OCT 6 1966
BUILDINGS AS SYSTEIS-
THE USE OF LINEAR VOIDS WITHIN
A STRUCTURAL FLOOR SYSTEM TO DISTRIBUTE
AND RETURN MECHANICAL SERVICES
by
HERMAN B. ZINTER
B. Arch., University of Minnesota, 1961
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June 1966
Signature of Author
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Herman B. Zinter, 27 June 1966
School of Architepture and Planning
Certified by
. . . . . ..........
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m
e.rg
Eduardo F. Catalano
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by.....,..
Lawrence B. Anderson
Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students
1-
38
72 Spring Street
Medford, Massachusetts
02155
June 25, 1966
Dean Lawrence B. Anderson
School of Architecture and Planning
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Dear Dean Anderson:
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master
of Architecture,
I hereby submit an investigation in the use of
linear voids within a structural floor system to distribute and return
mechanical services.
Respectfully,
Herman B.
Zinter
ACKNOVEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to the following persona for their advice and assistance
during the development of this thesist
Eduardo F. Catalano - Thesis Supervisor
Waclaw Lalewski
- Structural E.ngineer
Eliahu F. Traum
- Structural Engineer
Leon B. Groisser
- Structural Engineer
Sidney Greenleaf
- Mechanical Engineer
ABSTRACT
It is proposed in this thesis that linear voids within a precast
concrete floor system be used as secondary ducts for the distribution
and return of conditioned air. Incorporated in the geometry of this
one-way system are provisions for air volume and temperature control
mechanisms, water supply and waste systems, electrical power and
communication raceways, and alternatives for room illumination, air
diffusion, and acoustic control.
Post-stressed girders are incorporated within the thirty-inch structural
depth of the floor system to provide a uniform four by eight-foot
ceiling grid for modular space planning and partition arrangement.
Vertical mechanical services to a structural bay are contained within
enlarged columns to reduce the dimensions of primary air supply ducts
within girders. The columns are on thirty-two and seventy-two foot
centers to provide a primary clear span of sixty-four feet.
Comparative data is presented on six planning modules; five
commercial precast, cored-slab, concrete plank floor and roof systems;
and on five series of linear building cores, ranging in width from
twelve to forty feet.
4
TABLE OF CONTES
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Title Page
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Letter of Submittal. . . . .....
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Acknowledgements
Abstract
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Table of Contents .
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List of Drawings and Photographs
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Pages 1
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List of Tables and Graphs ....
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Pagft
Introduction
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Section One - Structural Bay
Parking ..
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Structural Gridas
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9-30
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12
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Planning Modules
Pages 17
22
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Section Two - Floor System
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Types of Floor Systems
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Cored-Slab Floor Systems
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31-64
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36
Page s
Pages
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Floor System Using Dynacore Section
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Development of Floor System Using Triangular Section
Section Three - Linear Cores
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Geometry of Linear Cores
Core Elements
Appendices
Bibliography
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65-75
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Pages 70
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76-86
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87-88
5
LIST OF DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Structuxal
Structural
Structural
Structural
Structural
Grid,
Grid,
Grid,
Grid,
Grid,
M.I.T. Buildings .........
...
University of Buenos Aires .
. .
. .
Free University of Berlin.. . . . . ..
Two-Way System, M.I.T. (Torsawan) . . .
One-Way System, MI.T. (Brunon) .
. .
Parking Clearances . . . .
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Page 12
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Planning Modules:
Room Sizes and Illumination Patterns
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Standard Tee Sections
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16
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Coordination of Structure, Cores, Parking
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Structural Grids:
Types of Floor Systems . .
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13
14
15
*
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17-18
19-21
.
23-30
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*
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35
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.g
Cored-Slab Floor and Roof Systems
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Service Modules, Floor Systems with Linear Voids ..
Development of Floor Section ..
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Floor System Using Variation of Dynacore Section . . .
Floor System Using Triangular Section
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41
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*
5
5
C
0
0
5
0
42-43
0
Column Connection to Girder
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Photograph: Column Connection to Girder . .. .
Building Sections . .
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*
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Structural Grid, 32x64 Bay . . ....
Room Planning, Comparison of 32x56 and 32x64 Bays
Maximum Distances to Exit Stairway . * . . .*.
Comparative Dimensions of Linear Cores . .
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Locations of Core Elements with Structural Bay .
Core Elements
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52-64
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Elements of Floor System .
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S
0
0
5
5
Diaphragm Types . ...
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S
* C ~ S
Diaphragm Patterns . v
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. g g g 0 C
Sections Through Floor System
g
* g 5 *
. .
Axonometric of System ........
C
g
C
S
0
Services within Structural Bay . . .
C
C C
C S
Column Detail: Structure and. Air Distribution
Photograph* Reflected Ceiling Plan . . * . . . .
Photograph:
40
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0
67
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68
69
70-75
6
LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
TABLE:
Comparative areas and room sizes of planning modules
GRAPH:
Load characteristics of cored slab floor systems
TABLE:
Comparative data of cored slab floor systems
GRAPH:
Structural span-depth ratios
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Page
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22
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. 38
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39
7
INTRODUCTION
As outlined in Appendix One, it was the aim of this project to design a
building system, valid for many configurations, in which the elements of
structure, mechanical services, and vertical circulation were integrated.
Collective preparatory work by class members was limited to the
list of assignments included in Appendix Two.
A program for an educational facility, specifically for a School of
Architecture, Planning, and the Visual Arta, was offered as a basis for
study.
It
The apace requirements have been tabulated in Appendix Three.
was intended that the direction of study be toward an alternative to
the typical suspended ceiling system and that the structure, preferably
of concrete, be exposed to visually contribute to the architectural
expression.
initial
In addition, the following aspects were selected for
study.
1.
Investigations were to begin with analysis of linear, structural
systems, presuming that more flexibility in deleting secondary elements
of the structure was possible than with two-way construction.
2.
Clearance requirements for automobile parking were to be
included in determining the dimensions of a typical structural bay and
the placement of cores.
3.
The possibility of organizing the various elements of building
cores into structurally-independent modular components which could be
added or deleted without major adjustment of the core geometry were to
be studied as a concept of 'linear cores*.
4.
The possibility of using the voids within linear structures as
secondary ducts for the distribution and return of mechanical services
was to be investigated.
8
SECTION ONE - STRUCTURAL BAY
The following factors influenced the dimensions of a typical bay:
1.
It was considered a requirement, for an efficient linear system
in which the depth of the girder and beam were equal, that the ratio of
the length of girder and beam be approximately 1:2.
It then would
become possible to incorporate the girder within the minimal structural
depth of the floor system and thereby provide a flush and uniform
ceiling grid for room planning.
