Larry R. Gurchiek
University of South Alabama
Health, Physical Education & Leisure Studies
(251)-461-1615
Email: lgurchie@southalabama.edu
Education
DA, Middle Tennessee State University, 1993.
Major: Physical Education Pedagogy
MS, Indiana State University, 1984.
Major: Physical Education/Athletic Training
MS, Indiana State University, 1981.
Major: Recreation Adult Fitness Programs
Supporting Areas of Emphasis: Physical Education
BS, Indiana State University, 1975.
Major: Therapeutic Recreation
Supporting Areas of Emphasis: Physical Education
Licensures and Certifications
Licensed Athletic Trainer, Alabama Board of Athletic Trainers. (July 20, 1994 - Present).
Certified Athletic Trainer, National Athletic Trainer's Association Board of Certification. (February
24, 1984 - Present).
Professional Memberships
Committee Member, Research and Education Committee, Athletic Trainer's Association of
Florida. (October 1, 2015 - Present).
Alabama Athletic Trainers Association. (September 1, 1993 - Present).
Southeast Athletic Trainer's Association. (July 1984 - Present).
American College of Sports Medicine. (September 1, 1982 - Present).
National Athletic Trainer's Association. (January 1982 - Present).
American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. (January 1, 1993 December 31, 2013).
American Association for Health Education. (January 1, 1993 - December 31, 2013).
National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (January 1, 1993 - December 31, 2013).
Development Activities Attended
Conference Attendance, "NATA Annual Symposium," Saint Louis, MO. (June 23, 2015 - June 26,
2015).
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Conference Attendance, "SEATA Symposium," Southeast Athletic Trainer's Association, Atlanta,
GA. (March 13, 2015 - March 15, 2015).
Conference Attendance, "NATA Annual Symposium," National Athletic Trainers Associateion.
(June 2014).
Conference Attendance, "SEATA," Southeast Athletic Trainer's Association, Atlanta, GA. (March
14, 2014 - March 16, 2014).
NCATE Recency, "Visit with Duston Higgins," Bryant HS MCPS, Mobile, AL. (January 16, 2014).
NCATE Recency, "Visit with Mike Ford," Theodore HS MCPS, Mobile, AL. (January 16, 2014).
NCATE Recency, "Visit Coach Delvin Powell," Davidson HS MCPS, Mobile, AL. (August 28,
2013).
NCATE Recency, "Visit with Marcus Johnson," MGM HS MCPS, Mobile, AL. (August 28, 2013).
Conference Attendance, "NATA Symopsium," National Athletic Trainer's Association, Las Vegas,
NV. (June 24, 2013 - June 27, 2013).
NCATE Recency, "Shadow Health and Athletic Training Teachers," MCPS Baker High School,
Mobile, AL. (April 11, 2013).
NCATE Recency, "Program Meeting with Coach Delvin Powell," MCPS Davidson High School,
Mobile. (February 5, 2013).
NCATE Recency, "High School Health Teacher Consultation," Saraland High School, Saraland,
AL, USA. (January 31, 2013).
NCATE Recency, "Program Meeting with P-12 Colleagues," MCPS MGM High School Health
Education, Mobile, AL. (January 24, 2013).
Workshop, "SAKAI Certification Workshop," USA, Mobile, AL. (December 2012).
NCATE Recency, "Shadow Mrs. Powell Health Classes," Saraland High School, Saraland,
Alabama. (November 29, 2012).
NCATE Recency, "High School Health Teacher Consultation," MCPS Baker High School, Mobile,
AL, USA. (November 27, 2012).
Conference Attendance, "NATA Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposium," National Athletic
Trainer's Association, Saint Louis, MO, USA. (June 26, 2012 - June 29, 2012).
NCATE Recency, "High School Health Teacher Consultations," MCPS and Saraland. (January
2012 - April 2012).
NCATE Recency, "Mike Ford High School Helath Teacher Consultation," MCPS Theodore High
School, Mobile, AL. (January 2012 - April 2012).
NCATE Recency, "Shadowed Health and Athletic Training Teacher," MCPS Baker High School,
Mobile, AL. (January 2012 - April 2012).
NCATE Recency, "Middle School Health Education Consultaion," MCPS - Phillips Middle School,
Mobile, AL. (September 2011 - April 2012).
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Conference Attendance, "SEATA Annual Symposium," Southeast Athletic Trainer's Association,
Atlanta, GA. (March 16, 2012 - March 18, 2012).
NCATE Recency, "High School Health Teacher Consultations," Mobile County and Saraland
Schools, Mobile and Saraland, Alabama. (August 2011 - December 2011).
NCATE Recency, "Shadowed High School Health Teacher," MCPS Baker High School, Mobile,
AL. (August 2011 - December 2011).
Conference Attendance, "NATA Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposium," National Athletic
Trainer's Association, New Orleans, LA. (June 19, 2011 - June 22, 2011).
