December 1982
arJ ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED
CEDAR B A S I N RESEARCH NATURaL AREA,
SHASTA-TRINITY NATIONAL F O R E S T , CALIFORNIA
( P u r c h a s e order 40-9AD6-2-606)
Todd Keeler-Wolf
INTRODUCTION
L o c a t i o n and P r i n c i p a l D i s t i n g u i s h i n g F e a t u r e s
History of S c i e n t i f i c Interest
JUSTIFICATIONS
T h e P o r t O r f o r d Cedarof C C e d a r B a s i n
T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of the i n l a n d POC p o p u l a t i o n
E n d e m i c and U n u s u a l K l a m a t h and T r i n i t y M o u n t a i n s Flora
U n u s u a l B o g Species
The High D i v e r s i t y of E r i c a c e a e
Z o o l o g i c a l Justification
PHYSICAL FEATURES
G e o r n o r p h o l o g y and T o p o g r a p h y
Geology
Climate
VEGETATION
Shallow Lakes and Ponds
B o g and M e a d o w
P o r t O r f o r d Cedar Forest
M i x e d C o n i f e r Forest
Red F i r - M o u n t a i n
H e m l o c k Forest
Mountain Chaparral
Rock O u t c r o p
BOUNDARIES
10
IMPACTS
RECOMMENDATIONS
LITERATURE C I T E D
APPENDIX
V a s c u l a r Plant L i s t
V e r t e b k a t e s Known o r Suspected from Cedar B a s i n
Vegetation P l o t ~escriptions
Description o f Arctostaphylos klamathensis Edwards
INTRODUCTION
Location and P r i n c i p a l D i s t i n u u i s h i n a F e a t u r e s :
The Cedar Basin c a n d i d a t e RNA c o v e r s approximately 874 a c r e s of
r.ed fir-Mountain hemlock, mixed c o n i f e r , and P o r t Orford c e d a r f o r e s t
w i t h a d d i t i o n a l mountain c h a p a r r a l , rock o u t c r o p , l a k e , bog, and
meadow communities i n t h e n o r t h e r n T r i n i t y Mountains of n o ~ t h w e s t e r n
California.
The proposed RNA i s on t h e S h a s t a - T r i n i t y N a t i o n a l F o r e s t i n
extreme s o u t h - c e n t r a l S i s k i y o u County.
I t l i e s w i t h i n p o r t i o n s of
s e c t i o n s 25 and 36 o f Township 39 ,Na.rhh, Range 6 West, and s e c t i o n s
30 and 31 of T 39 N, R 5 W.
E l e v a t i o n s range from c a . 5420 t o 7149
f e e t . ( s e e map 1).
The a r e a i s about 1 2 road m i l e s west of M t .
S h a s t a C i t y and may
be. approached t o w i t h i n a q u a r t e r m i l e by a good, o i l e d road ( 4 0 N 2 6 ) .
A p o o ~ l ymaintained j e e p road(39N05Y) l e a d s s o u t h o f f t h i s road c a .
one m i l e t o Cedar Lake, i n s i d e t h e proposed boundaries.
Cedar Basin c o n t a i n s t h e h i g h e s t e l e v a t i o n s t a n d s of Chamaecyparis
l a w s o n i a n a . ( P o r t Oxford c e d a r ) .
e r n l i m i t of i t s range h e r e .
This s p e c i e s i s a l s o n e a r t h e e a s t -
The t r e e s form a dense f o r e s t around
l a k e s , s e e p s , and s t r e a m s up t o almost 6400ft.
FOE s e v e r a l e c o l o g i c a l ,
phytogeographical, and g e n e t i c r e a s o n s t h e s e s t a n d s a r e unique and
promise t o be t h e s u b j e c t of much 6 u t u r e r e s e a r c h .
Also c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n thBs ,smar3.1 b a s i n a r e two h i g h l y r e s t r i c t e d
s p e c i e s of p l a n t s , a manzanita, A r c t o s t a p h y l o s k l a m a t h e n s i s and a
penstemon, Penstemon s p . nov. (as y e t n o t f o r m a l l y d e s c r i b e d ) , which
so f a r appear t o be t o t a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e b a s i n .
Several o t h e r
s p e c i e s endemic t o the Klamath Province a l s o o c c u r h e r e .
Another b o t a n i c a l v a l u e of t h e a r e a ' i s t h e bog v e g e t a t i o n around
MAP 1
scale : 2 i n . = l r n i .
Cedar and Lower C l i f f l a k e s .
These bogs c o n t a i n s e v e r a l r a r e and
unusual s p e c i e s i n c l u d i n g Drosera r o t u n d i f o l i a , D a r l i n g t o n i a c a l i f o r n i c a , and Menyanthes t r i f o l i a t a .
Within t h e bogs and i n a d j a c e n t
f o r e s t s and mountain c h a p a r r a l no l e s s t h a n n i n e genera and 13 s p e c i e s
of E r i c a c e a e ( t h e Heath f a m i l y ) o c c u r , an e x t r e m e l y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n
f o r such a small a r e a .
H i s t o r y of S c i e n t i f i c I n t e r e s t :
Cedar Basin h a s been t h e s u b j e c t of b o t a n i c a l i n t e r e s t f o r
several years.
The C a l i f o r n i a Native P l a n t S o c i e t y h a s made two
t r i p s t o t h e a r e a (July 1981, Oct. 1 9 8 2 ) t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e bog
and lower b a s i n f l o r a , and more r e c e n t l y t h e new s p e c i e s of manzanita.
Mary Taylor, a s s i s t a n t S h a s t a - T r i n i t y N.F.
botanist, also
c o l l e c t e d twice i n t h e lower p o r t i o n of t h e b a s i n i n 1980.
John
Sawyer o f Humboldt S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y v i s i t e d t h e a r e a i n 1980, and
Glen Keator of t h e S t r y b i n g Arboretum h a s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e b a s i n .
I n June 1 9 7 6 t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a Santa Cruz C a l i f o r n i a
N a t u r a l H i s t o r y C l a s s s p e n t t h r e e days s t u d y i n g v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of
t h e ecology of t h e b a s i n .
Apart from t h e v i s i t s a c t u a l l y made t o t h e a r e a , numerous o t h e r
r e s e a r c h e r s have e x p r e s s e d i n t e r e s t
i n preserving t h e hasin,primar-
i l y because of i t s h i g h e l e v a t i o n , i n l a n d s t a n d s of P o r t Orford c e d a r
(POC) and because of t h e p o t e n t i a l g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e s e
and t h e c o a s t a l s t a n d s of t h e s p e c i e s .
Drs.
These r e s e a r c h e r s i n c l u d e
Adams, Hawk, Roth, and Zobel who have s t u d i e d t h e ecology of
POC and c o n s i d e r t h e a r e a a s a v a l u a b l e g e n e t i c r e s o u r a e a s w e l l a s
a p r o t e c t e d b a s t i o n a g a i n s t t h e r a p i d l y s p r e a d i n g and l e t h a l cedar
r o o t r o t , p r e s e n t l y i n f l i c t i n g a g r e a t d e a l of damage on t h e coastal.
POC p o p u l a t i o n s .
JUSTIFICATIONS
The P o r t Orford Cedar of Cedar Basin:
Of primary importance t o f o r e s t e r s a r e t h e b a s i n ' s s t a n d s of
POC,
f o r which t h e a r e a r e c e i v e s i t s name.
These s t a n d s
a r e not
o n l y t h e h i g h e s t e l e v a t i o n o f any POC groves i n t h e s p e c i e s ' n a t u r a l
range (Steven Edwards, p e r s . cornm. )
,
b u t a l s o a r e near t h e species '
e a s t e r n m o s t range l i m i t ( a b o u t 10 m i l e s e a s t a l o n g t h e upper Sacramento River)
.
POC has a l i m i t e d n a t u r a l range c e n t e r e d i n t h e Klamath Province
of Southwestern Oregon and Northwestern C a l i f o r n i a .
Most of t h e range
i s c o a s t a l . However,a d i s t i n c t i n l a n d p o p u l a t i o n s e p a r a t e d from t h e
c o a s t a l s t a n d s by a b o u t 50-60 m i l e s o c c u r s a l o n g t h e upper r e a c h e s
o f t h r T r i n i t y , E a s t Fork of t h e T r i n i t y , and Sackamento R i v e r .
d~ainages
riffin in
and C r i t c h f i e l d , 1 9 7 2 ) .
A t p r e s e n t no e s t a b l i s h e d
RNA's w i t h i n t h e R 5 r e g i o n i n c l u d e e x t e n s i v e s t a n d s o f POC, and
o n l y one o t h e r c a n d i d a t e RNA :(Adorni, w i t h i n t h e main c o a s t a l populakion)
is .being
.
considered.
Cedar Basin i s t h e f i r s t c a n d i d a t e RNA
withim t h e s p e c i e s ' i n l a n d d i s t r i b u $ i o n .
The s p e c i e s , because of i t s l i m i t e d r a n g e , high economic v a l u e ,
and extremely t h r e a t e n e d n a t u r e due t o t h e r a p i d l y s p r e a d i n g r o o t
r o t fungus, h a s been c o n s i d e r e d by D r . P e t e r Theisen, R6 r e g i o n a l
g e n e t i c i s t , a s t h e s i n g l e most i m p o r t a n t t r e e s p e c i e s w i t h i n t h e region
t o s t u d y and p r e s e r v e ( f i d e Ron K e l l y . )
.-
The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f the i n l a n d POC p o p u l a t i o n :
Raven and Axelrod (1978) c o n s i d e r POC t o be a s p e c i e s t h a t i s
somewhat r e s t r i c t e d t o s e r p e n t i n e and o t h e r u l t r a m a f i c s o i l s .
Griffin
and C r i t c h f i e l d ( 1 9 7 2 ) note t h a t p a r t i c u l a r l y f a r t h e r i n l a n d POC
a p p e a r s more r e s t r i c t e d t o s e r p e n t i n e s o i l s .
I n the most r e c e n t
:,
review cif t h e s p e c i e s ' ecology (Zobel and Hawk, 1980) POC i s not
considered t o be s t r o n g l y r e s t r i c t e d t o uktrarnafics on any p a r t of
i t s range and Zobel and Hawk s t a t e a h i g h water t a b l e (permknent
m o i s t u r e ) a s a more i m p o r t a n t l i m i t t o i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n .
Despite t h i s ,
when a map of t h e s p e c i e s ' range (GrifiEin and G r i t c h f i e l d , 1972)
i s compared t o a map of t h e u l t r a m a f i c o u t n r o p s i n t h e Klamath Province
( I r w i n , 1966) t h e main c o a s t a l and i n l a n d p o p u l a t i o n s c o i n c i d e
almost e x a c t l y w i t h t h e two l a r g e s t u l t r a m a f i c e x p o s u r e s i n t h e r e g i o n .
The i h l a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n l i e s almost e n t i r e l y on t h e T r i n i t y P l u t o n ,
a huge s h e e t - l i k e exposure of primariLy s e r p e n t i n i t e and gabbroic
r o c k s w i t h a continuous w e s t e r n boundary 100 m i .
Irwin 1 9 6 6 ) .
l o n g . (Davis 1966,
There i s no a c c u r a t e d a t e t o my knowledge f o r t h e time
of exposure of t h i s s h e e t .
However, i t i s c l e a r from f o s s i l evidence
(Raven and Axelrod, 1978) t h a t POC had a much wider d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f
of uLtramafics i n t h e mid T e r t i a r y ( t o a t l e a s t E. Oregon, W. Neva d a , and S .
Idaho)
.
The p r e s e n t i n l a n d r k s t r i b t i 6 n : t o t h e s e r p e n t i n e
b e l t probably o c c u r r e d i n t h e l a t e P l i o c e n e o r e a r l y P l e i s t o c e n e
coinciding with
i n c r e a s e d e r o s i o n a l p r o c e s s e s exposing s u b j a c e n t
r o c k s (such a s t h e u l t r a r n a f i c s ) i n t h e Klamaths ( D i l l e r 1902, I r w i n
1966) and t h e c o n t i n u a l d r y i n g of t h e western U . S .
u p l i f t of t h e c o r d i l l e r a n
climate during t h e
mountains, f o r c i n g t h e s p e c i e s t o move
westward (Raven and Axelrod, 1978).Thus, t h e i n l a n d s t a n d s have proba b l y been i s o l a t e d f o r a t l e a s t one m i l l i o n y e a r s .
Zobel and Hawk (1980) have shown t h a t a sample s t a n d of POC with-
i n t h e i n l a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C a s t l e Lake ca. 6 m i . NE o f t h e b a s i n . and
s e v e r a l hundred f e e t lower i n e l e v a t i o n ) 1) had t h e s h o r t e s t grow-
ing season, 2 ) t h e l o w e s t mean annual s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e , 3 ) t h e l o w e s t
mean annual a i r t e m p e r a t u r e , 4 ) t h e c o l d e s t c o l d month a n n u a l l y , 5 )
b o t h t h e l o w e s t and t h e h i g h e s t annual Temperature Growth Index ;(lowe s t i n w i n t e r , h i g h e s t i n summer), and 6 ) t h e l o w e s t temperature
recorded a t any of t h e i r s i t e s d u r i n g t h e s t u d y
O OF)
.
Because of t h e long-term i s o l a t i o n i n a c o l d e r , more extreme
c l i m a t e t h e l i k e l j h o o d of g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n ! - i n t h e i n l a n d
populations is r e l a t i v e l y high.
T h i s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n could be s i g -
n i f i c a n t i n t h e maintenance = o f v i a b l e POC r e s e r v e s i n a number o f ways.
I t h a s been suggested (Donald Zobel, Lewis Roth, i n l i t . ) t h a t t h e
i n l a n d high e l e v a t i o n s t a n d s may even prove t o be r e s i s t a n t t o t h e
I
d e v a s t a t i n g Phytophthora r o o t r o t .
Evidence from o t h e r commercially
i m p o r t a n t s p e c i e s such a s t h e avocado (from r e s e a r c h conducted by
Dr.
Zentmire of U.C.
R i v e r s i d e f i d e Ron K e l l y )
suggest t h a t i s o l a t e d
montane stock ( i n t h i s c a s e from C e n t r a l Mexico) '.is t h e most r o o t r o t
r e s i s t a n t form y e t d i s c o v e r e d .
Regardless o f p o s s i b l e g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n c e s from t h e main c o a s t a l
p o p u l a t i o n , s t a n d s such a s a t Cedar Basin r e p r e s e n t e a s i l y p r e s e r v e d
and c o n t r o l l e d s i t e s which could be p r o t e c t e d from r o o t r o t i n f e s t a t i o n
i f t h e proper p r e c a u t i o n s a r e t a k e n .
For a review of t h e n e c e s s a r y
p r e c a u t i o n s see K l i e junas and Adams (1980) . According t o r e c e n t
s t u d i e s ( K l i e j u n a s and Adams 1980, Zoebel and Hawk 1980) and testamony from o t h e r worke?s
( i n l i t . ) , t h e non-native Phytophthosa
- lateralis
h a s f a n d w i l l probably c o n t i n u e t o s p r e a d r a p i d l y from Oregon ( v i a
r o o t s t o c k imported t o B r i t i s h Col-umbia from F r a n c e , i n 1923) througho u t t h e range of POC.
I t i n e v i t a b l y k i l l s b o t h l a r g e o l d growth
trees and s a p l i n g s b e f o r e t h e y r e a c h marketable s i z e .
It is easily
s p r e a d from d r a i n a g e t o daainage i n mud t r a n s p o r t e d on t i r e s and f e n d e r s
o f cars and t r u c k s .
