Pedigree and Inbreeding Analysis
of the Rare and Endangered Akhal-Teke Horse
An Honors Thesis (Honors 499)
By
Jillian Marie Carroll
Thesis Advisor
Dr. C. Ann Blakey
Ball State University
Muncie, IN
May 2010
Expected Date of Graduation
May 2010
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ABSTRACT
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The Akhal-Teke horse of Turkmenistan is an ancient breed that developed in response to the
desertification of Central Asia. The breed has been tightly involved with political upheavals and in
1979 they were introduced into the United States. The Akhal-Teke is currently listed as "Vulnerable"
by the Equine Survival Trust and "Threatened" by the American Breed and livestock Conservancy.
This may be in part due to the massive inbreeding that is occurring within the population.
Inbreeding causes a genetic bottleneck whereby the two alleles of a gene become identical by
descent. From a data set of S27 individuals twenty-six pedigrees were computer generated as well
as sixteen hand drawn diagrams to investigate the problem and the number of individuals, the
relatedness of those horses, and the level of inbreeding were examined in each.
Inbreeding
coefficients (F) were calculated for specific sire lines in the largest pedigree. Example stallions from
each sire line were analyzed and assigned an inbreeding coefficient to demonstrate the effects of
unrelated matings on inbreeding.
ii
DEDICATION
To Mr. Joshua Fortriede Without you, these four years would have been very different and
I'm fairly sure this thesis may never have had its heart of pedigrees.
I am blessed to have you in my life.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Copious thanks go to Dr. C. Ann Blakey, a wonderful advisor of four years.
Your advice, ability to speak some Russian, and flexibility have aided
in the writing of this thesis in ways I cannot even express.
Heartfelt thanks go to my parents,
Mr. and Mrs. John and Susan Carroll,
for their everlasting love and support.
You two have always been my rock.
iv
AUTHOR'S STATEMENT
The investigation of inbreeding in the Akhal-Teke horse is important because it can act as a
mirror project to a similar undertaking with human subjects. There are many more regulations and
ethical considerations with human research than with animal research therefore it is much more
feasible to begin analysis of a problem as complex and intricate as inbreeding with subjects who can
be told to mate with each other without moral consequence.
Another reason this project was
attainable was the amount of records available. Humans do not necessarily keep track, in a central
location, of their family tree. Horse studbooks are exactly that, a centrally located resource that
allowed this project to take shape. Whether we would like to admit it or not, inbreeding does occur
in our population and the knowledge I have gained during the course of this thesis is knowledge that
can be applied to my genetic counseling work in the future.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
AUTHOR'S STATEMENT
iv
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
vii
CHAPTER 1: literature Review
1
Introduction
1
Background
2
Breed Standards
4
Inbreeding
6
CHAPTER 2: Materials and Methods
9
Materials
9
Methods
9
CHAPTER 3: Results
11
CHAPTER 4: Discussion and Conclusions
17
Discussion
17
vi
Conclusions
19
REFERENCES
20
APPENDICES
24
Appendix A: Akhal-Teke Breed Coat Colors
25
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
26
Appendix C: Pedigree Diagram for the Smaller Families
40
Appendix D: Pedigree Diagram for the Large Family
41
vii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Page
13
Figure 1a.
Diagrams representing line sires' ancestry for individuals 2a, 44, 165, 9, 213, 100, 432, 697,
828, 26, 569, and 269 . Each dot represents a male individual unless otherwise noted with a
«(female).
1\
When read from top to bottom, each line represents a parent-child relationship.
refers to the line sire whose lineage is being examined .
14
Figure lb.
Diagrams representing line sires' ancestry for individuals 448, 721, 779, and 914. Each dot
represents a male individual unless otherwise noted with a
«(female).
to bottom, each line represents a parent-child relationship.
1\
When read from top
refers to the line sire whose
lineage is being examined.
Table 1.
15
Pedigree data including family information from GenoPro 2007 and information pertaining
to related and unrelated individuals.
Table 2.
15
Inbreeding calculations (F) for predominant sire line horses based on F* values for
recognized ancestral/progenitor sires.
Table 3.
F values for example stallions from each of the sire lines with an F ~ O.
16
1
CHAPTER 1
Literature Review
Introduction
The Akhal-Teke horse is an ancient breed originating in Turkmenistan. They were named for
the Teke tribe, residents of the Akhal oasis, who prided themselves on their horsemanship. As many
Turkmen tribes were nomadic they found a perfect match in the endurance and distance loving
Akhal-Teke. Not only could these horses perform in battle but they were good daily workhorses as
well (1) . The breed first broke away from its ancestral line of horses roughly 10,000 years ago during
the desertification of Central Asia. Due to lack of food and water, the Akhal-Teke horses developed
a lighter frame than their ancestors and their high head carriage facilitated survival by boosting the
senses of hearing and sight. Sandy camouflage coat color also played into their success in the new
desert environment (1).
Current world estimates put the total number of breeding mares (females) at just over 900
out of the approximately 4000 known purebred individuals registered with the International
studbook in Russia (MAAK) (2). This breed has a restricted studbook and such a small gene pool that
the breed is listed as "Vulnerable" on the Equus Survival Trust Equine Conservation List (3), where
"Vulnerable" means that there are only 500 to 1500 available breeding mares (females) worldwide.
In the United States, the total population of Akhal-Tekes is roughly 400, with only 28 breeding
stallions currently listed in the 2009 North American Akhal-Teke Stallion Directory (ATS Directory),
provided by Shirley Schulz to the eSTEEDs Project (4).
2
Akhal-Tekes first came to the United States in 1978 with the purchase of a single stallion by
Phil and Margot Chase (4). Subsequently a second horse was purchased in 1980 but overall the total
purebred population in the United States has remained very limited. The Akhal-Teke Association of
America (ATAA) is interested in the propagation and maintenance of the breed and its distinct
genetic characteristics through the promotion of the stallions currently available in the 2009 ATS
Directory. Breeders can access pedigrees and studbooks to make informed decisions, but may be
limited to the registration information, as in the case with the 2009 ATS Directory which only
includes information on a maximum of three generations per stallion (4). Therefore, it is possible to
misread pedigrees or focus on particular traits without taking into consideration the degree of
inbreeding they are propagating.
With the lack of detailed pedigree analysis beyond three
generations, it is all too easy to make a mistake and breed horses that are only separated by as few
as four generations, equivalent to fourth cousin marriages in humans.