Awards and Honors
Top Prof Award, USA Motor Board. (November 1, 2011).
Top Prof Award, USA Motor Board. (March 2011).
TEACHING
Teaching Experience
University of South Alabama
HPE 506, Physical Education Curriculum, 1 course.
HPE 572, Applic of Biomech Concepts, 8 courses.
HPE 594, Dir St and Research -, 5 courses.
HPE 595, Internship in Health and PE, 3 courses.
HS 170, First Aid, 3 courses.
HS 429, School Lab Experiences-Health, 13 courses.
HS 460, Methods in Health Ed - W, 13 courses.
PE 100, Concepts of Health and Fitness, 7 courses.
PE 102, Weight Training, 2 courses.
PE 120, Tennis - Basic, 1 course.
PE 145, Jogging, 1 course.
PE 147, Racquetball, 1 course.
PE 282, Intro Athletic Training, 19 courses.
PE 296, Observ Athletic Training I, 7 courses.
PE 380, Kinesiology, 30 courses.
PE 460, Student Teaching - SED, 6 courses.
PE 482, Advanced Athletic Training, 17 courses.
PE 494, Dir St in HPELS, 2 courses.
PE 495, Internship in HPELS, 2 courses.
Directed Student Learning
Directed Individual/Independent Study, "Worksheets and Problems for Application of
Biomechanical Concepts," Health, Physical Education & Leisure Studies. (January 15, 2014 October 5, 2015).
Advised: Zach Jones
Dissertation Committee Member, "Associations of the NSCA Minimal Standards for Muscular
Fitness and Balance and Performance of High-Intensity Plyometrics in NCAA College
Athletes," Health, Physical Education & Leisure Studies. (February 2012 - December 2012).
Advised: Gisli Palsson
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Directed Individual/Independent Study, "Media Developent to Assist with the Study of Human
Movement," Health, Physical Education & Leisure Studies. (May 29, 2012 - July 23, 2012).
Advised: Lauren Lyles
RESEARCH
Published Intellectual Contributions
Refereed Journal Articles
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M., Liu, W., Pearsall, A. W. (2014).
Joint Stability Characteristics of the Ankle Complex After Lateral Ligamentous Injury, Part I: A
Laboratory Comparison Using Arthrometric Measurement. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(2),
192-197. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24568232
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M., Liu, W., Pearsall, A. W. (2014).
Joint Stability Characteristics of the Ankle Complex in Female Athletes With Histories of
Lateral Ankle Sprain, Part II: Clinical Experience Using Arthrometric Measurement. Journal of
Athletic Training, 49(2), 198-203. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24568223
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R. (in press). Joint Stability Characteristics of the Ankle Complex
after Lateral Ligamentous Injury Part I: A Laboratory Comparison. Journal of Athletic Training.
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R. (in press). Stability Characteristics of the Ankle Complex in
Women athletes with a History of Lateral Ankle Sprain: Part II. Journal of Athletic Training.
Keshock, C. M., Holbrook, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R. (2011). Selecting assistant coaches: A
standards based human research approach. Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics
Annual, 26, 120-148.
Conference Proceedings
Kovaleski, J. E., Liu, W., Wilt, M. J., Hoppmann, P. D., Tygielski, C. M., Gurchiek, L. R. (2014).
DOES TYPE OF ANKLE BRACE AFFECT PERFORMANCE IN JUMPING AND JUMP
PHASE GROUND REACTION FORCES AND LOADING RATES?. National Strength and
Conditioning Association.
Kovaleski, J. E., Palsson, G., Schwind, J. J., Mitchell, S. M., Liu, W., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R.
J. (2013). Investigation of the NSCA minimal readiness standards for muscular fitness,
balance and performance of plyometric exercise in college athletes. National Strength &
Conditioning Association.
Journal Articles
Schwarz, N. A., Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Gubler-Hanna, C. (2011).
Arthrometric measurement of ankle-complex motion: Normative values. Journal of Athletic
Training, 46(1), 121-130.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Pugh, S. F. (2009). Improved transfer effects on
Biodex Balance System. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care, 1(2), 1-5.
Pearsall, A. W., Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M. (2006). The
relationship between instrumented measurements of ankle and knee ligamentous laxity and
generalized joint laxity. The Journal of Sport Medicine and Physical Fitness, 46(1), 104-110.
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Kovaleski, J. E., Hollis, M., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Pearsall, A. W. (2002). Assessment of
Ankle-Subtalar-Joint-Complex Laxity Using an Instrumented Ankle Arthrometer: An
Experimental Cadaveric Investigation. Journal of Athletic Training, 37(4), 467-474.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Andrew, D., Gurchiek, L. R., Pearsall, A. W. (2001). Relationship
between closed-linear-kinetic and open-kinetic-chain isokinetic strength and Lower Extremity
Functional Performance. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 10(3), 196-204.
