ical Report
528
J. V. Evans
B. A. Emery
Millstone Hill
Thomson Scatter Results
for 1971
J. M. Wok
24 March
Prepared for the National Science Foundation
under NSF Grant No. AT,11 7522193
x1 Laboratory
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECIfNOLOGY
LEXINGTON, MASSACHOSETTS
ABSTRACT
During 1971, the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone
employed to measure the elecfron
Hill (42. 6“N, 71,5° W) was
density, electron and ion temperatures,
a“d the
vertical velocity of the 0+ ions in tie F-region over periods of 24 hours on 20 days.
The observations
spanned fhe height interval 200 to 900 km, approximately,
achieved a time resolution of a!mut 30 minutes.
and
‘l%is report presents these results,
after smooddng as a set of machine-drawn contour plots.
The report discusses the be~vior
years.
ing ionospheric disturbances.
mean meridional,
staffer
observed in 1971 in light of that seen in previous
A significant number of days appear to have heen disfurbed by large travel-
measurements
for completeness.
Results for the average exospheric temperature,
fbe
and zoml winds for 1970 and 1971 derived from fhese incoherent
in a separate study by B.A. Emery* are summarized
here
The results appear to confirm the mean wind behavior that would
be predicted by the recent Mass-Spectrometer,
Incoherent-Scatter
model for the thermosphere and support tie view that interhemispheric
(MSIS) giobal
transport of
light neutral constituents (e.g., atomic oxygen) gives rise to tie anomalous seasonal
behavior of the ionosphere at midlatitudes.
* Preserdl y .st Centre de Rechercb es en Fhysique de L‘ Environment Terresfre
Planefaire, CNET/RST France.
iii
et
,,
CONTENTS
iii
Abstract
1.
INTRODUCTION
11. EQuIPMENT,
PROCEDURE
OBSERVING,
AND
DATA-ANAL1’SIS
3
S
3
A.
Equipment
B.
Observing
C.
Observations
D.
Data Analysis
7
Procedure
8
%0
i5
111. RESULTS
General
15
B.
Magnetically
Quiet Summer
15
c.
Magnetically
Disturbed
D.
Magnetically
Quiet Winter
E.
Magnetically
Disturbed
A.
IV.
DERIVED
Behavior
Summer
Days
Behavior
Winter
94
Days
QUANTITIES
A.
Introduction
93
95
?5
95
B.
Exospheric
Temperature–General
96
c.
Exospheric
Temperature–Results
96
D.
Neutral
Winds–
E.
Neutral
Winds - Analysis
98
General
F.
Neutral
Winds–
Diurnal
G.
Neutral
Winds-
Seasonal
99
Variation
Variations
References
v
Results
+0%
io5
MILLSTONE
I
1.
HILL
THOMSON
SCATTER
RESULTS
FOR
1971
1NTRODUCTION
Since i963,
densities,
Massachusetts
ports,
incoherent
and electron
scatter’
(42.6” N, 71.5” W) (Refs.
and presents
observations
(Thomson)
and ion temperatures
the results
reported
re suits obtained
been transmitted
In addition
were
in earlier
f to 8).
gathered
measurements
to the World
have been published
Data Center
during the calendar
and vertical
velocity,
approximately
in the articles
A, Boulder,
reported
of F-region
at Millstone
year
twice
listed
(68-m
CONCERNING
electron
THE Ml LLSTONE
) THOMSON
February
1963
March,
April,
1963 to January
July,
July,
JawQry
August,
were
HILL
UHF
Pub Iicot; o.
1964
Ref. 1
Ref. 9
September
Ref. 10
November
through December
July,
January
1965
Ref. 2
‘:/
,,,
1
196s
I
April,
January,
March
Febr..ry,
June,
Jammry
Ref. 3
August
July,
Octcber,
January
I
Ref. 6
Ref. 13
December
Octcber
Ref. 16
Ref. 7
through December
February,
I
Ref. 12
September
through December
September,
1970
Ref. 11
June
January
I ?69
November
through December
January,
Apri 1, J. Iy
Ref. 17
October
Ref. 17
Ref. 8
through December
1
——
a month.
The
conducted
1964
April,
The
densities,
SCATTER RESULTS
Months Covered
Year
of annual re497 i.
1, and have
Colorado.
here of F-region
a number of measurements
Wwelength
West ford.
in Table
TABLE I
PUBLICATIONS
electron
Hill,
This paper is the ninth in a series
in this program
made for pe riod6 of 24 hours,
years
to the measurements
ion temperatures,
radar
have been conducted
.. .- -..
electron
and
in i97 < of
the electron
density,
digital
fifter
to subtract
ments
spanned the height intervsd
that permitted
coherent
electron
tion of the signals
surements
lier
here,
used extensively
thermosphere.
with good height
the unwanted clutter
to calculate
the autoc or relation
w ith a bank of filters
were
computer
accomplished
the correlation
This method of operation
to be set independently
func-
– the method
allows
by transmitting
between
of one another,
experiment
samples
of
the height and frewhile
long pulse used establishes
in the mea-
both parameters.
to distinguish
it from
the ear-
method.
using the double-pulse
method
commenced
in ~97i and have been
to study the propagation of thermal tides from the me so sphere into tbe lower
20-22
These measurements
also permit the determination
of the neutral density
in the 10wer the rmospbere
(in the region
23
in the F1-region;
where
ion-neutral
a complete
collisions
reduction
become
important)
and
of these data for this purpose
is
in process.
As time progressed,
the result
increasing
that it became
during
clusion
satellite
tracking
difficult
plasma
in 4974.
to the two-pulse
two 24-hour
However,
and four of these were
Another
earlier
effort
occurrences
of 1971, a number of days were
lines.
They extended
brought
to schedule
attempted
operations,
was devoted
measurements
single-pulse
additional
of sufficient
I-””s
data were
with
each
gathered
length to warrant
in-
in this report.
During the spring
scatter
emphasis
somewhat
month and only f6 such runs were
,
in the digital
the length of the single
measurement
the ion composition
!
to be determined
at Millstone
as subtract
spectra
function
known as the “double-pulse”
Routine measurements
,
their frequency
of the measurements
single-pulse
as well
and were the first
here.
and calculating
reported
hills
in the E-region
of the echo autocorrelation
The new method became
ionosphere employing a
28
at the same range.
These measure-
(XDS 9300) was employed
taken with the same spacing.
resolution
distant
this fine height resolution
reported
of short pulses
the echoes
from
in the lower
tOO to 500 km, approximately,
instead of measuring
Tbe measurements
quency
echoes
the site digita2 computer
used for the results
paim
and ion temperatures
and ion temperatures
19 To achieve
resolution.
echoes,
and electron
These
of an overhead
to the study of the incoherent
were made by R. J. Cicerone (University
of Michigan).
24
and
were
reported
in Ref. 26.
and
I.
J.
Ga6trnan25
by bim
measurements
continued
into operation
devoted
observations
from
prior
years
stable auroral
upon notification
entailed
[red)
arc.
of auroral
attempting
Under
activity
to operate
this effort,
the radar
the radar
as seen at the Blue Hills
during
would be
Observatory
by J. F. Noxon.
These alerts resulted in useful data being gathered during two low-latitude
au27
Although the radar was recalled twice in 1971 (on 16 February
and 2 June), little activity
roras.
seems
to have developed
In this report,
during
1
,
{
I
i
regularly
proximately,
within the overhead
we present
scheduled
beam of the radar.
only the re5ults
operations.
with a height resolution
These
of the measurements
covered
the altitude
(for the measurements
data can be used to deduce the temperature
of the exosphere
made with single
interval
of temperature)
from thermaf
long pulses
200 to 900 km, apof 75 km.
balance
These
arguments,
28
and resufts obtained in this way for the period March i969 tbrOugh March i971 ~ready
~ve been
20
However,
as part of an effort to determine
the thermospheric
winds over Millstone
reported.
29
and the revised values
the values for T ~ in i970 and i97i were redetermined,
from the data,
are presented
Section
perimental
here.
11summarizes
results
the equipment,
are presented
observing,
and discussed
and data-analysis
in Sec. 111. Section
procedures.
IV provides
Tbe ex-
a summary
Of
the study of the thermo spheric
temperature
suits of Sec. 111as well as those gathered
II.
EQUIPMENT,
A.
OBSERVING,
AND
and winds over
Millstone
performed
using the re -
in 197fI.x
DATA-ANALYSIS
PROCEDURES
Equipment
The UHF”
analyzer
incoherent
portion
scatter
of the receiver
equipment
has been described.i
was replaced
by one of newer
into the XDS 9300 computer.
