1956 Mink Nutrition Research
John Adair
Kenneth G. Davis
OSC Experimental Fur Farm, housing approximately 750 mink.
Miscellaneous Paper 41
May 1957
Agricultural Experiment Station
Oregon State College
Corvallis
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
General Conclusions 2
Animal Experiments 4
Histological Examinations 20
Chemical Studies on Mink Blood and on Quality
of Dietary Fat 23
Facilities 26
Acknowledgements 26
Tables 27
1956 MINK NUTRITION RESEARCH
by John Adair and Kenneth G. Davis
Research Assistants
Department of Fish and Game Management
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of mink nutrition research conducted
by the Oregon State College experimental fur farm in 1956. Research this
year was aimed at testing rations containing various fishery products and
cereals, and the effect of diet on fur abnormalities. The program was
planned in cooperation with the Oregon State Fur treeders l Association and
the Mink Farmers!. Research Foundation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
These investigations included animal feeding experiments involving 479
ranch mink, laboratory analysis of feedstuffs, and study of physiological
conditions associated with normal and abnormal fur conditions.
The college mink breeding colony in 1956 contained 153 breeder female
mink, producing 609 kits for a ranch average of 3.98 and a litter average of
4.95. Test animals were all kits of the year and included 395 standard
dark, 60 pastel, and 2L aleutian mink. Nutritional feeding trials involving
these animals were started July 5. Animal groups were similar in sex, age,
and genetic background unless otherwise indicated in the text and tables
of this report.
Diet expenses were based on feed costs only, and do not include labor
or other expenses. Net profit as used throughout this report is, therefore,
the difference between the feed cost and the pelt sale price.
Fur quality, growth rate, and pelt length were criteria used to evaluate the 1956 nutritional experiments. Fur quality was determined by
experienced graders of the Seattle Fur Exchange and by actual pelt sales.
Growth studies consisted of periodical weighings of animals throughout,the
course of the experiment. Pelt length measurements were taken from the
dried skins.
Comparisons of performance of all experimental diets are made in
appendix table 1, page 27.
In contrast to previous years' reports, proximate analysis as shown in
this report is expressed on a dry matter basis.
Comments or questions about this report or about the experimental
work will be appreciated.
-2GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Encouraging progress is being made in the formulation of a concentrate
which at high levels will satisfactorily supplement a typical West Coast
mink ration containing a high percentage of marine fish. Economic considerations dictate that the mink rancher look for means of decreasing his
feed costs. The 30 per cent cereal or concentrate ration developed at this
Station seems to be an encouraging step in this direction. Mink raised on
this ration, while slightly smaller, were of good color and, due to lowered
incidence of the fur damaging conditions of wet belly and matting, brought
the highest average price of all the experimental groups.
Although a truly successful hake diet which may be fed without complications has not been found, supplementation with high levels of concentrates
seems the best answer for its successful use. Giving consideration to the
dry matter content, it is easy to see that concentrate levels of 20 per cent
considerably reduce the mink's dependence upon a nutritionally deficient
and watery hake. Addition of lard to a ration containing hake appears
basically sound from the proximate analysis of this marine product and,
in practice, promotes weight gain and favorable appearance in growing mink.
Under investigation for the first year at this Station was 8-Methoxypsoralen, a chemical offering possibility of darkening fur color as it
similarily had darkened the skin of human subjects under the influence
of sunlight. Under the conditions maintained during this experiment, however,
no improvement or darkening of the pelt was detected.
Both positive and negative data pertinent to the formation of fur
abnormalities have been obtained from this year's work. On the positive side,
cotton pelts have been produced on a specific diet, and this incidence,
together with similar production on other dietary situations in the past,
provides evidence concerning the causative agent or agents. To date, cotton
pelts have been produced at this Station in 3 different ways: (1) Feeding
of a diet high (over 30 per cent) in bleaned hake, (2) Putting the animals
"off-feed" by deliberately feeding spoiled fish in early September, and
(3) Feeding a diet containing 20 per cent uncleaned hake. The diversity of
these three feeding situations suggests that more than one factor may be
responsible for the cotton pelt condition. Thus far, the work indicates
that certain specific fishes (hake) may be involved. The possibility of
bacterial action being involved should not be ignored.
Observations on the general condition of mink showing the cotton pelt
condition indicate that animals average and above in size and apparently
normal in health may be involved. This suggests that general malnutrition
is not responsible but rather that some interfering or toxic factor, which
may be superimposed on normal nutrition, is involved. Deficiency of a single
essential nutrient is a possibility,..howeverin well-oupplemented diets of the
types used in this study this would appear less likely than some metabolic
interference or antagonism.
It has been consistently noted that the carcasses of cotton-furred
mink after pelting are much lighter in color, and more anemic-looking than
those from normal-furred mink. Studies this year with a limited number
of animals confirmed the observation that' hemoglobin concentrations
were considerably lower in the cottons than in the normal mink. These
-3findings may be important in determining the nature of the factor or
factors involved in causing cotton pelt symptoms.
On the negative side, this year's studies indicate that the presence
of 5 per cent levels of rancid animal or marine fat in otherwise adequate
diets does not result in the formation of typical cotton pelts. In contrast
to Norwegian work, which was carried out with diets consisting entirely of
fish, studies at this Station employed fish diets supplemented with horsemeat, liver, and cereal mixtures as commonly used in commercial mink
production in this country. Blood thiamine studies on normal and cotton
mink are underway, and thus far indicate a rather ]o.w level of the vitamin
in both types of mink, as compared to other domestic animals.
The problem of fur matting has been investigated incidental to the
cotton pelt and red-hip conditions. Observations of matting (which has
been fairly prevalent) indicate that it is influenced by the nesting habits
of the mink and by management factors, rather than by nutrition.