Bay dimensions of twenty by forty-feet,
twenty-five by fifty-feet, and thirty by sixty feet were indicated.
2.
It
was assumed that the depth of the floor system would be
three to four feet and that with this depth, if it were structurally
effective, spans up to sixty and seventy feet would be reasonable using
precast, prestressed concrete construction.
3i
It was considered essential for most flexible planning to have
vertical static forces concentrated at as few points as possible.
This
would become particularly important if columns were enlarged to contain
air-conditioning ducts and other services.
Proportionately, a minimal
ratio of column area to useable floor area would require that enlarged
columns be spaced at maximum distances.
4.
Spans of forty-eight feet or more would be required for lecture
halls and auditoriums.
However, it was not indicated that the entire
structural system be designed to accommodate the larger spaces without
special conditions.
9
5.
Recommended criteria for automobile storage and circulation
within independent parking structures include the use of long-span
construction and angle-parking (70-75 degrees) to permit ease of
maneuvering, particularly in customer-parking facilities.
6.
Dimensional refinement of the structural bay depended upon
the selection of the planning module.
The primary span and perimeter dimensions of the structural bays of
seven existing or proposed building systems for educational or research
facilities were compared to the two bays of this project (see pages 54,
64, and 69) which have primary spans of 56 and 64 feet and perimeters
of 178 and 194 feet.
The following data is swumarized from the drawings
on pages 12 to 16.
Building
Span
Perimeter
Floors
Materials Sciences Building
23'
65'
4
Typical M.I.T. Academic Building
24'
78'
4
Free University of Berlin
25'
102'
4
Earth Sciences Building
48'
114'
19
Prototype Building (Torsawan)
40'
160'
10
University of Buenos Aires
52'
182'
5
Prototype Building (Brunon)
60'
190'
4
Five preliminary bays which were studied for coordination of structure,
core location, and parking are presented on page 19.
1.
These studies were made with the assumption that mechanical
services would be located within the cores and that columns would
10
therefore be dimensioned only from structural considerations.
later found that if
It was
the depth of the floor system were to be minimal the
length of the primary ducts within the girders had to be limited to
approximately 60 feet.
2.
The drawings include two framing systems per bay.
been limited in
Cores have
size and location by the dimension of openings between
structural members which occur over parking storage aisles.
Only
framing systems which place the girder parallel with the variable
dimension of the linear core (see page 68) satisfy the requirements of
structure,
3.
core system, and parking.
Cores which support adjacent floor structure,
pages 57 and 69,
first
as presented on
may be used with the alternate framing system of the
bay.
In the structural grids presented on pages 20 and 21,
girders is
the apace between
enlarged from 4 to 28 feet or to the approximate limit of
flat-slab or typical precast concrete plank construction.
This approach
has the limitation which requires that the atypical bay be appropriately
used only for specialized core elements, which would include lobbies,
lounges, and other public or service spaces.
11
46'
1964
Sarth Sciences Building - .I.T.
I.M. Pei an Associates, Architects
37 '-4"
2.3 '-4"
23 -4
23't-4"
23't-4"
K1
9
-I7I
I.T. - 1966
-.
Materials Sciences Bilding
0~~
-Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Architects
7
7-i4~
-
24'
24'
-a
~
a
~
~
Typical Acadeic-Laboratory Building - M.I.T. - 1916
Welles Bosworth, Architeet
I
Scale
0
50
feet
ilka
Scale i--
Prototype Aeademic building - University of Buenos Aires
Horatio Caminos and Eduardo Catalano, Architects
feet
50
0
1
4-
+
4.
+
+
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4-
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25'-5"
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15 '-8#"
C
Berlin Free University
Candilis, Woods, and Josis, Architects
Scale f
0
--
feet
60
-4
25'-5"
-
40
75'
ri:
core
U
n
U
I1 N
U
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Prototype Building for Aesearch and Development - 1965
M.I.T. Department of Architecture, Graduate Class (Torwawan)
Scale
-
0
,
50
feet
15
1
ri
LI
L4
**
4
91
~1
35*
n
9-
:2
beams
girder
strip
25'
40'
Prototype Building System - 1965
A.I.T. Department of Architecture, Gradtiate Class (Branon)
Scale
-
0
feet
25'
8'-6" wide parking spases
9'-0" wide parking spaces
i' -0"?
24'-O"
1 '-0
64'-0" (clearapan)
42'-O"l'l -"l'-
-O"
t-O"
1'-"
210
2k I
-#
57'-6" (clearapani
60'-0" (clearance
22'-0
_
33'-6"
22'-o"
1
19'-10"
1 Z't-0 "
1'
£2'-8" ~cle&r~nce.j
Clearances for Parking
4,
17
8'-6" wide parking spaces
9'-O" wide parking spaces
45 *-opt
92'-6"'
A'
27 -
4
17'-0"
4-
JI1L
27*-6"
16,-O"'
A'
39
'-,
.
29'-6"
L
22 '-10"
V 43.oI-8"t
1
2'-0"
2!i -6'
12'9"
/
14 ' -0,
38
-
-if
Clearanees P'or iarking
40'
"
if
hr
I
c_ -
I1. ---
40'x 64'
I
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1
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bay
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40'x 64' bay with 40'x 40' bay
IP VT~1
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40'x 40
L2 :E..:
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bay with 40'x S0' bay
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32'x
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2, bay
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42'x 42' bay
Coordination of Strature, Core Locations, and Parking
a
-I
8'
A'
64'
planning bay
planning bay
8'
II
_
-
II
-
-
ttt-
I
____
____
-4
II
LIZ
L
I
I
16'
coe bay
t-
parking
LI LZ
64'
64'
planning bay
a reba
{
LIII]
Coordination of Structure,
parking
LII]
LIII
Core Location,
and Parking
planning bay
64'
core bay
planning bay
uK!