Background
The breed has had a troubled history linked to the rise and fall of various political groups.
Before the Bolshevik Revolution, it was not uncommon for every house to have at least one horse.
In 1917, the Bolsheviks came into power and revoked the idea of private ownership so all horses
were to be rounded up and placed in state run stud farms. Most tribesmen fled with their horses to
lands such as Persia and Afghanistan to avoid that fate (1). In 1935, in an attempt to prove the
worth of the Akhal-Teke breed, fifteen horses participated in the 4330 kilometer (2600 mile)
Ashkhabad-Moscow endurance ride (2). After the 84 day journey, Joseph Stalin consented to the
continued breeding of the Akhal-Teke (1) . With the rise of the Soviet Union and the industrialization
of agriculture, Khrushchev decided in 1956 that tractors had replaced horses and ordered them to
be slaughtered and made into sausage (5). Again the tribesmen came to their beloved breed's
3
rescue and released the horses into the desert. In 1991, breeding became a nationalistic concern
and received country-wide attention as an art form . The horse was declared a national treasure and
placed on the country's national emblem (1).
The political turmoil associated with this breed has continued even into the twenty-first
century but this group is not without its well known advocates. One such figure is Geldy Kyarizov,
born in 1951 and currently residing in Turkmenistan, immediately took an interest in horses.
Though his career took him away from horse breeding, he always had a special place in his heart for
the breed. He started a campaign, traveling all of Turkmen istan and the Soviet Union trying to bring
recognition to the plight of the breed, culminating the 4330 kilometer ride mentioned previously.
This movement peaked public interest which in turn spurred the government to "adopt measures
aimed at improving the deplorable situation with horsebreeding in Tu rkmenistan (6)." As part of
these new measures in the late 1980s, Geldy established one of the most notable Akhal-Teke
breeding farms, named Akhal-Yurt, nestled in the foothills of the Kopetdag mountain range (7). His
first well-known stallion was Aigytly (Opal-Agava) and after tasting success he searched
Turkmenistan, Southern Kazakhstan and Northern Caucausus for the best studs. Kyarizov's most
illustrious acquisition was Yanardag, the horse whose silhouette is on the national emblem.
In
recognition of his diligent efforts, Geldy was elected the General ,Director of Turkmen Atlary, the
Turkmen state equestrian organization (6), On January 30, 2002, Geldy was imprisoned following
charges of negligence that are thought to have been staged. His plight became a focal point for the
international Akhal-Teke community. One member, Ms. Amrita Ibold, has auctioned off a Limited
Edition 2007 Breyer Akhal-Teke model horse three times to aide in Kyarizov's release [auction
website : http://www.squidoo.com/geldy
1 (8),
He was amnestied by the following president of
Turkmenistan in October 2007 (9) . He is still considered to this day to be the Minister of Horses of
Turkmenistan .
4
Breed Standards
The Akhal-Teke should be a medium-sized horse, giving off the sense of length of body,
standing 14.3 to 16 hands tall. The horse should have a rectangular silhouette, strong back, level
top line and prominent withers followed by free-moving shoulders. Hips should be wide with a low
set tail while the chest is expected to be narrow. A long head, forward set ears, and "hooded" eyes
are desirable as is a refined throatlatch as part of a slim neck. Finally, smoothly muscled legs ending
in round, hard hooves are essential. Hair ought to be fine covering thin skin with no feathering on
the fetlocks .
Akhal-Tekes come in many colors and often have white markings (10). A full list of
colors and descriptions can be found in Appendix A.
Breeding practices in regards to the Akhal-Teke horse can be broken into two schools of
thought: the pre-1900 type and the post-1900 type . Turkmen tribes believed in selecting for traits
that would benefit them in battle therefore pre-1900 breeding did not focus on body structure.
Stamina, speed, and hardiness in the desert were the primary focus of their efforts over physical
appearance. As a result of breeding for function over form, two distinct variants developed among
the bellicose Turkmen tribes: the warhorses (alaman-at) and the race/state-horses (to i-at) (11). The
alaman-at, because of their use in warfare, were more muscular, able to carry heavy loads, and built
for long-distance. On the other side of the spectrum the toi-at were more elegant and most often
ridden by chiefs of the tribes. Rather than stamina they were created for fast action. Among the
more peaceful tribes a third type emerged, the combination horse. They were horses of endurance
and finer speed with the ability to haul loads and a sweet character. It bears repeating that through
the Turkmen tribes breeding for function, that there were actually three distinct body types
produced: alaman-at, toi-at, and the combination body type horse (11).
5
Similar to the formation of distinct body types in the pre-1900s, two "Iooks" arose within
the post-1900s: the Russian/Soviet and the Turkmenian, where "Iook" refers to specific sets of
refined features . The Russian/Soviet breed form was epitomized by the stallion Boinou (from the
toi-at). As a racehorse, he was never tested in the endurance arena yet he was still considered the
point of reference for the Russian breeders. By comparison, the Turkmenian breedings were best
characterized by the combination of the stallions Everdy-Teleke (from the toi-at) and Karader (from
the ala man-at). This era of breeding deviated significantly from the pre-1900s where now form
became more important than function. Breeders began to select for particular aesthetic traits such
as a "muzzle [that] should fit in a teacup" rather than for general physical strength (12).
This
approach only served to inhibit function . Because of this appearance-specific focus, the breed
began to lose many of its foundation characteristics and center more on the show qualities of that
era (12).
While written records of Akhal-Teke breeding started the year Boinou was born, 1885, the
first studbook was not published until 1941. 287 stallions and 468 mares were included. In 1975
the studbooks were closed when the breed was considered purebred . Post 1973 studbook records
have been kept by the All-Russian Institute of Horsebreeding (VNIIK) . Between the years of 1994
and 1997, stallion registrations increased by nearly 40% and mare registrations increased by less
than 1%. Registry demands a pedigree and blood sample for each horse (13). The Akhal-Teke is
currently listed as Threatened by the American Breed and Livestock Conservancy (ABLC) and
Vulnerable by the Equine Survival Trust (EST) (14, 15). Threatened constitutes "fewer than 1,000
annual registrations in the United States and estimated global population of less than 5,000" by the
ABLC while Vulnerable, according to the EST, means that the breed has between 500-1,500 active
adult breeding mares globally (14, 15).