F o r t u n a t e l y a t t h i s time t h e r o o t rot h a s appar-
e n t l y n o t spread t o any p a r t of t h e i n l a n d p o p u l a t i o n .
Clearly,
a w e l l c o n t r o l l e d and g e o g r a p h i c a l l y kell z a n t a i n e d a r e a i s necessary
f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of u n i n f e c t e d t r e e s .
An a r e a such a s Cedar Basin
a t t h e head of a r i v e r d r a i n a g e i n a n u n i n f e c t e d r e g i o n , w i t h o n l y
one l i t t l e - t r a v e l e d r o a d l e a d i n g i n t o t h e a r e a would be e a s i l y
managed f o r r o o t r o t e x c l u s i o n . With t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e of POC over
are
$3000/MBF t h e r e d e f i n i t e economic a s w e l l a s s c i e n t i f i c and e s t h e t i c
j u s t i f i a a t i o n s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g h e a l t h y p o p u l a t i o n s of t h i s s p e c i e s .
There may be h o r t i c u l t u r a l a s w e l l a s s i l v i c u l t u r a l r e b e a r c h
v a l u e s f o r t h e h i g h e l e v a t i o n i n l a n d p o p u l a t i o n of POC.
Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana i s one of t h e most widely p l a n t e d ornamental c o n i f e r s i n
t h e North Temperate Zone.
B a i l e y (1978) s t a t e s t h a t o v e r 8 0 h o r t -
i c u l t u r a l " v a r i e t i e s " have been developed i n Europe and North America.
Many o r a l l of t h e s e have o r i g i n a t e d from t h e main c o a s t a l p o p u l a t i o n
and l i t t l e o r no b r e e d i n g r e s e a r c h on t h e i n l a n d p o p u l a t i o n h a s
been conducted.
Again, w i t h t h e d i s t i n c t c l i m a t e and l o n g i s o l a t i o n
of t h e i n l a n d s t a n d s , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t d i f f e r e n t g e n e t i c t o l e r a n c e s
t o environment a s w e l l a s p o s s i b l e morphological d i f f e r e n c e s i n
f o l i a g e and s t a t u r e , may s e r v e t o i n c r e a s e t h e s p e c i e s ' o r n i m e n t a l
value.
From a more e c o l o g i c a l s t a n d p o i n t , t h e Cedar Basin POC i s unique
with r e g a r d t o i t s a s s o c i a t e d f l o r a .
Only i n t h i s and perhaps i n
one o r two o t h e r high e l e v a t i o n b a s i n s i n t h e T r i n i t y Mountains, does
POC a s s o c i a t e s o c l o s e l y w i t h t y p i c a l
high montane t r e e s such a s
Abies
-magnif i c a , Pinus c o n t o r t a , P. m o n t i c o l a , and Tsuga mertensiana
-
.
In some a r e a s a s i n t h e T e r r a c e Lake c i r q u e , a l l f o u r of t h e s e s p e c i e s
may co-occur with C . lawsoniana ( s e e v e g e t a t i o n s e c t i o n ) .
Hawk (1980) s t a t e POC i s remarkable
Zobel and
f o r i t s r e s t r i c t e d geographic
range y e t i t s extreme t o l e r a n c e of a wide range of h a b i t a t s , spanning
f o u r v e g e t a t i o n zones as d e f i n e d by F r a n k l i n and Dyrness ( 1 9 7 3 ) .
A c t u a l l y , t h e Cedar Basin s t a n d s c l e a r l y e x t e n d i n t o a f i f t h vegetat i o n zone ( t h e Abies magnifica s h a s t e n s i s zone) and m a r g i n a l l y i n t o
a s i x t h ( t h e Tsuga m e r t e n s i a n a zone)
.
A t t h e s e h i g h e l e v a t i o n s i n t h e c o l d n o ~ t h - f a u i n g Terrace Lake
cirque, POC may t r a d e dominance p a r t i c u l a r l y with Tsuga mertensiana.
T.
- m e r t e n s i a n a , l i k e POC, p r e f e r s m o i s t , c o o l ground, and abave Terr a c e Lake t h i s i s provided by a v a l l e y bottom which channels runoff
from snowpacks l i n g e r i n g i n t o l a t e J u l y and .not by permanent s t r e a m s
and s e e p s which i s so o f t e n t h e h a b i t a t 6.5.;:
POC i n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e
basin.
Hence, POC can be c o n s i d e r e d t o run t h e e n t i r e Eange of
major c o n i f e r o u s f o r e s t t y p e s i n t h e Klamath Province, from
the
lowland c o a s t a l w e s t e r n hemlock and S i t k a spruce-dominated f o r e s t s ,
through Douglas f i r and mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t , up i n t o t h e white f i r ,
red f i r ,
and even mountain hemlock-dominated f o r e s t s .
There i s no
o t h e r c o n i f e r o u s tree i n t h i s r e g i o n t h a t a s s o c i a t e s with more major
f o r e s t types.
However,
o n l y i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e Cedar Basin
c a n d i d a t e RNA i s POC known t o co-occur w i t h t h e most t y p i c a l dominant
t r e e of t h e s u b a l p i n e zone i n t h e P a c i f i c Northwest (T.
- mertensiana)
and t h e most characterksjikc
(A.
-
t r e e of t h e C a l i f o r n i a Canadian Zone
magnifica).
Endemic and Unusual Khamath and T r i n i t y Mountains F l o r a :
The f l o r a of Cedar Basin s h a r e s t h e m a j o r i t y of i t s p l a n t s
o t h e r mountain r e g i o n s of C a l i f o r n i a .
However,
with
a b o u t 1 0 % of it@
f l o r a i s e i t h e r endemic t o t h e Klamath Province o r h a s a wider d i s t r i b u t i o n ( u s u a l l y n o r t h w e s t e r n North American), b u t i s known i n
C a l i f o r n i a o n l y from t h e Klamath r e g i o n .
The most s p e c i f i c group of endemic p l a n k s i n c l u d e two t a x a which
s o far a s i s known, o n l y occur i n Cedar Basin.
Both of t h e s e taxa
w e r e d i s c b v e r e d d u r i n g t h e f i e l d work f o r t h h s r e p o r t .
A r c t o s t a p h y l o s r k l a m a t h e n s i s ( ~ d w a r d s ,Keeler-Wolf
,
and Knight, 1983,
attached ) i s a very d i s t i n c t i v e s p e c i e s o f manzanita known o n l y from t h e
Terrace Lake b a s i n .
The s p e c i e s i s a gray-green,
low p r o s t r a t e
p l a n t which l o c a l l y dominates t h e s h r u b l a y e r of t h e open r e d f i r
f o r e s t and mountain c h a p a r r a l ( s e e F i g . 1 and Appendix 3 ) .
g e n e r a l form it resembles
i t a , A. nevadensis.
t h e common and widespread pine-mat manzan-
However, i n f l o r e s c e n c e form, l e a f c o l o r and
g l a n d u l a r pubescence i n d i c a t e i t i s probably more r e l a t e d t o a n o t h e r
low e l e v a t i o n Klamath endemic, A. k n i g h t i i , and a widespread chaparA
r a l s p e c i e s , A.
- viscida.
I t s r e s t r i c t e d o c c u r r e n c e h e r e may have
been t h e r e s u l t of p a s t h y b r i d i z a t i o n d u r i n g a d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t e i n
t h e P l e i s t o c e n e when i t s p a r e n t forms occupied t h e same r e g i o n .
The s p e c i e s i s d i s t i n c t i v e enough s o it i s u n l i k e l y t o occur more widel y i n o t h e r mountains of t h e Klamath Province (where b o t a n i c a l c o l l e c t i n g h a s been r e l a t i v e l y t h o ~ o u g h ) . I t should be c o n s i d e r e d very r a r e
and endangered ( s e n s u Powell, 1974) by v i r t u e of i t s extremely l i m i t e d
d i s t r i b u t i o n and s m a l l p o p u l a t i o n s i z e .
The o t h e r taxon a p p a r e n t l y r e s t r i c t e d t o Cedar Basin i s a showy
s p e c i e s of Penstemon, which a s y e t h a s been undescribed. Again,
t h i s p l a n t i s l o c a l l y q u i t e common on t h e rock o u t c r o p s and s u n n i e r
and d r i e r c l i f f s above T e r r a c e and Upper C l i f f Lakes.
The s p e c i e s
s h a r e s t h e pubescent a n t h e r s and rock-hugging h a b i t of two montane
s p e c i e s known from t h e Klarnath r e g i o n , P. r u p i c o l a and P. d a v i d s o n i i
( n e i t h e r of which o c c u r s i n t h e b a s i n ) .
The g l a c o u s , s e r r a t e l e a v e s
resemble t h e f o l i a g e of P, r u p i c o l a , b u t t h e b l u e (and n o t magenta)
f l o w e r s more c l o s e l y resemble P. d a v i d s o n i i (Fig. 2 ) .
The u n i f o r m i t y
of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n Cedar Basin and t h e
absence of t h e s p e c i e s it most c l o s e l y resembles s u g g e s t t h a t it i s
indeed a s e p a r a t e g e n e t i c e n t i t y , and n o t a s i m p l e r e c e n t h y b r i d .
S p e c i f i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n w i l l have t o w a i t u n t i l t h e summer of 1983
when more m a t e r i a l c a n be c o l l e c t e d .
A s w i t h t h e manzanita, t h i s
s p e c i e s - i s probably r a r e enough by v i r t u e of i t s l i m i t e d range, t o
:;
FIGURE 1: The endemic Arctostaphy l o s klamathensis, dominant shrub
of the open red f i r forest S W of
Terrace L a k e
F I G U R E 2: Penstemon
sp. nov. a common
p l a n t of gabbro outcrops S. of Upper
C l i f f Lake.
be c o n s i d e r e d v e r y r a r e and endangered.
In a d d i t i o n t o t h e above two newly d i s c o v e r e d s p e c i e s which
most c e r t a i n l y d e s e r v e a d d i t i o n a l s t u d y and p r o t e c t i o n , two o t h e r
s p e c i e s known o n l y from t h e Northern T r i n i t y Mountains and a d j a c e n t
S c o t t Mountains oco.ur i n t h e b a s i n .
These a r e upi in us c r o c e u s (on
t h e CNPS r a r e l i s t Powell, 1974) a yellow flowered herbaceoud. p e r e n n i a l
l u p i n e r e s t r i c t e d t o r a t h e r d r y u l t r a m a f i c s o i l , and Mimulus primuloide
s - - s s p . l i n e a r i f o l i u s , a yellow flowered bog and meadow i n h a b i t i n g
monkeyflower.
S e v e r a l more widespread Klamath Province endemics a l s o occur l o c a l l y
and a r e on t h e CNPS l i s t s .
These i n c l u d e L i l i u m washingtonianum v a r .
purpurascens,
C a s t i l l e j a arachnoidea, Lewisia l e a n a , and Charnaecyparis
lawsoniana, i t s e l f .
Other Rlamath endemics Bhd w i d e s ~ r e a ds p e c i e s
known i n C a l i f o r n i a only. from t h e .Klamaths a r e - noted i n Appendix -1.
Unusual Bog S p e c i e s :
S e v e r a l widespread s p e c i e s on t h e CNPS r a r e l i s t a l s o occur i n
the basin.
and bogs.
A l l of t h e s p e c i e s i n h a b i t m o i s t a r e a s such a s rocky s e e p s
Two a r e a t t r a c t i v e and conspicuous p l a n t s of t h e bog and
l a k e community a t Cedar and Lower C l i f f Lake: Drosera r o t u n d i f o l i a . .
and Menyanthes t r i f o l i a t a ( F i g . 3 ) .
Darlingtonia c a l i f o r n i c a ( C a l i f .
p i t c h e r p l a n t ) an unusual and r a t h e r s c a r c e endemic t o t h e s e r p e n t i n e
bogs of Northern C a l i f o r n i a and C o a s t a l Oregon i s a l s o common,
p a r t i c u l a r l y a t Cedar Lake.
Carex g i g a s , a n inconspicuous sedge of t h e m o i s t c i r q u e w a l l
s e e p s above Terrace Lake i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be a r a r e s p e c i e s b o t h
by Munz (1959) and Powell ( 4 9 7 4 ) .
S e v e r a l o t h e r meadow and bog s p e c i e s a t Cedar Lake a r e unusual;
Narthecium c a l i f o r n i c u m , T o f i e l d i a g l u t i n o s a , and S c h o e n o l i r i o n album
a r e a l l p r i m i t i v e members of t h e L i l g f a m i l y endemic t o t h e C a l i f o r n i a
region.
FIGURE 3 : Drosera r o t u n d i f o l i a , Carex s p . , and
K a L m i a c o l o n i z i n g submerged
log i n Cedar Lake. Menyan--t h e ~i n shallow water ,beyond.
F I G U R E 4 : Meadow f r i n g e a t
Cedar Lake w i t h S i s y r i n c h ium idahoense and Pedicularis a t t o l e n s .
.Two o t h e r n o t a b l e monocots a r e t h e a t t r a c t i v e and uncommon S i s y r i n chiurns, S. Elmeri (mountain golden-eyed g r a s s , f i g . 4 ) and S.
idahoense, a glaucous-leaved p a l e b l u e flowered s p e c i e s .
The uncommon and b e a u t i f u l g e n t i a n s Gentiana newberryi and
G-amarella a l s o i n h a b i t t h e meadowy r i m around Cedar Lake.
-
- High D i v e r s i t y o f E r i c a c e a e :
The
The d e n s i t y and d i v e r s i t y of t h i s f a m i l y i n t h e b a s i n has been
commented upon by s e v e r a l v i s i t o r s ( G . Keator, W.
Rodrick, i n lit. )
.
P e r s o n a l l y , I have never s e e n such a h i g h d i v e r s i t y of genera i n t h e
E r i c a c e a e i n such a s m a l l a r e a .
Nine genera and 1 3 s p e c i e s of e r i c a d s
a r e known from t h e a r e a (see Appendix 1 ) . Many of t h e s e seem t o be
f a r i n g w e l l i n t h e b a s i n because of t h e r e q u i r e d e d a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s .
Leucothoe, G a u l t h e r i a , Kalmia, Ledwn, Rhododendron and some Vaccinium
s p e c i e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o m o i s t more o r l e s s boggy a r e a s and s e v e r a l
o t h e r genera (Cassiope, Phyllodoce and c e r t a i n A r c t o s t a p h y ~ o s , e . g .
A . . k l a m a t h e n s i s ) may be l o c a l l y s u c c e s s f u l i n p a r t because of t h e i r
t o l e r a n c e of t h e h a r s h u l t r a m a f i c s o i l .
This may be p a r t i c u l a r l y
'.
t r u e of Cassiope and Phyllodoce, both of which axe u s u a l l y found a t
s u b s t a n t i a l l y higher elevations.
Zoological ~ u s t iifc a t i o n :
A s c a l e d photo survey of animal t r a c k s was made by Ron K e l l y i n
March and A p r i l 1980..
Subsequent i d e n t i f i c a t i o n by D r . W.
Z.
L i d i c k e r of t h e Museum of V e r t i b r a t e Zoology, U. C. Berkeley and
Dr.
Marshall White Dept. o f F o r e s t r y , U.C.
Berkeley proved
l a r g e d i v e r s i t y of c a r n i v o r e s i n h a b i t t h e b a s i n .
that a
Martens, b o b c a t s ,
mountain l i o n s , and b l a c k b e a r s l e f t f o o t p r i n t s i n t h e snow, a s d i d
most l i k e l y f i s h e r s and wolverines.
ticularly r a r e i n California.
The l a s t two s p e c i e s a r e p a r -
The wolverine i s e s p e c i a l l y r a r e w i t h
16
t h e o&kp r e c e n t r e p o r t s coming from t h e h i g h Northern S i e r r a and
t h e Rlamath Mountains ( I n g l e s 1965, and M. White i n l i t . ).
