Prehistoric Mortuary Sites in Eastern Indiana
An Honors Thesis
(ID 499)
by
Molly K. Hiatt
Thesis Director
Donald R. Cochran
Ball State University
Muncie, Indiana
May 1988
Spring 1989
i{\
INTRODUCTION
- :.-=-
-
Prehistoric mortuary sites in Indiana include burial mounds',
cemeteries, cremations, and isolated burials.
This inventory of
prehistoric mortuary sites in eastern Indiana was undertaken to
synthesize the information on these sites from several sources into a
cohesive database that contains information concerning the location
and contents of the mortuary sites.
The inventory can be used in
regional studies of mortuary sites and consulted when other burials
are found within the survey area or when other types of information on
burials are needed.
This project involved a review of the literature and records
of a 29
coun~y
area in central Indiana to inventory the contents and
locations of the mortuary sites.
--
The prehistoric mortuary sites of
Indiana have been recorded by many sources over the years.
Because of
the number of sources it has been difficult to examine the full range
of information on the prehistoric mortuary sites in Indiana.
The
types of sources and the circumstances surrounding the recording of
the sites have rendered the information highly variable in quality,
content, and accuracy, yet with many valuable insights about
prehistoric mortuary behavior to impart.
The purpose of this fellowship, awarded for the 1987-88
academic year by Ball state University's Honor's College, was to
inventory the reported prehistoric mortuary sites in 29 counties of
eastern Indiana and to assess the information available on each site.
After the information had been gathered, it was entered onto a database
where it is in a standard format and can be consulted in many
--
contexts.
Further study on this subject will be facilitated by the
database that was created in the course of this project.
METHODOLOGY
--
(MORTUARY SITES)
Twenty-nine counties in eastern Indiana were inventoried.
These twenty-nine counties were Adams, Allen, Blackford, Cass,
Dearborn, Decatur, Delaware, Fayette, Franklin, Grant, Hamilton,
Hancock,
Hen~y,
Howard, Huntington, Jay, Kosciusko, Madison, Marion,
Miami, Randolph, Rush, Shelby, Tipton, Union, Wabash, Wayne, Wells,
and Whitley.
Sources consulted for site information included county
histories, geological surveys, newspaper and other archival sources,
archaeological reports, and archaeological records in Ball State's
Archaeological Resources Management Service Lab.
Most sites in the
inventory were recorded in the site survey files.
A basic format was developed to record the site data.
The
dBase III program by Ashton-Tate was used to create the mortuary site
database.
Once the sites had been recorded, each one was assigned an
inventory number.
The information about each site was separated into
categories for entry onto a computer database.
The inventory
(mortuary site) number, state site number, county, section, range,
township, and United States Geological Survey (USGS) map on which the
site was located served to identify and locate each site.
The type of
site was identified as cemetery, mound, isolated burial, or cremation.
The number of bur:als, the condition of the burials, the arrangement
and orientation of the skeletons, and the associated artifacts
detaile:
~he
mortuary categories.
The soil description, soil phase,
topographic location, nearest water, distance to water, and direction
to water completed
~he
categories with information about
~he
physical
environment.
Information on individual sites was incomplete in some cases
and did not =ill all categories in the inventory.
After the
information on the sites had been entered into the database, the data
was manipulated to find any correlations in the sites by type (whether
mound, cemetery, or isolated) and by soil description (clay, sand, or
gravel).
Other manipulations separated the sites by type and
topography, type and arrangement (flexed or extended), and type and
orientation.
Despite the limitations of the information, this
database can be used to find patterns within the data.
METHODOLOGY (PROFESSIONAL EXCAVATIONS)
several of the recorded sites had been excavated
professionally.
The data from these sites was more extensive and
detailed, therefore a second database was created to allow for the
increased amount of information available on these sites.
The
categories in the second database were expanded to include the
identification and locating information of inventory (mortuary site)
number, state site name, county, section, township, range, and USGS
map.
Each site was described by type and dimension; it's physical
environment by soil description, soil phase, topography, nearest water,
distance to water, and direction to water.
Radiocarbon
associated features, and number of burials were
individual information for each skeleton on
dat~,
~ecorded
condi~icn,
as well as
arrange~ent,
orientation, age, sex, and associated artifacts.
The information on these professional excavations was taken
from Ball State Archaeological Reports, Indiana 3istory Bulletins,
~
magazine articles, archaeological reports, and
othe~
sources.
This data was used to construct a table of artifacts, grouped
by types,
found within the inventory area.
