United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Pacific Southwest
Forest and Range
Experiment Station
General Technical
Report PSW- 100
Proceedings of the Symposium on
Multiple-Use Management
of California's Hardwood
Resources
November 12-14, 1986, San Luis Obispo, California
Authors assumed responsibility for submitting papers in camera-ready format. The
views expressed in each paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of
the sponsoring organizations. Mention of trade names and commercial enterprises
is solely for information and does not imply endorsement by the sponsoring
organizations. This volume includes papers that mention pesticides, but it neither
recommends the pesticide uses reported nor implies that they have been registered
by the appropriate governmental agencies.
Publisher:
Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, California 94701
November 1987
Proceedings of the Symposium on
Multiple-Use Management
of California's Hardwood
Resources
November 12-14, 1986, San Luis Obispo, California
Timothy R. Plumb
Norman H. Pillsbury
Technical Coordinators
CONTENTS
Preface .......................................................... v
California Hardwoods: A Professional Challenge to the
Resource Community ...................................................... 1
Zane G. Smith, Jr. Policy Paradigms and California's Hardwoods ................. 5
Harold R. Walt ECOLOGY-SILVICULTURE ................................... 9 Hardwood Ecology and SilvicultureSome Perspectives ........................................................... 10 Susan G. Conard and James R. Griffin
Origins and Adaptations of California Hardwoods ............ 11
Philip W. Rundel
Community Ecology and Distribution of California
Hardwood Forests and Woodlands .................................... 18
Michael G. Barbour Natural Regeneration of Californian Hardwoods ............... 26
James W. Bartolome, Pamela C. Muick, and Mitchel P. McClaran Mixed Evergreen Forest Stands in the Northern
Sierra Nevada .................................................................... 32
Karl N. Gudmunds and Michael G. Barbour Life History Aspects of Quercus lobata in a Riparian
Community, Sacramento Valley, California ................. 38 Monty D. Knudsen Age Structure of Engelmann Oak Populations on the
Santa Rosa Plateau .......................................................... 47
Earl W. Lathrop and Michael J. Arct
Vegetation Dynamics of the Northern Oak Woodland ...... 53
Stephen J. Barnhardt, Joe R. McBride, Carla Cicero, Paul da Silva, and Peter Warner Northern Oak Woodlands Ecosystem in Jeopardy
or Is It Already Too Late?................................................. 59
Lois J. Reed and Neil G. Sugihara
Silviculture, Ecology, and Management of Tanoak
in Northern California..................................................... 64 Philip M. McDonald and John C. Tappeiner II The Ecological Setting for the Natural Regeneration
of Engelmann Oak (Quercus engelmannii Greene) on the
Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California........... 71
F. Thomas Griggs Yearly Variation of Blue Oak Seedling Emergence in Northern California ..................................................... 76 Mitchel P. McClaran
Germination and Shoot Development of Seven California Oaks Planted at Different Elevations ................................ 79 Kozue Matsuda and Joe R. McBride Factors Associated with Oak Regeneration in California ...................................................................... 86 Pamela C. Muick and James W. Bartolome Coast Live Oak Thinning Study in the Central Coast
of California ...................................................................... 92
Norman H. Pillsbury, Michael J. DeLasaux, and Timothy R. Plumb Survey of Soil Nitrogen Availability Beneath Evergreen
and Deciduous Species of Quercus ..................................... 98 V. Thomas Parker and Christine R. Billow
PROTECTION AND DAMAGE FACTORS ...... 103 Protection and Damage Factors ...................................... 104
Robert E. Martin
Natural Agent Interaction ................................................ 105
Robert E. Martin Protection of California Oak Stands from Diseases
and Insects .................................................................... 110 Eva I. Hecht-Poinar, L. R. Costello and