I n a d d i t i o n , two uncommon and s e n s i t i v e s p e c i e s of b i r d s , t h e
s p o t t e d owl and p i l e a t e d woodpecker r e g u l a r l y u s e t h e f o r e s t e d a r e a s
of t h e b a s i n .
Both s p e c i e s p r e f e r o l d growth and overmature f o r e s t s
and c e r t a i n l y f i n d s u i t a b l e h a b i t a t i n t h e c e d a r groves and t h e mixed
c o n i f e r f o r e s t s o f t h e lower b a s i n .
Maintanence of t h e b a s i n i n
i t s l e a s t d i s t u r b e d s t a t e i s t h e most i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n i n s u r i n g
t h e continued r e s i d e n c e of both t h e c a r n i v o r e s and b i r d s .
PHYSICAL FEATURES
-Geomorphology
and Topography:
Cedar Basin l i e s a t t h e head o f t h e South Fork of t h e Sacramento
River.
The b a s i n i s o r i e n t e d t o t h e n o r t h e a s t and h a s had a l l of
i t s major f e a t u r e s shaped by g l a c i a t i o n i n t h e P l e i s t o c e n e .
The
b a s i n was dominated by two g l a c i e r s i n t h e l a s t i c e age; one which
s p i l l e d down t h e s l o p e s s o u t h e a s t of Cedar Lake and a l a r g e r one
t h a t flowed from hanging g l a c i e r s beneath t h e h i g h r i d g e s s o u t h of
C l i f f and T e r r a c e l a k e s and converged w i t h t h e Cedar Lake g l a c i e r
below Lower C l i f f Lake ( F i g s . 5 & 6 1.
Cedar Basin l i e s w i t h i n an area of t h e Northern T r i n i t y Mtns.
known a s "The Eddjzs."'
The o r i g i n of t h e name i s u n c l e a r , b u t t h e
s w i r l i n g p a t t e r n of r i d g e s and smoothed, g l a c i a l v a l l e y s s e e n i n an
a e r i a l view does s u g g e s t t h e shapes of e d d i e s i n a r i v e r .
The l a t e r a l
moraine t h a t formed between t h e Gumboot Lake g l a c i e r t o t h e n o r t h and
t h e Cedar Basin g l a c i e r forms t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n boundary of t h e RNA.
The low l a t e r a l moraine s e p a r a t i n g t h e Cedar l a k e and C l i f f Lake
g l a c i e r s i s c r o s s e d i n t h e open mountain c h a p a r r a l on t h e jeep
road between t h e two l a k e s .
FIGUREI 5: Upper Cliff, Cliff,
and Lower Cliff lakes showing
path of Cliff Lake glacier.
Note t h e U-shaped valley of
South Fork of Sacramento River
beyond.
From Lower Cliff
Lake looking SW to glacially
carved cirque holding Upper
Cliff Lake (in clouds)
FIGURE 6 :
.
The e f f e c t of g l a c i a t i o n c a n c l e a r l y be s e e n i n t h e p o l i s h e d
gabbro on t h e bench n o r t h of Upper C l i f f Lake and 1 / 2 m i l e southwest
of Cedar Lake.
glaciation.
A l l t h e l a k e s i n t h e b a s i n owe t h e i r o r i g i n s t o
The s t e e p c l i f f f a c e behind C l i f f Lake r i s e s from
t h e lake a t ca. 5800ft. t o 7149ft. i n l e s s than 1 / 2 m i l e .
In contrast,
t h e v a l l e y f l o o r from Cedar Lake t o t h e n o r t h w e s t boundary, a d i s t a n c e
of n e a r l y a m i l e o n l y d r o p s from c a . 5750 t o 5 4 2 0 f t .
Geology :
A s was mentioned,
Cedar Basin l i e s w i t h i n a huge a r e a of u l t r a -
mafic r o c k s and i s e n t i r e l y u n d e r l a i n by them.
Gabbro, a m s a l t and
pepper" c o l o r e d rock with a consist.ency s i m i l a r t o g r a n i t e i s t h e I :
dominant t y p e throughout t h e b a s i n .
The b o u l d e r s a l o n g t h e o u t l e t
t o Lower C l i f f Lake and t h e v e r t i c a l cliffs behind C l i f f and Terrace
l a k e s a r e a l l made of gabbro.
o u t c r o p s of o t h e r r o c k s .
Within t h e g a b b r o i c mass a r e s m a l l
Boulders of a p a r t l y s e r p e n t i n i z e d c r y s t a l -
l i n e t a l c a r e o c c a s i o n a l a s a r e d i k e s of a n d e s i t e from on&-->to
four
f e e t thick.
The o n l y o t h e r r o c k s i n t h e b a s i n occur n o r t h w e s t of Cedar Lake
and i t s o u t l e t s t r e a m and a r e v a r i o u s l y a l t e r e d forms of p e r i d o t i t e
(serpentinite).
The n o r t h e a s t e r n boundary a r e a c o n s i s t s of v a r i o u s
s i z e s of rounded s o c k s and b o u l d e r s d e p o s i t e d from t h e main r i d g e
t o t h e w e s t i n a l a t e r a l moraine r i s i n g up from t h e northwestern
s h o r e of Cedar L a k e .
This u l t r a r n a f f c t e r s a n e i s composed of o l d r o c k s (Ordovician
t o Carboniferous, I r w i n , 1 9 6 6 ) which e r u p t e d on o r below t h e sea
floor.
These r o c k s changed i n composition w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of
s e a water ( t o form s e r p e n t i n i t e ) o r o r i g i n a t e d from magma from t h e
b a s a l t i c mantle of t h e e a r t h , w h i c h s o l i d i f i e d slowly w e l l under
t h e s u r f a c e (to form gabbro)
.
Both o f t h e s e r o c k s s h a r e many
chemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , ' reflecting t h e i r s i m i l a r o r i g i n s beneath
t h e ocean f l o o r o f f t h e s h o r e s of c o n t i n e n t s .
S i m i l a r aged u l t r a -
mafic r o c k s occur s o u t h e a s t i n t h e western S i e r r a , and f u r t h e r n o r t h e a s t i n t h e Blue and Wallowa mountains of N o r t h e a s t Oregon.
of t h e s e mountains are thought t o be r e l a t e d
All
, and may have once
formed a continuous mountain range on t h e w e s t e r n edge of North Ameri c a ( A l t and Hyndman 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 8 )
.
Gabbroic r o c k s produce few economically i m p o r t a n t m i n e r a l s , and
t h e small amount of s e r p e n t i n i t e i s u n l i k e l y t o c o n t a i n any more t h a n
small t r a c e s of n i c k e l , chromium, a s b e s t o s , t a l c , c i n n a b a r , and o t h e r
economic d e p o s i t s known from t h e Klamath u l t r a m a f i c t e r r a n e .
The
m i n e r a l c o n t e n t of t h e b a s i n ' s rocks p r o v i d e l i t t l e more of r e a l
v a l u e t h a n a s e v e r e and i n t e r e s t i n g e d a p h i c environment i n f l u e n c i n g
t h e s t r u c t u r e and composition of t h e l o c a l f l o r a .
Climate :
Cedar Basin i s under t h e sake c l i m a t i c regime a s most of Cali f o r n i a , b u t r e c e i v e s s l i g h t l y m o r e - e c e c - i p i t a t i o n i n t h e summer and
w i n t e r t h a n many mountainous a r e a s t o t h e s o u t h ( S i e r r a , North Coast
Range, and T ~ a n S v a r s eRanges).
P r e c i p i t a t i o n a v e r a g e s between 70
and 80 i n c h e s a n n u a l l y (Kahrl, 1 9 7 9 ) , most of which f a l l s as snow
i n the winter.
Kahrl ( 1 9 7 9 ) shows t h e a v e r a g e A p r i l 1 snow depth f o r
t h e Cedar Basin a r e a t o be over 100 i n c h e s , a s h i g h a s a n y a r e a i n
t h e Klamath Province.
Snow accumulates a t h i g h e l e v a t i o n f o r e s t e d
as
s i t e s t o a t l e a s t an average of 180 i n c h e s on t h e n o r t h e a s t s l o p e s
F
of Terrace Lake b a s i n , and commonly t o 1 4 4 i n c h e s a t o t h e r upper
e l e v a t i o n f o r e s t e d s i t e s (evidence from h e i g h t o f l i c h e n growth on
trees).
I n c o n t r a s t , a t t h e lower e l e v a t i o n s on s o u t h e a s t f a c i n g
s l o p e s snow r a r e l y a v e r a g e s deeper t h a n 36 i n c h e s .
The c o l d , shaded
upper slopes of the basin thus provide a distinctly different
microclimate,conducive to the dominance of such trees as nlountain
hernlock,from the lower elevation, sunny
,
quickly drying slopes
covered with open mixed conifer forest.
VEGETATION
Shallow Lakes and Ponds:
-
Eight permanent or semipermanent bodies of water exist in
the basin.
They range from relatively deep and rockbound Cliff
Lake to small, shallow ponds only 30 feet across.
With the exception
of CliEE Lakefall lakes and ponds in the basin have an obvious zone
of aquatic vegetation inhabiting the shallower water areas.
The
best developed open water communities occur at Cedar and Lower Cliff
lakes (Fig.7
)
because of their relatively constant water level,
large size, and uniformly shallow depths.
.
The following species
are either submerged, emergent, or anchored floating-leaved hydrophytes characteristic of the basin:
Isoetes occidentalis
Sparganium angusti~olium
Isoetes bolanderi
Scirpus validus
Nuphar polysepalum
Heleocharis montividensis
Menyanthes trifoliata
Potarnogeton natans
var. parishii
Dulichium axundinaceum
Carex rostrata
Boa and Meadow:
At Cedar Basin there are no extensive wet meadowy areas.
Apart
from narrow, discontinuous fringing areas with characteristic meadow
vegetation bordering Cedar and Lower Cliff lakes and several unnamed
ponds, the majority of the permanently moist non-forest habitat in
the basin is best classified as bog.
The bog community around Cedar Lake, and to a lesser extent at
tot.
874
Lower C l i f f Lake c o n s i s t s o f both r a i s e d , hummocky a r e a s topped
l a r g e l y w i t h e r i c a c h a u s s h r u b s , and lower mucky a r e a s dominated
by members of t h e Cyperaceae and such s p e c i e s a s D a r l i n g t o n i a .".
c a l i f o r n i c a . (Fig
.
.
8 )
.
Both t g p e s a r e u n d e r l a i n by t h i c k l a y e r s
of p a k t i a l l y decomposed v e g e t a t i o n t h a t may f e e l shaky u n d e r f o o t .
However, the r a i s e d a r e a s a r e b e t t e r d r a i n e d and s u p p o r t a n e a r l y
c o n t i n u o u s shrub l a y e r of KaLmia, Ledum, Vaccinium o c c i d e n t a l e , and
Spiraea douglasii.
The hummocks form a n a t u r a l b a r r i e r between t h e
open l a k e community and t h e low bog and meadow v e g e t a t i o n ( F i g . 9 ) .
These hummocks may have o r i g i n a t e d from e i t h e r f l o a t i n g l o g s l o d g i n g
near t h e s h o r e of t h e lake o r emergent b o u l d e r s and r o c k s . .
On some
younger f l o a t i n g l o g s and on t h e edges of hummocks grow t h i c k clumps
of Brosera, small i n d i v i d u a l s of D a r l i n g t o n i a ,
T o l f i e l d i a , Narthecium,
and sedges such a s Carex buxbaumii, and C. a q u a t a l i s .
The uncommon,
d i m u n i t i v e G a u l t h e r i a humifusa a l s o c r e e p s over emergent r o c k s and
Logs i n t h i s zone, and small t r e e s of POC a r e f r e q u e n t l y i n t e r s p e r s e d
among t h e shrubs.
The low, mucky bog i d dominated by members of t h e sedge f a m i l y
i n c l u d i n g ; S c i r p u s micPocarpus, Heleocharis montkvidensis, Carex ormantha,
C.
i n t e g r a , and C.
- buxbaumii.
A s t e r a l p i g e n u s s s p . a n d e r s o n i i grows
i n t h i s zone a s does S c h o e n o l i r i o n album.
I n s l i g h t l y more e l e v a t e d
m o i s t a r e a s D a r l i n g t o n i a becomes dominant and o f t e n forms dense s t a n d s
f u r t h e r away from t h e l a k e a s s o c i a t i n g w i t h POC and Ledum ( ~ i g , h J ) .
Where more s o i l h a s developed such a s n e a r t h e i n l e t streams t o
b o t h Cedar and Lower C l i f f l a k e s , herbaceous meadow v e g e t a t i o n p r e dominates i n c l u d i n g :
Botrychium simplex
Hypericurn a n a q a l l o i d e s
S i d a l c e a oregana s s p . s p i c a t a
Polyqonum b i s t o r t o i d e s
Viola maclaskeyi
Dodecatheon alpinurn s s p .
rnaius
F i g u r e 7:Lower C l i f f
Lake w/ Nuphar ,Potamogeton, and o t h e r
a q u a t i c s i n forground;
f r i n g e o f POC and
t r a n s i t i o n a l mixed
conifer-red f i r f o r e s t
i n background.
F i g u r e 8 :Bog v e g e t a t i o n
around Cedar Lake+&/
l o w mucky t y p e on l e f t ,
s l i g h t l y r a i s e d type
(wy D a r l i n g t o n i a ) , and
hummock w/ POC and
K a l m i a i n backgkound.
F i g u r e 9: Cedar Lake
w/ hummock b o r d e r , % a k ~
v e g e t a t i o n ( i n d i s t - (:
a n c e ) , mucky bog, and
meadow fringe ( i n for- .
ground)
.
Gentiana
-- newberryi
Sisyrinchium idahoense
Gentians a m a r e l l a
S. elrneri
d
Mimulus
primuloides
--
Juncus nevadensis
Pedicularis attolens
J. orthophyllus
Parnassia p a l u s t r i s var. c a l i f o r n i c a
Carex hoodi
P o t e n t i l l a g r a c i l i s ssp. n u t t a l l i i
C.
-
Lotus p i n n a t u s
C. r a y n o l d s i i
Epilobium l a c t i f l ~ r u m
Deschamwsia c a e s ~ i t o s a
P e r i d e r i d i a oregana
A
-g r o s t i s i d a h o e n s i s
Belenium h o o p e s i i
Gliceria s t r i a t a
Aster occidentalis
G
-.
T r i t e l i a hyacinthina
Calarnagrostis c a n a d e n s i s
laeviculmis
elata
The boy community a t Lower C l i f f Lake i s n o t a s w e l l developed
a s a t Cedar Lake.
F r i n g i n g v e g e t a t i o n a t Lower C l i f f included,
Leucothoe, Ledum, S p i r a e a d o u q l a s i i , and Rosa p i s o c a r p a . However, ~ a l r n i a
i s r a r e and Vaccinium o c c i d e n t a l e i s a p p a r e n t l y a b s e n t .
Only a t t h e
l a k e ' s s o u t h e r n end a r e t h e m f a i r l y l a r g e p a t c h e s of Drosera and
D a ~ l i n g t o n i a . Other l a k e s and ponds i n t h e b a s i n do n o t s u p p o r t
f r i n g i n g bog v e g e t a t i o n l a r g e l y because of a more widely f l u c t u a t i n g
water t a b l e .
P o r t Orford Cedar F o r e s t :
I n Cedar Basin t h i s f o r e s t type (most s i m i l a r t o S A F t y p e 231)
i s c l e a r l y a n e d a p h i c climax community r e l i a n t upon permanent moisture.