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J., Hollis, M., Pearsall, A. W. (1999). Instrumented
measurement of anterior-posterior and inversion-eversion laxity of the normal ankle joint
complex. Foot and Ankle International, 120(12), 808-814.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R. (1999). Reliability and Effects of Arm Dominance
on the Upper Extremity Isokinetic force, work, and power using the closed chain rider system.
Journal of Athletic Training, 34(4), 358-361.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Trundle, T. A. (1998). Reliability and effects of
leg Dominance on lower extremity isokinetic force and work using the closed chain rider
system. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 6(4), 319-326.
Heitman, R. J., Erdman, J., Gurchiek, L. R., Kovaleski, J. E., Gilley, W. (1997). Constant versus
variable practice in learning a motor task using individuals with learning disabilities. Journal of
Clinical Kinesiology, 52(3), 62-65.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R. (1997). Isokinetic eccentric strength of the ankle
evertors after injury. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 258.
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., McBryde, A., Heitman, R. J. (1996). Isokinetic eccentric strength
of the peroneal muscle after recurrent ankle inversion injury. Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise, 28(5 (supplement)), 64.
Other
Kovaleski, J. E., Botsis, A. E., Gurchiek, L. R. (2015). Effects of kinesio® taping on ankle complex
stability and dynamic postural control in female ballet dancers (vol. 49, pp. A13). British
Journal of Sports Medicine.
bjsm.bmj.com/search?submit=yes&tocsectionid=Posters&volume=49&issue=Suppl%201
Kovaleski, J. E., Hoppman, P. D., Tygielski, C. M., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, M. (2014). JUMP
GROUND REACTION FORCES AND LOADING RATES ASSOCIATED WITH BRACE
SUPPORT IN ANKLE COMPLEX STABILITY (3rd ed., vol. 49, pp. S184). Journal of Athletic
Training. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.s1
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J., Liu, W., Mitchell, S. M., Hollis, M. (2013). The
effects of load range and brace support in ankle complex stability (3rd ed., vol. 48, pp.
S135-136). Journal of Athletic Training. www.natajournals.org
Holden, S. L., Keshock, C. M., Norrell, P. M., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J. (2013). Dominant
energy system influence on burnout in collegiate female athletes (1st ed., vol. 84, pp. 71).
Reston, VA: Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M. (2013). EVIDENCE FOR A
CURVILINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUMBER OF LATERAL ANKLE SPRAINS AND
ANKLE COMPLEX LAXITY (3rd ed., vol. 43, pp. A24). Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports
Physical Therapy.
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Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J., Liu, W., Hollis, J. M. (2012). Influence Of Ankle
Flexion Angle On Brace Support Of The Ankle-Complex (3rd ed., vol. 47, pp. S71-72).
Journal of Athletic Training.
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J., Liu, W., Hollis, J. M., Cordova, M. L. (2012). The
Three-Dimensional Passive Support Characteristics Of Ankle Braces On Combined
Talocrural-Subtalar Joint Motions (5th ed., vol. 44, pp. S447). Medicine & Science in Sport &
Exercises.
Gurchiek, L. R., Kovaleski, J. E., Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J. (2011). The stabilizing effect of soft
shell ankle bracing on combined talocrural-subtalar joint motions (3rd ed., vol. 46, pp. 112).
Journal of Athletic Training.
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J. (2011). Development of a new
motorized ankle tester and its use in the effectiveness of bracing (3rd ed., vol. 46, pp. S113).
Journal of Athletic Training.
Heitman, R. J., Kovaleski, J. E., Gilley, W. F., Gurchiek, L. R. (2009). Application of
Generalizability Theory in estimating the reliability of ankle-complex laxity measurements
(2nd ed., vol. 41, pp. 17). Journal of Athletic Training.
Pugh, S. F., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Scaffidi, F. M., Chilton, T. (2008). Effects of a health
and fitness class on attitude change toward health and fitness in undergraduate males and
females. Sapporo, Japan: AIESEP World Congress.
Kovaleski, J. E., Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Pearsall, A. W. (2004).
Biomechanical analysis of stiffness and laxity of the ankle: Diagnosing later ligament injuries
(2nd ed., vol. 39, pp. 7). Journal of Athletic Training.
Kovaleski, J. E., Hollis, M., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Pearsall, A. W. (2002). Instrumented
Measurement of Ankle Joint Complex Laxity Following Simulated Lateral Ankle Ligamentous
Injury (vol. 3, pp. 93). Journal of Athletic Training.
Pearsall, A. W., Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, M. (2000). Differences in
Ankle Joint Complex Laxity (5th ed., vol. 32 #1433 , pp. 289). Medicine and Science in Sport
and Exercise.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, M., Pearsall, A. W. (2000). Laxity
Differences in the Injured and Uninjured Ankle joint Complex using an Instrumented
Arthrometer (5 (supplement) ed., vol. 32 #1432, pp. 289). Medicine and Science in Sport and
Exercise.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Andrew, D., Gurchiek, L. R., Pearsall, A. W. (2000). Correlation
of Isokinetic closed and open chain strength measurements with functional performance (2
(supplement) ed., vol. 35, pp. 79). Journal of Athletic Training.