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---- V
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planning bay
64'
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planning bay
71
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LIII
parking
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Coordination of Struoture, Core Location, and Parking (continued)
21
Comparative Areas and Room Sizes of Six Planning Modules
kodule
3'x 6
3'-4"x
4x 8'
a&rea of
Module
18
21.8
32
"igkit
Fixture-
4' tube
4' tube
4' tabe
4 - -4"x-
5'x 10'
37
8
tube
axe
64
8.6x8.6
13.3x13.3
177
8x12
8.6x13.0
12x15
180
13.3x16.6
221
16x12
192
12x18
216
13.3x20.0
266
16x16
256
12x21
252
13.3x23.3
310
18x12
216
50
8'
tube
1 100
6'x 12'
72
8' tube
lOxlO
12x12
144
10x15
150
12x18
216
17.U13. 0
225
20x15
300
24x18
432
17.317. 3
300
20x20
400
24x24
576
16x20
320
20x25
500
24x30
720
13.3x26.6
354
16x24
20Z30
24x36
600
864
18x15
270
:13.3x30.0
400
16x28
448
17.3130.3
525
20x35
24x42
1008
18x18
324
20.0x13.3
266
24x16
384
26.0117.3
450
30x20
600
36x24
864
18x21
378
20.0x16.6
332
24x20
480
26.0x21.6
562
30x25
750
36x30
1080
18x24
432
20.0m20.0
400
24x24
576
126.0x26.0
676
30x30
900
3 6x36
.296
18x28
504
20.0x23.3
466
24x28
672
26.Ox30.3
788
30x35
1050
;6x42
1b12
18x52
20.0x26. 6
532
24x32
768
26.0x34.6
900
30x40
574
1200
36x48
1728
24x15
.360
20.0z30.0
600
24x36
26.0x39.0
30x45
1350
36x54
1944
Room
Sizes
12x9
Areas
12x12
144
108
13.3X10.0
133
96
74
112
Q
864
1014
700
j
I-.'
- 13'-11
L
10'
20'
13'-4"
Kg
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16 '8"
20'
16'-8"
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20'
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20'
13'-4"
26'-8
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30'-0"~ EEll
koom Siizes:
.'-4" x 6*-8"
23'-4"
00!
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DEl
ElDOD El
ElDOD El
ElEl010 El
20'
26'-8"
Planning Aoaule (Showing Illumination Pattern)
-I
126
6
-
OT
ID
LL
6
16'
--i
6-
JI
16-
4'f
I
loom Sizes;
4'x
E* Planning lodule (Shoing
Illmination
Patterns)
24
241
16'
24
20'
24'
BBO
Boom Sizes:
"-==-
----l
-B]-10- ------]
4'x 8' Planning Module (continued)
f
F
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000 El
000 0
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B
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24'
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24#
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40
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1124'
El~El~O ~El**
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Room Sizcs:
4'
x 8'
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0
0
IL El -O
0~ O~
00
0191
01
El BOO
iO~B B~ B
V
19
0
[11
[100
L ~i
ii
Planning Modale (continued)
FBB~B BB
B~B BB~B
F K'B~BBB B
BBBB'B 1
I
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B
B
I
-
-
20'
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B BBBBB_
~32'
B~B B~B BB
B~BjBB B~B
B B ~1
B B
B B
B
~~~1
B B B~
B B ~B
B I B
~ I
B1 LB~
H
r
24'
1B
28'2
Room Sizes:
4'x 8'
lB
B B]
B' B B
B~ B
'B B B iiB
'B~ B~
B B
B B 'B
ilanning Aoaule (continued
ElbElB ElBElB El El El BVJO
ElBElul_B_ ElB1~ 1~El If El El
ElEl ElEl-V
El El b El El El_
Elii-El11ElB BB B
El El El
360
&ElBElB B 0 B El
1~El El,ElIf-V
ElEl
El 'El
ElElElIfElElB I- 11 -Y
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40'
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ElEl~El ElElElElEl ElElEl,
B~El~El BElElElElElElEl
ElB{B ElEl El ElEl7~4
Ko
32'
--
4
II
El B_-AEl
-VEl-4 B
-VEl El
El 11 El
44'
Room Sizes:
4'x
' Planning uodule
(continued)
El
El
B
El
B El
11 If
El El
El IEl
26'
17-
UU.
UDi
UI
nun
nun UI
nun ULW
I -w
IU
n
UUUUU
I I iFU
U
niUT
lU
4"
13'
17 f-4"
26'
17'-4"
KB7-4"u
21'-8"
1'.4
21 '-8"
26'
26'
26'
B3U
t7IflU
-4
"
-4
Th7J
U
30f-4"'
Rioom sizes:
4'-4" x 8'-8" Planning Itodule (Showing illumination Pattern)
29
10'
10,
B
15*
20'
20
1
B30'
20
20'
50'
200#
L~B'P
~20*
30t
t
25'
BFl
BPB
BPuHH
BB
BU~B
30'
20
IBD'
30'
Room Sizes:
5'x 10' Planning
35'
odalje (Showing Ililumination Pattern)
30
SECTION TWO - FLOOR SYSTEM
Comparative drawings were prepared of existing floor systems to examine
the use of the effective structural depth and the means for integrating
mechanical services.
34.
Ten systems have been presented on pages 33 and
These have been organized into two-way systems in which services
have been placed above the main structural elements (School of Electrical
Engineering and Consolidated Gas Company), within structural elements
(Cummins Engine Company), and between the chords of truss elements for
two-way distribution (Richards Memorial Research Laboratory and the
School Construction System).
The latter example, a steel system used
primarily for single floor buildings, is contrasted with the concrete
systems and multi-floor construction.
Three one-way systems are included in which the space between
structural elements has been predominantly used for linear service
distribution (IBM, Norton, and American Republic Office Buildings).
A recent suspended ceiling system (CBS Building) and a non-structural
approach to integration of services (Environmental Control Grid) complete
the examples.
The spun-depth ratios of these systems were compared to the
characteristics of standard structural elements in which depth is
completely a function of static requirements (page 35).
There are several floor and roof systems which have linear voids
suitable for the passage of air and other services.
The cored slab
systems (page 36) are for use with relatively short spans (table on page
37) except for one system which became the starting point for further
investigation into more complete use of the structural depth of the
floor system.
The Dynacore plank, besides having the capacity for
long-span construction, contains voids of sufficient size to more
realistically accommodate the services required.
All of the precast, cored-slab systems have several disadvantages.
Visually, the finished underside (ceiling) has no more interest than
a cast-in-place slab.
Acoustic material is required and the final
effect is not significantly different from a typical suspended ceiling,
without the advantage of complete flexibility which the suspended
ceiling offers.
Further, except for water supply lines and waste pipes
of very short runs, the cored slabs do not offer space for pipes.
If
pipes were installed within a void, there is no possibility of access
for changes or repair.
Analysis of the modules required for various services (airconditioning, power-telephone, pipes) began, however, with variations of
the Dynacore section, with individual beams separated along the girder
to provide space for pipes (access from the floor below) and a visual
break to conceal any variations in camber which these members require for
long span application.
A preliminary structural system was developed using the Dynacore
section of three linear voids for a service module of 8 feet.
The
girders have a depth of 3 feet and are not flush with the beams,
Primary ductwork and pipes would be installed between the girders, and
vertical services would be contained within cores.
In this scheme,
three linear voids at the column may not be useable because of the
concentration of static forces at the girder connection.
32
F;T
hi I
. .
. .
Al
Moore School of Electrical
Geddes,
.