P o r t Orford c e d a r groves f r i n g e Cedar, T e r r a c e , C l i f f , and
Lower C l i f f l a k e s and f o l l o w t h e i r o u t l e t s t r e a m s a l l t h e way down
t h e banks of t h e South Fork o f t h e Sackamento River.
Groves a l s o
o c c u r above t h e s e l a k e s and streams a t s e e p s , a l o n g i n t e r m i t t e n t
r i v u l e t s , and s t r e a m s up t o n e a r l y 6400ft.
The h i g h e s t e l e v a t i o n
FIGURE 10: Edge of bottomland
POC f o r e s t with u n d e r s t o r y of
bog species; Darlingtonia c a l i f o r n i c a , Ledum glandulosum predominating.
FIGURE 11: Bottomland POC f o r e s t
South of Lower C l i f f Lake showing
t h e many f a l l e n trees t y p i c a l of
t h i s f.orest type.
c e d a r i s a n i n d i v i d u a l c a . 30 f t . t a l l growing between t h e two
t a r n s i n t h e upper T e r r a c e Lake b a s i n a t c a . 6350 f t .
Because POC t e n d s t o t h r i v e i n t h e s e m o i s t s i t u a t i o n s throughout
the b a s i n , the mountain a l d e r and willow-dominated h i g h mountain
r i p a r i a n community t y p i c a l i n s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n s throughout
much
POC i s q u i t e shade t o l e r a n t
of C a l i f o r n i a does n o t o c c u r h e r e .
(much more s o t h a n t h e l i g h t - l o v i n g a l d e r s and w i l l o w s ) and t e n d s
t o exclude a l l o t h e r trees and l a r g e s h r u b s from t h e r i p a r i a n
habitat available i n the basin.
T h e r e a r e two r e d i l y d i s c e r n a b l e t y p e s of POC f o r e s t a t Cedar
Basin.
One o c c u r s a l o n g rocky s t r e a m s and l a k e s i d e s , where t h e
surrounqing d ~ a i n a g ei s good and t h e m o i s t u r e i s r e s t r i c t e d t o
w i t h i n a few f e e t of s u r 5 a c e w a t e r .
The o t h e r i s i n r a t h e r f l a t
bottomland a s around t h e western and s o u t h e r n shores of Cedar Lake,
n e a r t h e i n l e t t o Lower C l i f f Lake, and n e a r t h e confluence of t h e
Cedar and Lower C l i f f Lake o u t l e t s t r e a m s .
Both t y p e s a r e s t r o n g l y
dominated by POC (see T a b l e s 1,2,&3 and Appendix 3 ) , b u t t h e unders t o r y v e g e t a t i o n aD$ &he f o r e s t s t r u c t u r e d i f f e r s .
The bottomland POC f o r e s t h a s t h e h i g h e s t d e n s i t y s t a n d s of any
forest i n t h e b a s i n w i t h o f t e n between 4 0
i n height i n lOOm
2
&
5 0 t r e e s over 6 f t .
(1600-210O/acre,see Table .I). The trees a r e
o f t e n very s h a l l o w l y r o o t e d , and because of t h e s a t u r a t e d muddy, sandy,
ax p e a t y s o i l o f t e n are uprooted.
P a s s i n g through such groves
means climbing over and under many f a l l e n t r u n k s ( ~ i g . 1 1 ) . Many
r e c e n t l y f a l l e n trees ( a p p a r e n t l y r e s u l t i n g from heavy 1 9 8 1 s n o w f a l l )
have p o o l s o f water f i l l i n g t h e i r newly formed b a s a l c r a t e r s , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e high water t a b l e .
Sample p l o t s 1,2, and 3 w e r e
i n t h i s t y p e of f o r e s t around Cedar Lake.
This type o f t e n l i e s
immediately back from t h e bog and meadow s u r r o u n d i n g t h e l a k e s .
TABLE 1
Tree d e n s i t y of Chamaecyparf s lawsoniana i n five lOxlOm p l o t s .
Plot # M t . Al. POC
L.P.
D.F.
I.C.
W.F.
WWP
J.P.
...M.H.
R.F.
TABLE 2
S a p l i n g and s e e d l i n g d e n s i t y of C.
- lawsoniana on lOxlOm p l o t s .
Plot # M t . A l .
POC
L.P.
D.F.
I.C.
W.F.
WWP
J.P.
M.H.
R.F.
TABLE 3
Basal area ( s q . inches) of C.
- lawsoniana t r e e s on lOxlOm p l o t s .
Plot # Mt.Al.
POC
L.P.
D.F.
I.C.
W.F.
WWP
J.P.
M.H.
R.F.
Total
Because d r a i n a g e i s slow and t h e s o i l s a t u r a t e d j u s t below the
surface,many of t h e more shade t o l e r a n t bog and meadow s p e c i e s a r e
s h a r e d , i n c l u d i n g Ledwn, G a u l t h e r i a , Leucothoe, and D a r l i n g t o n i a .
However, t h e r e i s a c o r e of s p e c i e s which i s more o r l e s s r e s t r i c t e d
t o t h e u n d e r s t o r y o f t h i s bottomland f o r e s t and t h e y i n c l u d e :
Botrychium multifidum ssp. s i l a i f o l i u m
Physocarpus c a p i t a t u s
Athyrium f i l i x - f e m i n a
Alnus t e n u i f o l i a
Caltha howellii
Cornus s t o l o n i f e r a
Viola g l a b e l l a
Linnaea b o r e a l i s s s p - l o n g i f o l i a
V.
-
adunca
L i l i u m kelleyanum
P y r o l a secunda
Allium validum
P r u n e l l a v u l g a r i s ssp. l a n c e o l a t a
Habenaria s ~ a r s i f l o r a
Listera convallarioides
Much of t h e bottomland f o r e s t around Cedar Lake a p p e a r s t o have
s u f f e r e d f i r e damage perhaps 100 y e a r s ago.
Many b a r e s n a g s , c h a r r e d
a t t h e b a s e , s t i l l s t a n d ( F i g . 1 2 ) and no l i v i n g t r e e s l a r g e r t h a n ca.
2 2 i n c h e s dbh can be found.
The l a r g e s t l i v i n g POC measured i n t h e
bottomland t y p e f o r e s t was 4 8 " j u s t n o r t h o f Lower C l i f f Lake.
The growth r a t e s of POC a p p e a r t o be t h e most r a p i d of any c o n i f e r
i n t h e basin.
This c e r t a i n l y h a s much t o do w i t h t h e c o n t i n u a l
water supply a f f o r d e d t o most i n d i v i d u a l s .
Table 4 compares t h e
ages of b r e a s t h e i g h t s a p l i n g s of v a r i o u s s p e c i e s sampled i n t h e
v i c i n i t y of Cedar Lake.
The age of a 2 8 i n c h d i a m e t e r POC stump
n e a r .bhe o u t l e t of Lower C l i f f Lake was 2 6 0 y e a r s .
Ron Kelly r e p o r t s
a stump measuring 4 2 i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r and a n age of c a . 4 0 0 y e a r s
n e a r t h e n o r t h e a s t boundary.
The l a r g e s t i n d i v i d u a l POC measures
ca. 5 2 i n c h e s dbh and i s probably 4 5 0 - 5 0 0 y e a r s o l d .
grows a l o n g t h e o u t l e t s t r e a m
of Lower Cliff Lake
d r a i n e d s t r e a m and l a k e s i d e t y p e of POC f o r e s t .
his i n d i v i d u a l
i n the .well-
V i e w S toward peak 7 1 4 9 from
s e r p e n h i n i t e mixed conifer forest on moraine NW of Cedar Lake. Charred snags of
POC along W s i d e o f Cedar Lake i n middle
ground.
FIGURE 12:
TABLE 4
Ages of breast height saplings sampled near Cedar Lake.
Species
#1
- lawsoniana
C.
- jeffreyi
P.
A. concolor
A
- magnifica
A.
T.
- mertensiana
56
P.
- menziesii
-
36
#2
#3
Sample p l o t s 4 and 5 a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e s t r e a m s i d e rocky l a k e s h o r e type o f POC f o r e s t .
The d e n s i t i e s of trees a r e
n o t a b l y less, y e t b a s a l a r e a i s g r e a t e r t h a n o n t h e sampled bottomland p l o t s (Table 3 )
.
This i s perhaps because fewer t r e e s c a n
g e t e s t a b l i s h e d a l o n g t h e narrow, a f t e n s t e e p s i d e d , and v a r i a b l e
watercourses.
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e few t h a t can a r e a b l e t o s i n k t h e i r
r o o t s down t o a permanent m o i s t u r e supply and perhaps grow with l e s s
c o m p e t i t i o n for l i g h t
and .space t h a n t h e bottomland i n d i v i d u a l s .
The s t r e a m s i d e and rocky l a k e s i d e POC f o r e s t , a l t h o u g h r a r e l y extend(Fig. 13)
ing more t h a n 5m from t h e w a t e r ' s e d g e , . h a s by f a r t h e h i g h e s t b a s a l
a r e a of any f o r e s t t y p e sampled i n t h e b a s i n ( s e e Table I S ! , , up t o
2
3501in. 2/100m2 ( t h e e q u i v a a e n t of 984 f t / a c r e )
The u n d e r s t o r y
.
.
s p e c i e s i n t h i s subtype a r e t y p i c a l of o t h e r m o i s t f o r e s t t y p e s found
i n the
b a s i n and i n c l u d e ; Leucothoe d a v i s a e , Goodyera o b l b n g i f o l i a ,
Chdmaphila
uibellata
,
Pyrola p i c t a , Vacciniurn a r b u s c u l a , P t e r i d i u m
aquilinum, and P
e d i c u l a r i s semibarbata.
-
Mixed Conifer F o r e s t :
Two t y p e s of mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t (SAF t y p e 2 4 3 w i t h v a r i a t i o n s )
a l s o occur i n t h e b a s i n .
One i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e s e r p e n t i n i t e mor-
a i n e on t h e northwest s i d e of t h e a r e a , and t h e o t h e r o c c u r s on
gabbro a t t h e lower e l e v a t i o n s i n t h e b a s i n .
The s e r p e n t i n e t y p e i s an open f o r e s t w i t h dominance being
t r a d e d between s e v e r a l s p e c i e s i n c l u d i n g ; Pseudotsuga m e n z i e s i i ,
- l a m b e r t i a n a . Calocedrus
Abies c o n c o l o r , Pinus j e f f r e y i , and P.
d e c u r r e n s and Pinus monticola a l s o commonly o c c u r i n t h i s f o r e s t
P. c o n t o r t a murrayana o c c u r l o c a l l y .
t y p e , and Pinus pondexosa and -
The u n d e r s t o r y i s dominated by t y p i c a l mountain c h a p a r r a l s h r u b s
- A
-. p a t u l a
i n c l u d i n g ; Quercus v a c c i n i f o l i a , A r c t o s t a p h y l o s nevadensis,
,
TABLE 5
Comparative s t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e t h r e e sampled f o r e s t types.
Plat #
av. p l o t e l e v .
(feet)
Basal A r e a
( ft 2 / a c r e )
height1
(ft.1
Rees/acre
Snow Depth
(feet)
1
e s t i m a t e d from r a n g e f i n d e r measurements of t h r e e t a l l e s t t r e e s
'estimated f r o m average distance f r o m ground t o edge of l i c h e n
growth on three randomly chosen trees
2
Ceanothus p r o s t r a t u s , and Amalanchier p a l l i d a .
Two o t h e r s h r u b s ,
Rhamnus c a l i f o r n i c u s s s p . o c c i d e n t a l i s and Ribes r o e z l i i appear t o
be l o c a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h i s f o r e s t t y p e .
F i v e 5Ox20m ( 0 - l h a ) p l o t s w e r e sampled i n t h i s s u b t y p e . The
r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Tables 6 , 7 , and 8.
The g e n e r a l exposure
of t h e e n t i r e s e r p e n t i n i t e subtype i s s o u t h e a s t .
the nutrient-poor,
be very open.
T h i s , coupled w i t h
well drained substrate causes the f o r e s t t o o&ten
Compared w i t h t h e o t h e r two sampled t y p e s o f f o r e s t
i n t h e b a s i n , t h i s f o r e s t a v e r a g e s both t h e l o w e s t d e n s i t y of t r e e s
and t h e s m a l l e s t b a s a l a r e a ( s e e Table 5 )
.
Some i n d i c a t i o n of s h i f t -
i n g dominance r e s u l t i n g from d i f f e r i n g m i c r o c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s i s
i n d i c a t e d by a s t r o n g e r tendency f o r P. j e f f r e y i
dominate t h e
d r i e s t , most s o u t h e r l y - f a c i n g s l o p e s and A.
- c o n c o l o r , and i n c r e a s i n g l y
- monticola t o dominate a t h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s (above 6 0 0 0 f t . ) .
P.
P.
-
rnenziesii i s a l s o somewhat more common a t lower e l e v a t i o n s on t h i s
subtype and may o c c a s i o n l y r e a c h s u r p r i s i n g l y l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s (two
t r e e s approachi.ng 60" dbh
species seen i n t h e b a s i n ) .
were measured and a r e t h e l a r g e s t o f any
Conspiauous by i t s absence from t h i s
t y p e i s Abies magnifica (even a t h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s ) , a l t h o u g h t h i s
s p e c i e s i s a common component of t h e gabbro mixed c o n i f e r subtype.
The gabbro subtype d i f f e r s from t h e p r e v i o u s f o r e s t by i t s
h i g h e r abundance of A.
- magnifica and P. c o n t o r t a murrayana. A 1 1
o t h e r t r e e s p e c i e s noted on s e r p e n t i n i t e a l s o o c c u r , though P,
- jeff r e y i and C
-. d e c u r r e n s a r e of much lower importance.
No v e g e t a t i o n
sampling was done i n t h i s subtype, b u t both t h e s u b s t r a t e ( o f t e n w i t h
a h i g h e r w a t e r t a b l e ) and t h e o v e r a l l n o r t h e r l y exposure of t h e
lower e l e v a t i o n s
o f t h e b a s i n appear t o i n f l u e n c e t h e d i f f e r e n t
composition of t h i s s u b t y p e . The MCF f o r e s t on gabbro i s a l s o r a t h e r
open, b u t n o t so much a s t h e s e r p e n t i n i t e t y p e .
Understory s h r u b s
a r e a l s o mostly t y p i c a l mountain c h a p a r r a l s p e c i e s , b u t Chrysolepkk
TABLE 6
T r e e d e n s i t y on 5Ox20m Mixed C o n i f e r F o r e s t p l o t s .
Plot #
W.F.
D.F.
J.P.
S.P.
WWP
L.P.
I.C.
TABLE 7
Sapling and seedling d e n s i t y o n 50x20111 Mixed Conifer F o r e s t p l o t s .
plot #
W.F.
D.F.
S.P.
J.P.
WWP
L.P.
I.C.
TABLE 8
Basal area ( i n . 2 ) on Mixed C o n i f e r F o r e s t p l o t s .
plot #
W.F.
6
1032
D.F.
2356
S.P.
J.P.
W P
L.P.
I.C.
987
9
95
40
1158
total
5677
sempervirens, a s p e c i e s o f t e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f open r e d f i r f o r e s t ,
appears l a r g e l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h i s type.
This f o r e s t shows a
g r a d u a l c l i n a l s h i f t with i n c r e a s e d e l e v a t i o n toward t h e composition
of r e d fir-mountain hemlock f o r e s t .
I t s a f f i n i t y t o t h i s type can
be recognized even a t lower e l e v a t i o n s by o c c a s i o n a l t r e e s of
Tsuga mertensiana
-
and u n d e r s t o r y s h r u b s such a s Leucothoe d a v i s i a e
and Vaccinium a r b u s c u l a i n more mesic a r e a s .