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J., Hollis, M., Pearsall, A. W. (1999). Assessment of
Normal ankle Laxity: Instrumented measurement of displacement and rotation (5
(supplement) ed., vol. 31 #600, pp. 145). Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R. (1997). Recurrent Ankle Injury and Eccentric
Strength (pp. 46). USA Research form Programs and Abstracts.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Buchanan, S. (1996). Reliability and Effects of
limb dominance on isokinetic torque and work using the closed chain rider (2nd ed., vol. 32,
pp. 12-13). Journal of Athletic Training.
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Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J. (1996). Reliability of a closed chain isokinetic
exercise machine (2nd ed., vol. 31, pp. 7). Journal of Athletic Training.
Kovaleski, J. E., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R. (1995). Isokinetic Eccentric Strength of the
Peroneal Muscles after Recurrent Ankle Inversion Injury (5th ed., vol. 28, pp. 379). Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise.
Presentations Given
Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Botsis, A. E. (Author), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author),
International Ankle Symposium, "Effects of kinesio® taping on ankle complex stability and
dynamic postural control in female ballet dancers," International Ankle Consortium, Dublin,
Ireland. (October 17, 2015).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Liu, W. (Author), Wilt, M. J. (Author), Hoppmann, P. D.
(Author), Tygielski, C. M. (Author), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author), 2014 NSCA NATIONAL
CONFERENCE, "DOES TYPE OF ANKLE BRACE AFFECT PERFORMANCE IN JUMPING
AND JUMP PHASE GROUND REACTION FORCES AND LOADING RATES?," National
Strength and Conditioning Association, Las Vegas, NV. (July 11, 2014).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Wilt, M. J. (Author), Hoppmann, P. D. (Author), Tygielski,
C. M. (Author), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author), Hollis, M. (Author), 2014 NATA Annual Meeting &
Clinical Symposium, "JUMP GROUND REACTION FORCES AND LOADING RATES
ASSOCIATED WITH BRACE SUPPORT IN ANKLE COMPLEX STABILITY," National
Athletic Trainers Association, Indianapolis, Indiana. (June 26, 2014).
Pugh, S. F. (Author & Presenter), Heitman, R. J. (Author), Kovaleski, J. E. (Author), Holden, S. L.
(Author & Presenter), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author), American Alliance for Health, Physical
Education, Recreation and Dance, "BMI, Mechanical and Strength Relationships to Dynamic
Balance," AAHPERD, Saint Louis, MO. (April 3, 2014).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Palsson, G. (Author), Schwind, J. J. (Author), Mitchell, S.
M. (Author), Liu, W. (Author), Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J., 2013 NSCA National
Conference, "Investigation of the NSCA minimal readiness standards for muscular fitness,
balance and performance of plyometric exercise in college athletes," National Strength &
Conditioning Association, Las Vegas, NV. (July 13, 2013).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author), Heitman, R. J. (Author), Liu, W.
(Author), Mitchell, S. M. (Author), Marcus, H. (Author), NATA Annual Meeting & Clinical
Symposium, "The Effects of Load Range and Brace Support in Ankle Complex Stability,"
National Athletic Trainers Association, las Vegas, NV. (June 27, 2013).
Holden, S. L. (Author & Presenter), Keshock, C. M. (Author), Norrell, P. M. (Author), Gurchiek, L.
R. (Author), Heitman, R. J. (Author), AAHPERD National Conference, "Dominant Energy
System Influence on Burnout in Collegiate Female Athletes," AAHPERD, Charlotte, NC. (April
25, 2013).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author & Presenter), Heitman, R. J., Hollis,
J. M., 5th International Ankle Symposium, "Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between
number of lateral ankle sprains and ankle complex laxity," The International Ankle Society,
Lexington, KY. (October 18, 2012).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author), Liu, W. (Author), Heitman, R. J.
(Author), National Athletic Trainers Association Annual Symposium, "Influence of ankle
flexion angle on brace support of the ankle complex," NATA, St. Louis, MS. (June 29, 2012).
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Kovaleski, J. E. (Author & Presenter), Gurchiek, L. R. (Author), Liu, W. (Author), Heitman, R. J.,
American College of Sports Medicine Annual Symposium, "The three-dimensional passive
support characteristics of ankle braces on combined talocrural-subtalar joint motions," ACSM,
San Francisco, CA. (May 31, 2012).
Gurchiek, L. R. (Presenter), Kovaleski, J. E., Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J., National Athletic
Trainers Association Annual Meeting, "The stabilizing effect of soft shell ankle bracing on
combined talocrural-subtalar joint motions," NATA, New Orleans LA. (June 22, 2011).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Presenter), Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J., National Athletic
Trainers Association Annual Symposium, "Development of a new motorized ankle tester and
its use in the measurement of the effectiveness of bracing," National Athletic Trainers
Association, New Orleans, LA. (June 20, 2011).
Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J., Kovaleski, J. E., University of South Alabama's 18th Annual
Research Forum, "Development of a new motorized ankle tester and its use in the
measurement of the effectiveness of Bracing," USA, Mobile, Alabama. (April 2011).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Presenter), Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J., 36th Annual SEATA
Clinical Symposium & Members Meeting, "Development of a new motorized ankle tester and
its use in the measurement of the effectiveness of bracing," Southeast Athletic Trainers'
Association, Atlanta, Georgia. (March 12, 2011).
Gurchiek, L. R. (Presenter), Kovaleski, J. E., Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J., 36th Annual SEATA
Clinical Symposium & Members Meeting, "The stabilizing effect of soft shell ankle bracing on
combined talocrural-subtalar joint motions," Southeast Athletic Trainers' Association, Atlanta,
Georgia. (March 12, 2011).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Presenter), Schwarz, N. A., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Hollis, J. M., 35th
Annual SEATA Clinical Symposium and Members Meeting, "Reliability of one-way and total
laxity measurements of the ankle complex derived from an ankle arthrometer," Southeast
Association of Athletic Trainers, Panama City, Florida. (March 19, 2010).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Presenter), Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Southeast Athletic Trainers
Association, "Instrumented measurement of the effects of lateral ankle sprain on mechanical
characteristics of the ankle-complex in female college athletes," SEATA, Nashville, TN.
(February 29, 2008).
Pugh, S. F., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., Scaffidi, F. M., Chilton, T., AIESEP 2008 World
Congress, "Effects of a health and fitness class on attitude change toward health and fitness
in undergraduate males and females," AIESEP, Sapporo, Japan. (January 23, 2008).
Heitman, R. J., Kovaleski, J. E., Gilley, W. F., Gurchiek, L. R., National Athletic Trainers
Association Annual meeting, "Application of generalizability theory in estimating the reliability
of ankle measurements," NATA, Atlanta, GA. (June 2006).
Kovaleski, J. E. (Presenter), Hollis, J. M., Heitman, R. J., Gurchiek, L. R., 2nd International Ankle
Symposium, "The effect of load range and lateral ligament sectioning on stiffness and laxity
of the ankle-subtalar joint complex," International Ankle Symposium, Newark, DE. (October
16, 2004).
Intellectual Contributions in Submission
Refereed Journal Articles
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Mitchell, B. A., Holden, S. L., Forester, B. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J. Nutritional education
intervention and the effects on nutritional knowledge of male college athletes. Applied
Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual.
Pugh, S. F., Heitman, R. J., Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Holden, S. L. Application of
generalizability theory in estimating the reliability of the Biodex Balance System. Journal of
Perceptual & Motor Skills. amsci.edmgr.com/
Research Currently in Progress
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Tygielski, C. M. "DOES TYPE OF ANKLE BRACE AFFECT
PERFORMANCE IN JUMPING TESTS AND JUMP PHASE GROUND REACTION FORCES
AND LOADING RATES?" (On-Going)
Biomechanical study of ankle bracing during specific movements such as jumping is
necessary to clarify the effects of wearing a brace on performance. A different type of bracing
may have a different degree of influence based on design and brace material. Previous
research involving the effects of ankle bracing on jump performance primarily focused on the
lace-up style brace and changes in standing vertical jump height. Results indicate that
bracing does not meaningfully restrict height obtained during controlled vertical jumping,
however outcomes from some of these studies have been inconclusive. Other functional
jumping tasks and biomechanical measures could show if and how bracing affects
performance. No comprehensive analysis of performance in repetitive jumping tasks and
jump phase ground reaction forces (GRFv) and loading rates associated with various brace
types has been reported. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of ankle brace support on jump
performance and jump phase ground reaction forces and loading rates.
METHODS: Twenty athletes (21.7±1.2 years, 80.9±17.5 kg, 174.8±9.8 cm) participated in
randomized ankle support trials consisting of no brace and braced ankles (soft-shell
[Zoom™]; lace-up [ASO™]; semi-rigid [Active Ankle T2™]). They performed a 5-repetition
countermovement vertical jump and a 10-repetition ankle hop test wearing an accelerometer
which measured the variables of foot contact time, reactivity, stiffness, power, force, and
velocity. A maximal countermovement vertical jump test with double-leg landings was
performed on a force plate. Maximal jump phase unloading and loading GRFv (normalized to
bodyweight; N/kg), time (s), and loading rates (N/kg/s) were assessed. Repeated Measures
ANOVA’s compared measures among the no brace and braced trials. The a priori α level was
set at .05.
RESULTS: The 10-repetition ankle hop trial for the lace-up brace showed a significantly lower
jump height when compared to the no brace condition (p = .015). There were no significant
differences (p ≥ .05) for jump height, time of contact, reactivity, or stiffness among any of the
ankle brace conditions. No significant differences (p ≥ .05) for jump height, peak power, peak
force, or peak velocity among ankle conditions were found for the 5-repetition double-leg
countermovement vertical jump performance variables.
