Technical Report 608 HAYSTACK OBSERVATORY J.V. Evans
advertisement
Y
Technical Report
608
J.V. Evans
J.M. Holt
Mills tone Hill
Thomson Scatter Results
for 1974
1 January 1982
Prepared for the National Science Foundation
under NSF Grants No. ATM75-22193 and ATM79-09189
HAYSTACK OBSERVATORY
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
WESTFORD, MASSACHUSETTS
I
ABSTRACT
During
(42.
1973,
6“N,
the
71. 5°W)
temperature
and
one
times
or
200-900
This
two
km
in
observations
cycle,
are
and
believed
was
employed
vertical
ion
per
presents
a
set
is
of
be
measure
in the
The
results
of
the
in
density,
F-region
over
periods
the
of
The
observed
terms
understood.
I
,’
I
.. .
111 -
of
the
reported
diurnal,
previously
Hill
and
of 24
height
about
made
behavior
Millstone
electron
spanned
resolution
at
measurements
variations
-
radar
electron
a time
diagrams.
briefly
scatter
observations
achieved
disturbance
largely
to
and
contour
discussed
magnetic
to
the
incoherent
velocity
month.
approximately,
report
pulses
vertically-directed
Ion
hours
interval
30 minutes.
using
single
during
seasonal,
and
long
these
sunspot
which
now
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
iii
ABSTRACT
1.
INTRODUCTION
II
EQUIPMENT,
PROCEDURES
A.
B.
c.
Ill.
I
Iv.
I
OBSERVING
AND
DATA-ANALYSIS
3
3
4
7
Equipment
Observing
Procedures
Data Reduction
RESULTS
AND
ION
A.
B.
c.
D.
1
FOR ELECTRON
TEMPERATURES
General
Winter
Behavior
Summer
Behavior
Equinox
Behavior
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
DENSITY,
ELECTRON
AND VERTICAL
VELOCITY
10
10
12
14
15
15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
17
REFERENCES
18
MILLSTONE
1.
1963,
electron
This
incoherent
densities,
Millstone
Hill,
paper
results
World
in
altitude
FOR
1974
from
and
a ba%k
of
Additional
pairs
and
presents
the
calendar
year
1974.
The
years
listed
in
paper
km,
Ti,
11).
approximately
have
have
in
a
been
been
on
each
once
published
and
transmitted
to
was
the
to
the
made
of
spacing
the
by
the
E-
and
could
radar
Spectral
obtained
be
Vz
measurements
of “the
of
density
velocity
The
sweep
length
electron
vertical
computer.
determined)
were
F-region
and
digital
matched
of
approximately.
pulses
whose
and
are
Te,
long
1,
hours,
to
Colorado.
this
are
Table
24
1
at
reports,
earlier
in
conducted
annual
of
for
been
F-region
(Refs.
periods
returns
pulses,
of
of
71.5°W)
made
measurements
of
series
obtained
have
(42.6°N,
were
200-900
filte’rs
temperatures
the
Boulder,
T.
measurements
during
single
the
ion
radar
program
in
interval
T
a
temperature
transmitting
which
A,
ion
integrating
,,
RESULTS
this
reported
and
in
articles
Center
results
electron
I
twelfth
results
the
and
Massachusetts
in
The
Data
The
by
the
scetter
electron
reported
month.
the
and
gathered
discussed
1
SCATTER
(Thomson)
Westford,
is
observations
,,
THOMSON
INTRODUCTION.
Since
a
HILL
and
span
were
made
time
base
information
examining
pulse
Ne,
(0.5
F-regions
varied
(from
the
or
1.0
by
and
outputs
msec)21.
transmitting
the
allowing
echo
,,
autocorrelation
function
to
be
determined
in
the
computer.
This
approach
,,
alsb
allowed
for
the
digital
and
has
been
subtraction
of
unwanted
returns
from
distant
4
hillszz,
,,
,
!
E-region
ion
employed
in
number
Other
of
temperature
the
papers
observations
observing
(Atmospheric
described
study
(e. g.,
using
of
tides
Ref.
Explorer)
chosen
detail
this
in
pulse-pair
the
in
to
satellite
1974
lower
that
coincide
or
with
Island.
-1“,,
elsewherezs.
Results
method
in
thermosphere
gathered
1974
have
for
been
and
reported
in
here
include
short
a
24).
conducted
periods
in
are
not
with
the
reported
the
launch
overhead
of
a
rocket
pass
from
of
the
WalJops
TABLE
I
I
I
I
PUBLICATIONS
(68-cm
CONCERNING
Wavelength)
I
THE
THOMSON
I
MILLSTONE
SCATTER
HILL
RESULTS
I
Year
Months
I
UHF
I
I
I Publication
Covered
/
1963
February
1963 to January
1964
March,
July,
August,
September
April,
July,
November
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
7
12
13
1964
January
through
December
April,
July,
November
Ref.
Ref.
2
?4
1965
January
through
December
January,
April,
August
June
June,
August,
September
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
3
15
16
17
1966
January
January,
through
March,
December
July,
September
Ref.
Ref.
4
18
1967
January
February,
through
June,
December
October,
Ref.
Ref.
5
18
January
October
through
December
Ref.