. .
fegineeri.ng - University of Pennsylvania - 1969
Breeher, and Cnninghma,
"architects
Michigan Consolidated Gas Company Building - Detroit,
Minoru Yamasaki and Associates, Architects
span: 50 feet
ratio: 1 : 15
ichigan - 1963
span: 30 feet
ratio: 1 : 12
1;k 1-0
Cwmmins Angine Company, Inc., Columbas,
harry Weese and Associates, Architects
Indiana - 1964
iRicharas -emaorial Research
Louis I. Kahn, Architect
University of Pennsylvania- 1960
span: 45 feet
ratio: 1 : 13
Laboratory
span:
ratio:
36 feet
1 : 11
MM-0"
School Construction Systema Development - 1964
Ezra ihrenkrantz, Project Architect
Z0-110 feet
spans:
ratios: 1:10-1:36
Sections Tihrough Sxisting Floor Systems
'-I..
-11
2 -0"
P.
span: 30 feet
ratio: 1 : 15
IBM Office Building - Milwaukee, Wisconsin - 1965
Harry Weese and Associates, Arcitects
4 -2
i7'-0L
Norton Office Building - Seattle, Washington
Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Architects
O0
O0
1960
span: 70 feet
ratio:
1 : 20
O0
0
American Repiablic Insturanoe Company Building- De Moines,
Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Architeete
Iowa - 1965
span: 98 feet
ratio:
1 ; 20
irI
K -~r~
I-
71r
CBS Building - New York - 1965
Zero Saarinen and Associates, Architects
span: 55 feet
1 : 21
ratio:
*
~
i~iinvironmuental Control Grid Ceiling System
Ernest Kwup, Architect
Sections
ihrougi Axisting Floor Systems
x\~L
20"
Clear Span:
45 feet (saperimposed load:
-Ur
4 Ko
Clear Span:
-0"
-T
100 pat)
ratio:
I1
I
ratio:
55 feet
-T
T-
It
1 : 27
1 s 27
I1
Clear Span:
60 feet
ratio:
1 : 26
Clear Span:
70 feet
ratio:
1 s 26
-T I1
1± t7E
--
Clear Span:
80 feet
Dimensions of 4tandara Tee Sections
al
it&.
ratio:
1 a 26
Es Xe
Ie it
Ae Ie
Ae
ese
XeeleeXLJLrM1_
eLes;L II"
4-
Flexicore
4-
a
~ ~~
ss
~
~
ee ~
~ ea ~
ena
~
- c
sa~
Bapidex-Doxplank
000I666ISI
6666666146C
4616
10"t
Isso11$166416661666
ISO66
-4"
Spancrete
±
49-0"
'-"
-0"
Corecrete
W__
-
-,
__
-T __
_
---
I
-
____
I I I I IHI I I I[ I I I I
U
I
-*0
I
4,
I
I
I
-If
I
Dynacore
Dimensions of Standard Cored-Slab Floor and Roof Systems
8'-0"
U
8" Coreorete
200
.
175
l 0
01
12b
0
100
o4
10
4)
50
25
0
'
o
10
I
20
i
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Clear Span (Foot)
Comparative Structural Cbaracteristics of Standard Gored-Slab Systems
*Loads shown are for members without composite topping
Z7
depth
width
of
of
plank
plank
in.
F1 exicore
00Ms./
a ra
si
ngle
set ion 1 oid
in.
in.
16
2
ult.
weight
str.
of
cone. Iplank*
span
**
S
psi
70
29
5000
23.2
16
85.5
32.5
3000
19.5
40
218
11
4000
48
219
25.5
96
299
110
5000
96
499
440
5000
puf
ft.
6
8
(c ast)
area
9
10
Do cplank
6
8
recast)
10
Spancrete
4
(extruded)
Corecrete
(extruded)
Dynacore
(cast)
6
8
10
*
30.6
57
30.9
26.0
26.0
4
6
8
10
8
12
18
20
24
*
60
62.0
without composite topping
superimposed load of 100 paf
Comparative Data for Precast, Cored-Slab, Concrete Yloor 6,ystems
48
0
*4
24
0
CO
12
0
0
10
I0
30
40
50
60
Span (feet)
Ratios of Structural Depth to Span
70
80
90
100
supply
return
pips3IJWWW
WipeE
surface diffuser
10-0"
W
cold
air
flash diffuser
--.a8r
Wp
D WD
s-J
hot
air
pipes
h
pipesipe
______
i
T
1'-0"
-4'-0"--'
Service aodules:
Floor Systems with Linear Voids
40
24"
12"
Section Through Beams
69'-0"
Louble girders
beam6'"
sw1
space for pipes
2'O"
11aM
6 -"0
Plan (floor slab not shown)
void within beam
space for pipes
--
I
I
Section Through Girder
Sect ions of System Using Yariation of Dynacore Plank
Anoxometric of System Using Variation of Dynacore Plank
42
r3"
ri
I
a
4'1
I
r I
V
4'.3"
s
r
a
4140"
Development of Floor Section
r
a
r
2 -6
The possibility of modifying the rectilinear geometry of the Dynacore
beam was then analyzed.
It was noted that a triangular geometry would
permit lateral transfer of forces with the possibility of limited twoway action, and that the horizontal solid ceiling condition was avoided.
It is the development of this geometry which is presented as the
thesis.
The basic elements of the system, which are illustrated on page
52, include precast beams of triangular section with one side of the
section used as a horizontal upper flange, precast diaphragms of two
basic types, and cast-in-place columns and capitals.
Detailed developmett
of these members has been graphically presented on pages 55 and 56.
A. Beamst
It is proposed that the beams be precast with typical mesh reinforcement
and approximately five cables of high-tensile steel in the lower chord.
In this system, which proposes structural bays of 64-feet clearspan, the
beams would be cast 68-feet in length, 4-feet wide, and 27-inches deep.
The technique of extruding the section, applicable to cored-slab
planks such as Spancrete and Corecrete (see pages 36 and 38) which have
small voids, is not adaptable to the proposed geometry.
It is therefore
proposed that voids be formed with either re-useable, collapsable metal
tubes which would. be withdrawn from the ends of the beam (similar to
the technique used in casting the Dynacore beams which are fabricated in
lengths up to 100-feet), or with rigid tubes of foamed plastic or
fiberglass which would be left in place to provide thermal insulation
and acoustic absorption within the beam when the voids are used as
secondary ducts in the air distribution system.
The former technique
requires that the section of the beam remain constant along the length
44
to permit extraction of the formwork.
The upper flange of the beam is E-inches thick (a 5-inch floor slab
is
provided by combining the flange with a 3-inch cast-in-place topping)
and the webs are 2-inches thick.
The lateral connection to adjacent
beams along the top flange is reinforced by overlapping of protruding
mesh.