To date there has appeared little evidence supporting a nutritional
cause for the red-hip condition. Further studies will be conducted on the
genetic aspects of this situation.
-4ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
The following analyses will include only standard dark and pastel
mink. Due to the small number of aleutian mink on tests, observations
pertaining to this color phase are not significant and are, therefore,
excluded from this report. Results and observations on the performance
of the experimental animals on the various diets are described in text
and table form as follows:
TEST 1
Object and Method
Test group 1 was fed a basic control ration to which all other groups
can be compared. This diet was initially designed in 1950 to produce animals
of good growth and pelt quality, and has since been continued through the
experimental program of this Station.
TestDiet 1 .,!-Composition and Analysis
Per cent of
wet mix
Constituent
7
Horsemeat
Liver
Tripe
Mixed sole
Mixed rockfish
OSC concentrate 1(Table 2)
4
14
42
25
8
Period fed
July 5 to pelting
Per cent content,
Nutrient content
29.34
60.30
16.41
0.65
12.94
10.16
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
Observations
Test diet 1 was fed to 40 standard dark mink, 22 males and 18 females.
No animals were lost during the experiment. The following average performance data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
'Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink
13.668 grams
1.050 grams
24.77 inches 17.95 dollars
5.99 dollars
11.96 dollars
Females
- 908 grams
438 grams
20.46 inches
11.22 dollars
5.99 dollars
5.23 dollars
-5Fourteen animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the
conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclusion
This diet may be considered representative of diets fed under ranch
conditions in Oregon. As a basic experimental ration at this Station for
six consecutive years it has consistently produced good growth and fur quality.
TEST 2
Object and Method
The diet formulated for test group 2 represented a composite of dietary
improvements observed at the OSC Experimental Fur Farm since its activation in
1950. This diet was designed to incorporate these favorable results into a
single diet which will be adopted as the improved control ration following
successful completion of testing. Modification of the control ration will
continue as advances in mink nutrition are made.
Observations taken from previous years' experiments on which test diet
2 of this year is based were:
1. Turbot included in the ration at levels as high as 67 per cent
produced excellent growth, but poor fur color. Later studied indicated that
levels of 30 per cent or below during the fur growth period, September first
through pelting, were not detrimental to the fur color.
2. Methionine and Terramycin, when supplementing a high turbot ration,
produced good growth and fur qualities.
3. Live yeast (Lacto-Leav'n) included at per cent of the wet diet,
produced some growth response, but proved detrimental to fur color if included in the ration during the fur growth season.
h. Protein concentrates such as meatmeal, bloodmeal, soybean.meal, and
powdered milk have proved valuable when fed at certain times of the year, and
provide the additional advantage of reducing the need for fresh meat products,
thereby lowering the ration cost. Manipulation of the diet to include these
concentrates for best results has been undertaken in this ration.
Test Diet 2--Composition and Analysis
Constituent
Per cent of wet mix
Sept. 15 to
Aug. 15 to
pelting
Aug. 15
Sept. 15
10
3
3
-
July
5 to
Horsemeat
Liver
Tripe
9
11
Mixed sole
20
Mixed rockfish
Turbot
40
OSC concentrate 33(table 2) 9
OSC concentrate 34(table 2) -
100
15
15
40
-
15
10
20
12
X00
22
26
12
IOU
Per cent nutrient content
Period fed
Nutrient content
Dry Matter
Crude Protein
Crude Fat
Crude Fiber
Ash
NFE
July 5 to
Aug. 15
Aug. 15 to
Sept. 15
33.27
53.94
28.67
33.50
55.70
25.41
34.35
55.59
23.53
0.59
9.74
6.98
0.69
0.69
11.03
9.69
Sept. 15 to
pelting
9.93
8.73
Observations
Test diet 2 was fed to 40 standard dark mink, 22 males and 18 females.
Although no losses were recorded for the group, one animal was omitted from
calculations because of its consistent small size throughout the course of
the experiment. The following average performance data were recorded:
Mies
----1,726 grams
Final weight
Weight gain on test 1,105 grams
Pelt length
24.94 inches
18.90 dollars
Sale price
5.46 dollars
Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink 13.44 dollars
Females
950 grams
473 grams
20.75 inches
10.25 dollars
5.46 dollars
4.79 dollars
Twelve animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the
conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclusions
Weight of the animals in this group was slightly larger than noted
for the control (test 1), although pelt length was not significantly different. Feed cost was less than noted for the control group, as a result of
lower food consumption and the removal of horsemeat from the ration during
a portion of the experiment. The 30 per cent incidence of wet belly in
animals of this group indicates the necessity for further study with this
diet with emphasis on the furring out period.
TEST 3
Object and Method
The recent discovery of certain chemical compounds which stimulate
production of melanin and promote deep tanning of the skin in humans who do
not readily tan, led researchers to believe that these compounds might show
some value in enhancing the fur color of mink. The compound utilized in
this experiment was 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), fed at levels of 25 mg per
mink per day, through the period July 5 to August 24.
-7-
Test Diet 3--Composition and Analytis
Per cent of
wet mix
Constituent
Horsemeat
Liver
Tripe
Mixed sole
Mixed rockfish
OSC concentrate 1(table 2)
7
4
14
42
25
8
Period fed
July to pelting
Per cent content
5
Nutrient content
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
29.34
60.30
16.41
0.65
12.94
10.16
Observations
Test diet 3 was fed to 148 standard dark mink, 26 males and 22 females.