Herbs and subshrubs a r e r a t h e r widely s c a t t e r e d i n both subt y p e s of MCF.
A few such a s Lupinus c s o c e u s , Eriophyllum lanatum
v a r . lanceolatum, C.onvolvulus malacophyllus, Lotus c r a s s i f o l i u s ,
Angelica c a l i f o r n i c a , Galium bibreale, Cirsium
- a n d e r s o n i i , and Iris
p u r d y i ,appear l o c a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e s e r p e n t i n i t e subtype.
Others
such a s :
Xerophyllum t e n a x
Phacelia sp.
B e r b e r i s nervosa
Cynoglossum o c c i d e n t a l e
Linum perenne ssp. l e w i s i i
P e d i c u l a r i s semibarbata
Viola PurPurea
P.
-
S i l e n e lemmonii
Monardella o d o r a t i s s i m a s s p p a l l i d a
racemosa
Polvaonum d o u a l a s i i
Solidago
-c a l i f o r n i c a
Frasera a l b i c a u l i s
Senecio a r o n i c o i d e s
Ipomopsis a g g r e q a t a
Eupatoxium o c c i d e n t a l e
Agoseris s p .
Habenaria u n a l a s c e n s i s
&
Elymus g l a u c u s
a r e c e n t e r e d i n t h e MCF zone i n t h e b a s i n , o c c u r r i n g more commonly
on t h e gabbro subtype.
L i s t s of a l l h e r b s and s h r u b s o c c u r r i n g on
each of t h e 15 sample p l o t s c a n be found i n Appendix 3 .
Re,d Fir-Mountain Hemlock F o r e s t :
-
This f o r e s t (most s i m i l a r t o SAF t y p e '207) i s t h e dominant t y p e
on a l l n o r t h e r l y exposures a t h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s i n t h e b a s i n .
Five
5Ox20m ( 0 . l h a ) v e g e t a t i o n p l o t s were chosen i n t h i s f o r e s t t y p e and
t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n Tables 9 , 10, and 11 and Appendix 3.
There
i s a l a r g e degree of v a r i a t i o n i n dominance and c o v e r i n t h i s t y p e .
T h i s ranges from dense, c l o s e d s t a n d s dominated by r e d f i r ( e . g . p l o t
13 and Fig. 1 4 ) on n o r t h e a s t and northwest f a c i n g s l o p e s , t o c o l d ,
mesic v a l l e y bottom s t a n d s dominated ( o r co-dominated) by T.
- mertensi a n a and o c c a s i o n a l l y P.
- c o n t o r t a murrayana ( p l o t s 11
&
15, F i g . 151,
t o open, r a t h e r s c e n e s c e n t r e d f i r f o r e s t ( p l o t 14), and very open
- magnifica, P.montiaola,
f o r e s t co-dominated by A.
(plot 1 2 , and Fig.1)
and P
-. c o n t o r t a
.
The u n d e r s t o r y i s dominated i n open f o r e s t s with s h a l l o w s o i l
by s h r u b s of t h e mountain c h a p a r r a l i n c l u d i n g Quercus v a c c i n i f o l i a ,
A r c t o s t a p h y l o s klarnathensis
p
rostratus.
-
,A. nevadensis, A
-. p a t u l a , and Ceanothus
The endemic A. k l a m a t h e n s i s i s l o c a l l y a v e r y i m p o r t a n t
member of t h i s t y p e , c o v e r i n g more t h a n 6 0 % of t h e g&ound i n some
areas.
I n t h e more c l o s e d canopy, shady s t a n d s t h e u n d e r s t o r y i s
s p a r s e with pyrolaceous and s a p r o p h y t i c s p e c i e s such a s Pyrola p i c t a ,
Ch&maphila
u m b e l l a t a r and C o r a l l o r h i z a maculata predominating.
I n mesic s t a n d s Leucothoe, Vaccinium a r b u s c u l a , V.
- scoparium, Anemone
q
ui nq u e f o l i a v a r . minor and P y r o l a secunda a r e o f t e n common.
Even on t h e most mesic s i t e s w i t h i n t h i s f o r e s t tree s i z e and
b a s a l a r e a coverage are n o t as high as i n many p a r t s of t h e S i e r r a
Nevada r e d f i r f o r e s t .
The g r e a t e s t b a s a l a r e a sampled i n Cedar
Basin ( p l o t 11, 383 f t . 2/ a c r e ) i s l e s s t h a n % a s g r e a t a s r e d f i r
f o r e s t sampled a t t h e M t . P l e a s a n t c a n d i d a t e RNA (Keeler-Wolf and
Keeler-Wolf,
1981) o r t h e Onion Creek c a n d i d a t e RNA (Talby, 1 9 7 7 ) ,
FIGURE 13: Typical narrow r i p a r i a n s t a n d of POC
a l o n g o u t l e t s t r e a m f r o m Terrace Lake.
Red f i r
dominates o n l y a few meters away t o the r i g h t .
F I G U R E 14: Closed red firmountain hemlock f o r e s t on
N E f a c i n g s l o p e above T e r r a c e Lake. Note sparse
u n d e r s t o r y and l i c h e n growth
i n d i c a t i n g average w i n t e r
snow depth of ca. 180
".
TABLE 9
Tree d e n s i t y on 5 0 x 2 0 m r e d fir-mountain hemlock p l o t s .
plot #
W.F.
R.F.
M.H.
L.P.
WWP
POC
TABLE 10
S a p l i n g and s e e d l i n g density on 5 O x 2 0 m red f i r - m o u n t a i n h e m l o c k p l o t s .
plot #
W.F.
R.F.
M.H.
L.P.
WWP
POC
TABLE 11
Basal a r e a (sq. i n . ) on 5 O x 2 0 m r e d fir-mountain hemlock p l o t & .
plot #
W.F
R.F.
M.H.
L.P.
WWP
POC
total
i n t y p i c a l S i e r r a red f i r f o r e s t .
The d i f f e r e n c e i n s t a t u r e i s a l s o
Many r e d f i r s a t M t . P l e a s a n t r e a c h 1 7 5 f t . i n h e i g h t
substantial.
and t h e average canopy h e i g h t i s ca. 1 3 8 f t .
Average canopy h e i g h t
i n t h e analagous f o r e s t a t Cedar Basin i s o n l y 8 3 f t . and t h e t a l l e s t f i r
measured, o n l y 1 2 0 f t .
DBH o f Cedar Basin r e d f i r . i s s i m i l a r l y r e -
duced w i t h t h e l a r g e s t measured being 45.5" a s opposed t o many a t
Mt.
P l e a s a n t over 60"! These d i f f e r e n c e s i n d e n s i t y and s t a t u r e can
probably b e s t be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e s o . i l . t y p e .
Gabbro u n d e r l i e s t h e
l o c a l f o r e s t and i s a chemically d e f i c i e n t and h a r s h e r s u b s t r a t e
t h a n t h e g r a n i t e u n d e r l y i n g t h e Mt. P l e a s a n t a r e a .
Tolerance of
u l t r a m a f i c s o i l s by A. rnagnifica has n o t been t e s t e d t o my knowledge.
A
However, i t i s probable t h a t l i k e Pseudotsuga (Zobel and Hawk, 1 9 8 0 ) ,
it e x h i b i t s reduced v i g o r on u l t r a m a f i c s o i l s .
.The abundance of
Tsuga mertensiana a t such r e l a t i v e l y low e l e v a t i o n s ( l o c a l l y dominant
t o c a . 6050ft.), on t h e o t h e r hand, may r e s u l t from t h e p o t e n t i a l ,
f o r t h i s s p e c i e s t o t o l e r a t e t h e poor s o i l m a r a . e f f e c t i u e l y t h a n
A.
-
magni f i c a .
The r e l a t i v e l y open n a t u r e of t h i s and t h e mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t s
i n Cedar Basin i s c l e a r l y n o t t h e r e s u l t o f an overmature and s c e n e s c e n t
tree crop.
Regeneration of a l l t r e e s p e c i e s i s r e l a t i v e l y good a s
i n d i c a t e d by a t y p i c a l l y uneven age c l a s s d i s t r i b u t i o n ( s e e Appendix
3)
Mountain Chaparral :
T h i s shrub dominated community c o v e r s l a r g e a r e a s of shallow,
rocky s o i l i n t h e b a s i n .
It is especially noticeable
i n the eastern
p o r t i o n where it e x t e n d s a c r o s s almost t h e e n t i r e west-facing s l o p e .
The a r e a dominated by t h i s v e g e t a t i o n may a c t u a l l y be s u b s t a n t i a l l y
l a r g e r t h a n t h e l i s t e d f i g u r e because of t h e many s m a l l unmappable
pockets w i t h i n t h e openings of mixed c o n i f e r and r e d fir-mountain
hemlock f o r e s t .
Three s p e c i e s ; Q u e r c u s v a c c i n i f o l i a , A r c t o s taphy-
l o u s n e v a d e n s i s , and A.
- p a t u l a are t h e most w i d e s p r e a d and i m p o r t a n t
p l a n t s of t h e b a s i n ' s mountain c h a p a r r a l .
u f a r l y a b u n d a n t , d o m i n a t i n g i n most a r e a s .
Q. v a c c i n i f o l i a i s p a r t i c O t h e r widespread, import-
anlh s h r u b s are t h e low m a t - l i k e Ceanothus p r o s t r a t u s , Amalanchier
p a l l i d a , and Holodiscus b o u r s i e r i , t h e l a t t e r p a r t i c u l a r l y abundant
on s t a b l i z e d , . t a l u s a l o n g t h e r i d g e e a s t o f T e r r a c e and Lower C l i f f
lakes.
Prunus e m a r g i n a t a , Cdanothus v e l u t i n u s , and C h r y s o l e p i s
s e m p e r v i r e n s a r e less common and more l o c a l s h r u b s o f t h i s community.
The endemic A r c t o s t a p h y l o s k l a m a t h e n s i s i s a l o c a l dominant o f t h i s
community w e s t and s o u t h w e s t o f T e r r a c e Lake.
Many h e r b s i n t h i s community a r e a l s o s h a r e d w i t h t h e more open,
x e r i c rock o u t c r o p community.
Some o f t h e most common and c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c species include:
Cheilanthes qracillima
Penstemon d e u s t u s
Onychium densum
P.
Streptanthus tortuosus
P.
- newberryi s s p . b e r r y i
Arabis r e c t i s s i m a
Castilleja arachnoidea
A
rabis platysperma
Sedum o b t u s a t u m s s p . b o r e a l e
Arenaria n
u t t a l l i i ssp. qxegaria
-
Lornatium macrocarpurn
A
-. c o n q e s t a
Kellogia g a l i o i d e s
C a l y p t r i d i u m umbellatum
Haplopappus g r e e n e i
Erioqonum umbellatum v a r . umbellatum
Chsysothamnus n a u s e o s u s a l b i c a u l i s
Apbcynum pumilum
Antennaria rosea
Phlox d i f f u sa
Stephanomeria l a c t u c i n a
Nama l o b b i i
Juncus p a r r y i
Mimulus l a y n e a e
Calamagrostis k o e l e r i o i d e s
azuraus
The l o c a l mountain c h a p a r r a l a p p e a r s t o be l a r g e l y an e d a p h i c
climax.
Unlike many a r e a s i n ~ a l i f o r n i a ,p a s t f i r e h i s t o r y d o e s n o t
a f f e c t i h s presence o r d i s t r i b u t i o n a s much a s t h e shallow, rocky
s o i l and s l o p e exposure.
Large i s o l a t e d t r e e s w i t h o u t f i r e s c a r s
on t h e west-facing s l o p e above Terrace Lake (Fig.16 ) and i n o t h e r
a r e a s a t t e s t t o t h e permanence and r e l a t i v e l y f i r e - f r e e h i s t o r y of
t h e surrounding mountain c h a p a r r a l .
The widespread l o c a l presence
o f t h i s community may r e f l e c t t h e t o l e r a n c e many of i t s c o n s t i t u e n t s
have of extremely w e l l d r a i n e d , rocky u l t r a m a f i c s o i l .
Rock O u t c r o ~ :
On t h e s t e e p rock f a c e s s o u t h of C l i f f Lake and a t t h e head
of t h e Terrace Lake c i r q u e , s e v e r a l species of rock-loving p l a n t s
o c c u r i n a- unique community.
The rock o u t c r o p environment v a r i e s
g r e a t l y from x e r i c , exposed gabbro s l a b s t o shaded s e e p s n e s t l e d
w i t h i n deep c r e v i c e s . (Fi'gs. 17 ., & 1.81.
The f l o r a of t h e s e o u t c r o p s
can t h u s c o n v e n i e n t l y be d i v i d e d i n t o x e r i c and rnesic components.
Many of t h e dry-adapted s p e c i e s a r e s h a r e d w i t h t h e mountain
c h a p a r r a l and a r e p r e v i o u s l y l i s t e d .
:
However, a few s p e c i e s appear
r e s t r i c t e d t o a c t u a l e x t e n s i v e rock o u t c r o p s .
Notable among t h e s e
i s t h e l o c a l endemic penstemon, which i s a c t u a l l y one o f t h e most
common p l a n t s i n i t s l i m i t e d h a b i t a t .
Other c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p e c i e s
i n c l u d e Lewisia l e a n a , S i t a n i o n h y s t r i x ,
and S t i p a columbiana.
T h e mesic phase o f t h e rock o u t c r o p community shares some
s p e c i e s with t h e bogs and meadows, b u t t h e mkist-to-wet,
y e t rocky
(and u s u a l l y shady) environment pr0duce.s a unique s i t u a t i o n .
Several
h e r b s and s h r u b s a p p e a r l o c a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h i s h a b i t a t :
Cryptogramma a c r o s t i c h o i d e s
--
Athyrium a l p e s t r e
Adianturn pedatum v a r . a l e u t i c u m
Delph,inium depauperatum
Polystichum I o n c h i t i s
Actaea r u b r a s s p . a r g u t a
Polygonurn d a v i s a e
Phyllodoce e m p e t r i f o r m i s
South shore of Terrace Lake with dense forest
dominated by mountain hemlock, lodgepole p i n e , and red f i r .
Port Orford c e d a r and western w h i t e p i n e are 81.~0
:common.
FIGURE 15:
FIGURE 1 6 : Mountain chaparral east of T e r r a c e Lake
showing l a r g e isolated Jeffrey p i n e and White fir.
FIGURE IF: T y p i c a l x e r i c rock o u t c r o p a t head of Upper
C l i f f Lake cirque. Red fir-mountain hemlock f o r e s t t o
t h e l e f t . M t . Shasta i n d i s t a n c e .
FIGURE 1 8 : Romanzoffia s i t c h e n s i s , a r a r e s p e c i e s of
shaded rock c r e v i c e s , known i n C a l i f o r n i a o n l y from
the Klamath Province.
Cassiope m e r t e n s i a n a
S i b b a l d i a procumbens
Nemophila p a r v i f l o r a v a r . a u s t i n a e
Sorbus s c o p u l i n a
Epilobium a n g u s t i f o l i u m
sitchensis
Bovkinia maior
Rhamnus p u r s h i a n a
-
Saxifraga ferruginea
Acer glabrum v a r
S. bryophora
Arnica d i v e r s i f o l i a
Heuchera p r i n g l e i
Antennaria a l p i n a v a r . media
Ribes nevadense
Disporum h o o k e r i
d
. torreyi
Spiraea densiflora
Carex s p e c t a b i l i s
Luetkea p e c t i n a t a .
BOUNDARIES
I n g e n e r a l , t h e o r i g i n a l boundaries d e l i m i t e d i n t h e Oat. 1 9 8 0
RNA p r o p o s a l a r e a c c e p t a b l e .