Ref.
6
19
January
through
December
February,
April,
July
September,
October
Ref.
7
Ref.
20
1970
January
through
December
Ref.
8
1971
January
through
December
Ref.
9
1972
January
through
December
Ref.
10
1973
January
through
December
Ref.
11
December
I
1968
1969
I
I
-2.-.—-
I
Section
I I describes
During
1974,
and
these
described
temperature
Il.
in
and
The
(68
described.
antenna
and
Extensive
6)
of
velocity
system
hence
can
the
over
some
effort
to
in
altitudes
1974,
some
electron
year
and
ion
in Section
III .
PROCEDURES.
incoherent
timing
of
UHF
receiver,
unchanged.
filter
bank
measurements
electric
fieldszs
and
of
been
bank
0.5
of
system
1968
many
filters
been
between
the
pLJ1.SeS),
Te
and
developed
was
for
has
msec
were
Ti
in
replaced
data
27].
-3-
timing
an
by
necessary
and
to
range
a
L-band
a
When
was
assumed
to
winds
of
cm
used
for
by
the
and
the
30 MHz
sampling
as described
number
the
the
(23
25.
rearrange
E-region
in
using
Laboratory)
connected
taking
measure
reported
Ref.
Ionosphere
was
conducted
associated
in
the
frequency
to
were
radar
in
was
used
the
measurements
and
the
it
were
for
in
and
match
drift.
for
matched
imperfect
described
the
a wider
of
employed,
observations
that
span
have
filter
made
measured
procedures
receiver
(Actually,
to
an
in the
(located
so
banks
ion
problem.
is
L-band
of
be
been
diameter
the
were
to
msec)
to
the
control
the
2.0
antenna
system
component
(especially
scatter
unit
of
correction
steerable
scatter
vertical
use
or
has
220-foot
spectra
introduced
equipment
vertically-directed
made
pulses
this
incoherent
remained
the
radar
procedures
Owing
obviated
studies,
the
21.
1976,
This
output
the
1.0
In
diameter
scatter
power
(0.5,
empirical
scatter
to
scheme
these7’g.
radar.
IF
This
were
incoherent
30 MHz
echo
of
which
84 ft.
wavelength)
Ref.
previous
discussed
-AN ALY51S
data-taking
the
Ref.
and
only
the
lengths
errors
remedy
smaller
These
and
procedures.
the
density,
presented
DATA
reduction
employed
electron
a fixed
measure
spectra
correlator
During
the
and
those
incoherent
to
detail
systematic
of
for
AND
employs
allowed
pulse
some
input
gathering
from
are
wavelength)
This
in
and
digital
little
Results
OBSERVING
cm
the
filters
j
vertical
which
described
I
9.
simultaneously.
each
I
changed
modifications
heights
I
were
data
Equipment.
UHF
(Ref.
equipment,
Ref.
EQUIPMENT,
A.
the
IF
procedure
the
in
and
papers
elements
Ref.
21. )
F-region
[e. g.,
Observing
B.
During
1974,
method
and
24
we
As
were
pulse
II
lists
the
with
described
the
L-band
data-taking
and
345°
8 reins.,
taken
the
vertical
the
possible
to
to
measure
the
components
of
solution
1974
18°
(Table
11).
These
L-band
dynamo
or
for
that
El,
and
8 reins.,
255°
B
drift
magnetospheric
to
A-mode
the
the
the
Ill
to
Since
the
UHF
the
ions
of
is
observations
and
be
brought
drift
about
component
to
measure
the
E-W
steerable
directions,
This
Measurements
components
then
by
an
electric
measured
were
conducted
was
C-mode
in
were
and
were
4 reins.,
primarily
the
only
measured.
sequence
B-mode
in
F-region
necessary
(D-mode)
The
radar
information
employing
drift
for
between
determine
N-S
new
computers.
rapidly
could
three
the
a
switch
drift
it
between
condition
components.
El.
rapidly
proper
To
velocity
F-region
-4-
the
By
undertaken
The
Table
with
radar
to
magnetic
4 reins.,
origin.
In
every
mode.
measurements
drift.
45°
were
of
of
secure
L-band
Az,
the
radars.
orthogonal
The
observations
E x
drift
long
data.
computer
the
heights,
ion
the
single
repeated
each
the
thermosphere.
in
attempted
Ill).
from
drift
observations
provided
to switch
capability
E-region
three
1977
from
L-band
the
for
accorded
the
was
in
reload
component
at
of
in
and
the
for
C
for
undertaken
pulse
these
pulse
month
were
employed
B,
long
per
been
no single
A,
made
this
recover
winds
had
single
collected.
data
the
in
once
automatically
of
(Vz)
winds
and/or
D-mode
the
and
vertical
(Table
Az,
was
was
components
‘3-D’
observe’
provision
least
collected
were
advantage
additional
termed
data
transfers
horizontal
in
when
the
which
cycle
being
that
fields
conducted
data
equipment
is
a
of
established
meridional
for
the
which
it
allows
times
over
transmitters
F-region,
two
modes
radar
only
radar
operating
UHF
measures
L-band
months,
altitudes
using
measurements
several
and
of
the
the
at
two-pulse
9,
1974,
electric
observations
operations,
program
the
pulse
Ref.
operation
about
scheme
in
interface
During
pair
in
the
8 minutes
dates
As
and
and
observations
newer
lists
‘regular’
30 minutes
at
priority
Table
or
long
the
measurements
normal
the
single
greater
make
pulse
years,
made.
to
newer
the
prior
somewhat
attempted
the
hours.
several
Procedures.