An alternate method of forming the interior void of a beam may be
more economical.
Using this technique,
only the lower two webs and the
chord would be precast as a unit (the resultant section would approximate
a Y-beam or a folded plate) with the top flange separately precast for
installation at the site.
While being transported from factory to site,
the sloping webs of the beam will require restraint by a temporary yoke
to prevent failure.
B.
Diaphragma
It is proposed that diaphragms and girder elements (which are widened
diaphragms) be precast separately from the beams and reinforced with
typical mesh.
Diaphragms are required to provide lateral bracing at
points along the span and limited lateral transfer of forces near the
column (see page 54).
These elements are separately precast to provide
sufficient tolerance for alignment,
It was advised that the proposal
for diaphragms cast integrally with the beams (diagramed on page 53)
would be visually and structurally (for girders) unsatisfactory since
it is not possible to insure proper alignment of long members.
Diaphragms which are required for bracing are placed normal to
the lower chords of adjacent beams and secured by post-tensioned cables.
Mortar is applied to each end during the sequence of construction when
45
beams and diaphragms are alternately placed (steps 4 and 5, page 48).
A rod is drawn through the tube in the diaphragm to remove unwanted
mortar.
C. Girders
Girders consist of diaphragms which have a greater width to receive the
required number of post-tensioned cables.
These diaphragms hare upper
chords which form a cavity between the sloping webs of adjacent beams,
accessible from above the slab, for the placement of additional
reinforcement and grout.
This additional material, effectively
increasing the structural section of the beam webs along the girder, is
required to resist the compression force which increases near the column.
The volume of the cavity can be varied as required.
The diaphragms have been laterally perforated to permit the passage
of pipes and conduit.
The shape of this perforation was studied with
respect to the feasibility of filling the cavity with grout from above
the slab and the amount of material required to resist static forces
(see pages 55 and 55).
Girder diaphragms with cavity reinforcement and. beams are
alternately placed during construction.
To preserve a continuous tube
in the lower chord for the subsequent threading of cables, it is
proposed that rods be inserted through beams and diaphragms before the
placing of grout and withdrawn before bond is achieved, thereby
'extruding' the tubes.
The alternate method would be the installation
of typical cable sheaths.
Lateral continuity between girders is achieved by connecting the
lower chords of opposite beams with a solid precast compression chord,
8-inches wide, 4 to 6-inches high, and 4-feet long,
Tensile forces
46
across the top of the girders are resisted within the floor slab.
D.
Columns and Capitals
Columns and capitals are to be cast-in-place to provide vertical
continuity.
The effective structural section required to support half
a bay per floor is divided between members of a paired column (see pages
54 and 55) to permit the use of all linear voids within beams along
the girder.
With this detail, vertical forces bypass the voids.
paired-columns, spaced 4-feet apart and joined
Two
at the floor slabs, form
a service column which encloses a shaft for the air distribution ducts,
return air plenum, and pipes.
Removable, non-structural panels complete
the enclosure.
47
CONSTRUCTION SEQUEffCE:
Some of the following phases of construction occur simultaneously.
This
list serves to outline the separate steps.
A. Preparation:
B.
1.
Precast beams, diaphragms, girder compression chords and slabs
2.
Excavate, prepare footings and foundations
3.
Erect scaffolding for first floor
Floor System:
4.
Place first precast beam on scaffolding
5.
Place precast diaphragms and cavity reinforcement
6.
Place next precast beam
7.
Place form rods for post-stressing cable tubes
8.
Grout diaphragm cavities and progressively withdraw rods
9.
Continue sequence of placing precast diaphragms and beams
10.
C.
D.
Place precast girder compression chords
Column:
11.
Erect column formwork, place column and capital reinforcement
12.
Cast columns and capitals
13.
Grout channels of girder compression chords
14.
Place precast girder slabs
Post-stressing:
15.
Thread cables
16.
Install power and ccmmunication raceways, pipe sleeves
17.
Adjust diaphragm reinforcement and set slab reinforcement mesh
18.
Post-stress cables, grout tubes
19.
Pour 3-inch finish slab
48
MITLibraries
Document Services
Room 14-0551
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
Ph: 617.253.2800
Email: docs@mit.edu
http://libraries.mit.edu/docs
DISCLAIMER
Page has been ommitted due to a pagination error
by the author.
2 '-6"
Triangulation of Floor Systea (one way)
4§-0"
2'-3"
Section:
Beam
Section:
Diaphragma,
Type One
Section:
Diaphragms,
Type Two
Section:
('irder assemblj with cast-in-place columns and capitals
lergents of Floor System
b2
3i-4"
4
-Oqe
Diaphragm integral with beams (joint* on strastaral modale)
Weight of sirgle diaphragm (6" thick using 100 pef *onerete is 165 pounds
0oP
for pi
a
Diaphragm separately presast from beam (joints along lower chord)
Weight of single diaphragm (6" thick) is 149.5 pounds
Diaphragm separately presast
Weight of single diaphragm (6" thick) is 126 pounds
Diaphragm sep rately precast
Weight of single diaphragm (6" thick) is 108.5 pounds
Comparison of Diaphragm Types
53
64'
56'
1~
I I I II
Iii,____III I I I
I I I I
I
I
I 1I I
-----U
1iI
IEi1~.- I I iI~i~
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----
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I_
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________
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-I-
-
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-I-
-
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-
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-
-
-
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-i
-
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-
-EI~
i-ru
I-i--I-I-
Diarbra.u
atterna (Rfleeted Ceiling Plan) -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Comparison of
r
t
'-I,-
-
-
--
-
-.
'wO Bay
-
-
4A
beem
diffusers - lighting
A-A
disphrugu - girder - column
Pp-m
B -6
t
2
N)
Q
I
C-C
girder
air
I
supply - return
ooooooKm
void in bem D -D
diaphragm
SECTIONS
-
girder E -E
r1
0
loot
1
BUILDING
AS A
SYSTEM
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURETHESIS
HERMAN
ZINTER M.iT.
1966
B.
55
SUKO"
A~
MM
OF AmfkJiItt&
HDUAAN L flNUI/
*fl~ctod
2
calling
I.
-C
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iJ[JL:444c~
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&C==,
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11
1r=4
1---t-c- LE J"
I-4-
+1
[~~]
1'
8'
4
2'
fourth floor
1
4'
24- 2m"
32"x43"
~1*8"
third floor
24"x23"
-6--"-
3521VX36"
second floor
12"
first floor
12"
ba sement
Variation of column and vertical dust dimensions with height
12"
-TRUMPF
I
...........
s
............
...........
..........