A listing of the
frequency of various age groups was compiled from the professional
excavations database.
The number and percentage of various
orientations and arrangements were figured as well.
METHODOLOGY (MAPS)
Once the information on the mortuary sites had been gathered
and entered onto the database, the site locations within each county
were taken from the USGS quad maps and put onto a county-wide map to
show what overall locational patterns of prehistoric mortuary sites,
if any, could be discovered.
The sites were also located generally
on a map of the survey area to show the pattern of mortuary sites
within the 29 counties overall.
RESULTS
In manipulating the data within the mortuary site database
it was found that there is a correlation between the type of site and
the soil upon which it was located.
Mounds were often located on
clay soil and cemeteries were generally on gravelly soil.
Of the 5
mounds located on sandy soil, 2 were sand covered by "brick clay".
Of
the ten cemeteries on clay soil, 4 were on gravelly clay and 5 others
were on sandy clay.
• 'I
'-'It
0 ...
~
\Jl
and
soil correlations
-
!
I
i
clav
I
I
I!
\ Iqravei
I
I
251
I
~~\
~~I
'201-
::and
!~
'-.1
'round
-
I ~II
sotlted
,
-
Mapping the prehistoric mortuary sites found in the survey area
showed that the sites tended to be found near waterways; however their
discovery was also linked to areas where construction or earthmoving
activity had uncovered the burials.
Mounds are by far the most common
type of site in the survey.
Type of site
-
-
Number of sites
% of sites
mounds
burial mounds
stone mounds
stone graves
cemeteries
isolated burials
178
60
18
3
79
32
1
21
9
total
370
100
48
16
5
RECOMMENDATIONS
~
The mortuary site inventory keeps a common, easily accessible
record of the prehistoric mortuary sites in eastern Indiana.
Other
studies within the region can be enhanced using the information
available through the inventory.
This database creates a framework
that can be used as the pilot for a prehistoric mortuary site
inventory for the entire state.
Such an inventory would be a valuable
tool for analyzing the relationships of prehistoric people within the
state to one another.
-
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Vol. 12, No.5, p. 122-23.
College Corner, Ohio.
Unearthing Skeletons of Mound Builders in Hamilton
County.
Indianapolis Sunday star, August 9, 1923.
Indianapolis.
------
-
APPENDIX A
Maps of Mortuary sites
-
-
-
APPENDIX B
Mortuary Sites
-
.-
Mortuary Site Density
county
Allen
Blackford
Cass
Dearborn
Delaware
Fayette
Franklin
Grant
Hamilton
Hancock
Henry
Huntington
Jay
Kosciusko
Madison
Marion
Randolph
Shelby
Union
wabash
Wayne
Whitley
-
NUInber of sites
27
2
1
32
26
7
68
4
8
1
40
6
2
1
10
11
26
14
39
2
38
4
%
of sites
7.3
.5
.2
8.6
7. 3
1.9
18.4
1.1
2.2
.2
10.8
1.6
.5
.2
2.7
3.0
7.3
3.8
10.5
.5
10.3
1.1
-
APPENDIX C
professionally Excavated Mortuary Sites
-
-.
--
ARTIFACT
:1SNO
SKEL.NO.
COL'NTY
shell beads, 31
shell beads, 787+
shell necklace
clamshell beads, 70
clamshell beads, 21
shell necklace
171
171
184
184
184
365
1a
6
1
3d
3e
1-12
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
shell
conch shell
conch shell
40
171
171
12a,
1b
4
copper pins, 2
copper beads, 85
copper sheet
copper
copper bracelets, 16
copper beads, copper " ring" ,
copper "sheath"
copper beads, 15
copper beads, 11
184
184
184
218
240
3b
3d
3e
14
la,
264
264
320
13
24
1
Shelby
Shelby
l,ojayne
pearl beads,
pearl beads,
171
171
6
8
Henry
Henry
31
9
Dearborn
172
:34a
Henry
Huntington
la, 1b
33f
1-3
:-fenry
Henry
2a-d
11g
12e
46a-c
37a. 37b
1-12
Henry
Henry
Henry
'ienry
Jenry
Henry
la-h
3
9
:)earborn
Jearborn
[lp::trborn
2--la
Henr~,
.) ' )
Benr~,·
113+
400+
pebble beads,
3
crinoid stem bead
crinoid stem
,'arapaces,
~ e
·:ar,l.paces.