No significant differences (p > .05) were found among the ankle support conditions for maximal
GRFv (NB: 34.2±7.3 N/kg; soft-shell: 34.15±6.9 N/kg; lace-up: 34.07±6.7 N/kg; semi-rigid:
33.39±7.6 N/kg); time to maximal GRFv (NB: 0.078±.01 s; soft-shell: 0.079±.02 s; lace-up:
0.078±.01 s; semi-rigid: 0.078±.02 s); and loading rate to maximal GRFv (NB: 460.03±202.8
N/kg/s; soft-shell: 455.12±173.9 N/kg/s; lace-up: 456.35±179.7 N/kg/s; semi-rigid:
468.95±235.6 N/kg/s).
Conclusions: Double-leg landing GRFv measures were not increased with brace application. The
arthrometric and sagittal-plane kinetic data support the use of ankle bracing for injury
prevention and treatment following ankle sprain. Objective information on the amount and
nature of ankle brace support may assist athletic trainers when recommending braces to
patients. Practical Applications:
Report Generated on March 3, 2016
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CONCLUSIONS:
More research is needed to reduce the uncertainty in the effects of external ankle support on
performance. The benefit in preventing injury outweighs the possibility of substantial but small
impairment of performance when athletes use external ankle support.
Holden, S. L., Keshock, C. M., Norrell, P. M., Gurchiek, L. R., Heitman, R. J. "Dominant Energy
System Influence on Burnout in Collegiate Female Athletes" (Writing Results)
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between scores on the Maslach
Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the dominant energy system utilized in sports competition and
training.
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R. "INVESTIGATION OF THE NSCA MINIMAL READINESS
STANDARDS FOR MUSCULAR FITNESS, BALANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF
PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE IN COLLEGE ATHLETES" (On-Going)
The NSCA guidelines specify that prior to beginning high-intensity lower-body plyometric
training, the athlete should be able to minimally squat 1.5 × bodyweight (BW), be able to
perform five squat repetitions with 60% BW in five seconds or less, and perform the
30-second single leg standing half-squat without falling. The pre-training evaluation data
supporting these minimal standards for plyometric training are based on evidence obtained
mostly from observational studies and practitioner experience. These standards also appear
to be based on the premise that both men and women possess equal strength, speed, and
balance prerequisites prior to plyometric training. PURPOSE: To determine the percentage of
college athletes who met the minimal readiness standards for plyometric training and to
examine differences between athletes who passed and failed the readiness standards using
the vertical jump (VJ) as a plyometric performance indicator. METHODS: 44 male (99.8±19.3
kg; 185.4±8.2 cm; 209.2±43.8 kg 1-RM squat) and 32 female (68.1±8.3 kg; 179.7±11.2 cm;
161.9 kg 1-RM squat) NCAA Division I athletes, aged 19 to 23 years participated. Each
subject performed the 1.5 × BW back squat, the 5-repetition back squat at 60% BW, and the
30-second single-leg half squat. Jump height (cm) was measured using an accelerometer for
the single-and double-leg VJ and from a depth jump performed from an 18 inch high box. The
athletes who passed and failed the readiness standards were compared for differences in
jump performance using Independent samples t-tests. RESULTS: All male and female
athletes successfully completed the 30-second single-leg half squat for balance. Forty-two
(96%) of the 44 male athletes and 12 (38%) of the 32 female athletes were able to squat 1.5
× BW. The double- and single-leg and depth jump heights were not significantly different (ρ
≥.05) between males who passed and failed the 1.5 × BW squat. Whereas, the female
athletes who squatted 1.5 x BW jumped significantly higher than those who did not
(double-leg: 33.8±6.3 cm versus 28.9±5.0 cm, ρ =.02; single-leg: 22.2±3.9 cm versus
18.7±3.3 cm, ρ =.01; depth jump: 52.6±9.0 cm versus 47.2±5.9 cm, ρ =.049). Seventeen
(39%) of the 44 male athletes and none of the 32 female athletes completed 5-reps of the
back squat at 60% BW in less than 5 seconds. No additional statistical analyses for the
female athletes were performed using this readiness standard because none of the women
passed this readiness standard. No significant difference (ρ ≥.05) for the males who passed
and failed the 60% BW squat was found for either the double- or single-leg jump heights.
Whereas, the male athletes who passed the 60% BW squat performed the depth jump
significantly better than those who did not (72.3±11.6 cm versus 65.9±8.3 cm, ρ =.04).
CONCLUSION: This research identified that the 30-second half-squat balance test and the
1.5 × BW back squat are effective discriminators of readiness for male and female athletes.