D-mode
8 reins.,
attempt
fields
using
to
of
the
THE
Mode
Height
Resolution
(km)
100
15
B
500
75
DI
D2
I
“ONE-PULSE”
A
c
I
Pulse
Length
(psec)
NORMAL
D1
D2
1000
1000
1000
L-band
L-band
MODE
SEQUENCE
Sample
Spacing
(km)
Altitude
Coverage
(km)
7.5
100-1000
Power
Ne
30
150-1500
Power
Ne
75
225-
Power
30
300-2000
Power
75
450-1125
Power
30
105-
500
Power
75
105-
425
Power
30
215-
900
Power
75
215-
780
Power
150
60
110
observations
observations
TABLE
II
EXPERIMENT
at
at
18°
45°
elevation.
elevation.
i
-5-
675
Meaaured
Deduced
Direct
Employed
}
Parameters
spectrum
Te,
Ti,
Vz
Ti,
V=
Ne
spectrum
Ti,
spectrum
Vd
spectrum
Vd
in
3-D
experiments.
TABLE
SCATTER
INCOHERENT
Begin
Date
End
c*
EST
Date
C*
Mean
Ill
OBSERVATIONS
Mean
EST
KP
Rz
IMF
.-
1974
Ohs+
Comment
12
Feb
D
1330
14
Feb
0700
3+
35
A
3-D
03
Apr
D
1300
04
Apr
1330
5-
2?
T+
A
Reg.
Ionosonde
failed
Very
disturbed.
16 Apr
QQ
0900
17 Apr
QQ 1030
1+
73
T
3-D
Ionosonde
0230-0530.
13 May
QQ
1700
15 May
D
0730
3-
32
AT
3-Q
TX off 05-08
on
14 May.
Kp increase
after
1300.
No useful
V= data obtained.
10 Jun
0830
11 Jun
D
2130
4+
47
TA
Reg.
TX off 1330-2100
on
10 June.
SC late in
day on 10 June.
15 Jul
1700
16 .Ju1
Q
2300
2+
53
T
3-D
TX off 0300-0630.
Poor data thereafter.
Disturbed.
)2
0830
03 Ott
0900
4-
50
T
Reg.
Poor data 00-04.
Kp > 4+ 13-22.
0930
27
NOV
0900
3-
24
T
Reg.
T
Reg.
Disturbed.
T+
Reg.
Kp
Ott
?6 NOV
19 Dec
D
1630
20
Dec
D
1700
4-
41
?6 Dec
Q
1700
27
Dec
D
1700
3+
8
A
*
Condition
QQ
one of the
Q
D
One
One
of
of
the
the
five
tan
five
quietest
days
quietest
days
most disturbed
in the month.
in the month.
days
in the
+ Observations
Reg
3-D
=
=
Regular.
L-band
and
UHF
radar
measurements.
-6-
month.
at
03.
off
> 4+ 01-07.
fixed
220-ft.
reports
has
within
been
16°
(Vi,
of
and
)
horizontal
11,
diameter
about
magnetic
field
at
ratio
ever
secured
the
low
in
poor.
owing
to
to
the
drift
was
45°,
N-S
the
to measure
a
inferior
by
At
a
for
this,
rule,
few
sensitivity
prevailing*.
making
at
of
at
night.
observations
= 345°)
B component,
and
the
L-band
were
radar
component
45°
the
elevation
measurement
E-W
at
The
range
of the
The
the
magnetic
(Az
night
good
Vz
to
times
considerable
9,
to
normal
E x
field
Refs.
plane
this
lies
meridional
contributions
plane.
these
magnetic
example,
meridian
at
in
the
especially
compensate
then
for
drifts
magnetic
as
the
cause
significant,
but,
greatly
sampled
the
appeared
To
densities
(see,
and
component
compute
possible
intended
F-region
was
increased
electron
horizontal
undertaken
were
to
which
88°
This
along
analyses
in
quite
the
velocity
fields
of
(Vz).
neglects
drifts)
18°
elevation
altitudes
be
of
an
drift
many
electric
could
because
sometimes
in
B
at
drift
F-region
E x
angle
signal-to-noise
was
E-W
these
suffered
the
interpretation
by
elevation
of
at
is
‘vertical’
used
speed
observations
an
but
been
(i. e.,
disturbance,
the
direction
This
brought
L-band
the
wind
antenna
labeled
has
28-31).
UHF
and
of
elevation
the
at
255°
in
real
azimuth.
c.
As
Data
described
time
(i. e.,
the
samples
stored
on
pertinent
run.
of
point
it
is
echo
magnetic
power
tape
profile
within
monitored
of
where
printer.
no
gathered)
information
A
speed
previouslyzl,
as
dependence
be
Reduction.
such
as
echo
power
is
frequency
it was
the
of
the
mode
each
vs.
type,
was
analyse
too
time
of
range
start
height
spectrum,
being
be
to
integration
of
this
time
the
allowed
the
and
and
along
were
with
duration
printed
signal-to-noise
the
Instead,
frequency
corrected
and
data
consuming.
period
(i. e.,
computed
printout
quality
for
out
of
tha
-2
R
the
by
ratio
of
other
the
a high
at
each
data
to
gathered.