6
The Akhal-Teke breed was first introduced to the United States in 1979 by Phil and Margot
Chase. This husband and wife team bought two horses, the stallion 1276 Senetir and the mare 2875
Oliva, at an auction in Moscow and imported them to Virginia. They also founded the Akhal-Teke
Association of America (ATAA) in 1982 in the midst of the success of their breeding program (16) .
Both purebreds and crossbreds were registered with the ATAA (13). As of 1997, 1276 Senetir had
sired 61 foals, 32 of which were trained for competition, three of those receiving the top grade
available in eventing and one attaining the top level in dressage (16). In 1995, the International
Association of Akhal-Teke Horse Breeding (MAAK) was established and is currently headed by
Saparmurad Niyazov, the president of Turkmenistan as well (13) . This organization is in charge of all
advice on breeding for the Akhal-Teke.
Inbreeding
The number one enemy of genetic diversity in a population is inbreeding. Inbreeding is the
mating of two related individuals. Relation is assessed by common ancestry, for example, sharing a
great-grandparent (17) . The closer the relation is to the current generation, the more detrimental
the pairing. For instance, while neither of these pairings is optimal by any means, mating a mother
to her son is far worse than mating the son's great-grandmother to him. The mother is only one
generation above her son while the great-grandmother is three generations away. Inbreeding is
actually an inconvenient truth on some level for all populations (17). Frequently the number of nonrelated mates is insufficient to choose from in order to ensure the smallest amount of damage;
therefore the most distantly related matings are the most desirable.
A small amount of naturally
occurring inbreeding is known to occur in populations. The problem arises when there is continued
inbreeding resulting in an excess of homozygotes in the population, meaning there will be a large
7
proportion of individuals with identical copies of the same allele for a given gene from a common
ancestor (18) .
Reasons for inbreeding vary but in the horse community the most universal reason is to
achieve a "perfect" specimen based on the recorded standards of the breed organization. Breeders
use a method called linebreeding where they seek to increase one individual's genetic contribution
to the population (19). This individual is seen as superior to others and has the qualities and traits
desired to be passed on to future generations. "Popular Sire Syndrome" is a result of this type of
breeding, as those sires who are physically attractive and accomplished are the most requested
breeding partners. Therefore, they contribute disproportionately to the gene pool causing a genetic
bottleneck (20). This thinking is a hard habit to break as the idea of the "perfect horse" is ever
changing and always just out of reach. Breeders often fear they will not find such a great sample
Akhal-Teke again and attempt to use the horse as much as possible while they have it (19). Also, the
idea of being able to "double up" on good genes to create the best animal is a common yet flawed
logic system employed by many (17).
Many breeders are hesitant to equate linebreeding to inbreeding because of the negative
connotation given to the latter however they are the same thing and have the same consequences.
A serious result of this practice is known as inbreeding depression or the reduction in the
population's fitness by the accumulation of recessive deleterious traits.
Conformation issues,
sterility, reduced lifespan and specific disease susceptibility are a few of the consequences (21).
Some diseases found in Akhal-Tekes include Wobbler Syndrome, a cervical spine malformation,
Hairless Foal Syndrome, a lethal recessive condition where hairless foals are born and die shortly
after, and Degenerative Suspensory Ligament Desmitis (DSLD), a degenerative connective tissue
disorder (22). To avoid these issues and help maintain the vigor of the breed the encouraged
8
practice should be that of variety. Strictly adhering to this philosophy should help to restore genetic
diversity.
Genes are comprised of alleles and any given individual possesses two alleles per gene.
These allele combinations can be classified in one of two ways: autozygous or identical by descent
(IBD), or allozygous or not identical by descent (nIBD). It is important to note the concept of IBD
refers to the origin of the allele rather than its chemical makeup (18). These two distinctions are
helpful when examining how inbreeding is recorded.
Individuals in a population are assigned a
number, which is calculated based upon their parentage, called an inbreeding coefficient (F). This is
"the probability that the two alleles of a gene in an individual are [autozygous] (18)." Within a
population, a non-inbred individual would have an F value of zero and an inbred individual would
have an F value of greater than zero depending on the number of common ancestors. Determining
if an allele is IBD requires knowledge of both sides of the family. An allele is IBD only if inherited
from both parents who have ancestors in common.
There are three specific steps used when calculating F from a pedigree.
The first step
requires locating all common ancestors. Step two calls for tracing all possible pathways for gametes
to an individual from the oldest common ancestor(s) through each of the two parents (18). Each
path is mutually exclusive. The third step involves the calculation of "the probability of autozygosity
in [the individual of interest] due to each of the paths in turn (18)." The formula is as follows :
Where F equals the inbreeding coefficient and is the sum of the paths through which an individual
can derive identical alleles from the ancestors and n= the number of individuals in the paths. The
1+FA is correction factor for the inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor in the path (23).
9
CHAPTER 2
Materials and Methods
Materials
Pedigree data for the calculation of inbreeding coefficients and the generation of the
pedigrees was obtained from articles written by Milena Stoszek (one of the primary USA registry
contacts for MAAK) posted by Akhal -Teke UK (www.akhaltekeuk.com) and Akhal-Teke Canada
(www.akhal-teke.ca) and her own website Akhal-Teke Ranch (www.akhaltekeranch .com) (24-26) .
Additional pedigree data was compiled from : KaraKum Akhal-Tekes (www.akhalteke.net). The
Turanian Horse Website (www.turanianhorse.org), Stavropol Stud (www.stavropol-teke.com), and
Akhal-Teke Est (www.akhalteke.ee) (27-30). Line founders were determined using the information
provided by the Akhal-Teke Association of America' s pedigree (http://akhal-teke.org/pedigree.html)
(31) .
Methods
Data was assembled in two databases, MyHeritage Family Tree Builder Version 4.0
(www.myheritage.com) and GenoPro 2007 (www.genopro.com) (32, 33). The data set was placed in
a Microsoft Excel 2007 spread sheet including name, year and location of birth, sire, dam, color and
studbook number. The data was reformatted for importing into MyHeritage Family Tree Builder.
This program converts the .xlsx file format to the .gno file type readable by GenoPro. The new file
was then opened in GenoPro which generated pedigrees. Additional data including founders and
other progeny was added directly to MyHeritage Family Tree Builder and GenoPro 2007.
11
CHAPTER 3
Results
The entire data set consisted of 527 individuals, 280 males and 247 females, shown in
Appendix B.