~~
;.1I· '-
~,urt:le
2
2
l-~arapace
r-::l.pac,= plates
ca.::'apace plates
':::.':l.L"apace
2'1
~_erraPln
shell
t.errapin shell
'.<-:'('rapiTl shell
-
171
1~""
I ...
219
1~"
I ...
172
1~"
~I,-
1-2
1-:'''
'':''
365
31
~ 1
.J
1
31
~a3trcpod
1~"
I':"
~~ il r
1-<>
''-
t-
~;'"
_,>heil
Ib
213
baked .~ Lay pipes, 2
steatite elbow pipe
platform pi.pe
~~u;--t,,:,,p
12b
rat,tle
v ,,)a
Dearborn
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Kosciusko
Randolph
~ladison
,-
ARTIFACT
MSNO
SKEL.
slate gorget
bone gorget
bar gorget
circular shell gorgets
banded slate gorgets
gorget
31
31
184
218
240
320
2c
3
3f
1-14
la, 1b
1
Dearborn
Dearborn
Henry
Kosciusko
Randolph
Ivayne
sandstone block
sandstone
sandstone tablet
grooved sandstone
sandstone tablet
sandstone tablets,
26
31
40
171
240
363
1410
15
la,
la,
1
Blackford
Dearborn
Dearborn
Henry
Randolph
Randolph
363
1
.1.
Randolph
mica
mica
219
363
1-3
1
:'1adison
Randolph
limonite
limonite
172
172
39a,
45
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
debris
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
:361
361
361
361
361
361
361
,.,.:...1
land 3nails
snail shells,
17:
slate tablets,
-
-
7
4
150
1
.:...
-.~
!
'"'
bear jaw ornament
.J J.
leather pouches, cloth
210
British half-penny
218
,) 1
~O.
1b
1b
39b
Henry
Henry
'1arion
Marion
'1arion
Marion
:1arion
'1arion
'1arion
Marion
'1arion
Marion
'1arion
Marion
"1ar i 'In
\,f
•
,"ar
1 on
'1ar i ,)n
3
5
12
13
14
1 :::
1 J
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
')
COUNTY
.,
va
-+ 1
:1!~nr~,-
2a
Dearborn
OJ
~
a,
:1,~nry
lb
r;.ando':'ph
:\:csc iusl~o
..-
ARTIFACT
~SNO
SKEL. NO.
COUNTY
triangular points, 43
triangular points, 4
leaf-shaped point
points, 16
points and blades, 34
point
points, ...
points, 8
points, 2
triangular points, 3
points, oJ
point
triangular point, point
triangular points, 2
triangular point
triangular point
triangular point
triangular point
triangular point
points, 4
points, 2
point fragment
points, 2
points, 16
points, 2
Robbins-like point
broken point
points
26
26
31
31
40
40
40
81
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
213
214
221
264
320
324
327
363
365
14
15
2c
10
3
12a, 12b
15
1, 2
13a-d
6a
12a
22a-c
24c
28
31a, 31b
33a
33b
33f
37a
Blackford
Blackford
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Delaware
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
t-fenry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Huntington
Huntington
'1adison
Shelby
Wayne
microknife
knives, 3
knives, 2
lmife
knife
knife
triangular-based point
lmife
flake knife
knife blades, 2
kaivps, -:."
knLfe
1 "'I 1
1-')
''-'
172
172
1 -"-'
''-0
la. 1b
3a-d
22a-c
24a
3"...,a
33f
44a-d
45
')
')
:-.r iangular blade
l~af-shaped blade
stemmed blades, 3
large chert blade
-
~
'-"
172
l,~
172
214
240
1,
2
;]
16
1,2
1
1
1-12
\~ayne
\-'-ayne
Randolph
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henr~!·
:-Ienry
)1p:1ry
:-Ien ::'"
He:1i.-v
Jenry
:!un -:: .:.nJ?;ton
la,
'1.0
'
<.a:1dol ph
n (\
3 <..v
1
.. rl~:ne
:~
6.2
1 a-,~
.. ., :1. '.r7:. \~
"
oJ
1~
:2c
·)e:'1.rOorn
]ear':)orn
.)
31
.J
40
1
:26-1-
25
::
~,J
~t~:l::'':Jorn
::l·~·~'~Y
ARTIFACT
MSNO
SKEL.NO.
