J.
Pi c tor a 1 S t etc h,
Lewis,
"Musical
18 May 1889, 4:
H ..J.
B E~
Pic tor a 1 S t etc h,
("
e a Kentucky,"
45
Gatewood,
Lewis.
"Cooper,"
46"The Ten Greatest
fr::.~.~_.fl}?n. ,
47
2 0 S e pte m b e r
Gatewood,
"Cooper",
15
Tb..E:l..FL~.~.rrt?.1J '
"Instructors of Berea College,
T h eE.T . ~~. rrt_?IJ. ,
4 May
1 8 8 9,
271.
Blacks,"
1 8 9 O.
.. F..r.:. ~.?.r~.?'.1J '
Composers and Sonq
Pic tor a 1 S t etc h,
of the Color e d Race,"
TQ~
1.
273.
49
Pictoral
Stetch,
TQ.~
4.
4 8 \II ill a r dB.
(Bloomirgton:
.I
f)
Gatewood,
(i ate woo
0
.1..0
r
7 and 43 .
381 .
Ar..i . ? t9SC ?t?. '
d,
f ...... C 0
1990).
Indiana University Press,
t e rio r ,<:;Clr:fl..P..~r::U::!j.l.Jr:D..,
49
Acj?!9c;T?t.?
8;
.bjf~.:l, Q9Ih.Cl.l.J. 9.h.!
Logan,
'
188.
50
Log a n ,bj.::L~.?Q9.T.tLql.J9h..:1:.
5 1 Gatewood.
.A.ci..?t9c;.C?!.?' '
11 8 .
11.
52 Ibid ..,
8-9.
53 Ibid .,
28.
54 Ibid .,
9.
5 5 Log an.
L i f e?Q.cl.TIJ9l.J9ht. '
5 6 Gat e woo d,
often found
AC.t?t. 9c:C .?!.?. '
in port cities
11 8 •
4 4 an d 5 0 .
The old elites were
such as Charleston and New
Cnleans.
57 Ibid ,.
12.
58 Ibid ,.
138.
'
59 8 enJannn
,
Q uar 1
es,
Associated Publ ishers,
60 Ibid .•
Jr. ,
Lit#ack and August Meier
1.988).
316.
"Frederick Douglass:
(Urbana.
81.
62 Ibid .,
-
1948).
(Washington:
3UL
61",
M
'
... . : \d1 0E
'.
artln,
Leon
F r EOlge r;c~'pql.Jgl~??
82.
50
Il.:
Humanist as
University Press,
63
L. ew 1' S
"Uncle Sam and
,
The . FT(?(?f!i?f) ,
16
64 r-artln,
I
'
65Lewis,
Car too n,
the
Febuary 1889,
"Douglass,"
"Hono
Color'ed American,"
80
800
Frederick Douglass off for
TI).~ ...... FT~~f!i?:Q
5 0ct
'
66 Qua r 1 e s. p().l,JgJ???
Cartoon,
0
be r
326
1 8 8 9.
Hayti,"
80
0
67Ibido,333.
68
c: ate woo d, A r i s t
69 Ibid ,
70 L eWl'
in
71 Lew; s,
June 1889.
141 .
Ih.~..f.r..€:!.~I!l.?D
"What Shall
25 May 1889,
s,
"0ut
0
f
75,
Lew 1 S,
Be Done wi th
of Deeds
the
Neg ro,"
Cartoon,
8.
Car too n,
The ...f.T~ . ~~rl.?rl. '
8
66.
1
" Won de r f u 1 y A s ton
'
1
she d ,"
Car too n,
"'wonde r full y Aston i shed," T..hE.>..... f.T.~.~.f!i?n..
77 t1 3.rtin,
"Douglass,"
Gatewood,
79 I :>id.,
The ...f..r.~.~. f!i?.rl,
5.
1890,,6.
82.
A.cts.1::()C::. C?1::S,
4.
33.