*Good
estimates
of
horizontal
drifts
became
possible
with
the
installation
use with the UHF radar,
in 1978.
,
,
would
end
a
made
as functions
range)
with
was
this
collected
the
Together
while
as
at
R
each
attempt
-7-
in the
ionosphere
of a fully-steerable
at all
150-ft.
times
of
antenna,
day
for
., .
The
first
step
F-region
this,
critical
the
the
values
two
and
half-hourly
values
Values
for
points
the
cards.
combined
converted
to
an
and
electron
at
present
at
to
Te,
Ti
consumed
and
a
the
?N
max
io, it,
of
electron
sunspot
accurate
H+/Ne
ion
have
communication,
ratio
amount
from
at
each
of
such
if
any
of
value
through
the
computer
via
of
foF2
The
A-,
B-
and
by
variations
the
C-mode
This
altitude
at
program
profile”.
have
recovered
was
allowing
in
the
correct
the
been
1976)
altitude.
computer
analyses
from
ratio
value
the
assumption
sufficient
render
could
the
vs.
This
when
to
local
of
layer.
present.
km
values
to
the
the
“power
were
minimum
900
(private
of
into
all
altitude
curve
peak
the
density
of
the
Examples
interpolation*.
single
temperature
only
below
a
power
the
ion
Results
previously
*Actually,
at
considerable
routinely.
into
(38”N),
necessary
drawn
obtain
with
in
reports4”.
curves
to
For
Including
reason.
entered
linear
made
resultant
the
near
Massa
by
backscatter
the
altitudes
L.
echo
profile
was
More
J.
power
and
0+
night
unreliable.
due
of
( N Max)t
that
except
run
used
Island
scaling
was
the
included
Millstone.
any
of
observation.
in
previous
and
and
observation
the
electron
stored
to
that
smooth
plot
Also
errors
for
of
intervals
of
Wallops
closest
missing
the
A-mode
normalizing
for
assuming
of
on
density
Values
each
absolute
effects
Te/Ti
were
and
any
a number
a
ionograms.
interpolation
from
half-hour
These
cycle
in
construct
days
(45”N)
revealed
the
to
the
operation
were
scaled
measurements
each
the
at
Millstone
routine
included
for
Ottawa
Millstone
were
of
in
for
been
the
at
guide
been
time
usually
to
from
plots
mid-point
runs
stations
foF2
on
punched
the
have
in
has
vs.
from
obtained
served
data
foF2
stations
these
ionograms,
plots
the
scaled
values
the
from
these
1
were
were
are
analysing
frequency
values
plots
which
1
in
is a good
H+
which
and
may
have
be
a program
attempts
hence
one
estimates
using
Unfortunately
time
ions
temperature
obtained
spectra
to
recover
this
program
was
not
been
run
presented
az.
the time chosen
= 1.24
x 104 (foF2)2
= start
el/cm3
time + 4 minutes.
when
foF2
is expressed
in
MHz.
-8—-—..
m~
... .=.....
it
has
been
C-mode
data
leads
to
foundzi
tend
the
when
must
employed
.in
the
the
systematic
that
C-mode
comparing
values
obtained
Te/Ti
(taken
Ti
of
Beginning
a
in
to
The
the
data
to
influence
on
of
the
Ne
in
some
times,
to
That
in
a more
as
the
elaborate
-9-
believed
Assuming
scheme
height
temperatures
a more
differences
in the
using
two
years’
Ti
and
Te/Ti
prevailing
to
and
value
a lesser
A
extent
smooth
(including
of
also
continuous
employed
were
on
performed
the
the
but
to
correct
those
presented
corrected
for
the
replaced
by
less
analyser
likely
to
cannot
(I NSCAL)
be
has
been
height,
variations
of
Te/Ti
in
the
length
approach
bias
seemed
with
written
allowing
and
correction),
ANALYSIS2*
possible
systematic
analysed
of
Debye
was
introduce
functions
employed
of
to
value).
device
height
view
applied
on
was
km nominal
for
filters
perfectly
correction
modes)
spectrum
be
this
(via
Ne
but
bank
Ti
of
two
the
less
it
Emery
to
altitudes.
program
Te,
that
B-mode
temperature
with
filter
new
profile
fashion.
correction,
at
a
allow
subsequently
believed
Ne,
variations
self-consistent
first-order
and
(to
comparison
electron
with
A.
C-mode)
this
length
analog
B.
made
estimates.
the
at
measurement
were
empirical
only
the
evident
525
the
spectra
are
C-mode,
at
be
C-mode
and
for
is
in the
from
gathered
recover
not
19719
that
an
that
particularly
but
B-mode
the
depend
derived
Debye
for
the
the
and
This
frequency
attempts
correct
to
be
values
1976,
pulse
the
B-
believed
B-mode
gathered
corrections
to
for
program
attempts
results
was
the
heights,
observed
assumed
correlator
ANALYSIS
profile
that
the
the
B-mode
changing
in
digital
error.
be
in
Subsequently,
the
the
in
to
several
of
was
in the
those
modes
is
the
+ 1.0.