The t o p o g r a p h i c b o r d e r s on t h e n o r t h -
west, t h e s o u t h , and t h e e a s t a r e i n keeping w i t h t h e maintenance
of t h e n a t u r a l i n t e g r i t y of t h e b a s i n .
The owners of t h e c a . 1 2 0
a c r e s of p r i v a t e l a n d w i t h i n t h e b a s i n have a s t r o n g d e s i r e t o
m a i n t a i n t h e i r land, i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e area a d j a c e n t t o t h e proposed
RNA, i n a n a t u r a l s t a t e (Ron Kelly p e r s . com.).
b u f f e r a r e a would seem n e c e s s a r y .
Consequently, no
The a r t i f i c i a l n o r t h e a s t e r n bound-
a r y a c r o s s t h e basin f l o o r c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e edge of t h e proposed
D e v i l ' s Zoo timber s a l e , and r e p r e s e n t s t h e o n l y m o d i f i c a t i o n from
t h e o r i g i n a l proposal.
O r i g i n a l l y , a more a r c u a t e n o r t h e a s t boundary
w a s drawn ( b e f o r e the e x t e n t of t h e timber s a l e was d e t e r m i n e d ) .
The
p r e s e n t s t r a i g h t - l i n e boundary was dr.awn w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n of i n c l u d i n g a s mich a s p o s s i b l e of t h e bottomland POC f o r e s t and a d j a c e n t
mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t n e a r t h e edge of t h e timber s a l e .
IMPACTS
The major p o t e n t i a l and r e a l impacts on t h e Cedar Basin c a n d i d a t e RNA i n c l u d e camping, logging, and woodcutting p r e s s u r e , continued
v e h i c l e u s e of road 39NO5Y, and t h e t h r e a t of c e d a r r o o t r o t i n f e s t i n g t h e l o c a l POC groves.
The e x i s t i n g road i n t o t h e b a s i n has been i n e x i s t e n c e f o r
many y e a r s (perhaps 5 0 o r more).
A s evidenced by i t s poor c o n d i t i o n
i t i s n o t much used e x c e p t by high-clearance four-wheel d r i v e - t y p e
vehicles.
The impact of v i s i t o r s a t Cedar Lake, t h e most a c c e s s i b l e
a t t r a c t i o n i n t h e b a s i n , h a s been s u r p r i s i n g l y l i g h t o v e r t h e y e a r s .
Although f o u r l o n g - e s t a b l i s h e d c a m p s i t e s e x i s t a t t h e l a k e , a l l a r e
on t h e e a s t e r n s i d e away from t h e immediate s h o r e w i t h i t s s e n s i t i v e
boggy hummocks and meadow f r i n g e .
The western edges of t h e l a k e ,
which house t h e most e x t e n s i v e and d i v e r s e bog and meadow v e g e t a t i o n ,
are v e r y l i g h t l y e f f e c t e d , w i t h o u t even a noticreable f o o t p a t h .
This l i g h t u s e i s probably a r e s u l t of t h e shallowness of t h e l a k e ,
making it u n l i k e l y t o s u p p o r t a l a r g e and a t t r a c t i v e ( t o fishermen)
t r o u t population.
S i m i l a r l y , t h e s i n g l e l a r g e c a m p s i t e a t Lower
C l i f f Lake i s away f r o m t h e s h o r e on t h e n o r t h s i d e .
L i g h t l y used
p a t h s l e a d a l o n g t h e western and e a s t e r n edge of Lower C l i f f Lake,
b u t t h e dense f r i n g i n g s t a n d s of cedar and t h e s a t u r a t e d boggy a r e a s
on t h e e a s t e r n and s o u t h e r n s i d e s have n o t been n o t i u e a b l y d i s turbed.
The l o n g - e s t a b l i s h e d campsite a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n s i d e o f
C l i f f Lake i s a t t h e edge of t h e r a t h e r u n s e n s i t i v e mountain chaparr a l formation.
The fring&..;of POC has n o t been s t r o n g l y e f f e c t e d , and
because no bog o r meadow v e g e t a t i o n surrounds t h e lake,impacts on
e x i s t i n g l a k e s h o r e v e g e t a t i o n a r e minimal.
i n 1 9 8 2 were r e l a t i v e l y free of l i t t e r .
. A l l campsites v i s i t e d
No w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d campsites
e x i s t a t any o t h e r p a r t s of t h e b a s i n .
The p a s t e f f e c t s of l o g g i n g and woodcutting a r e most n o t i c e a b l e
a l o n g t h e road t o Cedar Lake.
S e l e c t i v e l o g g i n g o c c u r r e d many y e a r s
ago i n t h e s e r p e n t i n i t e MCF n o r t h w e s t of Cedar Lake and on o t h e r
p a r t s of t h e lower b a s i n .
s c a t t e r e d (3-5/0. l h a )
.
Stumps a t l e a s t 50 y e a r s o l d a r e widely
Skid t r a i l s and o t h e r r e s i d u a l e f f e c t s
a r e not generally noticeable.
One l o g g i n g s p u r i s s t i l l a p p a r e n t
a n the northwest s i d e o f Cedar Lake, though
overgrown w i t h s a p l i n g s .
Woodcutting u s e h a s i n c r e a s e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s i n t h e lower p a r t s
of t h e b a s i n .
Downed and dead s t a n d i n g t r e e s of POC and o t h e r s p e c i e s
have been takeri, p a r t i c u l a r l y a l o n g t h e road t o Cedar Lake and around
the lake, i t s e l f .
Apparently, some l i v e t r e e s have been cut a s w e l l .
A t p r e s e n t , t h e lower b a s i n h a s been posted a s a no woodcutting a r e a .
However, chainsaws were heard on F o r e s t S e r v i c e l a n d w i t h i n t h e b a s i n
i n mid-September.
The timber v a l u e o f t h e a c c e s s i b l e f o r e s t e d p a r t s o f t h e b a s i n
i s r e l a t i v e l y low, e x c e p t f o r t h e POC s t a n d s .
The open, somewhat
s t u n t e d n a t u r e of both t h e mixed c o n i f e r and r e d fir-mountain hemlock
f o r e s t s suggests again t h a t t h e i r value i s higher f o r research than
f o r marketable saw l o g s .
Although t h e poor c o n d i t i o n of t h e road i n s u r e s , t o some d e g r e e
i t s l i g h t u s e , t h e r e i s some evidence of more r e c e n t i n c r e a s e d
impact.
A few a r e a s show t h e e f f e c t s of d e t o u r i n g
w i t h subsequent
e r o s i o n and d e s t r u c t i o n of s o i l and surrounding v e g e t a t i o n .
p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p a r e n t about
+ mile
This i s
n o r t h e a s t of Cedar Lake.
Without q u e s t i o n t h e most t h r e a t e n i n g
b a s i n i s t h e p o t e n t i a l s p r e a d of c e d a r r o o t r o t .
impact on t h e
Needless t o s a y ,
t h e value of t h e b a s i n a s an RNA would be s e r i o u s l y diminished i f
t h e l o c a l c e d a r s were i n f e c t e d w i t h t h i s d i s e a s e .
RECOMMENDATIONS
I n my o p i n i o n , t h e most parsimonious way t o d e a l w i t h a l l
of t h e above impacts i s t o g a t e t h e Cedar Basin road n e a r t o where
it branches from road 40N37.
Access by motor v e h i c l e s could t h u s be
r e s t r i c t e d , b u t n o t precluded.
T h i s i s n e c e s s a r y because t h e Kellys
and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e Dobsons r e q u i r e road a c c e s s t o t h e i r p r i v a t e
c a b i n s a t C l i f f Lake.
Also v e h i c l e a c c e s s could be g i v e n t o r e s e a r c h -
e r s o r o t h e r p a r t i e s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e n a t u r a l f e a t u r e s of t h e proposed
RNA
.
Management problems w i t h g a t e s i n c l u d e vandalism and t h e l o g i s -
t i c s of d i s t r i b u t i n g keys o r combinations t o t h e p r o p e r p e r s o n n e l .
A g a t e might most p r u d e n t l y be p l a c e d a t a s p o t where c r o s s - c o u n t r y
a c c e s s around t h e g a t e i s d i f f i c u l t .
Perhaps t h e most l i k e l y s i t e
i s a l o n g t h e Cedar asi in r o a d a b o u t 200 y a r d s from t h e main road
where downhill s l o p e s on t h e moraine a r e s t e e p e r , and a cut-bank
b o r d e r s t h e i n s i d e of t h e road.
The i n i t i a l expense and maintenance
of t h e g a t e r e q u i r e s c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
Being an owner of p r i v a t e l a n d i n t h e mountains, I am w e l l
aware of t h e forms of vandalism and d e s t r u c t i o n t a k e n upon s i m i l a r
locked g a t e s .
Everything i s used; from ramming w i t h t r u c k s , t o b o l t
c u t t e r s , p o r t a b l e c u t t i n g t o r c h e s , and dynamite.
Thus, p r e c a u t i o n s
such a s concealed, guarded padlocks, heavy gage s t e e l p o s t s and b a r s ,
and a s u b s t a n t i a l c o n c r e t e foundation f o r t h e posts should be t a k e n
when p u t t i n g up t h e g a t e .
Keys o r combinations could be d i s t r i b u t e d
t o t h e p r i v a t e l a n d owners and could be h e l d a t t h e M t .
Shasta Ranger
S t a t i o n f o r o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s arranging.' i n advance to w e . t h e
area.
Perhaps maintenance c o s t s could be d e f r a y e d by a s m a l l e n t r a n c e
f e e ( s i m i l a r t o a campground f e e ) charged t o a l l u s e c s .
LITERATURE CITED
Alt,
D.
and D.
Hyndman. 1975.
Roadside Geology of Northern C a l i f o r n i a .
Mountain P r e s s .
Alt,
D.
and D . Hyndrnan. 1978.
Roadside Geology of Oregon.
Mountain
Press.
1978. The C u l t i v a t e d C o n i f e r s i n North America.
B a i l e y , L.H.
Allen-
h e l d Osmun/Universe Books.
Davis, G.A.
1966. Metamorphic and g r a n i t i c h i s t o r y of t h e Klamath
mountains. I n E . B a i l e y {ed. ) Geology o f Northern C a l i f o r n i - a ,
C a l i f . D i v i s i o n of Mines B u l l . 190.
D i l l e r , J.S.
U.S.
1 9 0 2 . Topographic development o f t h e Klamath Mountains.
Geol. Survey B u l l . 196.
Edwards, S . ,
Keeler-Wolf,
T.
W.
Knight. 1983. A r c t o s t a p h y l o s klarnath-
e n s i s , a new s p e c i e s of manzanita from S i s k i y o u County, C a l i f ornia.
The Four Seasons 4 ( 6 ) :
Franklin, J.F.
and C.T.
and Washington.
Griffin, J.R.
and W.B.
Dyrness. 1973. Natural v e g e t a t i o n o f Oregon
U.S.
C r i t c h f i e l d . 1 9 7 2 . The d i s t r i b u t i o n of f o r e s t
trees i n California.
I n g l e s , L. 1965.
F o r e s t S e r v i c e Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8.
U.S.
For. Serv. Res. Pap. PSW-82.
Mammals of t h e P a c i f i c S t a t e s . S t a n f o r d .
I r w i n , W.P. 1966. Geology of t h e Klamath Mountains Province. In
E.
B a i l e y ( e d . ) Geology of Northern C a l i f o r n i a .
C a l i f . Div.
Mines B u l l . 1 9 0 .
Kahrl, W.
(ed.) 1 9 7 9 .
Keeler-Wolf,
T.
and V.
t h e proposed M t .
The C a l i f o r n i a Water A t l a s . S t a t e of C a l i f o r n i a .
Keeler-Wolf
. 1981.
~n e c o l o g i c a l survey of
P l e a s a n t Research N a t u r a l Area, Plumas N a t i o n a l
Forest, California.
Klie junas, 5. and D. Adams
Unpublished r e p o r t on f i l e a t PSW, Berkeley.
.
1980. A n eva1uat:ion of Phytopthora
r o o t r o t of P o r t Orford c e d a r i n C a l i f o r n i a .
p e s t management r e p o r t 80-1.
U.S.
For. Serv.
Munz, P. A.
1 9 5 9 . A C a l i f o r n i a F l o r a . U.
Powell, R.
1974.
of California.
Raven, P. H.
C.
Press.
Inventory of r a r e and endangered v a s c u l a r p l a n t s
S p e c i a l P u b l i c a t i o n 1, C a l i f . Native P l a n t Soc.
and D. A. A l e l r o d . 1978. O r i g i n and r e l a t i o n s h i p s of
the California Flora.
U.
C.
Pub. Bot. 72.
T a l l e y , S. 1977. An e c o l o g i c a l survey of t h e Onion Creek c a n d i d a t e
r e s e a r c h n a t u r a l area on t h e Tahoe N a t i o n a l F o r e s t .
Unpublished
r e p o r t on f i l e a t PSW Berkeley.
Zobel, D . B,.. and G. M.
Hawk. 1980. The environment of Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana. Am. Midl. Nat.103:280-297.
APPENDIX 1
VASCULAR PLANT LIST
This list includes all species identified during my visits
in August and September.
Several additional species noted by
other observers are also listed.
Nomenc%ature for the most part
is from Munz 1968. A California Flora and Supplement.
The following smbols refer to habitat types:
l=lake
b&m=bog and meadow
POC=Port Or ford cedar forest
MCF=mixed conifer forest
sf-mh=red fir-mountain hemlock forest
mcmountain chaparral
ro=sock outcrop (xeric)
s&s=spring and seep (mesic rock outcrop)
The symbol "KO" refers to plants known in California only from
the Klamath Province.
FERNS AND ALLIES:
Botrychium multifidurn ssp. silaifolium POC
B. simplex b&m
Pteridium aqualinum var. pubescens POC, MCF
Cheilanthes gracillima mc, ro
Cryptogramma acrostichoides s&s, ro
Onychium densum ro
Adiantum pedatum var. aleuticum s&s
Polystichum lonchitis s&s, ro
P. lemmonii s & s , rot KO
Cystopteris fragilis s&s
AtQyrium filix-femina POC
A. alpestre s&s
CONIFERS
Abies concolor MCF, rf-mh
A. rnagnifica var. shastensis rf-mh, MCF
A. nobilis MCF, rf-rnh (individuals with sometbut not all of the species
characters)
Abies l a s i o c a r p a ( r e p o r t e d by Keator) ? KO
Pinus l a m b e r t i a n a MCF
P. monticola MCF, rf-mh
P. c o n t o r t a v a r . murrayana POC. MCF, rf-mh
P. ponderosa MCF
P. j e f f r e y i MCF
Picea breweriana ( r e p o r t e d b$. Mary T a y l o r ) ? KO
Tsuga m e r t e n s i a n a POC, MCF, r.f-mh
Pseudotsuga menkigrsii,,MCF
Calocedrus d e c u r r e n s MCF
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana POC KO
FLOWERING PLANTS
Ranunculaceae
C a l t h a h o w e l l i i POC, b&m
Actaea r u b r a s s p . a r g u t a s L s
Delphinium depauperatum s & s
Anemone q u i n q u e f o l i a v a r . minor POC, MCF, rf-mh
Aquilegia formosa s&s
Berberidaceae
B e r b e r i s nervosa MCF
Nymphaceae
Nuphar polysepalum 1
Malkaceae
S i d a l c e a oregana s s p . s p i c a t a b&m
Sasraceniaceae
D a r l i n g t o n i a c a l i f o r n i c a b&m, POC
Droseraceae
Drosera r o t u n d i f o l i a b&m
Linaceae
Linum perenne s s p . l e w i s i i
MCF
Violaceae
POC
Viola g l a b e l l a
V. purpurea
MCF
V. cuneata (Keator) MCF
V. macloskeyi b&nI
V. adunca b&m
Bypericaceae
Hypericum a n a g a l l o i d e s b & m
Cruciferae
S t r e p t a n t h u s t o r t u o s u s mc
~ h a l a s p iglaucum ( K e a t o r ) MCF
Arabis r e c k i s s i m a m c
A. platysperma mc, r o
A. h o l b o e l l i i v a r . r e t r o f r a c t a MCF, m c
Caryophyllaceae
S t e l l a r i a sp. ? MCF
Arenaria nuttallii ssp. gregaria mc, ro
A. congesta mc, MCF, ro
Silene lemmonii MCF
Portulacaceae
Lewisia leana ro, mc, KO
Calyptridium umbellatum mc
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum umbellatum var. umbellatum
Rumex angiocarpus b&m
Polygonum bistortoides b&m
P. douglasii MCF
P. spergulariaeforma MCF
P. davisiae s&s, ro
ro, mc
Primulaceae
Dodecatheon alpinum ssp. majus b&m
Ericaceae
Ledum glandulosum var. californicum b&m, POC
Rhododendron occidentale POC, MCF
Kalmia polifolia var. microphylla b&m
Phyllodoce empetriformis s&s, ro, KO
Cassiope mertensiana s&s, ro
Leucothoe davisiae POC, b&m, rf-mh
Gaultheria humifusa b&m
Arctostaphylos nevadensis MCF, rf-mh, mc,.