One female and four male animals were lost during the experiment. Three of
the five losses were attributed to heat prostration. The following average
performance data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink
1,580 grams
966 grams
24.24 inches
18.06 dollars
6.15 dollars
11.91 dollars
Females
879 grams
368 grams
20.33
11.31
6.15
5.16
inches
dollars
dollars
dollars
Nine animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclusion
8-Methoxypsoralen, fed at a level of 25 mg per mink per day, did not
improve fur color under conditions encountered during this feeding trial.
TEST 4
Object and Method
Utilization of commercial concentrate mixes in past years has resulted
in incomplete information about quality and quantity of ingredients included.
It was the opinion of the research directors and the experimenters that a
-8concentrate of known ingredients should be formulated.
The concentrate included in test diet 4 as well as test groups 5, 8,
and 11 was based upon research conducted by Dr. A. J. Wood, University of
British Columbia, and further developed by Dr. James E. Oldfield, Oregon
State College.
Test Diet 4--Composition and Analysis
Per cent of
wet mix
Constituent
Horsemeat
Liver
Tripe
Mixed sole
Mixed rockfish
Turbot
OSC concentrate 35(table 2)
7
3
8
10
22
35
15
100
Period fed
Nutrient contentJuly 5 to pelting
Per cent content
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
37.23
53.25
26.52
0.66
9.65
9.96
Observations
Test diet 4 was fed to 40 standard dark mink, 22 males and 18 females.
Two male animals were lost during the experiment due to heat prostration.
The following average performance data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink
1,830 grams
1,218 grams
25.34 inches
17.49 dollars 3.84 dollars
13.65 dollars
Females
1,008 grams
546 grams
20.96 inches
10.16 dollars
3.84 dollars
6.32 dollars
Twelve animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclusions
Although animals in this group averaged larger than all other groups,
fur color was not good. Feed cost per mink was significantly lower than noted
for either the control or the improved control, resulting in higher net profit.
-9Further study of manipulation of the cereal levels towards pelting time will
be investigated in an attempt to overcome the problem of wet bellies.
TEST 5
Object. and Method
This diet trial was conducted to study the effects of high levels of
cereal fed in conjunction with a high fish ration. Earlier experiments indicated that high levels of cereal during the fast growing period tend to
reduce size. Cereal levels in this diet were increased from 20 per cent to
30 per cent on September 10, in conformation with these observations:
Test Diet 5—Composition and Analysis
Constituent
Per cent of wet mix
July 5 to
Sept. 10 to
Sept. 10
pelting
Liver
Mixed sole
Mixed rockfish
Turbot
OSC concentrate 35(table 2)
Nutrient content
3
3
32
22
25
20
30
100
25
20
20
100
Per cent nutrient-content
Period fed
5
July to
Sept. 10
Sept. 10 to
pelting
37.42
57.33
44.89
53.60
15.95
15.99
Ash
0.88
12.16
1.32
11.62
NFE
13.80
17.56
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Observations
5
Test diet was fed to 35 standard dark mink, 22 males and 13 females.
Two male animals were lost during the experiment. One of these losses was
attributed to heat prostration. One additional animal was omitted from
calculations because of its consistent small size throughout the feeding
trial. The following average performance data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink
Females
1,598 grams
987 grams
984 grams
488 grams
24.10 inches 20.68 inches
19.63 dollars 11.27 dollars
4.78 dollars 4.78 dollars
14.85 dollars 6.49 dollars
-10Four animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclusions
The animals of this group, while smaller, were better in fur quality.
The low incidence of wet belly in this group, and the significantly lower
cost of production as compared with other groups, contributed to a higher
sale price and greater net profit per mink.
TEST 6
Object and Method
In feeding trials of 1955, good pelt quality was obtained from a ration
containing 20 per cent hake, when 40 per cent of the ration was turbot. Test
6 of this year repeated the diet, but incorporated 3 per cent lard in the
ration beginning September 15, in an attempt to alleviate weight loss evident
at that time.
Test diet 6--Composition and Analysis
Constituent
Liver
Mixed rockfish
Turbot
Pacific hake (cleaned)
Lard
OSC concentrate 9(table 2) Nutrient content
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
Per cent of . wet mix
Sept. 15 to
„Tull-7176
pelting
Sept. 15
3
27
40
3
40
20
20
10
10
3
T515
155
Per cent nutrient content
Period fed
July 5 to
Sept. 15
Sept. 15 to
pelting
32.24
58.99
34.41
57.14
6.41
10.57
6.29
22.78
0.70
11.02
25.21
0.70
Observations
Test diet 6 was fed to 48 standard dark mink, 26 males and . 22 females.
One female animal was lost during the experiment. The following average
performance data were recorded:
-11Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink
Females
1,713 grams
1,115 grams
24.62 inches
18.15 dollars
5.55 dollars
12.60 dollars
900 grams
449 grams
20.18 inches
11.26 dollars
5.55 dollars
5.71 dollars
Thirteen animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclusions
Mink fed this diet exhibited growth and fur qualities comparable to test
1, the control group. Approximately one-fourth of the animals in this group
produced wet belly pelts, possibly resulting from fat content of the ration
which approached 10 per cent during the furring out and pelting periods.
TEST 7
Object and Method
It was suggested by the Oregon State Fur Breeders Research Committee that
in addition to diets utilizing eviscerated hake, it would be of value from a
ranch standpoint to investigate similar diets in which noneviscerated hake were
included. On the basis of this suggestion, test 7 was formulated to include uncleaned hake in the ration as a direct comparison to a similar ration (test 6)
containing cleaned hake. Animals in this group lost weight gradually in midSeptember. Therefore, 3 per cent lard was added to the ration as a corrective
measure.