GenoPro generated one large pedigree involving 440 individuals assembled into 235
families and 25 smaller pedigrees encompassing the remaining 87 individuals in 31 families, see
Table 1 and Appendices C and D (33). A family is defined as a mating and its resulting progeny. The
pedigrees generated revealed more unrelated males and females in the group of smaller pedigrees
than in the large pedigree, see Table 1.
Sixteen diagrams were drawn for chosen line sires. The sire lines 26, 448, 432, 569, 697,
828, 721 and 914 all had progenitor sires, those stallions at the base of a split in the line, seen in
Figure 1.
The sire lines 269 and 779 were considered their own progenitor stallions in this
examination as they themselves were at the base of the split. The presence of loops indicated
inbreeding and those loops were used in the creation of the F formulas seen in Table 2. Six of these
diagrams show no loops but were straight stallion line descent (Figure 1). Eight of the sixteen had a
single loop and two sire line diagrams (779 and 914, a progeny of 779) revealed two loops or a
second path increasing inbreeding for subsequent generations (Figure 1). The smallest of these
belongs to 2a Boinou with 4 individuals resulting in an inbreeding coefficient (F) of zero (Figure 1,
Table 2). The largest diagram was 914 Polotli with 24 horses, two loops, and an F of 0.0000458
(Figure 1, Table 2) . The mean number of individuals was 10.94 per sire line analyzed and the mean
number of generations was 8.08.
12
Those diagrams without loops were assigned an F value of zero because they lacked any
visible inbreeding. The F values for diagrams with loops were calculated using the formula above in
Chapters 1 and 2. The number of individuals, excluding the Progenitor Sire at the base of the loop,
directly involved with a given loop becomes the exponent (x) used in the F* formula (23). These F*
values were then used to calculate the Sire Line Fvalues of (~rF* as shown in Table 2.
Representative horses were chosen from each sire line for further inbreeding analysis.
These individuals were the result of direct sire lines with unrelated female matings. The F values in
Table 3 reveal the positive effects of breeding to unrelated individuals. Note these examples did not
include additional loops in their lines.
13
Figure la. Diagrams representing line sires' ancestry for individuals 2a, 44, 165,9, 213, 100,432,
697,828,26, 569, and 269. Each dot represents a male individual unless otherwise noted with a 9
(female). When read from top to bottom, each line represents a parent-child relationship. 1\ refers
to the line sire whose lineage is being examined.
151
i
q
F~O
ku+ly
So.kar
4-32F=O.OISb
t:~Sa)::o.. (
ol~
Fc:: 0.000122.
2h
F::O.03/3
14
Figure lb. Diagrams representing line sires' ancestry for individuals 448, 721, 779, and 914. Each
dot represents a male individual unless otherwise noted with a 9 (female). When read from top to
bottom, each line represents a parent-child relationship .
being examined .
12.1
F =o.CX)'~,c1/
1\
refers to the line sire whose lineage is
15
Table 1. Pedigree data including family information from GenoPro 2007 and information pertaining
to related and unrelated individuals.
"
..$'
~
§
',..~
.~
..$'
1
'4
-&
oS
~
~
~
~
f
~
~
"b
~
~
~
~
~
!
.;
~
~
"
~
• .:.>
Pedigree
Large
lJ
§
~
§
~
~
~
f
~
G
~
~
.;
~
'a7
4.
'a7
~
§
o~
tI"
~
.:::>
~
o~
440
235
224
216
16
7.100A,
179
82.900A,
87
31
56
31
25
29%
31
1000A,
Individuals
Table 2. Inbreeding calculations (F) for predominant sire line horses based on F* values for
recognized ancestral/progenitor sires.
Sire
Line
Sire Line
Horse
Steps from
Progenitor
Siret
Sire Line
Fvalue
Progenitor
Siret
Progenitor
Siret F*
Formula
F*Value
Boinou
Bek-Nazar-Dor
Mele-Kush
Ak-Belek
Sap-ar-Khan
EI
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0156
0.000122
0.000122
0.0313
0.0156
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
(1/2)3(1+FBA)
(1/2)12(1 +FI($)
(1 2)12(1 +FJ(5)
(1/2)4(1 +Fa)
(1/2)4(1+FB)
n/a
n/a
0.0625
0.0625
(1/2)4(1+F a)
0.0625
#
2a
44
175
9
213
nfa
697
828
26
569
Gelishikli
Fakirp,elvan
Arab
Skak
n/a
3
1
1
1
2
269
Everdy-Teleke
n/a
0.0625
448
721
2
4
0.0156
0.00391
779
Kir-Sakar
Kaplan
(Gaplan)
Peren
244 Top-orbai
629 Fakir-Sulu
629 Fakir-Sulu
4a Ag-Ishan
269 EverdyTeleke
269 EverdyTeleke
4a Ag-Ishan
4a Ag-Ishan
n/a
0.0000916
779 Peren
914
Polotli
1
0.0000458
779 Peren
0.0625
0.0625
[(1/2)15(1 +FB))+
[ 1/2 14(I+FB)]
[(1/2)15(1 +Fa)]+
[(1/2)14(1 +Fa)]
0.0000916
0.0000916
* Calculated under the assumption that 2a Boinou (B), la Baba Achun (BA), and Kutly Sakar (KS) have Fvalues approaching
zero.
t
Most ancestral sire for which inbreeding can be formally calculated .
16
Table 3. F values for example stallions from each ofthe sire lines with an F ~
Founding Line
721 Kaplan (Gaplan)
o.
F of Founder Example Stallion Steps
1
0.00196
448 Kir-Sakar
0.0156 736 Keimir
1
0.0078
569 Skak
0.0156801 Spesivii
1
0.0078
26 Arab
0.0313 677 Alam
2
0.00783
432 Karl avach
0.0156 879 Dorsekil
2
0.0039
828 Fakirpelvan
0.00391 904 Melekush
F value
0.000122 1248 Orlan
2 0.0000305
779 Peren
0.0000916 1276 Senetir
2 0.0000229
914 Polotli
0.0000458 1084Padishakh 9
2 0.0000115
269 Everdy-Teleke
697 Gelishikli
0.0625687 Arsenal
0.000122 1240 Melechan
3
0.00781
3 0.0000153
17
CHAPTER 4
Discussion and Conclusions
Discussion
The data set of 527 individuals covered approximately 14 generations when referring to the
2a Boinou line. The majority of males in the large pedigree are associated with this line. The large
pedigree has 235 families that are all connected in one way or another through both male and
female lines (Appendix O) . There were numerous occurrences of linebreeding due to the same sires
being used over and over. In fact, as shown in Appendix 0, it is rare that mares are used more than
once. This consistently high volume of new females may have contributed to ineffective record
keeping but on the other hand, the abundance of females dramatically helped the inbreeding
situation of the Akhal-Teke. The females appear to be the major source of new genetic material, see
Table 1. If females were used multiple times, or as often as males, then the problem would have
been compounded.