*"Now
V. V. '~ V. Nf V. V. V. V. V.
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V. V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V'-~
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62
01
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Room Planning and Circulation - Comparison of Two Bays
SECTION THRER - LINEAR CORES
The typical elements of cores within buildings. which form the permanent
vertical service columns reguire shafts (stairs, escalators, elevators,
freight elevators, and pipe and duct spaces) or slabs (toilets, cleaning
closets, power and communication equipment closets or rooms).
These
elements are generally organized into clusters and less frequently into
chains--or linear cores.
Examples of the latter system are found in a
newspaper shop for the Greensburg, Pennsylvania, "Tribune-Review"
(Louis
I. Kahn, architect), which has a core 14-feet by 120-feet, and in the
IBM Office Building, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,(Harry Weese and Associates,
architects), which has a core 12-feet by 155-feet.
The advantage of
this system of core organization is that components may be added or
deleted without revision of the basic core geometry or internal
circulation.
Minimal dimensions of individual elements were studied for
coordination with planning modules.
The examples presented on pages
70 to 75 have been planned for a 4-foot by 8-foot module, and developed
for five increments of width:
12, 16, 24, 32, and 40-feet.
The
resultant lengths of core assemblies which correspond to these widths
have been compared on page 68.
It wqs intended that assemblies such as
those illustrated, and including lobbies, lounges, and other public
spaces, would form a service and circulation spine within the structural
grids presented on pages 20 and 21.
However, except for the 12 and
16-foot wide core systems, the length of the chain of elements did not
fully utilize the space of, and thereforejustify a separate, atypical
lay within the grid.
No research was found which offered criteria on the density of core
elements by type over a given area.
which in theory has no limits,
That is, within a structural grid,
what patterns would be formed by core
elements placed by criteria at desirable distances from similar type
core elements?
Building codes define maximum distances to emergency
exits for various type occupancies and construction.
The geometry of
this criteria, which is not a radius when room arrangements are
superimposed, is presented on page 67.
The density and pattern of toilet facilities of uniform size is
suggested in
the diagram of the structural grid for the Free University
of Berlin on page 14.
It was considered more realistic, however, to
provide within a system of core elements a geometry which permitted
several sizes.
In the examples presented on pages 70 to 75, the number
of fixtures may be increased or decreased within limits without modifying
basic circulation or utility patterns.
At the limit where it becomes
necessary to modify the geometry, it will be found that to maintain
convenient distances from points within the grid, another facility will
be required.
The geometry of linear cores lends itself to bearing wall construction
which is directly incorporated into the structural system proposed in
Section Two of this report.
The relationship of core elements to columns
and girders within structural lays of 56 and 64-feet clearspan is
diagrammed on page 69.
In some of these examples, the girder has been
replaced with a bearing wall.
66
4]1
A
-
I
--
-!
!,il I I
illillifil ilhill
4,-
I
175*
ii
Superimnpued \eometry of Maximum Distances to Exit
tairway
67
1EV
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_____________
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7,-
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------
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7/
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7'
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Comparative £)i'nenaiona of Linear Core.
6$
56'
64'
core
40'
6~
ir
t7
32'
16
f
-Ti
-r
24'
32'
24'
16'
24'
II
16'
24'
16'
21
4121.
parking
40'
--JI]parking
12'
CLII
LII]
26'
Positions of Core Elements Within Bay
19'
toilets
elevators
20*-0"
U-
freight
elevator
24'
[]
stairway
-
12'-0"
4
Core
ement=
.
12'-0"
-
U
20'
24*-0"
El
I
I
El
O1
rn-u.
24'
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71
I
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12'
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24'-0"
Core
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72
8't
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Core E1.oients
73
J 40'
D
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Core Elemnents
74
elevators
freight
elevator
zILIZIEIZ
LAI
I
i
stairway
escalator
I
12'
Eflh7
h7
toilets
40-O-
Core Elements
APPENDIX ONE
Graduate Class
February 1966
Professor Catalano
Buildings as Systems
Aim of the Project:
To design a footprint of structural, vertical circulation and mechanical
components from which different sizes of buildings, with different spatial
qualities and character can be defined.
The system to be created can be approached as an orderly organization of
components to achieve "a finished product" for each case, or as a system
of growth, for which it is required to establish the geometrical,
structural and mechanical self-sufficiency of each unit. It is advisable
to design a structural and mechanical system where the vital components
become permanent elements of the systems (columns, girders, main
mechanical service branches) while the secondary components can change or
be removed to achieve flexibility in use or spatial changes, (beams,
joists, secondary mechanical service branches), thus becoming temporary
elements of the system.
An initial step of work could be the simultaneous study of a typical
structural and mechanical bay, with such behavior and geometry as to allow
several organization patterns to form a system of growth.
Study of different one and two way structural systems is necessary to see
which one offers more freedom in the relation between the structural and
mechanical permanent and temporary elements of the system.
76
APPENDIX TWD
Graduate Class
February 1966
Professor Catalano
Buildings as Systems
The following work will be presented on Friday, February 11.
1. Study of uses of columns for mechanical services. Draw showing in a
simplified way the connection between slabs, beams, and columns and how
the duct work and pipes are distributed in vertical and horizontal runs.
See thesis reports, available in my office, of following students:
Witcomb, Hook, Soetriano, Huber, Hoskins, Hoover, Bonar, Brunon, Vitols,
Hershdorfer, Torsuwan.
Draw columns, in plan and elevation, slabs, and plan of complete duct
work (supply and return) within a bay.
2.
Same for shafts in cores, used for mechanical services.
3.
Same for cores used as mechanical rooms:
Frazer, Preiss.
4. Draw in sheets 8 1/2 x 11 basic construction systems of the following
thesis reports: Burns, Kulpritz, Rudquist, Vitols, Torsawan, Brunon,
Frazer, Hershdorfer, Rook, Hoskins, Swanney, Zellmer, describing units,
plan, section, elevation, and erection procedure, plus connection of
units to columns - shape of columns.
5. Draw different poststressing anchorage systems and hydraulic jacks,
indicating minimum dimensions available related to stresses. Consult:
Prestress Concrete, by T. C. Lin, and Prestress Concrete for Architects
and Engineers. Draw cranes, types, reach and loading capacity: McGraw
Hill "Construction Techniques." See information on European cranes.
6. Study of module dimensions considering: uses of rooms (especially
the very small ones); width of main and secondary horizontal circulation;
stair openings (single and double flight); dimensions of lighting
fixtures taken in consideration a width of ribs no less than 6"; width
of doors; relationship of area -- number of lighting fixtures to obtain
60 FC at working level; study of location of fixtures to achieve even
illumination per room (any size) in an economical manner; location of
diffusers, and return grills to achieve flexibility to move partitions
without moving diffusers. Combination of lighting fixtures and diffusers.