Test Diet 7--Composition and Anslysis
Constituent
Liver
Mixed rockfish
Turbot
Pacific hake (uncleaned) Lard
OSC concentrate 9(table 2) Nutrient content
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
Per cent of wet mix
Jul57 5777----NTR7.777 to
Sept. 15
pelting
3
27
3
24
40
40
10
100
10
100
20
20
3
Per cent nutrient content*
July 5 to
Sept. 15 to
Sept. 15
pelting
58.99
34.41
57.14
6.41
6.29
32.24
22.78
0.70
11.02
25.21
0.70
10.57
*Proximate analysis of this diet is the same as shown for Test Group
as analysis was performed on eviscerated hake only.
6
Observations
Test diet 7 was fed to 48 standard dark mink, 26 males and 22 females.
One male animal was lost during the experiment due to heat prostration. The
following average performance data were recorded:
Females
Males
__Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink
878 grams
430 grams
19.99 inches
1,663 grams
1,062 grams
24.19 inches
15.92 dollars
5.55 dollars
10.37 dollars
8.66 dollars
5.55 dollars
3.11 dollars
Thirteen animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the
conclusion of the feeding trial in December. Five cottons were also noted
for the group.
Conclusions
Although pelt length of this group is comparable to that of a similar
group fed eviscerated hake, net profit is significantly lower due to the incidence of cotton and low grade pelts. As no cotton pelts were noted for the
eviscerated hake group, indications are that some underlying factor or factors
contributing to the production of cotton fur were contained in the intestine
of the hake fed to test group 7.
TEST 8
Object and Method
Test diet 8 combined hake at the 20 per cent level and OSC concentrate
35 at 15 and 20 per cent levels. Purpose of the diet was to establish the
value of this concentrate in combination with hake and turbot as compared
with the basic OSC concentrate 1.
Test Diet 8--Composition and Analysis
Constituent
Per cent of wet mix
Sept. 10 to
5 to
pelting
Sept. 10
July
Liver
Mixed rockfish
Turbot
Pacific hake
OSC concentrate 35(table 2) 3
3
22
17
40
40
20
15
100
20
20
^0
-13Nutrient content
Per cent nutrient content
Sept. 10 to
July 5 to
Sept. 10
pelting
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
38.93
56.76
21.42
0.88
35.53
58.21
22.07
0.66
10.38
10.11
8.68
10.82
Observations
Test diet 8 was fed to 48 standard dark mink, 26 of which were males.
One male animal was lost during the experiment. This loss was attributed to
heat prostration. The following average performance data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
Feed cost per mink
Net profit per mink
1,647 grams
1,073 grams
24.32 inches
18.30 dollars
.5.02 dollars
13.28 dollars
Females
959 grams
496 grams
20.51 inches
11.34 dollars
5.02 dollars
6.32 dollars
Ten animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclueims
Weight and length were not significantly different from test groups 1
and 5. Mink averaged slightly above those in group 5 in sale price and since
feed cost was somewhat lower, the net profit per mink in this group was greater.
The percentage of wet bellies was considerably less than for either group 1
or 5.
TEST 9
Object and Method
On the theory that peroxides formed during the processes of rancidity
might oxidize and destroy certain essential nutrients, this diet containing
5 per cent rancid sardine oil was formulated. The object of this experiment
was to observe the effects of rancid dietary fat on fur quality.
Test Diet 9--Composition and Analysis
Constituent
Horsemeat
Liver
Tripe
Mixed sole
Mixed rockfish
Sardine oil (rancid)
OSC concentrate 1(table 2)
Per cent of
wet mix
7
4
14
37
25
5
8
-14Period fed
July 5 to pelting
Per cent Content
Nutrient content
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
33.47
56.36
21.13
0.65
12.18
9.70
NFE
Observations
Test diet 9 was fed to 16 standard dark mink, 8 males and 8 females. No
animals were lost during the experiment. The following average performance
data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
1,517 grams
910 grams
23.04 inches
16.17 dollars
Females
958 grams
479 grams
20.69 inches
11.06 dollars
Three animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December. A tendency was noted for animals
on this diet to reduce feed consumption about the first week in September,
following the period of fast weight gain. After about 2 to 3 weeks, the
appetites appeared to be regained. Although no true cotton pelts were produced on this diet, the fur color was not good.
Conclusions
Apparently rancid fish oil is not a prime cause of cotton pelts when fed
in otherwise adequate diets of the type used in this experiment.
TEST 10
Object and Method
Test diet 10 contained sufficient horsemeat to supply a 5 per cent
level of rancid horse fat. The object of test 10 was to investigate the
situation described for test 9, with the use of an animal rather than a
marine fat.
Test Diet 10--Composition and Analysis
Per cent
Constituent
Horsemeat (rancid)
Liver
Tripe
Mixed sole
Mixed rockfish
OSC concentrate l(table 2)
of
wet mix
26
4
14
23
25
8
100
-15Period fed
July 5 to. pelting
Per cent content
Nutrient content Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
33.59
55.89
22.96
0.65
10.57
9.85
Observations
Test diet 10 was fed to 16 standard dark mink, 8 males and 8 females. No
animals were lost during the experiment. The following average performance
data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
1,652 grams
1,032 grams
24.47 inches
17.46 dollars
Females
1,016 grams
512 grams
21.31 inches
10.62 dollars
Four animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December. In contrast to the group fed rancid
fish oil (test 9), animals in this group did not go off feed. Fur quality
appeared good when live animals were graded in early November; however, at
pelting time (early December) the pelt coloration was poor.
Conclusions
As was the case for test diet 9, the inclusion of 5 per cent rancid
horse fat in an otherwise adequate diet did not appear to produce a true cotto
pelt condition.
TEST 11
Object and Method
Mink ranchers of the Midwest reported numerous cases relating the inciden
of cotton pelts to diets containing large percentages of Eastern whiting. In
accordance with the national scope of the fur abnormalities investigations,
test 11 was formulated to attempt production of cotton pelts on a diet contain
ing this fish. Following standard procedure at this station, intestinal
tracts of fish were removed before use.