These
changes
ther in Ref.7.
above,
the principal
As mentioned
ment of the double-pulse
(the F-mode)
for a separate
for operating
elsewherezz
made during
the equipment.g
and a fdl
that was interfaced
fully in Ref.30
account
A brief
directly
and discussed
fur-
i970 were the developdescription
of the complete
of one of these
system
is reserved
report.
No major
the major
modes
has been given
design
are documented
changes
During +968, the spectrum
changes
program
were
made to the incoherent
at the Field
Station entailed
scatter
tracking
equipment
artificial
in 197+.
During this year,
earth satellites
in an effort
to
determine
the magnitude of any anomalous refraction
effects that may exist along rays travers31
ing the aurora.
The desire to verify the accuracy of the measurements
by means of ray-tracing
calculations
prompted
considered
electron
important
density
imately
to try to operate
profges
one hour).
Scatter).
a need for accurate
between
These
to facilitate
to change between
the L-bandt
lay was introduced
commencing
inductrol
late in f970,
and air coolers
supply also was installed
major
problems
ing system
were
supply are available
system
was installed
restriction
By placing
and spare pumps,
mitters
rated
(Onlya
circuits
to coolant
flow,
an adjustable
A surplus,
however.
the flow rate
requirement.
enough for the airflow
of the magnets,
stages.
amplifier
system
adjustments
require
Fortunately,
power
However,
of the power
cool-
and power
combined
to bypass
atlowrateofi25
valves.
gallons/
the output pressure
of
two additiona3 pumps and motors.
themselves,
around the heat exchanger
amplifier
208-vOlt
A surplus driver
without increasing
aside from the k3ystrons
the power
operation
for the dummy loads were
minor
and,
three-phase,
watercooling
this would have required
bypass
Most of the de-
transmitters
of both driver
single
of approxand Thomson
radars.
high-power
transmitters.
and making
and could not be combined
Unfortunately,
Tracking
scatter)
rapid changeover
final amplifiers,
to combine
conservatively
was the heat ex-
and using both the not’mal
cooling
the original
through tbe heat exchanger
systems
cooling
of both transsystem
to be adequate
was
for the
input coolant temperature.
The other major
modulators.
room where
problem
Both the L-band
was in switching
modulator
one or the other normally
* UHF = 440 MHZ.
t L-band
inpartiel
it was possible
and satisfy
increased
supply.
) The cooling
both loads
for the k3ystron
the pumps by iO lb/in.2
The major
power
it was
the ionospheric
(at intervals
simultaneous
operation
Thus,
the amount of time it required
between
to permit
in implementing
to measure
(Satellite
to reduce
begun to reduce this.
simultaneous
encountered
radar
profiles.
being tracked
(incoherent
in both the UHF and L-band
at Millstone.
circuits
and UIiF
were
density
known as STATS
to changeover
efforts
minute for each transmitter
changer.
(tracking)
to permit
by connecting
The cooling
scatter
it was necessary
required
and the high-voltage
successfully
electron
of the satellites
became
this,
by the time
and distribution
fi2aments,
the incoherent
passes
operations
Inorder
ionospheric
= i295 MHz.
the high voltage
and the UHF modulator
is connected
to a “supply”
applied
to the klystrons
take high voltage
bushing.
from
via the
a switch
BY connecting
both
OBLIQUE ELEMENTS
68 FEET
HORIZONTAL
ELEMENTS
6 FFET
I
. . Di~9ram showing the dimensions of one of the two delta aerials employd
%ese’ w,e
supported
by o 90-f.ot
wood
R, .600
utility
pole and arranged
at right .ngies
the C-’f
sounder.
to one ..o+her.
TIzE!!l
OHMS
m
) OF 2 cROSSED RHOMBICS
\
“.,,,.,.
.
x
” .“!”.
NO. 16 COPPERWELO
1 OF 2 LEGS
\
,,7 FEET
/
LENGTH .1
:
\
/
98.5 FEET
~
/’”6
g,,,,
2 INcHES
&
118 FEET
3 FEET
NOT TO SCALi
OROUND
fig.
z.
in 1971
IJiqrotn
showing
to replace
(Fig. 3) a“d cmr.wed
the dime”siom
the delta
anten”o
at right .“gles
of o..
(Fig.
of the two nonresonant rhombic aerials
1 ).
These ore supported
to one another.
4
by a Zosfoof
constructed
metal
tower
leads
to this
energized
supply bushing
at a time,
(<5 msec).
However,
frequency
Thomson
suffered
from
L-band
scatter
experiment
intervals.
severe
switch
the high-voltage
room.
scatter
mechanical
was installed
When operated
in tbe ‘adual mode:
to be measured
Another
Since its installation
used were
identical
two aerials
were
ity pole.
erate
(in about 196 i),
‘rdeltav
oriented
Tbe elements
essentially
Our antenna,
It permits
radars,
were
the C-4 ionosonde
seriously
of an image
there
not in use from
in the control
a useful capability
three
components
of the operation
according
quite sensitive
whenever
was
one minute to switch be-
was operated
that has
of the plasma
of the C-4 ionosonde.
with separate
to the design
and supported
fed by 600-Ohm open-wire
appeared
thus, there
switch
the need for a transmit/receive
constructed
by virtue
satel-
alternately.
at right angles to one another
as a rhombic
however,
to be degraded
anteonas
without
an electromechanical
by a changeo.?er
has remained
years.
as this obviated
to the
although
between
two minutes;
line of the transmitter
event in i971 was the improvement
and receiving,
fully,
have since been encountered.
the transmitters
in subsequent
damage
programs
Accordingly,
alter-
operations
at full voltage
it now takes approximately
overst’
capability.
were
in severe
computer
and this takes at least
basis
for a two-
STATS
established
one of the modulators
entail reloading
using the UHF and L-band
significant
transmitting
“arc
between
considerably
was never
This switch is controlled
and no further
later
Some of these resulted
the high-voltage
time
and UHF transmitters
was successful,
of the high “oltage.
that disconnected
The rapid changeover
drift
segments
switching
supply bushing.
tvveen transmitter-s
been exploited
operations
one was
switching
was used for the first
in wh?ch the L-band
lay with operating
so that only
on . pulse-by--pulse
this pulse-by-pulse
capability
11
arc avers)’
The STATS
and Thomson
time to permit
never exploited
The cause of these failures
it was thought that the trouble
lite tracking
each modulator
transmitters
Although this operation
transmitter
any current.
controlling
to switch
the rapid changeover
and UHF modulators.
drawing
possible
operations
normal
During July 197 i,
nated at 15-minute
and separately
it became
for
The aerials
shown in Fig. 1.
by a 90-foot
This design
lines.
produced
aerials
switch.
The
wooden util-
is intended to op-
by reflection
from
the ground.
to the nature of the ground cover
and appeared
was snow beneath the antenna with a depth of a couple
of feet.
A pair of crossed
original
delta antenna.
whose wires
presence
These
nonresonant,
elements
have been separated
is a traveling-wave
antenna,
together
some ionosonde
supported
band (e.g.,
elements.
was constructed
may be thought of as a terminated
and when directed
vertically
of the eIements
Thus,
to replace
transmission
the nonresonant
should not be very
wavelength
L.
To avoid this complication,
in some
are used that have different
sizes.
frequency
at Millstone.
sensitive
the
line
rhombic
to the
Since it is impractical
an octave
Such a scheme
installations,
5
to change the height of
portion
necessitates
switching
between
takes place.
and receiving
an approximately
rhom-
of the frequency
when the switching
a pair of transmitting
are chosen to yield
band.
the input impedance
using as many as four vertical
turning off the transmitter
These
The length of the
(Fig. 2) determine
each of which is used over
$ to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to i6 MHz).
the required
q
antennas have been constructed
by the same tower,
and this in turn requires
all gain over
employed
with the included angle
and gain of the antenna at a given
bics,
aerials
and hence made to radiate.
z shows the dimensions
of the rhombus
the tower.
rhombic
of the ground.
Figure
sides
verticaf,
antennas
constant
over-
For the aerial
ing elements
be used.
constructed
of equal size,
Successful
suppr-e ssed,
wavelength
receiving
of such a scheme
the ionograms
Unfortunately.
easier
Thus,
to make the transmitter
the two rhombics
would permit
to interpret
a wideband,
phase shift needed to produce
been found.
it WSMdecided
so that they might be cOnnected to permit
application
rendertig
tion by computer.
at Mfilstone,
high-power
circular
currently
circular
element
polarization
polarization
the extraordinary
and thereby
echoes
facilitating
that will
their
provide
using two aerials
are being employed
and receiv-
as separate
to
to be
reduc-
tbe quarter-
has not yet
transmitting
and
aerials.