J. R. Parmeter, Jr. Nonchemical Control of Evergreen Hardwood Competition
in New Conifer Plantations ............................................ 114 Stephen D. Hobbs and Steven R. Radosevich Effects of Fire and Fire Suppression on Mortality
and Mode of Reproduction of California Black Oak
(Quercus kelloggii Newb.) ............................................. 122
J. Boone Kauffman and R. E. Martin
i
Modelling the Distribution of Leaves, Oakworms and
Damaged Foliage for the Coast Live Oak ......................127
Vernard Lewis, W. Jan A. Volney, and James E. Milstead
Environmental Factors Influencing California Oakworm
Feeding on California Live Oak ...................................132
James E. Milstead, W. Jan A. Volney,
and Vernard R. Lewis
URBAN FORESTRY-RECREATION ..................139
What is the Urban Forest? ................................... 140
Bailey Hudson
Urban Forestry and the Role of the Community ........... 141
Julie K. Oxford
Some Implications of Public Involvement
in Hardwood Management ................................................. 144
Alex A. Pancheco
Oak Tree Ordinances ........................................................ 148
Herbert A. Spitzer
Tree Hazard Assessment Program in San Francisco .......151
Stephen G. Smith
Value of Oaks in Rural Subdivisions ............................ 156
Richard B. Standiford, Nancy Diamond, Peter C. Passof
and John LeBlanc
W I L D L I F E ................................................................161
The Importance of Hardwood Habitats for Wildlife
in California ..................................................................162
Jared Verner
Conceptual Framework and Ecological Considerations
for the Study of Birds in Oak Woodlands ...................163
William M. Block and Michael L. Morrison
Wildlife Habitats of California's Hardwood Forests-Linking
Extensive Inventory Data With Habitat Models ...........174
Janet L. Ohmann and Kenneth E. Mayer
Wildlife-Tanoak Associations in Douglas-fir Forests
of Northwestern California ..............................................183
Martin G. Raphael
Preserving Oak Woodland Bird Species Richness: Suggested
Guidelines from Geographical Ecology ..........................190
R. Chad Roberts
Use of Pacific Madrone by Cavity-Nesting Birds ......... 198
Martin G. Raphael
Monitoring Herpetofauna in Woodland Habitats
of Northwestern California and Southwestern Oregon:
A Comprehensive Strategy ...........................................203
Hartwell H. Welsh, Jr.
Preliminary Results From a System for Monitoring Trends
in Bird Populations in Oak-Pine Woodlands ..................214
Jared Verner
Monitoring Small Mammal Populations
in Oak Woodlands ...........................................................223
Reginald H. Barrett
Managing Blue Oak for Wildlife Based
on Acorn Production.........................................................227
Laurence A. McKibben and Walter C. Graves
WOOD PRODUCTS-UTILIZATION ....................231
Utilization Opportunities for Hardwoods .........................232
Peter C. Passof
Overview of the Hardwood Utilization Problem .......... 233
Stephen L. Quarles
Ethanol Fuel, Organic Chemicals, Single-Cell Proteins:
A New Forest Products Industry ......................................237
D. L. Brink, M. M. Merriman, and E. E. Gullekson
The University of California's Woody Biomass Extension
and Research Program ..................................................... 244
Richard B. Standiford, Dean R. Donaldson,
and Roy M. Sachs
Central California Oak Residue Utilization
and Marketing: Better Hardwood Management
from Improved Utilization ............................................. 249
Timothy O'Keefe and Douglas Piirto
An Agroforestry System for California
and Other Semi-Arid Mediterranean Areas .................. 253
Nancy K. Diamond
Relating Cordwood Production to Soil Series ................ 260
Dennis J. Lytle and Sherman J. Finch
Economic Forces Affecting California's
Hardwood Resource....................................................... 268
Sam C. Doak, Bill Stewart, and Paul Tuazon
Recognizing Hardwood Quality: Key to
Increased Profits? .......................................................... 273
Everette D. Rast, David L. Sonderman, and Donald E.