Test Diet 11,-composition and Analysis
Constituent
Per cent of wet mix
Aug 9 to
July 17 to
July 5 to
July 17
Aug. 9
pelting
Horsemeat
22
22
7
Liver
4
3
3
Tripe
14
5
5
Mixed sole
42
Mixed rockfish
25
Eastern whiting
50
50
OSC concentrate 1(tab/e 2)
8
20
20
OSC concentrate 35(table 2) I50
ITC
Ti50
-16-
Nutrient content
Per cent nutrient content
Period fed
July 5 to
July 17
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
July 17 to
Aug. 9
29.34
42.10
60.30
16.41
0.65
12.94
10.16
53.51
23.19
1.60
9.61
12.02
Aug. 9 to
pelting
43.04
55.19
23.45
0.88
8.18
12.30
Observations
Test diet 11 was fed to 16 standard dark mink, 8 males and 8 females. No
animals were lost during the experiment. The following average performance
data were recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
Sale price
1,713
1,071
25.06
17.41
Females
grams
grams
inches
dollars
891 grams
415 grams
20.09 inches
8.88 dollars
Four animals from this group had wet belly and/or matting at the conclusion of the feeding trial in December.
Conclusions
Results of this test group closely parallel those of a similar diet in
1954, when extremely poor fur color and fur quality were observed but cotton
pelts were not evident. Mink given this ration were graded as the poorest
of all the experimental animals on general fur appearance. There were, however, no true cotton pelts within this group.
TEST 12
Object and Method
This test was conducted to observe the reaction of pastel mink to a
diet found suboptimum for proper furring of dark mink. Hake at levels above
30 per cent previously produced such deficiencies as cotton underfur and
poor coverage in natural ranch mink.
Test Diet 12--Composition and Analysis
Constituent
Liver
Mixed rockfish
Turbot
Pacific hake (cleaned)
OSC concentrate 9(table 2)
Per cent of
wet mix
3
22
34
31
10
-17Period fed
July 5 to pelting
Per cent content
Nutrient content
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFL
31.34
61.54
19.97
0.70
11.34
6.35
Observations
Test diet 12 was fed to 30 pastel mink, 22 males and 8 females. Eight
male animals were lost during the experiment. Two of these losses were attributed to heat prostration. The following average performance data was recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
1,670 grams
1,057 grams
24.80 inches
Females
971 grams
550 grams
21.79 inches
Although no wet bellies were noted, 1 cotton, 3 matted and 4 red-hipped
mink were evident.
Conclusions
Of the animals in this group, approximately 25 per cent died prior to
termination of the experiment at pelting time. Of the surviving mink, 42
per cent were cotton. This diet is inadequate for proper nutrition of either
pastel or dark mink. Performance on this and other diets containing hake
tend to implicate this fish in the cotton fur abnormality.
TEST 13
Object and Method
Tests conducted in 1954, which included sudden metabolic disturbances
created by feeding mink spoiled fish, showed promise in determining a cause
of cotton pelts. In 1954 animals were deliberately thrown off-feed in early
September and early October. The September group of that year had a very
high percentage of cottons and low-grade pelts, whereas the October group was
affected little by this treatment. On the basis of these findings, tests
for 1955 were established for metabolic upsets in early August and early
September. Aim of this procedure was to narrow the seasonal time in which
ranchers need to be extremely careful in the management and nutrition of
pelter mink to prevent low-grade cotton pelts. Off-feed or metabolic upset
was produced by feeding spoiled fish for a three-day period. This fish
consisted of uncleaned turbot which had been stored at room temperature for
a two-day period prior to inclusion in the ration.
The 1955 tests further substantiated what was indicated in preliminary
tests of 1954—that the early September period is crucial in determining fur
color. It appeared from these experiments that early August was also important,
-18-
although this importance lies more in animal growth than in fur production
alone. The males, particularly, had not reached maturity in early August
and when they were upset radically, normal growth rates were interrupted.
Although the August test produced many low-grade pelts in regard to color
and coverage, the seriousness was not as pronounced as noted in the group
thrown off-feed in early September. Only one true cotton was produced in
the September test. Fur color, density, and coverage throughout the entire
group, however,was exceedingly poor. It appeared that the critical furgrowth period occurred in early September, and that fur formation at this
time is directly related to quality of the December pelt.
In 1956, the metabolic upset was produced by including high levels of
Pacific hake in the diet from September 1 through 20. In the two previous
years, this upset was produced through spoiled feed. It was hoped that this
year's test would provide a comparison between an upset of bacterial origin
and one of possible nutritional deficiency, or abrupt dietary change.
Test Diet 13--Composition and Analysis
Constituent
Per cent of wet mix
Sept. 20 to
1 to
pelting
Sept; 20
July to
Sept. 1
Horsemeat
Liver
Tripe
Mixed sole
Mixed rockfish
Pacific hake
OSC concentrate 1(table 2)
7
7
7
4
4
14
14
25
67
8
4
14
42
25
8
8
TUU
Nutrient content
Per cent nutrient content
Period fed
July 5 to
Sept. 1
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ash
NFE
Sept. 1 to
Sept. 20
Sept. 20 to
pelting
29.34
60.30
16.41
0.65
12.94
10.16
28.94
68.87
12.36
0.65
11.79
6.20
29.34
60.30
16.41
0.65
12.94
10.16
Observations
Diet test group 13 was fed to 30 pastel mink, 22 of which were males.