Unrelated males in the large pedigree were found to be few and far between.
They
appeared to be randomly placed though this could mean simply they have yet to be further
connected to other participants of the large pedigree or the 25 smaller pedigrees (Appendices C and
O). Similarly, the 25 individual pedigrees in Appendix C are unable to be connected to the large
pedigree though it is suspected that they are all involved somehow. Further investigation into these
connections will allow for the addition of the smaller families. The lack of depth, usually beyond the
fourth generation, exhibited by the sources available through this non-Mother Russia studbook
approach contributed to this problem (26-31).
When the individual pedigrees are successfully
integrated into the large pedigree the inbreeding coefficients will need to be checked and possibly
18
recalculated as the addition of more horses could create new or exacerbate already existing
inbreeding loops, see Figure 1 (23).
Sixteen diagrams were drawn for chosen line sires. The sire lines 26, 448, 432, 569, 697,
828, 721 and 914 all had progenitor sires, those stallions at the base of a split in the line, seen in
Figure 1.
The sire lines 269 and 779 were considered their own progenitor stallions in this
examination as they themselves were at the base of the split. The presence of loops indicated
inbreeding and those loops were used in the creation of the F formulas seen in Table 2. Six of these
diagrams show no loops but were straight stallion line descent (Figure 1). Eight of the sixteen had a
single loop and two sire line diagrams (779 and 914, a progeny of 779) revealed two loops or a
second path increasing inbreeding for subsequent generations (Figure 1). The smallest of these
belongs to 2a Boinou with 4 individuals resulting in an inbreeding coefficient (F) of zero (Figure 1,
Table 2). The largest diagram was 914 Polotli with 24 horses, two loops, and an F of 0.0000458
(Figure 1, Table 2). The mean number of individuals was 10.94 per sire line analyzed and the mean
number of generations was 8.08.
Of the sixteen sire line diagrams used for inbreeding analysis, ten had loops. Loops were a
clear indication of multiple paths by which identical alleles could be inherited by descent. In the
early period of Akhal-Teke breeding there were plenty of recognized individuals in the breeding
pool. As regulation increased and the studbooks were closed the amount of inbreeding became
amplified .
More horses were bred back to those that were registered and proven causing an
increase in loops. As evidenced by the very small increase of less than 1% in mare registrations
recorded by the VNIIK from 1994-1997, records of female Akhal-Tekes are in short supply.
For
example, as seen in Appendix D, 2a Boinou has 8 matings, only one of which is actually known and
recorded .
19
Conclusions
When moving further down from the Progenitor Sires, the problem can either get better or
worse. Table 3 shows cases where the F value diminished, meaning that inbreeding decreased .
Therefore if enough generations pass without any previously used or related individuals being
mated into the line in question, the F value could drop back down approaching zero. There were
also individuals beyond the Progenitor Sires whose inbreeding diagrams would have exhibited just
as many if not more loops leading back to the common ancestors.
The lack of early female record keeping interfered directly with all inbreeding calculations.
Pathways could not be established without both maternal and paternal ancestral knowledge as
discussed previously. This demonstrated the importance of maintaining accurate records for both
male and female contributions as without these records proper inbreeding coefficients could not be
determined and breeders do not have all the necessary information to make beneficial breeding
choices. Inbreeding will remain a problem in the Akhal-Teke breed. Its effects will only be mitigated
by the very careful selection and integration of bloodlines in the form of both stallions and mares
based on genetics rather than aesthetics.
20
REFERENCES
1. Anonymous. "History & Culture : The Akhalteke Horse of Turkmenistan" Embassy of
Turkmenistan . <http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/horses.html>. [Date
Accessed 5/4/2010).
2.
U.K. Akhal-Teke 2007-2009. From an Interview with Stoszek, Milena, Registrar of the Akhal-Teke
Association of America Studbook and USA MAAK Coordinator.<http ://www.akhaltekeuk.com/
Milenalnt.html> [Date Accessed 4/18/2010).
3. Equus Survival Trust Equine Conservation List. 2008. <www.Equus-Survival-Trust.org> [Date
Accessed 5/14/2010).
4.
2009 North American Akhal-Teke Stallion Directory. Shirley Schulz, e-mail:
fa rmsss@belisouth.net
5. Solovyov, D. Cult of noble horse alive in Turkmenistan. The Nation 1998 February 9; Sect C; 5
(coil).
<http://news.google .com/newspa pers?n id=437 &dat=19980209&id=wtQtAAAAI BAJ&sjid= _TE DA
AAAIBAJ&pg=6718,2460069>. [Date Accessed 5/14/2010).
6.
Klimuk, A. "Geldy
Kiarizov''<http://www.akhalteke.org/web/karakum .nsf/Articles/CC330451C63DD
BBC85257497007EDBED>. [Date Accessed 4/17/2010).
7.
Filipov, D. A long way to go. The Boston Globe 1998 April
5.<http://www.boston.com/news/world/
asia/articies/1998/04/05/a_long_way_to_go/>. [Date Accessed 4/14/2010].
21
8.
Stewart, K. "Volya for Geldy Kyarizov" <http ://www.squidoo.com/geldy>. [Date Accessed
5/14/2010].
9.
Amnesty International. "Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. March 2007 - March
2008" 15p. <http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/001/2008/en/5b2d8a92-071dlldd-badf-1352a91852c5/eur040012008eng.pdf>. [Date Accessed 5/20/2010].
10. Anonymous. "Breed Standard and Conformation" <http://www.akhal-teke.org/breed.html>.
[Date Accessed 4/15/2010].
11. Anonymous. "Breeding Selection: Pre-1900 Type" <http://www.akhalteke.info/pre-1900-type-l63-en.html>. [Date Accessed 4/14/2010].
12. Anonymous. "Breeding Selection: Post-1900 Type" <http://www.akhalteke.info/post-1900-type1-64-en .html>. [Date Accessed 4/14/2010].
13. Anonymous. "Akhal-Teke" Horsemanship and Horse Training Tips.<http ://www.horsemanship
horsetrainingtips.com/articles/178/1/Akhal-Teke>. [Date Accessed 5/15/2010] .