COl';-"!TY
chopper
small chopper
172
172
3a-d
22a-c
Henry
Henry
hammer
chert hammers tone
hammerstone
hammerstone
31
264
320
327
1a-h
5
1
1
Dearborn
Shelby
Wayne
Wayne
millingstonE~
172
44a-d
Henry
slate celt
slate celt, igneous rock
celt
celt
celt
celt
miniature celt
celt
celt blanks
172
8
Henry
172
172
320
327
361
361
363
31a,
39a,
1
1
7
22
1
flint flakes, 24
flakes, 1000+
chert flake
chert flakes, 4
chert flakes
flake
chert flake
flake reamer
flakes, 6
flake
flakes
40
81
171
21-1221
362
365
1, 2
1a-c
1-12
chert objects,
chert
worked chert
1 ,.,..,
.) .)
dua
;-Ienr~T
~72
~o
134
+0.
Henr~'
:Ien:::'::
26
15
.,
Blackford
Je3.rborr.
De8.rbor:1
Randolph
Randolph
flint chips,
black flint
fl in t .:::hips
-
7
4
\~hip
~
i
-..,
1 ...
1 - ')
.1.1
...
'I
f)
1.
-
t '-'
1~'"
L
L
I "-
I
""
3:
"
1~J
-
~
~a,
flint chips
~J6
1
·:::ores,
L-''-
la t,e
3
q
26
, .,
Dearborn
Delaware
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henr~'
Huntington
Madison
Wayne
i-Ienry
')
~w
S
Randolph
~
01
Henry
Henry
Wayne
Wayne
;1arion
~arion
1, 2
la, Ib
3a-d
22a-c
:33f
39a, 39b
fl~nt
9
31b
39b
~b
~_3.-.,~
:! t,· n r ,.
1 ;)
3lac.(forci
ARTIFACT
~SNO
SE:EL.~O.
COCNTY
scraper
endscrapers, 4
sidescrapers,
endscrapers, 3
sidescrapers,
scrapers, 9
172
33a
Henry
2
213
Huntington
3
214
320
Huntington
Wayne
4
bifaces,
biface
81
221
15
15
28
33a
Delaware
~adison
flint drills, 2
drill
drill
drill, triang. base drill
drills, 2
drills, 3
drill
drills
26
40
172
172
213
320
361
365
blanks, -1
blanks, 6
213
214
Huntington
Huntington
grinders, 2
digging tool
213
213
Huntington
Huntington
chisel
264
3helby
grooved axe fragment
31
10
Dearborn
mano
;361
.to
'1arion
honeycomb coral
horn coral
362
3a,3b
la-,.::
"1enry
h;ayne
1 -+
Jearborn
:Ienr:'
i1enry
1
1-12
Blackford
Dearborn
Henry
Henry
Huntington
Wayne
'larion
Henry
Limestone
round rock
pyrite rock
-to
.L
FCR
172
iIenr:'
se'"eral med. size rocks
several stones
stones,
rocks. 6
13.r,ge ro<..:ks, 8-10
fractured stone
b 0 U 1 d e r, .t .. :,:4 ..
stones
172
:1p.nry
-.
I
L
1 -. "
I~
. -"
.:....J""
,~
-
1, 2
1, 2
la-c
to
:h~nry
1 0
]enry
4enry
"!
,-"
- I.;;..
l
"Hb
i{enr~'
+-;-
'{<->nr :7
ta
IO
'v!ar'.on
,-
-
ARTIFACT
MSNO
SKEL.
sherds, 7
pottery vessel
potsherd
pottery
potsherds
sherds, 5
sherds, 27
sherds, 176
sherds, 60+
potsherds, 10
sherds, 217
sherds, 163
pottery
31
171
171
171
172
213
320
324
8
327
1
362
363
Ia-c
1
364
2
365
1-12
antler tines, 3
antler ornament
antler tine
antler tines, 3
antler tool
antler tines, 4; tine;
ulna awl
deer mandible
trimmed calva, antler gouge
deer metacarpal beamer;
antler flakers, 5;
antler tines, 26
antler tines, 3
antler flaker
antler tines, -t
ant ler :'1 akE~r
deer metacarpal
antler drift
antler tines
26
bone awl
dog bones, bone awl
bone awls, .)...
bone needle
bone splinter, animal bon~
bone a~vls,
rodent bones
robus \, :llna a,v 1
w0rked bird bone. non-human
parella
:anid femur
snake "keleton
splint~r bone awl
'~3.rpal bones
dog bones
bone awLs
~O.
1b
12c
12e, 12f
-l4a-d
1
1,
2
10
3
Ib
172
3a-d
172
172
9a,
172
1 - .)
22a-c
28
30a
,~
,-')
~
I ...
33a
I
:33f
~
- 0
I ....