(B-mode)
also
derived
employed
of
that
reported
the
two
employing
found
Salah
19707’s.
height
Finally,
here).
E.
was
it
primarily
It
anal ysis2i,
analyser
are
the
data
than
Te/Ti
principle,
Since
pulse
in
and
scheme
results
effect
this
(again
correction
the
and
center
Emery
on
data
1969
datae.
times.
J.
pulses
In
the
spectrum
correct,
smearing
msec
from
when
Ti.
of
narrow.
such
obtained
summer
for
0.5
during
errors
comparison
effective
are
at
in
amount
using
smearing
the
night
large
Te/Ti
of
etimates
transmitter
was
in
the
receiver
that
detailed
.
the
to
gathered
,i
the
suffer
days7,
the
spectra
matched
four
at
introduced
for
accuracy
by
differ
from
the
compensate
estimates
in
stems
signals
night
to
differences
discrepancy
of
that
on
in
represents
errors
in the
unwarranted.
the
which
for
the
the
Te
a truly
only
B-mode
a
The
next
part
electron
and
height
and
of
ion
the
temperature
time.
and
has
for
been
in
that
time
at
which
but
is
shifted
pulse.
Ti
the
the
provide:
of
.
the
the
was
not
is
into
included
given
INSCON,
compensate
simply
“nominal”
with
account
routinely
by
the
by
the
height),
delay
in
within
the
constructing
for
the
a
best
introduced
so-called
power
in
as
could
altitude
of
that
known
is not
the
echo
fitting,
program
vs.
functions
surfaca
this
pulse
taken
program
used
to
produced
obtain
of
height
function
of
values
to
FOR
the
coefficients
a
be
simple
plots
AND
the
in
which
the
the
of
day
were
Te,
ELECTRON
drive
the
of
fitted)
(in
be
a single
Boulder).
program
(RCVR)
form
other
AND
any
can
on
by
Ti
INSCON
variation
Center
a
Te,
addition,
combined
Data
recovery
to
Ne,
period
machine-readable
VERTICAL
of
In
(within
World
DENSITY,
tape
diagrams
from
each
FORTRAN
obtained
ELECTRON
fit
for
plotting
section.
time
to
a
contour
next
or
transmitted
with
allOW
userss.
ION
VELOCITY.
General.
Computer-drawn
logloNe
was
a
TEMPERATURES
logloNe
of
polynomial
RESULTS
and
Ill
variation
the
together
Table
(i. e.,
of
been
described
sampled
coefficients
has
altitude
the
in
tape
A.
Ti
for
given
as
which
was
are
sets
Ill.
but
which
The
numerical
height
INSCON
recovered.
These,
and
automatically
These
parameter
Te
by
polynomial
INSCON
as
density,
1970.
plotter
V
of
the
profiles,
subroutine
Calcomp
The
are
to
effect
to
8.
electron
estimates
performs
Ref.
center
echoes
that
the
performed
two-dimensional
profiles
owing
density
prior
and
the
velocity
was
program
in
effective
This
electron
The
described
distortion
fact
A
data.
a
smoothing
vertical
operation
sense,
the
involved
and
This
least-mean-squares
represents
analysis
in
in
contour
time
detail
Figures
(el/cm3)
> 3.0.
have
in
plots
been
Ref.
1 through
and
Regions
of
are
well
Ne,
Te,
generated
8);
these
10.
Ti
in
are
the
in
above
-?o
steps
hmax
-
Vz
manner
presented
Contours
drawn
and
of
of
F2
as
outlined
above
for
the
are
labeled
Ne
Ioglo
sometimes
Ne
functions
days
= 0.2
are
of
(and
listed
in
units
wherever
encountered
in
of
where,
owing
altitude.
to experimental
These
not
considered
of
h
real.
set
fnax ‘2
chiefly
by
At
higher
is
the
are
at
uncertainty
of
in
the
where
is
the
be
increasing
but
in
greatest
foF2
the
-
with
case
the
are
vicinity
uncertainty
(typically
in
uncertainty
any
in
experimental
uncertainty
overall
to
plots,
plots
determining
the
to the
appears
from
these
line)
however,
the
scheme
but
smoothed
edited
as a broken
that
Disturbances
been
density
fO.2
MHz).
incoherent
especially
at
is
scatter
night
when
weakest.
believed
adequately,
the
accuracy
contributes
measurement
The
The
altitudes,
echoes
It
have
(shown
measurements
the
usually
error,
30 minute
allows
the
fluctuations
(TIDs)
time
normal
caused,
with
resolution
diurnal
for
periods
of
and
ion
provided
variations
example,
less
than
by
by
the
to
be
Traveling
followed
Ionospheric
2 hours,
about
‘regular’
are
effectively
out.
results
for
200” K and
the
electron
IOO” K,
plotted
at
‘chirpt
introduced
respectively.
intervals
elevation
of
measured
is
of
88°
the
due
not
The
5 m/see
by
temperatures
and
contours
have
the
precisely
of
been
transmitter.
south,
are
vertical,
but
vertical
the
for
most
for
beam
component
as
of
isotherms
velocity
corrected
Since
drift
presented
the
is
plasma
the
ara
frequency
directed
the
purposes
Vz
at
an
that
is
distinction
is
unimportant.