14. Equine Survival Trust. <http://www.equus-survival-trust.org/>. [Date Accessed 4/28/2010].
15. American Livestock and Breed Conservancy. <http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/akhalteke.html>.
[Date Accessed 4/28/2010].
16. Anonymous. "Akhal-Teke Under Saddle in the U.S." <http://www.akhalteke.cc/case.html>. [Date
Accessed 5/10/2010].
17. Anonymous. "Genetics : Breeding Scheme" <http://www.akhalteke.info/breeding-schemes-1-48en.html>. [Date Accessed 4/17/2010] .
18. Hartl, DL, Clark, AG. Principles of Population Genetics. 2
nd
ed. 1989. 235-280p.
19. Tave, D. Inbreeding and Broodstock Management. 1999. 50p.
22
20. Anonymous. "Breeding Selection: Type as a Breeding Criterion"
<http://www.akhalteke.info/type-as-a-breeding-criterion-1-62-en.html>. [Date Accessed
4/15/2010] .
21. Anonymous. "Genetics: Inbreeding Depression" <http://www.akhalteke.info/inbreedingdepression-1-51-en.html>. [Date Accessed 4/15/2010] .
22. Anonymous. "Genetic Defects and Diseases" <http://www.akhalteke.info/genetic-defects-anddiseases-1-70-en .html>. [Date Accessed 4/20/2010].
23. Redei GP. 1998. Genetics Manual: Current Theory, Concepts, Terms. World Scientific Publishing
Company. 390-392p, 530p, 928-930p.
24. Anonymous. "Horses in the UK: Akhal Teke in the UK, Purebreds registered with the Mother
Stud Book" Akhal-Teke UK Ltd. < www.akhaltekeuk.com>. [Date Accessed 5/17/2010].
25. Anonymous. "Canadian Akhal-Tekes: Stallions and Mares" Akhal-Teke Canada. < www.akhalteke.ca>. [Date Accessed 5/17/2010] .
26. Stoszek, M. "Stallions 1, Stallions 2, Contemporary Stallions, and Mares 1" Akhal-Teke Ranch.
< www.akhaltekeranch .com>. [Date Accessed 5/15/2010] .
27. Keith, JL. "PhotoTeke (various stallions)" KaraKum Akhal-Tekes. <www.akhalteke.net>. [Date
Accessed 5/17/2010].
28. Riabova, T. "Turanian Horse Website: Akhal-Teke Sire Lines in Depth" The Turanian Horse
Website <www.turanianhorse.org>. [Date Accessed 5/17/2010].
29. Kl imuk, A. "Sires and Broodmares" Stavropol Stud. <www.stavropol-teke.com>. [Date Accessed
5/18/2010] .
30. Leisson, K, Puusepp, K. "Stallions and Mares" Akhal-Teke Est. <www.akhalteke.ee>. [Date
Accessed 5/18/2010].
23
31. Laux, A (2008 Board President). "The Amazing Akhal-Tekes Pedigree" Akhal-Teke Association of
America . 2008 November 4. < http://akhal-teke.org/pedigree.html>. [Date Accessed
5/17/2010] .
32. MyHeritage Family Tree Builder Version 4.0. 2006-2010. <www.myheritage.com>. [Date
Accessed 3/25/2010 to 5/25/2010].
33. Morin, D. GenoPro 2007 . Canada, 1998-2010. <www.genopro.com>. [Date Accessed 3/25/2010
to 5/30/2010].
24
APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A: Akhal-Teke Breed Coat Colors
25
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
26
Appendix C: Pedigree Diagram for the Smaller Families
40
Appendix D: Pedigree Diagram for the Large Family
41
25
Appendix A: Akhal-Teke Breed Coat Colors
Color
Nickname
Description
Example Horse
Dominant Black
Electric Black, Raven
Black, "Voronaya"*
Black that glitters with
blues or purples
Dappled, may turn
complete ly white
Brown with black tips to
the hairs
Brown that glitters with
reds and golds
Dark chocolate-colored
brown
Golden or reddish
brown
Tan with or without
spinal stripes a few
shades darker than the
coat
Tan with or without
spinal stripes a few
shades darker than the
coat that glitters with
golds
Cream color with a
bicolor mane
Very light reddish
cream color
t
Golden with chrome
light golden with
t
chrome
light to the point of
almost white with blue
eyes
light to the point of
almost white with
reddish or brownish
tails, knees, hocks, and
legs with blue eyes
Combination of dark
golden dun and perlino
Olive version of dark
golden dun
1021 Azal
Grey
Mahogany Bay
Bay
liver Chestnut
Chestnut
Golden
"Bulanaya"*
Dark Golden Dun
Dunskin
Clayback/Red Dun
Palomino
light Palomino
Cremello
" lsabella"*
Perlino
Cream Grulla
Grulla
Champagne
* Russian nicknames
t
Facial white and high leg white with belly spot or roan patch
822 Olimpic Gul
AAKT62 Astrachan
AAKTl48 Gora
828 Fakirpelvan
AAKT29 Doblet
AAKTl Senetir
AAKT130 Glozenov
MV Mazan
885 Kambar
AAKT146 Aliger
Chakan
26
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
[Excel data pages follow]
27
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
ID#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
F
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
026 Vekherzen
028 Mele
044 Tillya-Kush
100 EI
1012 Sumbar
1014 Telekush 2nd
1015 Fialka
1017 Yanichar
1021 Azal
1022 Asam
1026 Alagir 10
1028 Amelit 12
1029 Anchar
1030 Arab
1031 Akhmed
1033 Beduin