The 60% BW back squat was found to be an appropriate indicator of readiness for the male
athletes, but not for the female athletes because none of the female athletes passed this
readiness standard. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A revised back-squat speed standard with
a greater discriminating power should be developed to assess plyometric readiness in female
athletes. These findings have implications for injury prevention when evaluating readiness
prior to implementing high-intensity plyometrics.
Report Generated on March 3, 2016
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Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Tygielski, C. M., Wilt, M. J. "JUMP GROUND REACTION
FORCES AND LOADING RATES ASSOCIATED WITH BRACE SUPPORT IN ANKLE
COMPLEX STABILITY" (On-Going)
Context: The primary mechanism responsible for preventing ankle sprains is the ability of
braces to restrict ankle inversion-eversion (I-E) motion. Because ankle braces restrict normal
ankle motion, specifically plantar-dorsiflexion (PF-DF), they may have a detrimental effect on
the lower extremity to attenuate vertical ground reaction forces (GRFv) when landing from a
jump. Greater landing impact GRFv is linked to injury and joint pathologies. No
comprehensive analysis of differences in ground reaction force magnitude and loading rate
associated with various brace types has been reported. Objective: To compare the effects of
brace support on ankle-complex behavior and ground reaction forces and loading rates
involved in jump landings. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or
Other Participants: Both ankles of 20 athletes (21.7±1.2 years, 80.9±17.5 kg, 174.8±9.8 cm).
Interventions: Participants performed three trials of a countermovement vertical jump with
double-leg landings on a force plate across four ankle support conditions consisting of no
brace and braced ankles (soft-shell [Zoom™]; lace-up [ASO™]; semi-rigid [Active Ankle
T2™]). Maximal active PF-DF range-of-motion (ROM) and passive I-E load-displacements for
each support condition were obtained using an ankle arthrometer with the subject wearing a
low-top athletic shoe. Main Outcome Measures: Arthrometric measured maximal PF-DF
ROM and I-E rotation at 4-Nm. The ratio between the ROM wearing each brace and the ROM
without each brace was calculated and reported as a percentage. Maximal GRFv (normalized
to bodyweight; N/kg), time to maximal GRFv (s), and loading rate to maximal GRFv (N/kg/s)
were assessed at landing. Repeated Measures ANOVA’s compared arthrometric and mean
GRFv measures. The a priori α level was set at .05. Results: The semi-rigid (40.6±13.0°) and
soft-shell (38.3±10.8°) braces provided superior I-E support (P < .001) when compared with
the lace-up (51.1±16.2°) and NB (81.72±16.7°) conditions. The ROM ratios showed the
semi-rigid and soft-shell braces provided greater DF (95% and 96%) and PF (97% and 92%)
as a percentage of the NB ROM. Whereas, wearing the lace-up brace resulted in significantly
lower DF (93%; P = .01) and PF (86%; P = .001) ratios. No significant differences (P > .05)
were found among the ankle support conditions for maximal GRFv (NB: 34.2±7.3 N/kg;
soft-shell: 34.15±6.9 N/kg; lace-up: 34.07±6.7 N/kg; semi-rigid: 33.39±7.6 N/kg); time to
maximal GRFv (NB: 0.078±.01 s; soft-shell: 0.079±.02 s; lace-up: 0.078±.01 s; semi-rigid:
0.078±.02 s); and loading rate to maximal GRFv (NB: 460.03±202.8 N/kg/s; soft-shell:
455.12±173.9 N/kg/s; lace-up: 456.35±179.7 N/kg/s; semi-rigid: 468.95±235.6 N/kg/s).
Conclusions: Double-leg landing GRFv measures were not increased with brace application.
The arthrometric and sagittal-plane kinetic data support the use of ankle bracing for injury
prevention and treatment following ankle sprain. Objective information on the amount and
nature of ankle brace support may assist athletic trainers when recommending braces to
patients.
Holden, S. L., Norrell, P. M., Gurchiek, L. R., Pugh, S. F. "Nutritional Knowledge of Athletic
Trainers" (Planning)
Kovaleski, J. E., Gurchiek, L. R., Mitchell, S. M. "THE EFFECTS OF LOAD RANGE AND BRACE
SUPPORT IN ANKLE COMPLEX STABILITY" (On-Going)
Context: Stabilization against an inversion injury is a major function of an ankle brace. No
comprehensive analysis concerning the effectiveness of brace support on ankle-complex
behavior across a load range has been reported. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different
types of brace support on ankle-complex inversion rotation and stiffness. Design:
Cross-sectional. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: The dominant ankle of 22 female
collegiate athletes (20.7±1.2 years, 70.2±8.7 kg, 173.2±9.0 cm). Interventions: Maximal
inversion load-displacement curves were collected using a six degrees-of-freedom
linkage-instrumented ankle arthrometer. With the subject wearing her own low-top athletic
shoe all ankles underwent loading at 15° plantar-flexion (PF), which was defined as the
zero-load/zero-moment unloaded position. Main Outcome Measurements: Inversion ROM
Report Generated on March 3, 2016
Page 11 of 13
was measured from zero to 4-Nm with the loading portion of the moment-angular
displacement curve divided into low-load (0-2 Nm) and high-load (2-4 Nm) segments.