The
year
early
in
1974
1975.
observation
of
the
was
Zurich
are
sunspot
throughout
~ 3 MHz
Millstone
At
times,
such
could
be
Despite
disturbed
the
mean
the
daily
sunspot
number
is
reflected
which
On
then
for
the
Kp
and
in
in
equatorward
to
activity,
data
remained
-11-
in
peak
the
quite
Table
5-7
occurred
the
The
foF2
MHz
days
low
of
V?IIUP
prevailing
by
day
and
as
low
as 2 MHz,
probably
of
the
midlatitude
trough.
very
the
which
over
of
range
side
close
21
trend.
values
the
became
listed
this
low
ratio
cycle
averaged
reached
sunspot
index
Rz
the
the
set
of
confirm
foF2
altitudes
our
Ill
nights
at
in
in
of
some
mimimum
numbers
typically
signal-to-noise
only
periods
were
lay
decline
values
sunspot
Table
the
secured
the
in
night.
because
to
included
1974,
by
close
poor
of
the
and
111.
as
results
F-layer.
incidence
high
useful
of
can
Indeed,
magnetically
be
only
seen
from
the
data
for
16-17
April
quietest
in
was
the
the
ten
quietest
In
two
cases,
month)
3-4
disturbance
crossing
in
which
for
rise
first
20
disturbed
for
the
cases,
the
months
parts
In
of
(70:1
of
to
of
26-27
to
the
,
among
days
the
five
which
ranked
(Figure
10),
value
followed
as
Bz.
time
ceases
to
be
on
13-15
storm
In
reliable
sudden
was
missed
other
cases,
in
May,
14 May)
hours).
a
the
The
I I l).
fluctuations
On
hours
(78
a
it
and
this
the
boundary
Tabie
but
In
from
sector
in
afternoon,
resulted
13
a
have
111).
southward
the
w;th
(IMF
(Table
until
of
December
field
earl y
have
(i. e.,
but
a
and
as a
the
the
IMF
was
quiet
then
very
a few
other
indication
of
December
together
characteristic
a vary
diminishes
values
seasonal
and
exhibits
which
daytime
this
exhibit
density
maximum)
winter
November
usually
electron
sunspot
values,
February,
October
peak
The
daytime
on
associated
problems
balance
and
approached.
and
be
during
January,
the
near
fell
(i.e.
conditions.
Behavior.
March
winter,
2)
appears
per;ods
Kp
Winter
5.
June
hours
mean
days
July
magnetic
appears
to
quiet
75-16
to
occurred
behavior
gave
for
(Figure
transmitter
the
The
April
that
very
month.
70-11
of
disturbed
that
interplanetary
on
commencement
on
appears
the
disturbance
and
in the
magnetic
consequence
gathered
of
large
as
Nmax
variation
also
winter
variation.
diurnal
sunspot
also
variation
minimum
excaed
decreases
with
the
is
summer
towards
sunspot
minimum.
The
at
electron
sunset.
decays)
tube.
from
the
may
night
heat
This
the
actually
southward
continues
point
increase
after
the
turning
winter
of
marked
be
remains
midnight,
the
supplied
warmed
remains
night
increase
temperature
be
(which
usually
of
to
to
density
a
the
sunset,
continues
conjugate
maintenance
the
exhibits
Following
because
flux
At
temperature
again
conduction
the
and
escape
(as
from
of
decrease
the
the
photo
layer
plasma
electrons
sunlit).
constant
until
reaching
a peak
ionosphere
nautral
sunrise
rises
via
by
at
has
thermospheric
-72-.—..
a
little
near
generally
wind
before
sunrise
03-04
hours.
been
attributed
which
serves
or
The
to
to
lift
the
layer
to
altitudes
elsewhereli
H+
where
argued
from
the
that
the
the
recombination
increase
protonosphere
which
rate
is brought
charge
is much
about
exchanges
reduced.
by
We have
a downward
with
O
to
flux
of
produce
0+
via
H+
The
timing
+O#H+O+
of
variation
in
about
0300
(300
the
drive
LT
with
result
(1 ) to
Marked
nocturnal
as
convection
midnight
layer
the
midnight,
the
complication
is
(the
serve
to
lift
the
five
is
between
01
then
were
more
night
increase
level
of
13-14
and
EST.