1034 Beshtau
1038 Gaisan 7
1039 Galkan
104 Gezel
1045 Gektor 12
1050 Gorlik (error numbered 1051)
1052 Gubalak 5
1053 Gumdag
1056 Dasht
1058 Dost
1060 Zergyar 18
1066 Kemal
1067 Koldun
1069 Kortik
1073 Meidanli
1075 Melgun
1076 Melekush
10830mar
1084 Padishakh 9
1085 Pazyl
1087 Parakhat
1093 Perkhat
1095 Polot
1098 Saklanma
1099 Serasker
28
10#
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
1100 Taran
M
1101 Turali
M
1106 Algush
F
1106 Khutor 17
M
1110 Yunus
M
1114 Yaran
M
1115 Yasman 9
M
1117 Azan
M
1120 Akbelek
M
1121 Akzhol
M
1122 Aksum
M
1123 Aky/ly
M
1124 Alada
M
1126 Alaman 8
M
1127 Almaz
M
1128 Alsakar
M
1129 Altyn 8
M
1130 Alakhrat
M
1131 Alp
M
1132 Amanat 23
M
1136 Arguvan 5
M
1137 Arkadash
M
1138 Arslan
M
1139 Askerkhan 9
M
1140 Asman
M
1140 Ball
F
1141 Astrachan
M
1149 Bilbil
F
1149 Gay 19
M
1150 Gaigysyz
M
1151 Galabeg
M
1154 Galkan
M
1158 Gul
F
1160 Garant (Akhal 2nd) 20
M
1161 Garpun
M
1161 Gyarsashli
F
1162 Garsak
M
1166 Gayadagy
M
M
1166 Gayaz
1171
Gigant
M
1172 Gindarkh 13
M
29
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
10#
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
1179 Gunesh 22
1185 Dzhasman
1185 Elek
1188 Dzhuma
1189 Dialog
1190 Doblet
1192 Dorkush
1193 Eisona
1195 Ekemen
1195 Enysh
1198 Enyshli
1202 Karaburgut
1206 Kashman
1207 Keimir 2nd
1212 Kalinka
1213 Kamina
1219 Kuwatly
1224 Madras
1225 Mazan
1226 Maidan 6
1227 Karali
1227 Makat
1228 Maksut 2
1230 Mamuk
1231 Mangyt
1232 Marakan
1233 Maruk
1240 Melechan
1241 Melok
1242 Mergen
1243 Kachakchi
1244 Kachkir
1245 Kashan
1245 Muzar
1247 Keimirchi
12470lafchan
1248 Orlan
1249 Kelte
1249 Osman
125 Kara-Kush
12500trar
30
ID#
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
1252 Palmar
M
1254 Kesketli
F
M
1254 Panache
1262 Koimet
F
1262 Perenli
M
1268 Pieter
M
1269 Piyada
M
1274 Satrap
M
1275
Sengar
M
1276 Senetir
M
1277 Sentor
M
1280 Singapur
M
1281 Kyrmyzy
F
1281 Sozdnik 31
M
1283 Sugun
M
M
1284 Sultanbala
1291 Tyllanur
M
1293 Farukh 19
M
1295 Khadji
M
1300 Melepel
f
1301 Yakor
M
1303 Mechta
F
F
1305 Moroshka
13100vgan
F
1316 Paska
F
1318 Peidachi
F
F
1321 Pobeda
F
1363 Tovshan
1365 Torkush
F
1376 Fergezel
F
F
1391 Khustka
1408 Agava
F
141 Keshik-Sakar
M
1410 Aza
F
F
1416 Aishat
142 Kizyl
M
F
1421 Akra
F
1429 Alkeik
F
1431 Altyn
1455 Gerdje
F
1469 Guldjakhan
F
31
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
10#
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
1471 Gulsary
1474 Gulyali
1484 Dertli
1520 Eisona
1526 Zardiana
1539 Kaplya
1546 Karlangach
1577 Kometa
1589lebap
1594 Mantia
16 Aigir
1603 Maya (Maisa)
1609 Melekush
161 Mamed
1616 Merkenka 20
1620 Millet
1624 Mysal
16310ktava
1639 Passia
1646 Perizad (Fistashka)
1652 Sayat
1680 Totykush
1685 Fakya
1688 Fialka
1696 Khanum
1700 Cholmaya
1702 Shokhrat
1704 Yalkym
1737 Geze
1740 Grenada 1
1748 Gulshat
175 Mele-Klish
1752 Gunym
1753 Gurat
1764 Ooka 3
1769 Dortbaital
177 Elkab
1786 Kaknlls
1795 Kelkush
1797 Kepgyr
1819 Malaizia
32
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
10#
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
1820 Medeya
1842 Rovshan
1858 Takappara 2
1867 Feya 2nd
1869 Khvatka
1871 Khunta 12
1872 Citata 4
1893 Akbella
1919 Gaya
1922 Gimnastika
1949 Dovamly
1957 Dush
1964 Etgir
1987 Korsika
1991lada
2003 Melegul
2014 Mushmula 3
2037 Pugta
2040 Saga 3rd
2056 Selbiniaz
2063 Syagul
2073 Torly
2080 Formaly
2089 Abrai
209 Sakar-Keshik
2097 Azalia
2099 Aibelek
2105 Aimal
2108 Aisuy
2109 Aikhanum
2114 Akpamyk
2115 Aksoltan
2120 Alabakhar
2129 Alchak
213 Sapar-Khan
2135 Amara 4
2158 Bazilik
2163 Bossan
2181 Garda
2194 Gerda 34
220 Sluchai
33
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
10#
2201 Glubina
F
248
F
2246 Dabarali
249
F
2250 Damdzha
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
2277 Elan
2359 Malikat
2374 Mashuk
2393 Mikuna
2394 Millet
24080sanna
244 Toporbai (Bek-Nazar-Bai)
2448 Saya
2464 Ssora
247 Tugurbai
2543 Akgozel 39
2565 Almagul
26 Arab
2602 Ataka
268 Chumuch
269 Everdy-Teleke
2733 Dunja
2752 Kalina
2778 Kushka
2800 Marishka
2803 Marsiya 8
281 Yulduz
28730lesia
2875 Oliva
2883 Pampa
2886 Parfia
2890 Pelenli
2894 Perigozel
2900 Piroshka
2939 Sonata
2955 Fargona
2a Boinou
312 Mele-Zor
347 Vezir
351 Pel
377 Skala
3a Voron (Bakharden-Kara)
4 Ag-Ishan
34
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
10#
Gender Horse
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
420 Firyuza
432 Karlavach
435 Kara-Mashal
44 Bek-Nazar-Dor
448 Kir-Sakar
454 Koshpeli
518 Moskva
569 Skak
571 Sudan
579 Synok
596 Tezir
60 Barok
600 Tetyr
627 Dor Oepel
629 Fakir-Sulu
647 Egoza
668 Absent