To the right of the picture is the building
Fig. 3.
The new nonresonant rhombic aerial system.
thot houses the c-4 sounder.
To the left of the building is the original
delta antenna (Fig. 1).
The new antenna is shown in Fig. 3.
the two rhombics.
!
100 feet high.
tors.
The center
Each tower
The currents
seriously
towers,
in the central
and as a precaution,
so that they could not form
practice,
the circular
made of metal
the sections
long continuous
ing.
spacers
The spacers
boxes
between
were,
tower
That is,
were
supporting
is broken
tbe four legs
of these were
used to support
the corners
by electrical
of each rhombic
the metal
center
tower
are
insLda-
are thought
should not
should not apply to the other four
electrically
insulated
one from
another,
construction
and are
radiators.
noninductive
at the top of the center
the wires
since no good reason
at the corners
steel
whose length
from
for the antennas are of special
fiberglass
(aluminum),
cables
tower
The same argument
pattern.
The 600 -ohm terminations
in weatherproof
of surplus
and hence shotild cancel.
the radiation
mounted
Sections
is 200 feet high and those
is guyed by steel
induced
to be equal and opposite,
distort
tower
however,
tower.
In contrast
in each of tbe antenna legs
(Fig.
to earlier
2 and 3) were
could be found why they should be nonconductmade of insulating
rods.
The transmitter
~O~ected
the received
employed
.antema is fed by twin-wire
to a balance -to-unbaknce
sigmlls
to drive
to the building
while the receiving
the C-4 receiver.
The new antenna was brought
obtained,
600 -ohm line,
rhombic
is
transformer,
which drives an RG-9 coaxial cable that COnveYs
Within the building, a receiver
preamplifier
is
(Fig. 3).
into operation
within shout a one-hour period,
Both ionogras
Fig. 3) and the rhombic.
in October
197 i.
Figure
4 contrasts
ionograms
with the delta antenna (shown in the background in
were made with the C-4 sounder.
A clear improvement
,,,,
,,;
,,
fig. 4.
delta
in the intensity
of the returns
echo now is visible
band also.
in tbe lower
B.
24 hours.
above
A further
is evident
5 ME.
indication
panel in contrast
observing
During
Comparison of ionogr.ms cbtained using the C-4 sounder with the
aerial (top) and rhombic aerial bottom) about . . hour apart.
i97 i,
at frequencies
indicating
improved
of the increased
to the number
below
5 MHz.
sensitivity
directivity
In additiOn,
in this portion
is the total absence
the “ 3rd hop”
of the frequency
Of oblique
echoes
seen in the upper panel.
Procedure
we attempted
As already
noted,
to make F-region
however,
press
observations
twice
of other work precluded
per month for,periOds
this in some months.
Of
TABLE [I
THE NORMAL
Mcde
Pu 1s.
Height
Length
Resolution
(km)
(P=)
A
I 00
B
500
The observations
reported
on two occasions,
they were
electron
every
operations
.:/
!
every
8 hours),
were
velocity
winds),
emphasis
erations)
during
records
and Wallops
values
C.
150-1500
Power
N
75
225-675
Power spectrum
T,,
30
300-2LM0
Power
N
75
450-1125
Power spectrum
Ti,
were
where
carried
Out using the single
the coverage
passes
The normal
yielding
e
Ti, V
z
e
Ti, V
10ng-Pulse
z
exPeri -
in Table II. However,
30 in an effort
(D-mode)
ptises
AS these did nOt seem tO be
ceased
procedure
about 50 profles
cycle
of the Navy Navigation
were
Series
C-mode
termed
here.
measure-
i.e.,
approxi-
Finally,
were
AS it WaS recognized
observations
(e. g.,
observa-
repeated
(e. g., in determining
and
“ regular:’
scatter
Satellites.
measurements
“drifts:’
through
density,
for only short periods
ones are included
below 450 km also is of interest
to be given to repeated
were
of incoherent
conducted
these were termed
was to cycle
of electron
run; these operations
in which a single
four of the longer
once,
that the
neutraf
(and hence “drifts”
op-
1974.
years,
6-8
measurements
using the C-4 ionosonde.
Island to secure
a curve
of Nmax F2 for the electron
of foF2
These
were
were
of diurna3 variation
density
profiles
attempted
combined
both in real time and from
with vaLues obtained
at Ottawa
of foF2 that was used to establish
measured
with the incoherent
scatter
the
radar.
Observations
The dates for which we have been able successfully
data gathered
in 1971 are listed
were made in ‘t97 i over
serve
e
indicated
H+ ions predominate.
conducted.
thereby
conducted
commenced;
at altitudes
As in previous
film
30
on some days in which the C-mode
the next cycle
vertical
N
As the8e ope ratiorm usually
conducted
Deduced
Power
during a 24-hour
were
OI13Ythe resuLts from
tions were
before
hour.
Direct
also were made using 2-msec
30 minutes,
ments wouLd be made between
mately
Parameters
not pursued.
and ion temperature
Joint STATS
(km )
3“ which provide
to altitudes
types of experiment
the three modes
Measured
I 00-1000
here normally
measurements
to extend the observations
Three
T
previously,
SEQUENCE
Altitude
7.5
150
MODE
coverage
(km )
75
ments A to C described
EXPERIMENT
Sample
Spacing
}5
1000
c
successful,
“ONE-PULSE”
a stable auroral
in Table
short periods
as part of tbe STATS
red (SAR)-arc.
to be unusual and have not been included
be published
in a separate
report.
to reduce
111. As noted above,
The results
here.
from
to regular,
additional
operations
these shorter
The two-pulse
single
drifts,
and in an effort
pericds
measurements
and STATS
measurements
to ob-
did not appear
made in i97i
wiu
I
TABLE Ill
INCOHERENT
c*
11 J.nuwy
20 J.n.cmy
D
18 Febr..ry
8 March
4
OBSERVATIONS
End
Begin
Date
SCA~ER
D
30 March
Date
EST
Me. n
Kp
-
c’
EST
QQ
1630
1
Reg
1971
Ob,~
1620
12 January
1235
21 January
1235
3-
Drift
I 930
19 February
1950
3-
Reg
1600
2-
Reg
1600
4
Reg
2100
3+
Reg
1600
9 March
1600
31 March
D
Prob Iems with tape errors
27 Apri I
Q
1540
28 April
27 May
QQ
1530
28 May
QQ
1530
1-
Reg
18 June
0815
1? June
QQ
1300
1
Reg
14 July
1600
15 July
2030
2
Reg
19 July
1900
20 July
I 930
2-
Dri Ft
1000
1-
Reg
1450
l–
Reg
28 July
Q
1100
29 July
19 August
Q
1450
20 August
31 August
D
1740
I September
1420
3-
STATS
QQ
0930
4 September
0530
1+
STATS
1630
3-
Reg
3 September
QQ
Comment
includes
D-mode
Includes
C-mode
Velocity
cioto n.t reliable
7 September
D
1600
8 September
10 September
Q
0840
11 September
Q
0445
1+
STATS
Velocity
data not reliable
23 September
QQ
1240
24 September
Q
0530
0
STATS
Velocity
data not reliable
26 October
QQ
Iloo
27 Ott.ber
QQ
0100
1+
Reg
Q
1515
QQ
1530
1-
Reg
1500
3
Reg
2 November
22 December
D
1500
3 November
23 December
= C..dition:
QQ
Oneoffive
quietest
d.ys
Q
One of ten quietest
D
One of five most disturbed
inmonlh.
days i“ month.
days in month.
t Observations:
D.t.
gathered
Re~ = Regular;
andan.lyzed
Drift = Drift
.s describedin
Measurement;
Lincoln
STATS=
Lobw.tory
Satellite
Technical
Tracking
Report 477( ReF. 30).
and Thwnw”
Scatter.