(3+)
when
Kp
of
19-20
occurred
magnetic
was
December
much
activity
diurnal
minimum
O
at
is
at
altitudes
also
at
Both
direction
a
effects
that
requires
earlier
( Kp
a
so it
2+,
seems
to
than
reached
with
the
that
field
did
of
which
26-27
is difficult
normal
and
between
to
on
it
exhibit
01 and
any
as
be
04
a
clear
of
2+
and
Kp
increases
November
may
very
is clear
value
increase
draw
also
disturbances.
a
anomalous
this
which
exhibit
an
after
further
that
had
to
equatorwards
magnetic
exhibit
prior
A
heatin9
not
the
while
Millstone,
does
Kp
that
fact
of
by
substorm
penetrating
strong
auroral
been
5-
of
for
appears
by
field.
by
have
It
of
westward
nights
night
10a).
magnetic
when
other
nights
influenced
latitude
one
winter
is anticipated
modified
night
the
9a,
nights
la)
two
8a,
eastward
only
previous
five
capable
It
to the
greatly
the
is
appear
by
move
the
the
only
also
produced
(Figure
The
of
la,
disturbed
However,
disturbed.
of
a
the
diurnal
maximizes.
in
Together
be
set,
and
four
lowered
may
can
our
on
an
surge’)
February
04
by
on
trough
in
higher
increase
The
nights
shift
then
36-39.
behavior
to
of
important
then
Millstone33-3s.
be
‘midnight
the
is
behavior
lifted
Iayeril,
‘normal’
increase
was
existence
its
abundance
(Figures
fields
be
the
nights,
1974
of
would
the
seen
in
latitude
so-called
disturbed
were
layer
reaches
abundance
nocturnal
would
consequence
right.
electric
the
the
balance
to the
winter
a
This
that
H
observations
to
winds
the
equilibrium
the
as
charge-exchange
increases
plasamsphere
the
where
proceed
that
activity
Of
the
km)
have
possible
explained
temperature.
chemical
we
be
exospheric
reaction
that
can
Conversely,
the
which
event
the
< h < 1,000
mimimum.
(1)
dSO
exhibits
an
conclusions.
the
related
nocturnal
to
the
EST).
-13..—..-...-
On
three
had
of
the
winter
insufficient
data
and
Ti,
but
that
this
data
appears
May,
June,
October
to
very
Figures
of
V2.
the
contouring
above
400
from
it
with
F2
Ne,
seems
previous
associated
h Max
program
km for
However,
Judging
above
a
3-6.
Te
unlikely
studies,
negative
as would
There
is
thought
midday
increased
the
is
the
be
of
reverses,
increase.
The
electron
temperature
less
rapidly,
beginning
is
then
to
be
a
it
(i. e.,
anticipated.
In
the
rises
in
layer
a
the
and
is
in
the
pre-sunset
thermospheric
the
layer
downward
afternoon,
the
meridional
and
rapidly
rises
and
by
drives
the
April
This
density
decrease
and
of
behavior.
caused
rate.
lifting
portions
electron
poleward
recombination
wind
with
‘summer’
Typically,
peak.
near
together
characteristic
component
somewhat
for
September,
behavior
which
regions
lOa),
region
are
well
exhibit
pre-noon
wind
9a,
the
reliable.
increases
August,
This
neutral
handle
contours
altitudes
to
a
8a,
Behavior.
by
increase.
into
at
appear
morning
be
July,
exemplified
properly
noctu rna I
Summer
(Figures
produced
can
drifts
c.
to
has
that
downward)
nights
producing
at
sunrise
midafternoon
the
and
when
sunset
decreases
starts
Ne
to
increase.
On
disturbed
convection
in
days,
electric
lifting
the
of
12 June
three
and
hmax
km).
A
and
the
layer
may
be
quiet
day
results
the
Following
an
very
value
critical
low
14-15
(Figure
as the
frequency
difficult
to
May
normal
anomalous
may
measure.
(Figure
large
lifted
5a)
2
evening
trough
then
and
the
than
April
increase,
into
drop
to
appears
the
in
Nmax
to
electron
observed
increased
scale
as
of
and
the
on
14 May
almost
scale
as
a
height
order
height,
aid
is quite
by
one
by
of
50%,
is evident
3a).
position
density
over
than
have
usually
is
nighttime
less
density
much
one
(Figure
Millstone
F2
as
enhanced
of
was
by
the
moves
the
Nmax
half
greatly
latitude
increase
lifted
less
be
storm
increase
16-17
the
when
was
by
of
of
can
to
evening
evening
This
4a)
day
(Figure
(60
from
more
penetrate
second
anomalously
and
increaae
evening
which
The
This
4a)
factor
fields
layer.
depressed.
(Figure
the
Millstone.
2 MHz
occurred
temperature
often
and
during
became
falls
The
a
F-layer
become
the
to
quite
night
quite
of
lar9e
4b).
-14—.——.—... . ..
. ..—
One
of
the
days
of
of
the
characteristic
but
this
is better
D.
Equinox
There
is
each
that
above
(and
more
regular,
electron
conform
to
4 a.m.
typically
set.
using
start
gathered
our
our
decade,
F-layer
the
modifying
redistributing
were
2a),
the
exhibit
the
the
second
day
September/October
summer
samples
by
behavior
the
of
7),
absence
of
variation
behavior
data
in
in
they
from
density
a magnetic
is
increases
while
depressed
of
described
diurnal
this
(Figure
and
from
cycle
of
that
the
appear
midnight
state
that
this
and
storm.
resulting
from
very
The
the
height
the
principal
the
causes
season
for
to
in
the
high
and
was
vertically-pointing
of
F-region
season
measurements
measurements
examples
further
provides
It
day,
of
satellite
of
important
clear.
to
good
America;
all,
examine
physical
day
described
degree
with
antennal,
hera
of
sunspot
conducted
reported
the
in
1963
‘2, 13 near
for
1974
were
cycle.
collected
not
to
220-ft.