In all cases, fluorescent lighting should be considered. Although there
are 2, 3, 4, and 8 feet tubes, the larger the tube is the more economical
the system becomes. Modules could be square, rectangular or combined, for
two and one way construction.
77
7. Draw plan and section of 4 passenger elevators 5 x 7, indicating car
dimensions, clearances, width of doors, walls, pit, overhead run and
machine room for 350 F/M 500 F/M, 700 F/M. Same for service elevator
with front and back door. Car dimensions 6 x 8 speed 250 F/M.
8. Draw different ways to build single and double set of fire stairs,
based. on minimum width of 66", for a minimum height (floor to floor) of
14 feet, paying attention to construction and comfort.
9. Draw sheet metal work, indicating transition of duct work for
variable sections; connection of vertical and horizontal ducts; connection
of ducts and diffusers -- systems of diffusers available in the market.
10. Draw in accepted standard dimensions toilets with metal partitions,
lavatories, urinals, and vertical plenum necessary for plumbing for each
type of fixture. Design not less than 5 solutions of well arranged toilet
rooms for.each sex, with fixtures distributed in such a way as to allow
increase of number of fixtures without change in design concept, and
providing privacy from outside view. Study location of entrance door to
provide flexibility in the use of any solution for a given core condition.
Use 5 foot module increments for each solution.
All the drawings will be drawn on a translucent sheet 8 1/2 x 11", in
pencil, with very strong lines or ink, and with clear lettering about
1/8" high. Indicate source where information was obtained. All drawings
will be done in scale, and each group will keep same scale for comparison
of dimensions.
78
APPENDIX THREE
Graduate class 1965-66
Starts 5 January 1966
Due 30 March 1966
Building as a System
M.I.T. is planning the construction of a common building for the School
of Architecture and Planning and for the Visual Arts Center. The building
to be located on the East Campus will have to be designed to achieve the
maximum flexibility of use and growth, and building in reinforced concrete
with the most advanced technological means available.
Program:
Total space allocation:
School of Architecture and Planning:
architectural design
visual design
other arch. teaching space
administration
building construction
city planning
common space
library
net area
17,400 s.f.
10,240 a.f.
5,760
6,430
15,000
15,500
10,400
25,000
105,730 s.f.
Visual Arts Center:
Museum
administration
support areas
educational program
studio and activity areas
net area
29,000 af.
2,250
10,500
16,700
22,400
80,850 S.f.
Total net area
186,580 s.f.
Total gross area including 10%
of net area for mechanical rooms
280,000 s.f.
79
APPEIDIX THREE (continued)
Program Breakdown
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Proposed Use
Comments
Area
Dimensions
2nd yr. Drafting Room
@30 students
2880
40 x 72 or 60 x 48
2nd Seminar & Storage
class room (1)
600
20 x 30 or 40 x 15
3rd yr. Drafting Room
30 students @96 sq ft
3rd yr. Seminar & Storage
class room (2)
4th yr. Drafting Room
30 students 096 sq ft
4th yr. Seminar & Storage
class room (3)
5th yr. Drafting Room
30 students C96 sq ft
5th yr. Seminar & Storage
class room (4)
Grad. Drafting Room
30 students @96 sq ft
Grad. Seminar & Storage
class room (5)
TOTAL
2880
40 x 72 or
60 x 48
600
20 x 30 or 40 x 15
2880
40 x 72 or 60 x 48
600
20 x 30 or 40 x 15
2880
600
2880
600
17,400
40 x 72 or
20 x 30 or 40 x 15
40 x 72 or
Proposed Use
Comments
Area
Dimensions
Form & Design (Filipowski)
15 students@l00 sq ft
1500
30 x 50
Photography Total
dark rooms - studio
1500
30 x 50
Light and Color
studio
1080
30 x 36
Painting Studio
studio
1080
30 x 36
Drawing Studio
studio
1080
30 x 36
Resident Artists
5 studios @800
4000
30 x 134
(@20 x 40)
10,240
60 x 48
20 x 30 or 40 x 15
VISUAL DESIGN
TOTAL
60 x 48
APPENDIX THREE (continued)
OTHER TEACHING SPACES
Area
Dimensions
(.M.)
720
24 x 30
(LeM.)
720
24 x 30
storage
360
24 x 15
Student Lounge
student coffee
360
24 x 15
Shop & Lab.
wood-plaster-metal
Proposed Use
Comments
History & Criticism
class room (6)
Structures
class room (7)
Structures
TOTAL
3600
30 x 120
5760
ADMINISTRATION AND STAFF
Proposed Use
Comments
Area
Dimensions
Head of Department
office & meetings
500
15 x 34
Professor Arch.
office & meetings
320
15 x 21-6
Professor Arch.
office & meetings
320
15 x 21-6
Professor Arch.
office & meetings
320
15 x 21-6
Professor V.D.
office & meetings
320
15 x 21-6
Professor (Structures)
office & meetings
180
12 x 15
Professor (Structures)
office & meetings
180
12 x 15
Professor (V.D.)
office & display
320
15 x 21-6
Professor (V.D.)
office & display
320
15 x 21-6
Professor Arch.
office
180
12 x 15
Professor Arch.
office & library
180
12 x 15
Professor Arch.
limited office & conf.
180
12 x 15
Professor Illumination
office
180
12 x 15
81
APPENDIX THREE (continued)
Proposed Use
Comments
Area
Dimensions
Professor Landscaping
office
180
12 x 15
Professor Acoustics
desk
100 - 120
10 x 12
Professor Arch.
office
120
10 x 12
Professor Arch.
office
120
10 x 12
Professor Arch.
office
120
10 x 12
Assistant
desk & storage
120
10 x 12
Assistants
two desks total
160
15 x 10-6
4 Visiting Critics
desk space 0100
400
15 x 26-9
1 Chairman secretary
counter-desk-storage
200
10 x 20
1 Department secretary
desk-atorage
150
15 x 10
1 Visual Design secretary
desk-storage
120
10 x 12
1 Faculty secretary
desk-storage
100
10 x 10
4 Researchers
@80
320
15 x 21-6
Departmental Conf.
faculty grade meetings
300
15 x 20
TOTAL
6030
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Proposed
Comments
Area.,
Dimensions
1 Class Room
lectures (11)
720
24 x 30
Professor
office & meetings
320
15 x 21-6
Professor-Testing
office (in Lab.?)