51
.-
Recordership
' 2 3 February 1 8 8 9. 8.
Pro p 0 r' t ion ,"
"Douglass,"
29 November 1890,
78
the
8.
73 r",·,artln.
'
76
? t?. '
"The Candidates for
Legion, " Cartoon,
72 L eWl'
( I ...
35.
S ,
Th e.CT(?(?rrJ?rl.
0
29 Nov embe r
--
80 1bid ••
81
Leon
~;haron
34.
Harl ey.
"Mary Church Terrell:
(Urbana
Litwack and August Meier
Illinois
Press.
82 Ibid .,
1988).
IL.:
Genteel
University of
308.
309.
83 Ibid .,310.
84,_eW1S.
'
_F_.r_ ~_~_ m?Q
"Discussing
28 Ma r c h 1891.
87 L ew 1' s ,
"The
.f_T__ ~_E!_I:n_?1l • 2 3 Aug u s t
88
89
G at e woo d,
James
(Autumn.
V".
90Ibid ••
91
1 8 9 O.
and
"The Real
249.
138 .
"Ferd Havis:
93..
(j;:ltewoo d •
96
,
S.
Jefferson County's
Black
24.
" I n a P i neB 1 u f f
F.rE!~_r:D_?_O.
Lew 1
Th~
241.
92
--Ibid .•
95
" Cartoons,
240.
246.
S.
The
5.
Ari _?_!:9.<:::T?! _ ?_ •
--Ibid .•
94 L ew 1'
Cartoon,
2.
Ideal"
Leslie.
1978).
the Situation,"
"
E
• 15
Dr u g S tor e ."
J une
1 8 8 9.
Er~~r:D?_Q
n v y , " Cartoon,
Logan, _ki_.f~?lldTh9.\,Jgh!,
5". ')
,(-
160,
'
Car too n.
Th_~_
8.
11 October 1 8 9 0,
242.
3.
97 Ibid .•
241.
98~~'illiam R.
Linneman.
Illustrated Magazines:
Illinois.
99
1889.
1960).
,
.Ib 1
d ••
"American
1887-1900"
Life
(Ph.D.
as
Reflected
diss .•
in
University of
190.
197.
100 Ibid ••
202.
101 Ibid .•
204.
102 Lew 1'
"Minstrel
S.
" Cartoon.
IQEl ..C.T.ElEl.I!'. <'l:. 1) ,
7 S e pte rn b e r
5.
103
L0
\'1
an .UfEl<ll)cj Ttl9u 9Qt. ,
104 L eW1S.
'
ECE!.E!fT:i:2l:fl •
10 !:';
1 6:~ . 1 6 4 •
" Nor the rna n d Sou the r n Que s t ion."
7 S e pte mb e r
Gat e woo d.
106 Ibid ,
45.
107 Ibid •
141.
1 0 8 Lew is.
1 8 8 9.
Car too n.
I.h.E!.
5.
.I\.C i.?t: .9S.L<'l:.t:..? • 5 0 •
" R ace
P rid e ."
Car too n.
The .... .F..C. El.El..I!'.21D.
1 6 Aug u s t
1890.8.
109 Lewls.
,
"E nvy."
110,_.eW1S.
'
"The Race
March 1889.
111
JQE!_.f.CElElr:n2l1) ,
30
.NEl9.t9Th9\,lght i n_.ArrLElCjC::..<'l:,),.S.S.g~ 1.~.:l . 5. '
University
112 Ibid .,
94,
113 Ibid .,
91.
114
Cartoon,
8.
August ~-1 e i e r.
(Ann Arbor:
Problem."
Cooper.
of Michigan
Press.
1963).
94.
146-147.
ed. ,
Obituary.
53
ThE! CTElEl.I!'<'l:1) ,
1 8 Apr i l l 8 9 1.
8.
r.,
;,
f
~
~
<I.!" Co'
..
', I
•
i
I"
1
I
I
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<-
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I
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