It is clear
very
quiet
from
Table
tions appear
Disturbances
vs altitude
gathered
made.
va3ues of Te,
in the B-mode
comparing
surface
usually
the first
attempted
However,
Ionospheric
INSCON
e’
rections
Ti,
were traced
from
step changes
electron
fluctuations
at some times,
differ
this defect,
from
spectra
examined.
polyFollowing
obviously
bad points
then is made with the
any nonphysical
peculiarities
liexi
height derivatives;
ratio)
the fits to
from
center
can be computed.a
center
heights
this cor{i. e.,
The data
and INSCON
fit.8
results
to ca3culate the exospheric
at night that appeared
tbe B-mode
artificial.
temperature
temperatures
heights)
by more
temperature,
Upon inspection,
va3ues mentioned
derived
wherever
from
these
above.
spectra
the temperature
In
measured
ratios
than O.1 or if the ion temperatures
by more than IOO” K.
removed
values
and these
the worst features
of the discrepancies,
but introduced
(of as much as 200- K) during the nighttime.
derived
served
from these data also to exhibit
to enhance the amplitude
This
point-to-point
of the highest
frequency
fitted to the results.
a new correction
measured
These
velocity
are obtained.
to remove
to their effective
to the B-mode
temperature
(6- or 8-hour)
drift
this step (known as
above hmax F2).
of the signal-to-noise
63 days of data spanning the three-year
were
resuIts
attempt
DERQ that obtains
at 525 km differ
in the ion temperature
To remedy
that performs
A second
at altitudes
and vertical
to them a two-di.mensiomd
acceptable
(300- and 37 5-km nominal
corrections
the exospheric
ture obtained
before
density
for correcting
two pulses
component
where they overlap,
the nominal height of the pulse and its effective
variation
are applied
delay
turn caused
two modes
once
fitted to the data set.
the B- and C-modes
tie
measure-
the temperatures
in the region
of the input data is undertaken
step changes
corrections
empirical
profile
this has been de-
made to correct
The program
sense.8
than
between
to the scheme
from
These
square
of using the i970 and i97i
at 2.0- and 2. 5-msec
density
for which spectrum
and ion temperatures,
and Vz then can be reassigned
encountered
this scheme7
were
for those of 1970.8
electron
that perfOrms
the B- and C-modes
to obtain a final height-corrected
fn the process
Emery
attempts
by the program
by the altitude
again employed
ANALYSIS)
to height and time by fitting
more
of increasing
for the difference
points for Te,
described
a single
to obtain a fit to the data that does not exhibit
and Ti are treated
that weighted
obtained
be run
the surface
(such as regions
Te,
(called
electron
fit, hand -editing
program
in the manner
to construct
for an instrumental error introduced by the imperfect
30
The correction
scheme was derived by
from
density,
with respect
must
that lie far from
Fourier
Traveling
of the pulse.
results
in a least-mean
lNSCON)
derived
storm.
ItW@etlC
large
No observa-
in Ref. 7.
of electron
next smoothed
nomial
B.A.
due to very
and Vz at each altitude
to compensate
to the spectrum
and has been described
The values
Ti,
program
As part of this process,
match of the filters
J. E. Salah from
analyzed
of measurements
The computer
in Ref. 30.
gathered
in i97 i were
using each cycle
and secure
were
scribed
N
many that were either
Data Analysis
The results
were
of a ve?y krge
to exhibit effects
days appear
in i97 i included
(mean Kp 23 – on 8 days).
(TIDs).
This entailed
ments
disturbed
to have been made during the course
many of the disturbed
D.
111that the days of observation
(mean Kp < i+ cm 7 days) or mildly
period
procedure
of 1970 through
at three delays
were delay
was devised
times
1972.
along the radar
of 3.0,
by B.A.
Values
Emery
29
using
for the tempera-
time base in each of the
3.5, and 4.0 msec,
corresponding
in
to the nominal
time
heights of 450,
with the B-mode
By employing
comparison.
considered
three delays,
Because
comparison
of their
Table
were
to be too unreliable
requires
height
shows the range of equivalent
N
3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 msec.
for the B-mode
of its longer
for the C-mode
IN
delay
features
prOvided by the twO mOdes,
of their equivalent
or effective
are lower
of the
a PrOPer
center
heights.
for delays
than the corresponding
of
ones
pulse length.
TABll
VARIATIONS
any, altitude-dependent
heights found for the B- and C-modes
The true heights
because
resolutions
knowledge
made at the 4. 5-msec
to be used. )
it was POSSible to remove
of the different
results
(Measurements
525, and 600 km.
IV
THE TRUE HEIGHTS FOR VARIOUS
IN THE B- AND C-MODES
DELAY
TIMES
True Height (km)
Delay
M.de
3.0
Time
Nominal
Height
rnsec
Delay
Del.y
3.5 rmec
Time
Time
4.0
Nominal Height
Height 525 km
Nominal
450 km
B
437-441
512-517
586-593
c
398-428
479-488
551-56B
Besides
decided
adjusting
to remove
on the signal
the results
a correction
spectrum
T,
for differences
applied
of the changing
to compare
given
consideration,
to the three
individu’d
of spectra
it also was
to compensate
This correction
for the effect
was
delaye
examined
next were
ratios
Te/Ti
i700” K and intervak
electron
centimeter.
gathered
this correction
temperatures,
As the purpose
at the same altitudes
to the results,
and N is the elecof the exercise
was
by the two modes,
although at the altitudes
it
under
genera31y was smalI.
line interpolation
values
temperature
and uncorrected
prudent to remove
its effect
A straight
temperature
30
heights,
(1)
in units of electrons/cubic
the interpretations
was considered
to the electron
Debye length.
center
= T~/(1 - i.62 T&/Ne)
where Te and T~ are the corrected
tron density
in their effective
m,..
600 km
of the Te and Ti values at the three
was used to find Te and Ti at ~
sorted
(TRB)
into group8 of B-mode
in intervals
of 0.2 in TRB
from
of spa~ing
0.9 to 3.1.
~e
heights
heights
corresponding
of 450 and 525 km.
ion temperatures
(TIB)
iOO° K ~ TIB Over the range
Next,
The
vs B-mode
600 tO
a31 the points in each of these groups
were averaged.
The corresponding
taken to be accurate
rately
C-m&e
or ‘!true”
for the two heights
extensive
rections
data base.
temperature
values
for each ‘box!(
(450 and 525 km),
Provided
ratios
(TRC)
then were
averaged
The averages
originally
but late r were cOmbined
all height-dependent
features
to give
were
what were
kept sepa-
intO One tO Ohtain a more
of the data are removed,
the cor-
found with the data at 450 km should be the same as those found with data at 525 km.
The averaged
values
of the C-mode
in Fig. 5, and the TRC
values
ion temperatures
(TIC)
are plOtted fOr each Tm
for each TRB box are plotted against
TfB
in Fig. 6.
bOx vs TRB
Fig. 5. Average values of ion temperature (crosses) obtained from C-mode measurements corresponding
to B-mod. for estim.tes organized
i“t. bins 100”K high by 0.2 in TePi
(B-mode) wide.
AISO shOwn
are the smooth q.artic
fits (c.”ti”.ous
lines);
these are labeled
at the right.
,.o~
mJERmEOwa~.. MORETHAN 2 POINTS
X----
II
X
~“ERNED DATA,1 OR 2 POINTS
I
,00
I
T, (B-mode)
Fig. 6.
Average
corresponding
values of temperature
to B-mcd.
estimates
Also show” are the smc.oth quartic
ratio Tefli
organized
)600
,4C0
(-K)
(crosses) chained
into bins 0.2
fits (c.nti”uous
I
,
1
,,00
1
I
,000
lines);
from C-mCd.
high by 100”K
these are labeled
mess. reme.~
in fi (B-mode)
at the right.
$3
-mm.
wide.
To obtain e smoothly
were placed
for TIC
varying
correction
for TIE and TRB,
around the edges of these matrices
and TRc
and quartic
appropriate
surfaces
were
boundary
conditions
fitted to the points
of the form
5
TIC
(or TRC)
=
~
(aii
+ a2iT~
+ a3iTEB2 + a4iTE33 + a5iTIB4)
TRB(i-i)
.
(2)
i. I
There
interior
86 nonze ro boxes
were
points of the matrix
tions were
interior
respectively.
hexes
containing
The interior
if they contained
are listed
more
in Table
and 48 exterior
were given
boxes
Figures
The boundary
only one or two data points;
with the lowest
than two data points.
V.
ones.
points and most of the
an equal weight of 50 in the fitting
B-mode
these
temperature
The coefficients
5 and 6 show the resulting
Excep-
weighted
ratios
that were
fits plotted
procedure.
were
were
derived
one or two,
weighted
200
by this procedure
against the averaged
data.