North
if
the
series
21.
measurements
studies
undertaken
systematic
end
in
became
(Figure
post-midnight
October
marred
and
days,
nor
incoherent-scatter
have
most,
these
good
2-3
April
on
behavior
the
own
terms)
for
summer
sunspot
understanding
as
3-4
newly-completed
location
April
behavior
REMARKS.
its
we
density
is 3-4
the
evening
for
are
then
believe
On
have
results
first
at
nor
the
not
The
of
winter
midlatitudes
in
the
March/April
reports).
do
for
reportsi-zo
number.
around
neither
vertical-incidence,
variability
weeks
pattern,
in
at
This
day.
neither
The
this
occurs
ionosphere
storm.
the
depressed
equinoctial
earlier
Those
previous
of
the
as an
a few
We
CONCLUDING
The
We
many
to
shows
day
exhibiting
data
to
the
of
follows
in
clearly
Behavior.
density.
current
Iv.
second
classified
a period
year
observation
is
(and
that
these
the
that
for
now
recognized
hence
neutral
the
peak
constituent
is formed.
-15-
types
of
concomitant
theoretical
explaining
In
variations-
role
—..
most
observations,
a basis
neutral
of
winds
that
these
density
(atomic
(at
behavior
in
winds
of the
oxygen
at
increase
in
our
studies
as
well
least
particular,
play
seen
in
general
during
this
controlling
the
are
responsible
layer)
) from
as
well
as
which
it
Disturbed
behavior,
thermospheric
auroral
winds
electrojet
and
has
been
recognition
adding
a
during
1977.
the
of
observations
a
large
global
independent
the
co-ordinated
localised
the
by
to
the
improve
to
the
UHF
observations
the
other
dynamical
to
radars
behavior
that
heretofore.
-16-
A
have
and
of
of
this
scatter
studies
will
satellites
the
was
Millstone
to
much
in
of
the
toward
effort
thermosphere
characterized
exploited
region
an
by
accomplished
increasingly
in
the
of this
have
auroral
be
by
consequence
radar;
the
anomalous
caused
capabilities’
study
thrust
with
high-latitudes
the
radar
antenna
future,
with
at
associated
precipitation.
incoherent
this
thus
heating
particle
our
of
For
of
about
antenna
1978,
is
degree,
effort
steerable
Millstcme.
large
energetic
capability
picture
a
brought
Since
scanning
north
to
to
gain
place
the
of
effort
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We
S.
are
grateful
Sawicki
assisted
I
and
in
others
Alice
Freeman
1974,
the
incoherent
who
Preparation
of
Foundation
under
.,,
at
this
Wandr
the
with
at
Foundation
was
—..-—.,-...
ATM79-09189.
=;..,,,
the
4
L.
Reid,
Hill
data
as
reduction.
became
Grant
under
by
B.
Hanson,
Observatory
here,
Millstone
supported
-17-—.
A.
reported
data
work
report
W.
Millstone
helped
scatter
Science
National
H.
the
gathering
Mrs.
the
R.
to
the
who
well
as
During
supported
by
ATM74-08549.
National
Science
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WLLS7°K
“[u
12- 1’4.FEE.,37*
‘
,.
Figure
1974.
la.
Contours
of
Log10
Ne
VS.
height
and
time
for
12-14
February
,1 US1!31E
“,U
i2-ltl. FEB.197,
-------.
s&
Figure
12-14
1 b.
Contours
February
1974.
of
L
electron
h
~G-—I.
temperature
L
Te
L
vs.
k
height
b
and
b
L
time
b
for
b
“[LL51 L%+ “ILL
+2-lu. FEB.a979
TR-608
( lC)
I
Figure
12-14
Ic.
Contours
February
1974.
of
ion
temperature
T
Vs.
height
and
time
for
N
m
Figure
12-14
Id.
Contours
February
1974.
of
vertical
velocity
v=
vs.
hei9ht
and
time
for
** .
M1LLST13NE
HILL
3- 14,F+PR.1974
LCIG,ONE
,,”
TR-6Q8...(??L
..0
“.0
em
\v
\
~
-q
4.4
n
!:: ,,,
.
(’
..*
P
m
,=
Figure
2a.
Contours
of
Loglo
N=
vs.
height
and
time
for
3-4
April
1974.
.LS1”CINEHILL
-o~ . WR.
1974
.
Kc
TR-608
mym
““y:
.
v
,-----/
//////
la
.
contours
Fiaure
2b.
3-;
April
1974.
of
electron
\\\\
(2b)
‘~’
temperature
\
n----xi
T-
e
vs.
height
and
time
for
LLS113NEHILL
-o~ . qPR, 1974
Figure
2C.
Contours
3-4 April
1974.
TR-608
of
ion
temperature
Ti
vs.
height
and
time
for
(2C)
.LSTCINE HILL
.04, QPR,1974
Figure
3-4
TR-608
2d.
April
Contours
1974.
of
vertical
velocity
Vz
VS.
hei9ht
and
time
for
(2d)
?lILL5i0NE
w.
t