1 -10-
39a,
264
35
:36;)
1-12
:26
31
15
:a-h
.)
:':c
'j
.
l
9b
1230
172
39b
L
•
-
<)
-
L .
1
1
1-~
,
!..
I
')
..::..
:':18
:lUb
,31 a ,
34'8
:7a,
-L3
:2-9
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Shelby
Henry
Blackford
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Henry
Henr:.-
') 1
oJ
Dearborn
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Huntington
Wayne
Wayne
Wayne
Wayne
Randolph
Allen
Henry
Blackford
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Henry
15
2c
31
-1:0
1 71
COUNTY
3Ib
37b
Henry
Henry
:1:enry
Henr:,Henry
I\osc iusko
'1adi son
,
-
COUNTY
Shelby
Wayne
Marion
:1arion
Randolph
365
1-12
Henry
171
171
la, 1b
1c-g
Henry
Henry
26
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
264
15
15
3a-d
12a
12c
22a-c
28
33a
33f
-l4-a-d
35
Blackford
Dearborn
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Shelby
171
171
172
12c
12e,
33a
1 71
172
1a
11g
33f
!1:enry
Henry
Henry
.~
Dearborn
Henry
(.jayne
turkey metatarsals,
turkey metatarsals,
incisor
inciors, 2
incisors, 3
incisor
incisor
incisors, 6
incisors, 2
incisors, 21
incisor
incisor
incisors, 2
bear canines,
bear canines,
bear canines,
bird claws,
bird claws,
bird claws.
2
2
2
2
6
10
2
18
40
l~'"
I~
claws,
mammal ,-: l:u.. s . 3
\.. 01 f Dr dog claws
31
1-'"
I';"
32-+
charcoa":'.
<charcoal
'_' hare aa 1
172
1-"
:8.+
bad;:
':Jar!'.
-+0
.)
~
I~
18-+
bar~~
-to
iO
oaL':~
-
SKEL. NO.
25
1,2
31
36
1
MSNO
beaver
beaver
beaver
beaver
beaver
beaver
beaver
beaver
beaver
bea',er
beaver
-
264324
361
361
363
A.RTIFACT
bone combs, 3
bone awls
bone awl
dog burial
animal bones
bone awls, bone hooks,
animal bones
.:..c
36b
1
L
<)
.:...
,
~8b
.,,..
J
..,.:..
I
a.,
37b
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
aenry
Henry
4a
J, i
10
]enry
Dearborn
Jearoorn
1-t
~)earborn
Jearborn
Dearborn
)earborn
De'1.rborn
De3.rborn
Dearborn
Randolph
cPli ,.:,cher
.) 1
<JJ..
,')chpr
:1
rr~ci
·~o
~
~'0.d
oeh,~r
+1)
r-eli ocher
red ,)cher
)cner
-to
-10
-to
1S
'JCht~l'
2-40
la,
~;:).{i
f
-':
10
1-1
1b
AGE FREQUENCY
INFANT
25-35
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
2
0
2
MIDDLE-AGED
'7
35-45
36
37
38
j
3
0
1
10
11
12
3
1
4
5
0
2
0
0
2
0
0-3
1
2
17 months
7 months
1
1
1
CHILD
J1NENINILE
3-8
8-12
9
2
15
8
1
1
5-7
10-11
3
4
5
6, 6.5
7
8
ADOLESCENT
YOUNG ADULT
12-17
17-25
13
14
~
ADULT
45
15
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
-1
-
9
27
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
4
4
15
10
2
0
39
40
41,42,43,44
45
45-64
46
I
'7
I
1
4(
'""'
48
49
1
1
~O
2
51,52,53
54
0
,-- -f,
-~
::'/,:/~,:;
/
0
~R
2
1
2
2
1
6,-'
0
64
<]
0
6'5 +
(::L:C ADULT
"
/'v
59
0
60
61,62
0
/
3
, - c:niid.
ado~ent
,~~ 12
(16%)
12-24 (1.3~~)
--- infant 0-,3 (12'70)
uduiL 2:r--,YJ (19%)
-
-
:]oult35-65 (1 '2,0;,) - -
'-- unknolMl (27%)
-
of
~xed
(17%)
f~xtended (16%)
disarticulated (2%)
cremation (6%)
Heacl
east, '1'
\ ; ""'
''',)
, - rcriheast (3%)
north (6%)
-_.
uri<no'Ml (65%)
r'('rtl~wed
11 ../
I
'-',
.70;)
\.............. 0.