TA8LE v
COMPUTER
LISTING
OF QUARTIC
COEFFICIENTS
FOR
AND Te/fi
C-MODE
USED IN EQUATION
THE FITS TO Ti
(2)
Ti C-Mcde
02i
01 i
-.796867E-01
I
2
. 173999E-01
3
106960E-00
4
-.367180E-01
.622118E-01
–.205804E-01
-.324305E-00
k
-. 196736E-05
243638E-09
. 652307E-06
.457058E-10
-. 500643E-03
. 939378E-06
-, 264987E-09
E-03
-,318412E-06
Tefli
.766356E-10
-.223650E-08
–. 384643E-04
565875 E- 13
C-Mode
“4i
“3i
“2i
05i
I
-. 464355E-00
. 786786E-02
-.953145E-05
2
, 149215E-01
–. I I0487E-01
.II1261E-D4
-.617450E-08
.145316E-11
3
130935E-00
. 350796E-02
-.690789E-C6
-.226501E-09
.255717E-13
H--4
-. 611208E-03
-.257652E-00
5
from
this analysis
cept that a strong dependence
temperatures
the correction
proximately
1450-K,
-,354883E-07
found to be very
to TEE for B-mode
–f39”
Kfor
temperature
-.408892E-13
,273383E-10
-.156774E-14
similar
TfB.
temperature
ratios
1650” K and TRB.
to TIB is positive
ratios
to Ti is made.
1.6.
to those found by%lah?
on Te/Ti.
For temperatures
less than about 2.6 is negative
For B-mode
and approaches
above about i.2,
-.111904E-11
. 106388E-09
on Ti was found as well as the dependence
of about i450” K, litt3e correction
the correction
For B-mode
were
.537837E-08
144244E-07
.271592E-04
.644512E-01
Theresults
‘j
05i
482273E-02
.551828
605626E-03
“4i
-, 382242E-02
. 146370E-00
.206308E-01
5
a3i
temperatures’less
For B-mode
shove this,
and is ap than
200” K for TJE = 950” K and TRB
the largest
corrections
ex-
= ‘t.6.
to TRB are at the
lowest
ion temperatures,
the correction
TIE . ‘f~50° K, the correction
II-mode
The new corrections
accurate
scheme
and hence fails
however,
previous
force
scheme,
still
to remove
depends upon the assumption
any bias errors
the B- and C-mode
and has the advantage
The new correction
in lNSCON
scheme
fits obtained
sultsa are small,
that may exist
resu3ts to connect
in the C-mode
smootfdy
that it does not introduce
able upon request.
For
to all the
analysis
in i976 with a digital
scheme
correlator
better
It
than the
jumps in the corrected
surface
and always
the changes
plots will not be published.
The fi3ter hank spectral
are
results.
in altitude
to most of the data gathered
For the most part,
for these results.
results
is ap-
in i970 and revised
to the reported
They are,
upOn which tie
that eliminated
tem-
re-
however,
res~ts
these
avail-
repOrted
inherent
defects.
RESULTS
A.
General
The smoothed
the days listed
Data Center
(listed
INSCON
in Table
with the lNSCON
conta.i”ing
A (Bou2der,
number
The KDAT
number
Ti . 3, Vz . ‘fO).
difference
between
identifies
two digits
density
Magnetically
A clear
transition
netically
fit obtained
in previous
“m-iatio”
near equinox.
disturbed
Examples
19-20 July,
there was little
whether
are secured
di.rna3
the electron
temperature
ations at any height between
in a way that requires
collected.
the start
as well as the
(Ne = i,
Te = 2,
= O).
no correction
is a six-digit
for the
Note,
and
number,
The last four digits
howthe
are used to
day.
reports
4-8
the characteristic
between
summer
changes
behavior
and winter
occur
daytime
behavior
in electron
rapidly
are provided
(Figs.
density.
18, and 20).
18-19 June,
On these days
peak density
usually was
near noon.
By contrast,
and felf again at sunset,
.
with mag-
previously.
The F2 - region
these times.
over
with a rapid
that are associated
often would be a slight minimum
at sunrise
of the F-1ayer
is evident
hy 27-28 May,
13, 44, i6,
15
.—.
of
Behavior
and there
rose
values
have been corrected
. 9, not corrected
and these also have been discussed
variation
around sunset,
RCVR
and gives
numera3
The ‘rfit number”
for each particular
and 3-4 September
a maximum
program
to be checked,
8
the results
height (corrected
Additimm3 characteristic
of quiet summer
plots together
to the World
the numerical
of the INSCON fits,
plotted by the first
indicates
of the bebavior
conditions,
19-20 August,
permit
the program
plots are available.
Quiet Summer
We have discussed
Millstone.
the parameter
results
These
of height or of time during any of the observa-
of which give the year the data were
the final edited
B.
as functions
a copy of the listing
nomina3 and effective
and Vz vs height and time fOr
with the IIrecover”
DataCenter)
of the type of fit and “fit number:’
hence only the 11
uncorrected”
identify
Ti,
through 26(a-d).
The tapes together
The second numeral
that the electron
T,,
of the fits have heen furnished
the test value that allows
(KDAT)
Ne,
in Figs. 7(a-d)
from the World
A provides
of the fit,
identification
available
to be obtained
Appendix
Of logio
the coefficients
Colorado).
and ako
any of the parameters
and end times
contour diagrams
III are presented
tapes
in Ref.8,
tion periods.
first
also was applied
and hence the revised
here depend was replaced
ever,
applied
that the C-mode
peratures
since the cOrreetiOn is selected frOm a smOOth@ varYing
plied regardless
of the inititi B-mode temperature
estimates.
III.
were
data.
The new correction
does,
to TRB . 2.0 at T133 = 750” K being about -0.4.
is ordy about –0.1.
with only small vari-
MI LLST13NE HILL
11-12,
JRN. 1971
I flc.. td.
,,. >
,!. ,
~oo-l{to,l
,3. *
,3.6
,,.4
,3..
/3.6
,3.6
/“.0
,,.2
5“----5”2
T———-T-.——
....T..—-..___.
(.)
Fig. 7(a-d).
---%.
.. .. . .. ..
C.nt.urs
of density,
Log,.
temperature,
Ne.
.nd vertical
velocity
f.r
.,,
11-12
January
—.. . . .
1971.
4
... ......4
cm
‘T-27
—-—T
IS
I
2,
1.
,,
L.
,).
1..,
L
K
1,.
EST
‘h=
L
.
\,
-
-
‘“
‘-
(c) Ti.
fig.
7(a-d).
Continued.
.
s
_,, . .._.
.
.
.-AC4?L
------
. . . .,-.
...
..-
.
.
..
.
—......,.1:. . . .
. .
... :
..—. . :.:. ..=..-.. .-.
MI LLS1ONE
PILL
11-i2,
JfW,1971
.-p—
Vz
.___—
—
——
em
~
,\( ,
//
/
20
:,
_=@‘,8
.,,
,,
. .. .
(d) V=.
Fig. 7(a-d).
Continued.
1-00
— -14,,,
MI
LL5T0NC
2&21
HILL
.JRN,197i
4
,03
N
o
-w
.
>
~~
,
.. . .. . .. . .. ...
...q
.,.,...’,
.
4
Lb
,.
,.8
3..
3.2
,..
s
1,
,.
ES?
Contours of density,
,
k
.,
‘
(o) k,.
Kg. 8(&d).
.,,,.,.,...
.,. .. ......6
.,
s.
..8
,“
::
“~. .,.,.,
.,
S.6
., L,,.,..,.,,..
~
. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .
,93
ye
W/:
i
temperature,
INe.
and vertical
““
velocity
for 2*21
~;”:
m
,,
,2
January 1971.
. . .,.,. . ...
—---—
-’=’:-
. ~~-
1
X5
am
6CC
Fig. 8(a-d).
Continued.
1-00-148,81
MI LLS1 ONE HILL
~0-21,
J9N,1971
W@
m
ma
m
,Eo
-
~—–—
1
I
k.
L.
L.
1-
1
~—
L.
1-00-14,0,[
I
Wx
—–’-Tv”-——r~
T
L
kc
EST
k
k
2
‘
(d) V=.
Fig. 8(a-d).
Continued.
G
L
o
2
-.
z
xc
—.
,,.>
(o)
Fig. 9(a-d).
Contours of density,
‘@lo
temperature,
~e.
and vertical
velocity
for 18-19
February
1971.
1
h.,
//22
I
xc
I
x!@
(b) T,.
Fig. 9(.-d).
Continued.
MI LLS1ONK
;8-19
,FEB.