A. patula mc, MCF, rf-mh
A.
mc, rf-mh
Vaccinium occidentale b&m
V, arbuscula POC, MCF, rf-mh
V. scopariurn rf-mh KO
Pyrolaceae
Pyrola picta MCF, rf-mh
Pyrola picta ssp. integra MCF, rf-mh
P. secunda POC, rf-mh
Chimaphila umbellata MCF, rf-mh
Pterospora andromedea MCF, rf-mh
Gentianaceae
Gentiana newberryi b&m
G. amarella b&m
Menyanthes trifoliata 1
Frasera albicaulis MCF
Apocynaceae
Apocynum pumilum MCF, mc
Convulvulaceae
Convulvulus malacophyllus MCF
Polemoniaceae
Polemonium californicum rf-mh
Phlox diffusa mc
Microsteris gracilis MCF
Ipomopsis aggregata MCF
Linanthus ciliatus MCF
Hydrophyllaceae
Nemophylla parwiflora var. austinae s&s
Phacelia sp. (Keator) ?
Nama lobbii mc, ro
Romanzoffia sitchensis s&s KO
Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum occidentale MCF
Scrophulariaceae
Mimulus primuloides ssp. linearifolius b&m
M. layneae mc
M. guttatus b&h, s&s
Penstemon deustus mc, ro
P. azureus mc, MCF
P. parvulus mc
P. laetus (Keator) ?
P. newberryi ssp. berryi mc
P. sp. nov.. a.0 KO
Collinsia torreyi MCF, rf-mh
Pedicularis semibarbata MCF, EOC
P. attolens b&m
P. racemosa MCF
Castilleja arachnoidea mc KO
C. miniata s&s
KO
Labiatae
Scutellaria antirrhinoides MCF
Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata POC b&m
Monardella odoratissima ssp. pallida MCF
Cxassulaceae
Sedum obtusatum ssp. boreale
ro, mc,
KO
Saxifragaceae
Parnassia palustris var. californica b&m
Boykinia major s&s, POC
Saxifraga bryophora s & s
S. ferruginea s&s
Mitella pentandra POC
Heuchera merriami (Keator) ?
Heuchera pringlei s&s, ro KO
Ribes divaricatum var. klarnathense POC KO
Ribes nevadense s&s
Ribes roezlii MCF
Rosaceae
Physocarpus capitatus POC
Spiraea douglasii b&m, POC
S. densiflora s & s
Luetkea pectinata s&s KO
Holodiscus boursieri mc
Ivesia sp. (Keator) ?
Eotentilla glandulosa ssp. nevadensis MCF, b&m
P. gracilis ssp. nuttallii b&m
Fragafia platypetala POC
Sibbaldia procumbens s&s
Rubus leucodermis rf-mh
R. parviflorus POC
Rosa pisocarpa var. rivalis POC, MCF, b&m
Prunus emarginata rnc
Sorbus scopulina s & s
Amelanchier pallida MCF, rf-mh, POC, mc
Leguminosae
Lupinus albicaulis MCF
L. adsurgens ? MCF
L. croceus MCF KO
Trifolium longipes b & m , s&s
T. sp. ? b&m
Lotus crassifolius MCF
L. pinnatus b&m
L. oblangifolius b & m
Betulaceae
Alnus tenuifolia b&m, POC
Fagaceae
Chrysolepis sempervirens MCF, mc
Quercus vaccinifolia MCE, rf-mh, mc
Salicaceae
Salix scouleriana
POC, MCF
Onagraceae
Epilobium angustifolium s & s
E. lactiflorum s&s, b&m
Gayophytum nuttallii MCF
G. humile MCF
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus purshiana s&s
R. californica ssp. occidentalis MCF
Ceanothus velutinus mc
Ceanothus prostratus mc, MCF, rf -mh
Loranthaceae
Arceuthobiwn campylopodum MCF
Aceraceae
Acer glabrum var. torreyi s&s
Umbelliferae
Sanicula nevadensis MCF
Perideridia oregana b&m, s&s
Ligusticum californicum s&s, POC
Lomatium macrocarpum mc
Angelica californica MCF
Cornaceae
Cornus stolonifera POC
Rubiaceae
Galium boreale MCF
KO
Kellogia galioides MCF, mc, rf-rnh
Caprifoliaceae
Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora POC
Symphoricarpos acutus POC, MCF
~oniceraconjugialis POC
Compositae
Madia minima MCF
Helenium hoopesii bsm
Eriophyllum lanatum var. lanceolatih MCF
Haplopappus greenei mc, ro
Solidago californica MCF
Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. albicaulis MCF, mc
Aster brickellioides var. glabratus MCF, ro, rf-mh, mc,
A. occidentalis b&m
A. alpigenus ssp. andersonii b&m
Erigeron inornatus MCF, rf-mh
Achillea lanulosa MCF, b&m
Arnica discoidea var. elata MCF
A. diversifolia s & s
Senecio triangularis POC, b$m, s&s
S. aronicoides MCF
Antennaria alpina var. media s & s , ro
A. rosea mc, ro
Eupatorium occidentale MCF
Cirsium andersonii MCF
Microseris nutans b&m
Agoseris sp. MCF
Stephanomeria lactucina mc, ro
Hieracium albiflorum MCF rf-mh
H. cynoglossoides MCF, rf-mh
H. bolanderi
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton natans 1
Liliaceae
Xerophyllum tenax MCF
Narthecium californicum b&m
Tofieldia glutinosa ssp. occidentalis b&m
Schoenolirion album b & m , POC
Disporum hookeri s&s
Zigadenus veneosus s&s, b&m
Veratrum californicum POC, s & s , b&m
Lilium washingtonianum var purpurescens MCF
L. kelleyanum POC, s & s
.
Sparganiaceae
Sparganium angustifolium 1
Amaryllidaceae
Allium validum POC
Tritelia hyacinthina b&m
Iridaceae
Iris purdyi MCF
Sisyrinchiurn idahoense b&m
KO
KO
Sisyrinchium elmeri
b&m
Orchidaaeae
Habenaria unalascensis MCF
H. dilatata var. leucostachys b&m
H. sparsiflora s&s, POC
Listera convallarioides POC
Goodyera oblangifolia POC, MCF, rf-mh
Corallorhiza maculata rf-mh
Juncaceae
Juncus parryi mc, ro, MCF
3. nevadensis b&m
J. balticus b&m
J. orthophyllus b&m
Luzula divaricata rf-mh, mc
Cyperaceae
Scirpus microcarpus b&m
S. validus 1
Heleocharis montividensis var. parishii 1, b&m
Dulichium arundinaceum 1
Caxex rostrata 1, b&m
C. hoodi b&m, s&s
C. cjigas s & s
C. spectabilis s&s
C. integra b&m
C. raynoldsii b&m
C. buxbaumii b&m, s&s
C. ormantha b&m
C. laeviculmis b&m, s&s
C. aquatalis b&rn
C. leporinella b&m
Grarninae
Sitanion hystrix ro
Deschampsia caespitosa b&m
Poa canbyi ro
Stipa columbiana ro
Muhlenbergia filiforrnis ro, s&s
Calamagrostis koelerioides ro, mc
C. breweri b&m
C. canadensis b&m, POC
Danthonia intermedia MCF, ro
Agrostis exarata b&m, MCF
A. idahoensis b&m
Glyceria striata b&m
G. elata b&m, POC
Elymus glaucus MCF
APPENDIX 2
WRT'EBRATES KNOWN OR SUSPECTED FROM CEDAR BASIN
FISH
Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontina1is);in CliZE, Lower Cliff,
Upper Cliff, and Terrace lakes
Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus); known from
headwaters of Sacramento River
Rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa); seen in most lakes
Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzi oregonensis); possibly occurs
Black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus) ; possibly occurs
Western toad (Bufo
- - boreas); seen around Cedar Lake
Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) common around lakes
&
streams
Red-legged frog (Rana aurora); seen in Cedar, Lower Cliff lakess.::
Sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus); seen in mtn. chaparral
Western skink (Eumeces skiltonianus); possibly occurs
No~thernalligator lizard (Gerrhonotus coeruleus shastensis);
possibly occurs
Rubber boa (Charina bottae) ; possibly occurs
Ringneck snake (Diadolphus punctatus); possibly occurs
Sharp4.tailed snake (Contia tenuis) ; possibly occurs
Common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi); possibly occurs
Mountain garter snake [Thamnophis e1egans);possibly occurs
Oregon garter snake (Thamnophis couchi hydrophila); possible
Racer (Coluber constrictor); possibly occurs
Gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus); possibly occurs
C a l i f o r n i a mountain k i n g s n a k e ( L a m p r o p e l t i s z o n a t a ) ; p o s s i b l e
Western r a t t l e s n a k e ( C r o t a l u s v i r i d u s o r e g a n u s ) ; p o s s i b l e
BIRDS
T h i s list i n c l u d e s o n l y t h o s e s p e c i e s o b s e r v e d o r h e a r d i n t h e
s t u d y area d u r i n g my v i s i t s i n mid-August and mid-September 1982.
Great b l u e h e r o n ; s e e n and heard a t Cedar and C l i f f l a k e s Aug.&Sept.
Pintail;
a f l o c k o f n i n e w a s s e e n on S e p t . 16 a t Cedar Lake.
Goshawk;
one s e e n NW o f Cedar Lake S e p t 1 5
Sharp-shinned hawk; o n e s e e n b e i n g mobbed by S t e l l a r ' s j a y s
a t Cedar Lake Aug. 1 5
Cooperms hawk; a n immature s e e n i n s e v e r a l p a r t s o f t h e b a s i n , S e p t .
R e d - t a i l e d hawk; s e e n b o t h v i s i t s
Mountain q u a i l ; s e e n i n mtn. c h a p a r r a l i n Aug.
S p o t t e d s a n d p i p e r ; T e r r a c e Lake, Aug.
h e a r d from mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t NW o f Cedar Lake
Spotted o w l ;
on e v e n i n g of S e p t . 17
Rufous hummingbird
i n Aug.
( ? ) p r o b a b l y t h i s s p e c i e s s e e n n e a r Cedar Lake
B e l t e d K i n g f i s h e ~ ; commonly s e e n a t a l l , but Upper C l i f f l a k e , S e p t .
Red-shafted
(Common) f l i c k e r ; s e e n b o t h v i s i t s
P i l e a t e d woodpecker;
basin
Red-breasted
h e a r d o n S e p t . 1 6 , b 0 r i n g . s common i n lower
sapsucker;
Hairy woodpecker;
s e e n W o f C l i f f Lake Aug 1 5
seen i n lower b a s i n i n Sept.
White-headed woodpecker; s e e n Aug. and S e p t .
Hammonds ( ? ) f l y c a t c h e r ;
seen i n lower b a s i n i n S e p t .
Dusky f l y c a t c h e r ; s e e n commonly i n August
Western wood pewee;
Olive-sided
Violet-green
s e e n i n August
f l y c a t c h e r ; s e e n and h e a r d i n Aug.
s w a l l o w ; s e e n f l y i n g o v e r r i d g e s i n Aug.
S t e l l a r : ' : ~jay; common b o t h - v i s i t s
Common raven; seen o v e r r i d g e s i n Aug.
C l a r k ' s n u t c r a c k e r ; upper e l e v a t i o n s b o t h v i s i t s
Mountain chickadee; common both v i s i t s
Red-breasted n u t h a t c h ; common both v i s i t s
Brown c r e e p e r ; s e e n both v i s i t s
Dipper; Sacramento River n e a r NE boundary Aug.
House wren;
Rock wren;
Mtn. c h a p a r r a l Aug.
above Upper C l i f f Lake Aug.
American r o b i n ;
H e r m i t thrush;
seen b o t h v i s i t s
migrants seen i n Sept.,
Mountain b l u e b i r d ;
probably b r e e d s h e r e , t o o
summit of h i g h e s t peak Aug.
towns end':^ s o l i t a r e ; f a i r l y common, upper e l e v a t i o n s both visitms
Golden-crowned k i n g l e t ; lower b a s i n Aig. and Sept.
Ruby-crowned k i n g l e t ;
seen Sept
S o l i t a r y v i r e o ; heard Aug
. and
.
Sept
.
Warbling v i r e o ; heard Aug.
Orange-crowned w a r b l e r ;
s e e n Aug. and S e p t .
N a s h v i l l e w a r b l e r ; s e e n n e a r Cedar Lake Aug.
Yellow-rumped
(Audubon ' s ) w a r b l e r ;
Aug. and S e p t
.
H e r m i t w a r b l e r ; s e e n Aug.
M a c G i l l i v r a y ' s w a r b l e r ; seen i n intn. c h a p a r r a l Aug.
Wilson's w a r b l e r ; near Cedar Lake Aug.
Brown-headed cowbird; s e e n n e a r Cedar Lake Aug.
Western t a n a g e r ; s e e n i n A u g .
Black-headed grosbeak;
s e e n i n Aug.
Evening grosbeak; f l o c k seen i n S e p t . n e a r T e r r a c e Lake
Cassin's finch; seen both v i s i t s
Pine s i s k i n ;
seen b o t h v i s i t s
Red c r o s s b i l l ; h e a r d i n S e p t .
G r e e n - t a i l e d towhee; mtn. c h a p a r r a l b o t h v i s i t s
Savannah sparrow; seen n e a r Lower C l i f f Lake Sept.
Dark-eyed
(Oregon) junco; common b o t h v i s i t s
Chipping sparrow; s e e n i n ~ u g .
White-crowned sparrow; m i g r a n t s s e e n i n S e p t .
Fox sparrow; s e e n b o t h v i s i t s
MAMMALS
Dusky shrew (Sorex obscurus) ; p o s s i b l e
Vagrant shrew (S.
- vagrans); possible
-
Water Shrew (S. p a l u s t r i s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Trowbridge shrew (S. t r o w b r i d g e i ) ; p o s s i b l e
Broad-handed mole (Scapanus l a t i m a n u s ) ; p o s s i b l e
L i t t l e brown myotis (Myotis
Fringed rnyotis (M.
lucifugus) ; possible
thysanoides) ; possible
C a l i f o r n i a myotis (M.