Two male animals were lost during the experiment. One of these losses was
attributed to heat prostration. The following average performance data were
recorded:
Males
Final weight
Weight gain on test
Pelt length
1,663 grams
1,116 grams
25.18 inches Females
954 grams
509 grams
21.33 inches
-19Although no wet bellies were noted,
recorded.
6
matted and
6
red-hipped mink were
Conclusions
In contrast to results of prior years, there was no evidence of cotton
underfur in any animals of this group. Growth, fur quality, and fur color
appeared normal for pastel mink. The incidence of red-hipped mink cannot be
shown to relate directly to the diet. The undesirable effects of metabolic
upset would seem more closely related to bacterial spoilage than to sudden
change of an otherwise satisfactory diet.
-20HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
Object and Method
In an attempt to identify more precisely, how fur abnormalities show
themselves histologically and physiologically, samples of guard hair, fur
fiber, and underlying epidermal tissure obtained from normal and cotton
standard dark mink; normal, red-hipped, and cotton pastel mink; and from a
pastel which was red-hipped in early fall but normal at pelting time. These
samples were examined for key features of identification and indications of
physiological phenomena affecting fur development. Major structures of the
guard hair and fur fiber are identical and consist of the following parts:
Medulla- -
the central part or pith of the hair, composed
of very fine cells in which the masses of color
pigment are found.
Air vesicles- -
air spaces found between the masses of cells composing the medulla.
Cortex- -
a layer of cells surrounding the medulla and air
vesicles.
Cuticle- -
an outside layer covering the cortex.
Color pigments- - hair color is due to the granules or pigment matter
found throughout the hair.
Microphotographs of guard hair and underfur fibers of the fur types
outlined above are included in part on the following pages of this report.
Conclusion
Staining techniques employed on the skin sections did not reveal any
structural differences in the epidermal tissue which might be associated with
abnormal pelt conditions. Expansion of this phase of the program is under
consideration for next year.
21
Normal Standard Dark Mink
Guard Hair (diagonal section)
Fur Fiber (cross section)
Large amounts of dark clumps in both the medulla and cortex are distributed thickly and evenly throughout.
Both guard hair and underfur fiber display this condition.
Cotton Standard Dark Mink
Guard Hair (diagonal section) Fur Fiber (cross section)
Some black pigment is located in clumps in the medulla, with reddish pigment in the cortex . Cortex and
medulla are distinct. Very small amounts of dark granules arc in the cortex.
22
Normal Pastel Mink
Guard Hair (cross section)
Fur Fiber (cross section)
Fur fibers show some dark granules in cortex adjacent to the medulla with very little dark pigment in the
peripheral areas next to the cuticle. Medulla shows small amount of pigment. Guard hair appears to be: composed
mostly of medulla which shows detail of structure with some dark, reddish, and yellowish clumps.
Cotton Pastel Mink
Guard Hair (diagonal section)
Fur Fiber (diagonal section)
Guard hair ancl male:I-fur fibers show distinct medulla and cortex. Decided scarcity of melanic pigment granules in medulla. Cortex near outer surface is hyaline and appears glassy, lacking pigmentation. Diagonal break in
specimen should not be mistaken for pigment.
-23CHEMICAL STUDIES ON MINK BLOOD AND ON QUALITY OF DIETARY FAT
•■•••••••■
Ob
0■01 -
ject and Method
As indicated by the data reported on the previous pages, current investigations have attempted to (1) produce the cotton pelt condition by alterations
in the diet, and (2) determine the nature of differences between cotton and
normal mink. The method Of approach was taken from published reports of
Norwegian investigations in which cotton pelts were reported to have been
produced in high fish diets, and were linked with possible B-vitamin
deficiencies.
It was reasoned that if B-vitamin deficiencies were responsible for
formation of the cotton pelt condition, such deficiencies were more likely
caused by interference of other materials in the diet than by actual lack
of the vitamins concerned. One method of interference is that of enzymatic
breakdown of the vitamin concerned. A good example of such interference is
the action of thiaminase, known to be present in several types of fish.
Alternatively one or more of the B-vitamins might be destroyed by oxidation.
Peroxides formed during the onset of rancidity in dietary fats might well
be the agents for such vitamin destruction. Accordingly, several experiments
were set up as previously described in this report involving the use of
various types of fish and of rancid marine and animal fat in attempts to
induce the cotton pelt condition.
Observation and Conclusions
To aid in assessing the quality of dietary fats, iodine number determinations were carried out on the fats from all the animal or fish products used
in the mink rations at this Station. These determinations indicate the
extent of unsaturation of the fats concerned, and hence give a measure of
the potential peroxide formation. The higher the iodine number the greater
the potential destructive power of the fat in question. Results of these
determinations are listed below:
Feed
Iodine number
Horsemeat
55.84
Beef liver
82.99
Meatmeal
32.28
Tripe
41.37
Red rockfish Sebastodes ruberrimus (Cramer) 86.12
Bocaccio Sebastodes paucispinis (Ayres) 79.92
Rosefish Sebastodes alutus (Gilbert) 49.04
Eastern whiting Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchell) 72.06
Pacific hake Merluccius pL1111FTTYies)
68.63
Black cod Anoplopoma finbria (Pallas) 67.47
Turbot Atheresthes stElErriDordan & Gilbert)
80.45
English sole Paraphyrs vetulus (Girard) 45.65
Petrale sole Eopsetta jordani (Lockington) 54.00
Rex sole Glyptocephalus zachirus (Lockington)
59.73
Sardine oil
194.00
These results indicate rather wide variation in degree of unsaturation
of the various fats fed, and suggest that other information such as total
amount of fat in the feed must also be considered. It is possible the fat
-24in the individual species may vary considerably depending upon the diet consumed.