Rotation was measured and secant stiffness for each load-range calculated. Repeated
measure ANOVA was used to compare rotation values among the no brace and braced
ankles (soft-shell [Zoom™]; lace-up [ASO™]; rigid [Active Ankle T2™]) at 4-Nm. Separate
t-tests compared differences in rotation and stiffness between low-load and high-load ranges.
Significance was set a priori at P < .05. Results: At the 4-Nm load, bracing (soft-shell:
21.5±4.9°; rigid: 22.3±6.7°; lace-up 24.5±7.6°) produced a significant reduction in ROM when
compared to the no brace trial (47.1±9.7°; P<.001), with no ROM differences between braced
conditions (P>.05). Across the two load ranges, bracing restricted ROM more in the 0-2 Nm
load range than in the 2-4 Nm load range [soft-shell (8.7±2.7°,12.8±3.0°; P<.001), rigid
(8.1±3.5°,14.2±3.9°; P<.001), lace-up (9.6±4.5°,14.9±3.9°; P<.001). Whereas, in the NB
condition, greater ROM occurred between the 0-2 Nm load range than in the 2-4 Nm load
range (33.0±9.1°,14.1±2.2°, P<.001). Bracing produced greater stiffness in the 0-2 Nm load
range than in the 2-4 Nm load range [soft-shell (.259±.11 Nm/°, .165±.04 Nm/°; P<.001), rigid
(.303±.16 Nm/°, .151±.04 Nm/°; P<.001), lace-up (.299±.22 Nm/°, .145±.05 Nm/°; P=.001).
Whereas, in the NB condition, less inversion stiffness was found in the 0-2 Nm load range
(.066±.02 Nm/°) than the 2-4 Nm load range .145±.02 Nm/°, P<.001). Conclusions: The
braces we tested lead to a significant reduction in maximal inversion rotation. The largest
effects of the braces on inversion ROM of the ankle complex occurred in the low-load range.
The relative contribution of the brace to total stiffness in this region was high. However,
towards the extremes of motion, the ankle becomes greatly stiffer than in its neutral zone.
Therefore, the relative contribution of the brace to the total stiffness in this region is
diminished. Objective information on the amount and nature of passive support may assist
athletic trainers when recommending braces to their patients.
SERVICE
Department Service
Committee Member, Faculty Search Committee - Therapeutic Recreation. (January 1, 2016 Present).
Committee Chair, Health Curriculum Committee. (August 20, 2012 - Present).
Committee Chair, Promotion and Tenure Committee. (August 20, 2012 - Present).
Committee Member, Graduate Admissions. (August 20, 2011 - Present).
Committee Member, Promotion and Tenure. (August 15, 1998 - Present).
Committee Member, Physical Education Curriculum Committee. (September 15, 1993 - Present).
Committee Chair, Faculty Search Committee - Health Promotion. (February 1, 2014 - May 1,
2015).
Committee Chair, Academic Standards Committee UG. (August 20, 2012 - May 15, 2013).
Committee Chair, Faculty Evaluation Committee. (August 20, 2012 - April 11, 2013).
College Service
Committee Member, Promotion Committee. (August 15, 2013 - Present).
Committee Member, Tenure Committee. (August 15, 2013 - Present).
Report Generated on March 3, 2016
Page 12 of 13
Committee Member, Assessment Committee. (August 20, 2012 - Present).
Committee Member, Academic Standards Committee. (August 20, 2011 - Present).
Committee Member, NCATE Steering Committee. (August 15, 2011 - Present).
Committee Member, NCATE Standard 1 Committee. (August 15, 2011 - October 15, 2013).
Committee Chair, Promotion Committee. (November 15, 2011 - May 15, 2013).
Committee Chair, Academic Standards Committee. (July 15, 2007 - August 30, 2007).
University Service
Committee Member, General Studies. (September 26, 2013 - Present).
Faculty Marshal, Graduation Commencement. (December 2007 - Present).
Committee Member, Undergraduate Curriculum Committee. (August 2007 - Present).
Professional Service
Committee Member, Athletic Trainer's Association of Florida, Orlando, Florida. (October 1, 2015 Present).
Attendee, Meeting, International Ankle Consortium, Lexington, KY. (October 17, 2012 - October
20, 2012).
Attendee, Meeting, National Athletic Trainers' Association, Saint Louis, MO. (June 26, 2012 June 29, 2012).
Committee Member, Southeast Athletic Trainers' Association, Atlanta, GA. (March 20, 1996 March 25, 2006).
Awards and Honors
Service, University
Twenty Year Award, University of South Alabama. (September 1, 2013).
GSW Athletics Hall of Fame, Georgia Southwestern State University Athletic Department.
(October 5, 2002).
Report Generated on March 3, 2016
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