- californicus); possible
Long-e.ared myotis (M. e v o t i s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Silvery b a t (Lasionycteris noctivagus) ; possible
Hoary b a t ( L a s i u r u s c i n e r e u s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Big brown b a t ( E p t e s c i u s f u s c u s ) ; p o s s i b l e
B l a c k - t a i l e d h a r e {Lepus c a l i f o r n i c u s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Snowshoe h a r e (L.
- americanus); possible
Mountain beaver (Aplodontia r u f a ) . ; p o s s i b l e
Beechey ground s q u i r r e l (Otospermophilus b e e c h e y i ) p o s s i b l e
Golden-mantled ground s q u i r r e l (Callospermophilus l a t e r a l i s ) ; common
Yellow p i n e chipmunk (Eutamias amoenus) ; p o s s i b l e
- townsendii) ; common
Townsend's chipmunk (E.
Douglas S q u i r r e l (Chickeree) (Tamiasciurus daucJlasii) ; very common
Northern f l y i n g s q u i r r e l (Glaucomys s a b r i n u s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Mazama pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama) ;
common
Deer mouse (Peromyscus m a n i c u l a t u s ) ; t h e most common mammal
of t h e b a s i n . l i v e - t r a p p i n g on S e p t 17 &18 y i e l d e d 7 7 % c a p t u r e
r a t e f o r t h i s species.
Bushy-tailed wood r a t (Neotoma c i n e r e a ) ;
possible
Western red-backed mouse ( CSethrionomys o c c i d e n t a l i s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Long-tailed meadow mouse (Microtus l o n g i c a u d u s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Oregon meadow mouse (M.
- oregoni ) ; possible
Montane meadow mouse (M. montanus) ; p o s s i b l e
Western jumping mouse (Zapus p r i n c e p s ) ; p o s s i b l e
Porcupine ( E r e t h izon docsaturn) ; p o s s i b l e
Red f o x (Vulpes f u l v a ) ; p o s s i b l e
Coyote (Canis l a t r a n s ) ; chorusas h e a r d b o t h v i s i t s
Black bear (Ursus americanus) ; f r e s h s c a t s and tracks s e e n both v i s i t :
Raccoon (Procyon l o t o r ) ;
possible
Marten (Martes a m e r i c a n a ) ; t r a c k s i d e n t i f i e d i n 1980
F i s h e r (M. p e n n a n t i ) ; t r a c k s i d e n t i f i e d i n 1980
~ o n g - t a i l e dweasel (Mustella £renatal); p o s s i b l e
Wolverine (Gulo l u s c u s ) ; t r a c k s i d e n t i f i e d i n 1980
Mountain l i o n ( F e l i s c o n c o l o r ) ; t r a c k s s e e n i n Aug. near Cedar L.
Bobcat (Lynx rufus),.; t r a c k s i d e n t i f i e d i n 1980
Mule d e e r (Odocoileus hemianus); f a i r l y common, s e e n both v i s i t s
APPENDIX 3
GET AT ION
PLOT DESCRIPTIONS*
PLOT 1: Dense, c l o s e d POC g r o v e o n W. s i d e of Cedar L.
Slopes
g r a d u a l , 2-5O t o t h e NE. Typical bottomlarid, d a r k o r g a n i c
s o i l , spmse u n d e r s t o r y .
20
1
totals
1
1
1
33
2
1 = 39 g r a n d t o t a l
h e r b s and shrubs p r e s e n t : Athyrium f i l i x - f e m i n a , Anenome q u i n q u e f o l i a
var. minor, Goodyera o b l o n g i f o l i a , P y r o l a s e c u n d a , ~ r n a l a n c h i e rp a l l i d a .
*NOTE:
p l o t s 1 t h r o u g h 5 are 10xlOm, p l o t s 6 t h r o u g h 15 a r e 5Ox20m.
PLOT 2: Dense, closed POC forest W side of Cedar L. gore open on
S. side of plot adjacent to stream. Slopes 2-5 , mesic herbae
ceous understory in sunny opening.
DBH (inches)
POC
.5
5
W.F.
L.P.
WWP
D.F.
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
7
7.5
8.5
9
10
10.5
1
11
12
1
13.5
1
totals
43
4
3
1
1
1
= 52
herbs and shrubs present: Senecio triangularis, Carex sp.! Viola
glabella, Pteridium aqutlinum, Anenlone quinquefolia var. rnlnor,
Boykinia major, Lilium kelleyanum, Listera convallarioides, Pyrola
secunda, Prunella vulgaris, Amalanchier pallida, Alnus tenuifolia,
Rosa pisocarpa.
0
PLOT 3: More open POC bottomland forest. Slopes 0-5 , soil dark
with afew gabbro boulders. Shrubby understory dominated by
Ledum glandulosum. SW side of Cedar Lake.
DBH (inches)
POC
TOTALS
15
W.F.
R.F.
L.P.
4
1
4
shrubs and herbs present:
3
1 = 28
Ledurn glandulosum, Leocothoe davisiae,
yaccinium arbuscula, Linnaea borealis, Gaultheria humifusa,
Amalanchier pallida, Liliurn kelleyanum, Rosa pisocarpa, Pteridium
aquilinum, Goodyera oblongifolia.
PLOT 4 : R i p a r i a n POC f o r e s t l O O m N of o u t l e t t o L o p r C l i f f Lake.
General exposure NE, s t r e a m bank s l o p e s 15-30 ; s o i l i s rocky
w i t h decomposed gabbrb.c:and some b o u l d e r s , free d r a i n i n g .
Rhododendron o c c i d e n t a l e dominant u n d e r s t o r y shrub.
DBH ( i n c h e s )
POC
W.F.
TOTALS
10::
1
h e r b s and shrubs p r e s e n t :
R.F.
L.P.
1
1
WWP
1
Rhododendron o c c i d e n t a l e , Ledum gland-
ulosum, Vaccinium a r b u s c u l a , Leocothoe d a v i s i a e , S c h o e n o l i r i o n album,
Pedicularis
-
s e m i b a r b a t a , Pyrola picta.
Riparian POC f o ~ e s talong seepy area at S end of Terrace
Lake. Slopes 10-15 exposure NNW. Understory shaded, sparse,mostly
; duff overlying rocks and boulders of gabbro.
PLOT 5 :
.
o : .. .
DBH (inches)
POC
2.5
1
4
1
4.5
1
5
1
5.5
2
M.H.
WWP
L.P.
2
1
1
18
24.5
TOTALS
R.F.
1
21
3
4
2
1 = 31
Shrubs and herbs present: Leucothoe davisiae, Goodyera obloncjifolia,
secunda.
Chimaphila umbellata, Pyrola picta, P.
\
PLOT 6 : Open s e r p e n t i n i t e mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t c a . l o o m NW of edge
of S. Fork Sacramento R. near confluence of o u t l e t streams.
SE exposure 0-10° s l o p e s . S e r p e n t i n i t e b o u l d e r s a t upper end
and Gabbro a t lower end of p l o t . Mtp. c h a p a r r a l s h r u b s c o v e r i n g
c a . 30% of p l o t .
DBH ( i n c h e s )
TOTALS
W.F.
D.F.
33
27
S.P.
17
I.C.
L.P.
J.P.
11
5
2
WWP
1 = 9.6
h e r b s and shrubs p r e s e n t : Quercus v a c c i n i f o l i a , Rhamnus c a l i f o r n i c a
s s p . o c c i d e n t a l i s , Amalanchier p a l l i d a , Monardella o d o r a t i s s i m a s s p .
p a l l i d a , Eriophyllum lanatum v a r . lanceolatum, Angelica c a l i f o r n i c a ,
Ceanothus p r o s t r a t u s , P t e r i d i u m aquilinum, ~ h i r n ~ u m b e l l a t u m ,
P y r o l a p i c t a , Arenaria c o n g e s t a , Convulvulus malacophyllus , A c h i l l e a
pumilwn, P e d i c u l a r i s
lanulosa,ola
sp. ~ o t e ~ g l a n d u l o s Apocynum
a ,
semibarbata, H'l'eracium cynoglossoides.
P
PLOT 7: Open s e r p e n t i n i t e mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t n e a r N E c o r n e r of
RNA c a 20m above road.
Slopes 10-20° facing ESE; s o i l t h i n ,
rocky s e r p e n t i n i t e , x e r i c u n d e r s t o r y with Q. v a c c i n i f o l i ~ ,C-prastrat~
predominating some d u f f under l a r g e d o u g l a s f i r s .
DBH ( i n c h e s )
W.F.
35
TOTALS
I.C.
S.P.
19
5
J.P.
6
D.F.
4
= 69
h e r b s and s h r u b s p r e s e n t : S a n i c u l a nevadensis, P y r o l a p i c t a , Kell o g i a q a i l o i d e s , P e d i c u l a r i s s e m i b a r b a t a , Cynoglossum o c c i d e n t a l e ,
Chimaphila u m b e l l a t a , Anemone q u i n q u e f o l i a v a r . minor, tlieracium
c y n o g l o s s o i d e s , A r c t o s t a p h y l o s nevadensis, A. p a t u l a , Quercus
v a c c i n i f o l i a Ceanothus ~ r o s t r a t u s Rhamnus-californica ssp. occident a l i s , ~ ~ m ~ h o r i o c a ar ~
z to us s , ~ i r s i u r na n d e r s o n i i .
.
.
-
PLOT 8 :
Mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t on S e r p e n t i n i G e , c a . 200m NW of
SE f a c i n g s l o p e 25-30
g l a c i a l till, b o u l d e r s
and l a r g e r o c k s , t h i n veneer o f s o i l . l i g h t l o g g i n g ( 3 stumps),
very open f o r e s t w/ few young t r e e s
Understory dominated by Q.
v a c c i n i f o l i a , b u t m o i s t e r a r e a on S W w i t h Rhododendron and ~ o s a .
NW s h o r e of Cedar L.
.
DBH ( i n c h e s )
D.F.
W.F.
S.P.
8.5
I.C.
J.P.
WWP
1
11
11.5
15
16
17
17.5
23
25
26
26.5
27
33
37
37.5
TOTALS
6
3
1
4
2
2 = 18
Herbs and s h r u b s : Juncus p a r r y i , Lotus c r a s s i c a u l i s , Vaccinium arbus c u l a , P t e r i d i u m aquilinum, Lupinus c r o c e u s , Lupinus s p .
-~ o s <pisdcar.pa:l\.:~yrof
h
a : ~ . ~Quercus
ic,
v a c c i n i f o l i a , Arctostaphylos
- , p a t u l a , Ribes r o e z l i i , Ceanothus p r o s t r a t u s , Rhamnus
nevadensis, A
~ a l i f o r n i c a ,Rhododendron o c c i d e n t a l e , Chimaphila umbellata.
S e r p e n t i n i t e mixed c o n i f - e r f o r e s t c a . 300m NW of Ce,dar Lake
Slopes' '.25-30°, ENE exposure, open f o r e s t and u n d e r s t o r y , s u b s t s a t e g l a c i a l t i l l , Q. v a c c i n i f o l i a dominant shrub.
PLOT 9 :
DBH $ i n c h e s )
W.F.
TOTALS
16
S.P.
3
D.F.
WWP
4
2
I.C.
1 = 26
s h r u b s and h e r b s p r e s e n t : Q. v a c c i n i f o l i a , A r c t o s t a p h y l o s nevadensis,
A. p a t u l a , ~ e a n o t h u s p r o s t r ~ t u sRhamnus
,
californica occidentalis,
Fyrola p i c t a , e r o p h y l l u r n
t e n a x , Goodyera oblong-
PLOT $0:
. : S e r p e n t i n i t e mixed c o n i f e r f o r e s t , open forest ca 50m
from the t o p of r i d g e NW of Cedar Lake. Slope 20-30° s u b s t r a t e
s e r p e n t i n i t e g l a c i a l till. Herbs and s h r u b s same as f o r p l o t #9.
DBH (inches)
W.F.
.5
S.P.
J.P.
2
1
3
1.5
2
2
5
2.5
3
3
1
3.5
1
4
2
4.5
1
5
1
1
WWP
D . F.
I.C.
1
1
2
1
1
1
6
7
1
9
1
9.5
1
10
10.5
12
13
15
15.5
2
17
1
17.5
1
18
1
22
1
22.5
1
28
TOTALS
29
1
13
2
6
2
3 = 52
PLOT 11: Lodgepole pine-mountain hemlock-red fir f o r e s t on v a l l e y
bottom c a . 300m S of Terrace Lake. Slopes 15-20° t o NNE on
lower part where mtn. hemlock dominant, l e v e l n e a r upper
p a r t where l o d g e p o l e p i n e dominant. S o i l o r g a n i c A h o r i z o n
w i t h s c a t t e r e d gabbro slabs and b o u l d e r s , POC a l o n g i n t e r m i t t e n t
runoff r i l l .
DBK ( i n c h e s )
M.H.
R.F.
POC.
L.P.
-
WWP
. W.F.
-
-
TOTALS
118
48
26
29
10
8 = 239
h e r b s and shrubs: Leucothoe d a v i s i a e , A r c t o s t a p h y l o s nevadensis,
Vaccinium a r b u s c u l a , ~ p ~ ~ m a l a n c h i e r d ~ i n i f o l i a , Chimaphila
.
- - .
. - umbgllata, Anemone q u i n q u e f o l i a , Pyrola secunda,
A s t e r brickellioides.
.
.
PLOT 12: R e d f i r - l o d g e p o l e pine-western w h i t e p i n e f o r e s t , 400m
S W of T e r r a c e Lake. open f o r e s t with s c a t t e r e d gabbro r o c k s
and boulders.' Slope 5-20° f a c e s ENE. Understory dominated
by Arctos
t a p h y l o s k l a m a t h e n s i s ( t y p e l o c a l i t y of s p e c i e s )
DBH ( i n c h e s )
R.F.
.
L.P.
TOTALS
h e r b s and s h r u b s p r e s e n t :
A . k l a m a t h e n s i s ( 6 3 % c o v e r ) , A. nevadensis
( 6 % c o v e r ) , Quercus v a c c i n i F o l i a ( 9 % cover), A. p a t u l a (3%c o v e r ) ,
Ceanothus
prostratus(3%
A s t e r b r i c k e i l i o i d e s , Arabis p l a t y sperma,
Juncus
p
a
r
r
y
i
,
Luzula
d
i
v
a r i c a t a , Sedum obtusatum s s p b o r e a l e .
--
PLOT 13: R e d f i r - m o u n t a i n hemlock f o r e s t ca0.75krn
S W Terrace
Lake at ca.06800ft.. Closed forest e x c e p t lower end, slopes
s t e e p 30-45 , NE facing. Snow l o d g i n g e v i d e n t on many young
trees ; u n d e r s t o r y m o s t l y d u f f e x c e p t lower p l o t w/ some
open, rocky (gabbro) areas.
DBH ( i n c h e s )
R.F.
124
TOTALS
M.H.
49
WWP
6 = 179
h e r b s a n s s h r u b s present: A r c t o s t a p h y l o s klamathensis, Chimaphila
u
m b e l l a t a , Juncus p a r r y i , Sedum obtusatum ssp. boreale.
T
-
PLOT 14: Red fir-western White pine forest, open . Senescent
, several
large snags, much young fir regeneration, ca. 0.75km S of
Terrace lake. Slopes 15-20° on bench w/ some exposed gabbro
outcrops at top of plot, facing ENE. open understory w/
shrubs at top.
DBH (inahes)
TOTALS
R.F.
M.H.
38
9
9 = 56
Herbs and shrubs: Juncus parryi, Chimaphila umbellata, Pyrola picta,
Arctostaphylos klamathensis, Quercus v a c c i n i f o ~ n
-e v a d e n s i s .