In other words it might be possible for fat from a fish caught in one part
of the country to be more of a problem than that from the same species fish
caught elsewhere. In addition there is no doubt that fat quality is influ-enced strongly by storage and exposure, and that while fats from one source
handled properly may be perfectly satisfactory in the diets, fats from the
same source improperly stored may be harmful.
From results of the feeding trials listed in the earlier pages of this
report, it will be noted that in neither case where rancid fat was added to
the diet at a 5 per cent level did production of true cotton pelts result.
In both cases the pelts were below average in coloring but the coloring defects
were rather a reddening or browning than the whitening of the underfur normally
described as cotton. One may conclude that in diets well supplemented with
B-vitamins such as the ones used in this study, the presence of rancid fat
is not a cause of the cotton pelt condition.
The highest incidence of cotton pelts in this year's study occurred on
the diet containing uncleaned hake. Other groups fed similar quantities of
hake from which the intestinal tract had been removed did not show the cotton
underfur. This suggests that a substance or substances may be present in
concentrated form in the intestinal tract of hake which interferes with the
availability of some nutrient concerned in the normal development of fur. It
is interesting to speculate that this same situation may apply to the feeding
of whiting, for in the experimental group fed whiting the fish were partially
eviscerated as is the standard practice at this Station. No cotton pelts
appeared in the mink so fed. Numerous reports, however, have been received
from Midwest and Eastern mink ranchers testifying to the production of cotton
pelts in mink fed whiting which were not cleaned. It is felt that this
possibility deserved further investigation.
In determining the nature of differences between normal and cotton mink,
a blood chemistry approach was used since it was felt that evidence of nutrient
differences might well be detected in the blood. At pelting time, blood
samples were obtained from the hearts of mink on tests 1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,
and 13.
When the animals were pelted it was noticed that carcasses of cotton mink
had a very light colored, anemic appearance compared to those of normal mink.
Blood samples were obtained from 2 remaining cotton mink and from 5 normal
standard dark mink, and hemoglobin concentrations were determined. Results
of these determinations were:
Mink no.
2641
2646
2763
2733
2478
2462
2476
Description
Cotton
Cotton
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Hb. g/100 cc.
8.4
'6.5
12.5
14.0
10.5
13.5
15.3
-2,It will be readily seen that values for the cotton mink were much
lower than those for the normals. Although the numbers investigated here
are too small to warrant definite conclusions, they do suggest that further
investigation of the aspects of anemia in connection with fur abnormality
may be profitable.
A total of 90 blood samples were obtained--78 from individual animals
and 12 composite samples formed by mixing blood from several mink together.
Plasma has been removed from these samples, and thiamine determination are
being carried out by microbiological assay using growth of Lactobacillus
fermenti as a criterion. Complete results of these determinations are not
yet available and will be reported subsequently.
-26FACILITIES
Oregon State College Experimental Fur Farm has retained as breeding
stock for the 1957 season: 122 standard dark females and 35 males, 20
sapphire females and 5 males, and 2L pastel females and 6 males.
Fur farmers shipping or delivering diseased mink to the college for
autopsy and diagnosis should send or deliver them to Dr. Dean H. Smith or
Dr. L.R. Vawter of the Oregon State College Animal Diagnostic Laboratory,
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis. Please do not take them to
the experimental fur farm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Dr. James E. Oldfield, Department of Animal Husbandry, served as
advisor and coworker to the fur abnormalities study sponsored by the Mink
Farmers' Research Foundation of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Histological studies were made by Dr. Ralph Bogart, Department of
Animal Husbandry.
Dr. L.R. Vawter, Dr. Paul H. Allen, and Dr. Dean H. Smith, Department
of Veterinary Medicine, served as advisors and coworkers to the project in
regard to diagnosis and treatment of disease problems.
The biochemical analyses shown in tables 2 and 3 were made by Mr. Martin
Suess, under the direction of Dr. Paul H. lbswig, Department of Agricultural
Chemistry.
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-29-
Table 2. Composition and Analysis of OSC Concentrate
OSC Concentrate 1
Constituent
Per cent
of mix
Dry
_ matter
Per cent Nutrient Content
Crude Crude
Cruse
protein fat
fiber
Ash
NFE
Wheat germ. . . .
25.0
---
---
---
---
---
---
Cer -L-meal. . . .
25.0
---
---
---
---
---
---
Brewer's yeast. .
18.8
94.18
24.66
4.90
8.00 17.11
--_
__-
___
--_
___
_--
12.5---
Dn.()
---
---
---
-__
--
Alfalfa meal. . . 18.8
Bonemeal
CSC Concentrate
Constituent
Per
cent
of mix
45.34
9
Per cent Nutrient Content
Dry
Crude Crude
Crude
matter protein fat fiber
Ash
NFE
Wheat germ. . . .
40
---
---
---
---
---
---
C er-L-meal. . . .
20
---
---
---
--
___
---
Brewer's yeast. .
15
94.00
26.43
6.59
6.94 14.72 45.33
Alfalfa meal. . ,
15
_--
---
---
_--
_--
---
-10---
---
---
---
---
--
Bonemeal
155
- 30-
Table 2 (Continued)
,OSC Concentrate 33
Constituent
Per cent of mix
Dry
Per cent Nutrient Content
Crude
Crude
Crude
a.tterrotein fat
ap
_n
fiber
Atli
NtE
Wheat germ meal. .
33.3
---
---
---
---
---
---
B rewer's yeast . .
16.7
---
---
---
---
---
---
Alfalfa meal.. . 16.7
---
---
---
___
___
---
6.56
Bonemeal • • • • 11.1
94.12
28.92
5.22
Dried skim milk. 16.7
___
___
___
Live yeast (LactoLeav'n) 5.5
___
---
---
---
---
---
Supplements' . . ---
15.48 43.81
___
___
---
___
---
---
---
--
100.0
'Concentrate supplements included: (1) Fortafeed 2-49C at a level of 2 pounds
per ton of mixed feed': and (2) Terramycin at a level of 4.5 grams per ton of
mixed feed.