Hilt
Cal Oak-Staying Afloat in the California Hardwood
Lumber Business ........................................................... 279
Richard Wade and Guy Hall
California's Hardwoods-What Potential? ...................... 286
Kenneth L. Delfino
INVENTORY-MEASUREMENTS ....................... 289
Hardwood Inventory and Measurements-Passing
the Three-R Test ............................................................... 290
Charles L. Bolsinger
ii
Major Findings of a Statewide Resource Assessment
in California ................................................................... 291
Charles L. Bolsinger
How the Statewide Hardwood Assessment
Was Conducted ................................................................ 298
Neil McKay
The Distribution of California Hardwoods: Results
of a Statewide Geographic Information System ............. 304
Nancy Tosta and Robin Marose
Hardwood Density Distribution Mapping from Remotely
Sensed Imagery ................................................................ 309
John A. Brockhaus and Norman H. Pillsbury
Thematic Mapper Analysis of Coast Live Oak
in Santa Barbara County .................................................. 317
Frank W. Davis
Site Index and Yield Equations for Blue Oak
and Coast Live Oak ........................................................ 325
Michael J. DeLasaux and Norman H. Pillsbury
Population Structure of the Valley Oak in the
Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area ..... 335
Timothy W. Thomas
RANGE .......................................................................... 341
The Effect of Blue Oak Removal on Herbaceous Production
on a Foothill Site in the Northern Sierra Nevada ........... 343
Henricus C. Jansen
Long-Term Effects of Blue Oak Removal on Forage
Production, Forage Quality, Soil,
and Oak Regeneration.................................................... 351
Burgess L. Kay
Blue Oak Age Structure in Relation to Livestock Grazing
History in Tulare County, California ............................. 358
Mitchel P. McClaran
Beef Production on Converted Foothill Oak Woodland Range
in the Western Sierra Nevada ........................................... 361
C. A. Raguse, Teresa K. Albin-Smith, J. L. Hull, and M. R. George Long-Term Changes From Different Uses of Foothill
Hardwood Rangelands ...................................................367
Don A. Duncan, Neil K. McDougald, and Stanley E. Westfall POLICY AND REGULATION ................................373
Policy and Regulation ......................................................374
Robert A. Ewing
The State's Role on California's Hardwood Lands ..........375
Kenneth L. Delfino and Robert A. Ewing
Managing California's Oak Woodlands: A Sociological
Study of Owners ..............................................................379
Louise Fortmann and Lynn Huntsinger Perspective on Hardwood Rangelands From the California
Range Livestock Industry .............................................385
Jim Timmons
An RD&A Strategy for Hardwoods in California........... 389
Robert Z. Callaham
Developing an Educational Program to Address the
Management of California's Hardwood Rangeland ........394
Peter C. Passof
Forest Landowner Motivation and Identification
in the Central Coast Area of California.......................400
Timothy O'Keefe, Bill Weitkamp, and Ben Parker The Hardwood Management Issue: County Perceptions
of Use, Change, Problems and Regulation .....................404
Norman H. Pillsbury and Julie K. Oxford
Hardwood Resource Management and Enhancement:
The Local Picture and Future Prospects .........................411
Sharon G. Johnson
Meshing State and Local Roles in California
Hardwood Policy .............................................................. 416
Jeff Romm
POSTER SESSION ................................................... 427
Acorn Production by Five Species of Oaks Over
a Seven Year Period at the Hastings Reservation, Carmel Valley, California ............................................... 429
William J. Carmen, Walter D. Koenig,
and Ronald L. Mumme
Big Leaf Maple in Douglas-fir Forests: Effects on Soils;
Seedling Establishment and Early Growth ..................... 435
Jeremy S. Fried
Current Research on Eucalyptus and Casuarina in California ............................................. 436
Miles L. Merwin
First Year Growth of Canyon Live Oak Sprouts Following Thinning and Clearcutting............................ 439
Susan G. Conard Historical Review of Quercus lobata and Quercus agrifolia
in Southern California ................................................... 440
Helen Treend
Photographic Points for Monitoring Vegetation
Dynamics in Oak Woodlands........................................... 444
Jeffrey S. White and Wendell C. Gilgert Prescribed Fire for Restoration and Maintenance of Bald Hills Oak Woodlands........................................... 446
Neil G. Sugihara and Lois J. Reed Eucalyptus Trials at Fiddletown, Amador
County, California .......................................................... 452
David W. Raney
The Use of Acorns for Food in California: Past, Present, Future ................................................................ 453
David A. Bainbridge
Enemies of White Oak Regeneration in California ........ 459
Theodore E. Adams, Jr., Peter B. Sands, William H.
Weitkamp, Neil K. McDougald, and James Bartolome iii