WILL
1971
WC
.
p-”’”
/ !m
~
..
,m
,00
m
:03
m
(c) Ti.
Fig. 9(&d ),
Continued.
‘3””
1
LLS1ONF
-19 ,FEB.
HILL
1971
.
,
z
,6
L
43
L
L
k
k
L
ES;
(d) V=.
Fig. 9(a-d).
Continued.
L
3
L
,
is
~
PIILLS70NE
HILL
C6-C9
WW .1’371
LOC, ONC
,,. ~_._... .._ . . . .... ...---------------------------.,.,
.,. q
I
-
~~~~
~~~~~
-“’-’--’-
-“-””””””-””””--”””””’
““”””””’”/;~”y”:.”~
/:<.>
a
–-’-–~
”::””””””---”””””--”
~;:,,,,,.
/\,
,,.
~
*~~’:’”’:’’’’’’”p:
:~’;/p~
=[”
1
~s?
<~
.
—s,
cc
/A
,.,1
>\%3+~?s:
I
s.
~~~~
J,
.,,.,,,,,,...,.
“’”””””
.,. ,
%/
1-
,..
i
‘m
L
‘r’’ ”’”””’”~::
“~<.;l,
~<
. .. ........... ... ~~~~
‘:,
c,.
!,
~
“
“
F.sl
Contours of density,
____
temperature,
Ne.
and vertico I velocity
for 8-9
March
,
‘,,
,,
‘=
(.) h,.
Fig. 10(a-d ).
,,
-
1971.
,s
.,
‘
-LS1ONE
-C9M95>
HILL
1371
m
Em
x(
\7
,
41
,
L
&
L5
(b) T=.
Fig. 10(a-d).
Continued.
~7
b
L
,
s
7
-LSTONE
HILL
-09. MF2R, 1971
__
.
—.
—-—-.
———
m
‘m
ma
I
(c) Ti.
H9.
10(a-d).
Continued.
1
.LSTLINE
09, W18.
HILL
i971
_—.
I
I
1
I
I
,Cm
\
I
?03
w?
no
‘. /(
_-l,
m
,.
(d) V=.
fig. 10(a-d).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
30-31,
MQH, 1971
LUC,ONC
L
\-’
,,.
..
L.’
N
—“
s..
..6
. .
.. .
.
. ...>>
. .
.
.
—..
~u
,Gn
,W
I
(.) L0910 Ne.
Fig.
I (a-d).
COn fOurs Of den$iV,
+emperaf.re,
and vertical
v. Iocity
for 3C-31
March
1971.
.
MI LLSIUNE
HILL
30-31
! MW3. 1971
—
I
(b) Te.
Fig.
I (a-d).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
~o-31!M9R,1971
m
~
I
Km
6CC
2/,,
, \—/
,05
3“0
I
(c)
Fig.
I (o-d).
Ti.
Continued.
1
MILLSTONE
HILL
30-31
.Mm,197i
Vz
g~ ———
.
m
1
Fig. 11 (a-d).
Continued.
I
‘“
,,.
, .,,
r-~-–-”-”-——--——
.3 !,
,,.
, ,.,,
1
(o)
fig.
12(a.d).
Co.tours
of density,
Lwlo
tempewt.re,
N,.
and vertica I velocity
for 27-28
Apri I 1971.
““
LL51ONE
-28,!+%,
-EE!EL
HILL
1971
,00
ma
.0,
Fig. 12(a-d).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
27-28
.WR.1971
—
?
/////
In
\’\\\\
‘1
m
:fn
(c) Ti.
H9.
12(a-d).
Contin.d.
v-<“ r
WLm
/’
LL5:”13NE
-28. FIW.
H:LL
19?1
mm
em
m,
,00
,m
5
—“T
(d) V=.
Hg.
12(c-d).
Continued.
iiJC,oNz
mu
~
I
,.6
I
50
I
300
i
,En
(.)
F@
13(a-d).
Contours of density,
Lwlo
temperature,
Ne.
and vertical
velocity
fOr 27-28
MCY 1971.
“
I
I
(b) T=.
fig.
13(a-d).
Continued
-EEm
.LSTONE
HILL
-28. !WY.1971
/
\
\
,(
(c) Ti.
ng.
13(a-d).
Continued
\
~/ll’oc
I
/
‘\
\.
\.
,Cc
r--------
T—T--T
~,
k
k
ES;
(d) V=.
fig.
13(a-d).
Continued.
7
,
L
3
,
““-1
I
I
/
I
I
J
(G) L%I,o
Fig. 14(a-d).
Conto.m
of density,
temperature,
Ne.
andverticol
velocify
for
18-19 J..e 1971.
xc
,,0
-
Tr
(b) Te.
fig.
14(a.d).
Continued.
70,
m
:,
(c)
Fig. 14(a-d).
Ti.
Continued.
,--.., ________
-.—..—
‘,’,
?,,
1
WC
?,<
\
,,,
I-
...– ~..._...T—~-
1,
(d) V=
Fig. 14(a.
d).
continued.
(n)
Rg. W.-d).
contwrs
of density,
kilo
temperature,
Ne.
and vertical
veio.ity
fOr 14-15
JUIY
1971
I
I
?.
k-l
L
4
d
4
I
!
4
I
-,-__—
__...
____._._-!
P
—
LLS1ONE HILL
-15. JW. 1971
Fig. 15(a-d).
Continued.
MI LLSTUNE
iU-15.
JLIL.
~z
_—
.
I
,m
i
.
.
HILL
19?1
m
(.) b,.
Fig.
16(a-d).
Contours of density,
temperot.re,
Ne.
a.d
vertical
velocity
for 19-20
July
1971.
LLS1ONE
HILL
-20,
JUL> 1971
,Cn -.
i
,’m
.,I
-h
,60
(b) Te.
Eg.
16(a-d).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
19-20. >JUL >197 I
T,
,00
_
8G0
?m
/,/\
—
,00
,m
,s0
,
L
L
L
,
5
k
L
ES;
‘
(c) Ti.
Fig. 16(a-d).
I
Continued.
k
\
‘
‘“
“
\,
L
—L
~
MILLSTONE
PIILL
19-20. , JUL >1971
Vz
m
——
i’ \
WC
I
\
70,
\
m
[
/’c
,.
,.
,
L
3
L
,
,
b
5
E’+
(d) V=.
Fig. 16(a-d ).
Continued.
ii
3
is
I
,
,
.. .
<,.,
..<
<., ~
(o) b,.
FisI. 17(a-d).
Contours of density,
temperature,
Ne.
and vertica I ve Iocity
for 28-29
July
1971,
,,,. —,
,,,
9C0
?,,
?Ot
,02
,/””
,,—’
,,/“’
~’
,- ,,.>,
..’
,../” ./’- ‘ ‘L’
,LW
,’
m.
20,
*C”
(c) Ti.
fig.
17(.a-d).
Continued.
1
(“
:0,
“1
3“[
Fig. 17(a-d).
Continued.
MILLSTONE
19-20,WG?
HILL
1971
fig.
I E@d).
Contours of density,
(.) klo
N,.
temperature,
a.d
vertical
velOcity
fOr 19-20
August 1971
... -.
(b) Te.
fig.
18(a-d).
Continued.
——
MILLSTONE
19-20. WG
HILL
i!171
I
(c)
Fig. 18(a-d).
Ti.
Continued.
I
L
[d) V=.
fig.
18(a-d).
Continued
L
,
\!
L
s
I
I
Wa
A
I
(a)
Fig. 19(a.d).
CmtO.rS
of density,
winperot.re,
Log,.
N,.
and vertical
velocity
for 31 August -1
September1$71.
mt
CD3
,m
,m
(b) Te.
Fig. 19(c-d).
Continued.
?0.
~
MILLSTONE
HILL
31 FIUC-OISEP.
1971
1,
ea.
X0
%-’--N:L
/--’)
1../
-/>”,2.
\,
(c) Ti.
Fig. 19(a-d).
Continued.
MI LL5TONE
~iQuG-~{sF.P,
Vz
HILL
1971
“r
I
a.
.
I
(d) V=.
fig.
19(a-d).
Continued.
!+ I LLST13NE
HILL
03-O~S SF.P$ 197i
“o
,,
ax
Kc
xc
,$2
4CC
xc
xc
:Ec
\,
h
‘,5
\7
k
5,
h
b,
h,
&
EST
(.)
Fig. 20(.-.).
Lw, o N,.
Contours of density ond temperature
for 3-4 September
1971.
.