OISC Concentrate 34
Constituent
Per cent of mix
Dry
Per cent Nutrient Content
Crude Crude
Crude
matter protein fat
fiber
Ash NFE
Wheat germ meal. . 25.0
---
---
---
--_
___
---
Brewer 's yeast ; , .
4.2
---
---
---
---
---
---
Alfalfa meal . . .
12.5
---
___
---
___
___
---
Dried skim milk. .
8.3
94.24
33.13
6.08
5.75 10.53 44.40
16.7
---
---
---
---
---
---
Soybeanmeal . . 16.7
---
___
___
___
___
---
Cornflakes. . • 16.7
---
---
---
---
---
---
Supplements' . . ---
---
---
---
—.
___
___
Meat meal 1557
1 Concentrate supplements included: (1) Fortafeed 2-49C at a level of 2 pounds
per ton of mixed feed; (2) Teramycin at a level of 4.5 grams per ton of mixed
feed; and (3) Methionine at levels of 0.05 per cent of the dry matter.
Table 2 (Continued)
OSC Concentrate 35
Constituent
Per cent
of mix
TIhole
Per cent Nutrient Content
Dry
Crude Crude
matter protein fat
rolled wheat 15.0
---
Oatmeal15.0
---
Wheatgerm meal. . 5.0
---
Dried skim milk. .
15.0
---
Dried whey, 25%
---
protein , no sugar 5.0
Soybean oil meal .
15.0
93.81
Herring meal, 70%
protein. . . .
15.0
---
Meat meal, 50% protein
5.0---
Molases dried beet
2.5
---
pulp
Stabilized beef fat 2.5
---
Distillerssolubles 2.5
---
Dicalcium phosphate 1.0
---
Iodized salt . . .
0.5
---
Premix' (vitamins,
etc.) 1.0
---
100.0
Constituents
Crude
fiber
.
Ash
NFE
-----
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
___
---
---
---
___
---
___
---
---
---
---
33.00
5.99
4.39
9.97 46.65
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
--
---
---
---
---
-----------
---
---
---
---
--
Premix'
Per pound
Calcium pantothenate 750 milligrams
Riboflavin 181 milligrams
Vitamin B-12. . . . . 1.3 milligrams
Pyridoxine 100 milligrams
Folic acid 145 milligrams
Thiamine hydrochloride 200 milligrams
Vitamin E 500 I, units
Vitamin A, stabilized dry . , . . . . 78,000 I, units
dl Methionine 0.15 pounds
1Premix ingredients: wheat flour middlings, soybean oilmeal, corn distillers
dried grains with solubles, vitamins A and B-12 supplement, riboflavin supplement, calcium pantothenate, alpha-tocopherol acetate, folic acid, thiamin
hydrochloride, dl Methionine and pyridoxine.
-32Table 3. Proximate Analysis of Diet Constituents--1956
Percentages
Item
Dry
matter
Fish
English sole Petrale sole Dover sole Rex sole Mixed sole Red rockfish Bocaccio 18.65
24.73
16.34
17.55
17.14
28.75
28.18
26.61
Crudel
fat
fiber
11.15
---
5.64
_--
15.78
---
19.10
4.60
---
---
18.88
7.34
5.6o
16.63
22.36
Rosefish Mixed rockfish 27.74
Black cod 21.93
Pacific hake 18.92
Turbot
26.66
Eastern whiting . . . 23.76
39.38
12.71
Meats
Horsemeat (test 10)". . 41.60 46.63
Horsemeat Beef liver Tripe Herring meal Alfalfa meal Soybean meal ---
---
---
---
___
---
___
47.10
64.39
22.47
28.39
---
.13
.31
.84
---
---
_--
1.46
1.15
6.20
29.99
5.40
11.69
13.37
.49
2.43
15.74
2.85
4.05
3.66
6.57
4.88
30.73
94.06
93.19
94.60
94.88
91.63
Oatmeal Whole rolled wheat. . 90.42
Wheat germ meal . . . 93.57
Beet pulp Corn flakes 19.11
---
---
---
Supplements
Dried skim milk . . . . 94.31
Dried whey 97.15
Bonemeal 97.47
Meatmeal Crudel
94.28
94.21
93.32
Brewer's yeast Live yeast(Iacto-Leav!n). 91.03 Distillers' solubles
93.94
Cer-L-meal. . . ... . . 93.15
10.15
12.02
3.04
2.34
1.84
.89
5.24
---
---
---
3.38
2.07
3.26
1Figures are expressed as per cent of the dry matter.
Crudel
protein Ash lNFE1
85.58 15.07
65.67 12.17
--3.28
70.30 15.34
69.36 12.31
60.08 , 11.21
63.88 13.64
61.90 15.07
70.22 10.30
9.12
75.58 15.48
73.45 16.18
80.60 13.53
6.79
53.82
73.44 10.52
44.61
31.85
66.42
57.32
2.55
1.75
--4.73
4.12
6.69
3.93
-------
3.32
6.01
2.02
4.33 19.10
5.96
8.32
8.14 53.96
37.77
12.83 10.82 76.05
8.44 84.02
6.69
4.20
48.85 33.69
69.21 18.01
9.74
16.09
10.49 41.98
48.32
7.15 37.97
12.23
4.35 65.53
11,45
1.8? 80.96
33.64
5.14 45.42
5.01 68.12
10.65
9.34
42.65
12.02
35.29
16.59
.95 85.80
6.71
46.49
3.82
75.75
6.98 47.80
8.41 66.08