670 Erke-Djan
672 Akbar
675 Aksakal
677 Alam
682 Almaz
682 Bakhar
685 Angar
687 Arsenal
69 Beifid
690 Askol
697 Gelishikli
699 Gundogar
6a Dovlet-Ishan
705 Kara-Depel
711 Erkus
721 Kaplan (Gaplan)
724 Karakir (Karakunon)
736 Keimir
746 Kirdja
747 Kirsakar
779 Peren
789 Saper
795 Serdar
8 Aiden
35
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
10#
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
812 Taimaz
828 Fakirpelvan
831 Farfor
834 Fed
85 Dor-Bairam
850 Azamat
854 Akbelek 2nd
858 Ametist
860AIgyr
861 Akhal
862 Bakhar
866 Vatanchi
87 Dor-Depel
870 Garem 11 (Gamburg)
871 Gindukush
874 Guneshli
875 Gurgen
876 Derbi 2nd
879 Dorsekil
882 Kalkan
883 Kaltaman
885 Kambar
889 Kemer
892 Keppan
894 Kerven
895 Kermek 2nd
896 Kerogly
9 Ak-Belek
902 Kyrgi
903 Meleke
904 Melekush
909 Ovlaksakar 2nd
910 Opal
913 Polet
914 Polotli
915 Posman
917 Sektor
918 Senagat
919 Sere
930 Finish
931 Sinitza
36
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
10#
Gender Horse
M
932 Khorgos 2
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
933 Khorog
935 Yulduz
939 Adat
942 Alvan
943 Arslan
944 Gaukhar 4
945 Gerden
946 Gomon 4
949 Dornazarbek
950 Enysh
960 Mukhtar
961 Parasat
962 Pasyl
967 Pudok
968 Pursat
969 Rokot
970Sandjar
971 Khalif
972Shakhi
973 Abdulrakhman
974 Aigytly
975 Aktash 1
977 Arkadag
981 Garazat
983 Goklen
985 Dagestan
986 Derbent
987 Dzhagitai
989 Karader
990 Karaman
995 Kerzi (Kerrou)
997 Markiz
999 Munir
Ak Kyz
Ana-Kuli
Arma
Aryk (Arik)
Ata-Khodjanok Young
Ayla
Bakkara
37
10#
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
Appendix B:
Gender
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
Pedigree Data
Horse
Bek-Nazar-AI
Enilmez
Everdy-Teleke
Farkhat
Niderbai
Father of Sailan
lUas-Kara
Inglis-Kurro
Kepter-Tai
Khotcha-Kor
Komek-Cherkez-li
Kurt-Bai
lelianing-Chep
Mantia
Mother of 161 Mamed
Mother of 209 Sakar-Keshik
Mother of 26 Arab
Mother of 281 Yulduz
Mother of 2a Boinou
Mother of 87 Dor-Depel
Mother of Sailan
Movlian-Berdy
Mulla-Begench (Durdy-Niaz)
NN Atbasar
Oraz-Niaz-Karadashli
Ovez-Mukhamed-Khan
Sailan
1726 Arfa
1389 Hasma
16270vadan
726 Karat
1880Yalma
1705 Yarum
1488 Djakhan
801 Spesivii
1252 Kepderi (lachin)
1548 Kaska 9
1132 Asmanall
1636 Palma
604 Djeren
801 Mama Gezel
38
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
10#
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
1108 Alkeik
1417 Akacia
1693 Fortuna
1388 Frakcia
1165 Depel
1375 Fauna
1434 Aragva
1760 Djakhan
Mother of Everdy-Teleke
Mother of Nasar Belek Dor
Nasar Belek Dor
Mother of Bairam Kor (Bairam Corinthians)
Bairam Kor (Bairam Corinthians)
Djaj Bai Khait Bai (Schaschibai Chaitbaj)
5a Dschaschi Bai (Djaji Bai)
Mother of Keppan
Keppan
Mother of 8a Tschep Mele (Mele Chep)
8a Tschep Mele (Mele Chep)
Mother of Enilmez
Mele Khadjdi Nur (Mele Hadzhi Nur)
Shikhli Nur Kaza
1a Baba Achun
Mother of Mele Khadjdi Nur (Mele Hadzhi Nur)
Mother of Kurban Nijas
Kurban Nijas
Hodzda Boll
Mother of 6a Dovlet-Ishan
Ishan
Sha Durdi
Aj Dschamal
124 Gul Dzhahan
133 Kara Enym
Mother of 133 Kara Enym
Ak~Yal Mele
Mother of Bek-Nazar-AI
Mother of Ak-Yal Mele
Mother of 420 Firyuza
Kaib Bai
Mother of Komek-Cherkez-li
Sultan Guli
39
10#
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
529
530
531
532
533
534
Appendix B: Pedigree Data
Gender Horse
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Polot
Karamtscha
Mother of lelianing-Chep
Kutly Sakar
Mother of Karamtscha
1388 Fraction
1325 Sadap
996 Mag
1665 Sulgun
1292 Makhim
1381 Filfil
Silma
1378 Festival
1689 Fialka
1359 Tayar (Tkachikha)
741 Kerem
338 Birgut
Mother of 338 Birgut
Ata-Khodjanok Old
Mother of Ata-Khodjanok Young
Fortingbrass - TB
Mother of Ata-Khodjanok Old
Mother of 198 Posman
198 Posman
Mother of Khotcha-Kor
Mother of 687 Arsenal
Mother of Shikhil Nur Kaza
172 Mele Ker
Suncheli
Mother of 268 Chumuch
Suncheli
Mother of Suncheli
831 Mah
Atla-Bally
Mother of 677 Alam
Mother of Khustka
Khustka
Mother of 801 Spesivii
1355 Talent
1524 Enish
40
Appendix C: Pedigree Diagram for the Smaller Families
o
o
0
1795
KeI<ush
0
1026
2106
r
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
1872
1073
1740
1053
2105
1058
2448
1052
1869
Aisuy
~-.....
1fT ,,1 r r , ~
~y~ To
Y YYV T TPo
Y
TT
ToTo
"';'"
1129
1100
Tar..,
Tyllru
8
o o
0
MoIher
of
690
Ask'"
SaIII'l
o
0
0
0
0
0
675
Aksakal
o
-
1242
(Akhal 2nd)
20
Alyn
1291
"t"
0
0
_ar
Khaqi
Mergen
o
o
o
1095
2109
1126
1140
Asmari
o
-
0
0
1281
AIsnan
0
1110
2374
8
o o
o o
1224
o
2900
1268
Pieter
1117
Azan
1124
-'-
1188
DzIuna
209
1262
Perri
Sakar-
K_
o
0
B50
0
0
973
1589
2056
y"y
942
1700
1120
Akbelek
1138
2114
1130
AlaklTat