,9
.LS1”ONE
O~>SEP,
HILL
1971
Kc
m
.
I
Fig. 20(a-c).
Continued.
LLSTONE
-oI,5FF,
EEzcL
HILL
1971
m.
Err.
m
:63
Fig. 20(a-c).
Continued.
,0,
J,
I
.
I
xc
i
(o) Log, oNe.
fig.
21 (a-d).
Contours of density and temperature
for 7-8
September
1971.
MILLSTONE
07-C18>SEF,
HILL
1971
,m
m<
.h?
m
)EQ
L-G
,8
,Gcc
_...,T_n,v__,_______
___=____r_l,___,..l=___r_.___r____
T-T-–T
)2
A
(b) T=.
Rg. 21 (a-d).
,..
.
Continued.
,$
-!4-,,!,8
—
1
800
700
-~1”--””””””-”’”-”-’‘
/“”’
.
I
G“o”
L
L
AC=-.,.
~
“0
I
\D’-’’==o=’”’
I
)60 +
. .... ..
.._7n...-z
.. .-.-7.---T----""T2-""".J.-"-'"n----T-"`T--T="--(c)
fig. 21(a-d).
T;,
Continued.
MILLSTONE
HILL
07-06.
SF:P: 1971
WC
*CI2
?Cc
4
!!+
m
‘,,
k
>2
b,
m
04
EST
“
(d) V=.
Fig. Zl(o-d).
.
Continued.
w
‘u
“
“
“
MILLSTONE
10-11 .SFP>
I fir-.. N.
HILL
1971
s+.
.
7CC
CCC
4,(
3.
_–——y
Fig. 22(0-.).
Contours of density and +empemt.re
for 10-1 I September
1971.
m
,,.
:m
(b) Te.
Fig. 22(.-c).
Continued.
.,—
Ii
,,,
,,,.
.,,..
,,.
(c) Ti.
fig. 22(0-.).
Continued>
.*,
!-IILL51 ONE HILL
23-24>%P,
1971
LRGICNS
.—.. ——... .. —.-.. — .——-——— ———.--——-—-—.—
EzEL
—
—
/
L./-”
,.,.,
w
?2
!2
(c4 LLW,O
Fg.
23(a-c).
Ne-
Contours of density and temperature
for 23-24
September
1%’1.
:
-EE!ia
MILLS1ONE
HILL
;3-24.
5F.P: 1971
*
+.—
‘1
1
I
I
I
:.
-L
1
(c)
i%g. 23(.-.).
Ti.
Continued.
:60
(.) Lw,o
Fig. 24(o.d).
Contours of density,
temperature,
Ne.
and vertical
velocity
for 26-27
O.+&er
1971
8i
.-.—
MILLS1 ONE
~6-27,13CT:
w.
,,.,
-EEmL
HILL
1971
“L...._
-r------’
----,,
–—---—---
~..... --,5
..- ~;-..
“–-—G–---”--”l;–--—l
EST
(b) Te.
Fig. 24(a-d).
Continued.
82
-
–~—
?IILLS1”13NE
HILL
?6-27,
OCT. 1971
Yx
.
_.—
[_———.
,,~iiw)firy,
ml
x.,
. L,.
...
Y&d-’j:
.
..T.--...—...
,3
_F_.–-..
“-T-–””-”–-”””,,
~,—
-~:—–~~”--”_”_”_
EST
(c) Ti.
fig, 24(.a-d).
83
Continued.
[LLS1ONE
5–27,0CT,
HILL
1971
84
I
.0.
(a)
F;g. 25(a.d).
Contours of density,
Log,.
temperature,
N=.
and vertica I velocity
for 2-3
November
1971.
I
‘,,
“--”-F;-”-””””-”-----””--”-’’””-””
“-””~~
““”””””’~~
.—... .
,,1,
._:1
—-
,2,,
,,,,
>!.,
xc,
iw:
i6,,.
/
:
.,
~.~
,2*:
m
. ..T...–,s
...._..T_..._._.T...-._–
),
.1
K“-’-”T”—
—T—T—T;---T
~-s
(c) Ti.
fig.
25(e-d).
Continued.
!5
—\ ~..
.—
..-—.
~
...
,/
-’
~“
,..’
,,,/
.-m
,..’’””’”””>-a
,,.
n
i, \
\
/“”
<-=
Fig. 25(a-d).
//
Continued.
—-7.
6.:
.,.,,
,,,:
,,
,,
:,
(4
Fig. 26(a-d).
Contours of density,
k,.
temperO+ure,
Ne,
a.d
verfica I ve 10cify fOr 22-23
December
1971.
ILLSTONE
HILL
2-23,
DEC, 1971
&cc
mu
,Cn
ma
,m
,
,
L
,
!31
$?
k
EST
s
(b) T=.
fig.
26(a-d).
Continued.
h
7
“
I
“
“
I
‘5
MILLSTONE
&23.BEc,
MILL
1971
80C
1
m,
(c) Ti.
Fig. 26(a-d).
Continued,
MILLSTONE
HILL
22-23
.13 EC. 1971
v,
m
3C0
mc
>Eo
5
\7
\9
i,
53
b,
b,
ES?
(d) V=.
Fig. 26(a-d).
Continued.
b,
b,
i,
\,
‘,,
The evening
Figs.
i3(a)
increase
with a downward
and (d)] caused by the cooling
ward vertical
velocities
By reanalyzing
between
is associated
of the layer
caused by the growth
the spectra
of the s igna3s gathered
these data we can infer that on snm=er
however,
gesting
(e. g.,
The days discussed
average. KP. values,
observaticms
above
Summer
a variety
traveling
(TIDs)
sphere.
at altitudes
oval,
the wave exhibited
in Te,
there
corresponding
Ti,
possibly
(possibly
were seen,
Ti,
upOn when the..
relatively
increases
and propagate
and decreases
to lower
disturbed
for at least
on 30-3i
atmo-
the ions upward
.TH3s. are thought to be
the observations
oscillation
quiet days,
in Ne appear
March
latitude8.
and a TID appears
commenced.
Z cycles.
commencing
[Figs.
In both
Significant
~~(b-d)l.
per-
on
at shout sunrise,
shows little
TID.
yet both also showed evidence
to persist
evidence
the ionosonde
but the
of the wave.
the associated
in Vz,
Some difficulty
data owing to the large
Nevertheless,
of large
all day and are recognizable
July 19-20 had the lowest
reflections).
the weaker
density
.These..
and Vz are absent or weak.
temperature
caused by off-vertical
before
especially
for a 2-hour
on this day in analyzing
of the four and exhibits
For larger
12, i 5, and i7 ),
which drives
magnetically
-3 hours and persisted
oscillations
electron
sug-
28-29 Ju3y),.. very .large,
%i,
Long-period
near the noon meridian
shortly
in Te,
111)of <2 –.
waves. in the neutral
successive
33 and 34).
over the station
a period
oscillations
but the daytime
creating
both were
and Vz also
On 14-%5 Jofy,
experienced
field lines
is some evidence
From
near midnight,
depending
and
!.Figs.
horizontally,:.
and 27-28 April
July i4- i 5 and 28-29 were
TIDs.
J@,
observed
of tbe air
in Te and Ti (Refs.
to have been begun passing
28 April,
i4-i”5
of acoustic-gravity
in the amoral
turbations
27-28
Apri3,
manifestation
The days 30-3 i March
cases,
be”havior. can be encountered
cause an oscillation
along the magnetic
vs altitude.
to the onset of the disturbance.
are the ionospheric
and doiimward
km for some days
is upward even though the 0+
of the Kp index (Table
were
and assoc iafed variations
up-
large.
disturbances
waves
h >450
the H+ concentration
ionospheric
These
generated
values
of disturbed
On four days. in 197’t (30-31 March,
long-period
are large
DaYs
had average
are made in relation
there
to be upward for a period
flux was then particularly
Disturbed
At sunrise,
for example,
of the decay of the layer) .32 On some nights in i9 11,
27-28 .May), the 0+ flux appears
Magnetically
[see.
of the layer.
nights the H+ flux usually
(as a consequence
that the H+ escape
C.
waves
at sunset.
and expansion
i968 and 1973, we have been able to determtie
flux may be downward
flux of ionization
scatter
was
in the points
average
Kp value
[i-)
of Te,
Tr
oscillations
and Vz seem to be quite evident.
Extensive
tcmies,
of long-period
notably Arecibo35’36
successive
wave,
studies
large
but rather
resolt
tember
(i?p .3 -).
rapidly
near local
til sunrise
have been made at other incoherent
from
disturbed
in electron
successive
summer
density
next day.