180
12 x 15
Professor-Materials
office
180
12 x 15
Professor
office
120
10 x 12
Professor
office
120
10 x 12
Models Laboratory
structures testing
5000
50 x 100
APPENDIX THREE (continued)
Proposed
Comments
Illumination Laboratory
Lab, Storage
Area
Dimensions
2000
50 x 40
320
15 x 21-6
4 Researchers
desks G80
320
15 x 21-6
2 Technical people
desks @80
160
10 x 16
2 Secretaries
desks @80
160
10 x 16
TOTAL
9600
CITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Proposed
Comments
Area
Dimensions
1st yr. drafting room
25 students G96 sq ft
2400
30 x 80
1st yr. seminar
class room (a)
600
30 x 20
2nd yr. drafting room
29 students 996 sq ft
2400
30 x 80
2nd yr. seminar
class room (9)
600
30 x 20
360
20 x 18
720
30 x 24
Student Lounge
1 class room
lecture-slides
Administration
office & staff
Total
(10)
3200
Joint Center for Urban
Studies
30 x 107
5220
TOTAL
15,500
C0MMION SPACE FOR ALL D EPARTIMETS
Proposed
Comments
Area
Dimensions
Exhibition Room-Jury
student work
1440
30 x 4a
Jury Room
student di scussions
1080
24 x 45
83
APPENDIX THREE (continued)
Proposed
Comments
Area
Dimensions
Lecture Room
large-public
2400
240 x 10 sq ft
2160
ZO x 72
1440
30 x 48 (might be
circulation space)
Drawing Storage
Museum Exhibition
public exhibitions
Museum Storage
library-arch-inst
720
200
2 Secretaries
Library
(Including 1 librarian
& 2 assoc librarians)
Total
Dean's Office
includes 1 secretary
12000
960
10 x 20
50 x 240 or 40 x 300
30 x 32
TOTAL 22,400
VISUAL ARTS CENTER
I.
MUSEUM[
Net Footage
Dimensions
Exhibitions and Public Areas
1)
Permanent Exhibitions - Interior
4,000
100 x 40
2)
Permanent Exhibitions - Exterior
2,000
100 x 20
3)
Changing Exhibitions
4)
Combination Studio-Gallery
.3,000
5)
Visual Library
%,500
6)
Study Exhibitions
2,500
14,000
TOTAL
100 x 140
29,000
Administrative Areas
1)
Director's Office
250
12 x 216
2)
Director's Conference Room
250
12 x 216
3)
Curator's Office
150
10 x 15
84
APPEIDIX THREE (continued)
150
10 x 15
5) Administrative Assistant's Offices (2) 200
10 x 20
4)
Exhibition Manager's Office
6)
Visual Library Office
150
10 x 15
7)
Registrar's Office
150
10 x 15
8)
Secretarial Office
400
20 x 20
.9) Curatorial Conference Room
200
10 x 20
10)
150
10 x 15
Miscellaneous Office Storage
TOTAL
2,250
Support Areas
45
40
150
10
15
Coat Room
200
10
20
4)
Maintenance Office and Store Room
300
10
30
5)
Shipping and Receiving
2,000
40
50
6)
Storage of Art Objects
2,000
40
50
7)
Small Object Vault
150
10
15
8)
Examination and Conservation
1,000
40
25
9)
Installation Equipment Storage
1,000
40
25
1)
Lobby
2)
Guard's Room
3)
1,800
10)
Electrical Shop
150
10
15
11)
Carpenter Shop
800
20
40
12)
Paint Shop
200
10
20
13)
Kitchen
100
10
10
14)
Public Lounge and Toilets
650
20
32
TOTAL
10,500
85
APPENDIX THRE
II.
(continued)
EDUCATION PROGRAM
Classroom and Administration Areas
Net Footage
Dimensions
1)
Auditorium and Cinema Theatre
6,000
100 x 60
2)
Backstage and Projection Room
1,000
60
3)
Lecture Rooms,
3
4,500
30 x 50 x 3
4)
Seminar Rooms,
1 Q 400, 1 0 600
1,000
20 x 20/20x 30
5)
Faculty Offices, 10 a 200
2,000
20 x 10 (10)
6)
Conference Rooms, 2 G 250
300
12 x 20
7)
Secretarial Offices, 2 Q 250
500
12 x 20
8)
Lounge
300
15 x 20
9)
Storage
700
20 x 35
10)
Toilets
400
20 x 20
Q
1500
TOTAL
x 15
16,700
Studio and Activity Areas
1)
Visual Design, Painting, Sculpture,
Graphic Arts Studios
10,000
100 x 100
2)
Photography Studios
5,000
100 x 50
5)
Dark Rooms
1,000
100 x 10
4)
Faculty Studios, 6 0 400
2,400
20 x 20 x 6
5)
Carpentry,
Workshops
1,800
20 x 90
6)
Equipment and Supply Rooms
2,200
20 x 110
7)
Sink Rooms and Toilets.
Electrical,
and Metals
400
TOTAL
20 x 20
22,800
86
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baker, Geoffrey, and Bruno Funaro, Parking, New York, Reinhold, 1958
"C.B.S. Building," Architectural Record, July 1965, 138 no 1:111-118
"Cleaning up the Ceiling," The Architectural Forum, May 1963,
118 no 5:146-147
"Ernest Kump's Environmental Control Grid," The Architectural Forum,
August 1962, 117 no 2:110-111
"Evolution of High Rise Office Buildings," Progressive Architecture,
September 1963, 146-157
Ferguson, Phil M., Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals, New York, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1963
"Four Office Buildings: Four Different Schemes," Architectural Record,
April 1959, 125 no 4:163-174
Gay, Charles Merrick, and Charles DeVan Fawcett, Mechanical &
Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 2nd ed., New York, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1945
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation in University Instructional and
Research Buiildings, Madison, Wisconsin, University Facilities Research
Center, 1962
"The Importance of Good Connections," The Architectural Forum, March
1959, 110 no 3:94-99
"Kahn Newspaper Shop," The Architectural Forum, April 1962,
116 no 4:83-85
Klose, Dietrich, Metropolitan Parking Structures, New York, Wash.,
Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, 1965
Lin, T.Y., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, 2nd ed., New
York, John Uiley and Sons, Inc., 1963
"Making Precast Concrete Do More For Less," The Architectural Forum,
November 1965, 123 no 4:52-55
"Mechanical Services: A Slice of Structure," Architectural Record,
August 1960, 129 no 2:204-206
Mokk, Laszlo, Prefabricated Concrete, 8th ed., Budapest, AKADElIAI
KIADO, Pub., House of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1964
"Precast Concrete Joinery," Architectural Record, June 1961,
129 no 7:166-171
BIBLIOGRAPKY (continued)
Rich, Richard C., "Planning a Downtown Parking Deck," Architectural
Record, May 1965, 137:5
"School Costs Cut by New Components," The Architectural Forum, February
1964, 120 no 2:112-117
"Schools by the Carload," The Architectural Forum, April 1965,
122 no 1:80-85
"Structure Delivers Air and Controls Light," Architectural Record, July
1964, 136 no 1:180-184
88