This
the very low electron
height and peak density
much earlier
suggests
at interwds
the electron
(and hence echo power)
of the F-1ayer
extremely
prevailing.
were both depressed
93
density
in the F-region
low values
poor
decayed
that persisted
average
un-
The night-
as a consequence
On the following
below their
that
long period
(KP = 3) and 7-9 Sep-
lay in the “trougbaf on this night.
0200 to 0400 above 450 km were
density
of a very
39
of a few hours.
to very
obse rva-
group have proposed
3 i August – i September
than normal)
that Millstone
scatter
are not the manifestation
substorms
days were
On 3i August – 1 September,
sunset (i. e.,
time data for the period
The French
and St. Santin de Maurs?7’38
perturbations
The remaining
TIDs
day,
of
tbe
monthly values –
a condition
found usually
is believed
to be caused by a reductionof the ?tOmic OxYgen abund~ce
thermosphere
brought about by equatorward
A simtiar
there
on the secOnd and (sometimes)
sequence
of events
was a pronounced
evening
CJn3.I August – i September.
a
low altitude
gests
(-6oo
by the change in scale
that the H“’” flux then was downward
havior
on these two days merits
D.
Magnetically
In winter,
is reached
between
the maximum
Millstone
remains
tonosphere
and the temperature
havior
falls
The temperature
is evident
that the vertica2
results
velocity
preeented
this reason,
becomes
then rises
rate was reduced,
The days ii-12
estimates
activity
on the last of these.
roughly
thereby
decays
crested
0+ flux,
at the conthe field
heating the ionosphere
temperature.
(reducing
A clear
over
very
Millstone
unreliable.
program
still
the pro-
However,
the local
electron
a-ImOsf to its daflime
heat
v~ue.
is observed
example
frequently
to in-
of this tme
of be-
falls
increased
in generating
program
the protonosphere
density
and 2-3 November
contours.
iO-$i
III),
For
September,
the data sampling
three
(Figs. 7, iO, 24,
to be some evidence
days listed,
brought
able to balance
increase
they suggest
appears
of the layer
were
(Table
in the
further.
although there
that the lifting
to such low values
This tends tO be Obscured
succeeds
26-27 October,
days,
postmidnight
point to
as the heat flux from
at its daytime
decays
During the night on the first
coinciding
that this increase
for TID
the peak density
about by neutral
the losses.
with a decrease
was associated
winds
On 2-3 Noin Te.
If
with an in-
suggesting
that the arriving
flux is particularly
large at this time.
32
the variation of the H+ abundance provides a more
as we have noted elsewhere,
guide to the protonospheric
a reanalysis
density
thereby
of Vz are to be trusted,
downward
However,
reliable
was a clear
sunspot activity.
2Na-b)l.
become
suggesting
A maximum
The difference
traversing
on those nights when the density
8-9 March,
with tbe H+ flux from
there
the contours
creased
constant,
sLlg-
around 0200 to 0400.
energy
constant or may even rise
the INsCON
and 25) all appear to be quiet winter
combined
density
sunrise.
photoelectrons
downward,
the temperatrlre
ionosphere
pronounced.
with in. reased
midnight
Fast
when, through the use of the STATS
became
to
The be-
by the fact that the conjugate
again around sunset.
and the uncertainty
January,
This
behavior.
data for V= have not been included for the days 3-4 September,
and 23-24 September,
vember,
summer
just before
after
is conducted
[Figs.
the electron
here because
to have descended
in Fig. 2’f(a).
i8 more
and lose much of their
midnight
on 2-3 November
During winter nights,
appears
markedly
tbe night in winter.
the electron
again after
is a minimum
maximum
the local
of the evening,
density
is complicated
sunset,
is too Iow to maintain
The temperature
crease.
following
though on this occasion
did not fail as low as those
to the normal
increases
temperature
The beat so generated
during tbe course
10Ss rate)
values
into the protonosphere
Actually,
at Millstone.
in contrast
secondary
sunlit throughout
tube to Millstone.
tO N2) in the
study.
noon and there
is a small
of electron
point escape
densities
height apparent
of the peak electron
and minimum
there
The variation
after
This
Behavior
the diurnal variation
On many nights,
jugate
further
Quiet Winter
usually a little
on 7-8 September,
and the nighttime
on this night, the O+/H+” transition
km) judging
(relative
stOrm.
winds.
was encountered
increase
third day Of an ionospheric
of the spectra
fluxes,
and a detai2ed
to obtain this information.
94
examination
of this day must await
E.
Magnetically
Disturbed
As noted above,
However,
T IDs.
what abnormal
density
disturbed
normally
indicator
[Fig. 8(a)],
exhibiting
in hmax,
TID.
certainly
An even more
ing of the layer
layer
to decrease
presented
associated
an eastward
it recently
to midlatitudes
closer
a sensitive
inspection
day
reveals
the presence
increase
by the temporal
electron
of a
which almost
variation
Zf.oo to 0600 EST.
the normal
increased
decay
rapidly
height and peak density
of changes
temperature,
cause
of the
and vertical
In this case,
began to rise
in the vertical
to separate
the lift-
until 0000 to 0200 when the
during this period
and then began
again.
ion velocity.
the effects
For both days,
However,
of neutral
positive
drift
After
based
air motions
in the vicinity
0300 EST,
the layer
occurred.
mid-
decreased
rose again as Vz began to increase
Here
again,
(neutra3 winds or electric
cause and effect
fields)
remains
are clear,
obscure.
considerable
evidence that substorm electric fields
40-42
Prior to midnight, the layer is lifted by
at night.
midnight
it usually
is lowered
by westward
has been established that on disturbed nights, strong equatorward
43
and these also can serve to raise the layer.
A resolution
of Millstone
After
of h*axF2.
during
appears
especially
field and after
values
in the height of the F-layer
until about 0200 EST when the drift velocity
ion motion
there
increase
secto?
DERIVED
made by winds and electric
of the steerable
fields
antenna presently
fields.
However.
winds occur
in the
of the contributions
to these nighttime
perturbations
under construction.
QUANTITIES
Introduction
A number
of parameters
of these have been provided
question
hours delayed
at all levels
previously,7
electric
at the location
A.
over the interval
at 0600 EST when sunrise
must await the availability
IV.
provides
and which may have a separate
chiefly
was again a marked
with large
of the vertical
As discussed
can penetrate
night when the
to be a normti
suggesting
by the postmidnight
height,
it is not possible
began to descend.
but the source
However,
0200 EST,
of layer
temperature
thers
increased
and only descended
midnight
oscillation
here,
>3-.
induced drifts.
the density
and the layer
in density.
some-
and oxygen32).
are the result
On 22-23 December,
the evening
temperature
of very
all appear
KP values
sight appears
periods
the effects
during the long winter
at first
is complicated
to 0300 EST as the layer
and electric-field
20-2i
increase
hydrogen
The electron
on the evidence
All had average
readily
whose onset is determined
atomic
clearly
which exhibited
and 22-23 December
and the electron
January
during the evening
these oscillations
night,
constant,
on $8-’f9 February
descended.
February,
in Te seen after
pronounced
is evident
during any of the observing
and Vz during the 2000 to 0400 hours,
flux,
of neutral
i8-’t9
as disturbed.
The interpretation
(i. e., protonospheric
occurred
is seen more
a postmidnight
Te,
caused the decrease
densities
velocity
behavior
precipitation.
oscillations
large-scale
January,
tends to remain
of particle
storms
day (RP = 4) was 30-31 March,
20-2i
and must be classed
In winter,
Days
magnetic
The most disturbed
in i97i.
large
no major
Winter
of whether
can be derived
in earlier
the observed
equal to that calculated
scale
from
reports.
Thus,
using the observed
electron
In Refs. 2 to 6, we computed
nighttime
on midnight)
temperature
presented
for example,
height of the ionization
ions to be present.
(centered
the measurements
in Ref. 1, we examined
above the F-region
and ion temperatures
average
profiles.
daytime
From
here and some
and assuming
(centered
these,
the
peak was
on midday)
only 0+
and
the seasona3 and sunspot
95
.—-”
,. —-,,,
.._-,
...-_
—_..._
cycle
variations
spheric
of daytime
heat flux were
the vertica3
0+ fluxes
sent results
obtained
B,
and nighttime
derived
from the vertical
for the neutral
Exospheric
Temperature
The neutral temperature
ments from
the region
thermal
300
many altitudes,
(principally
for N(0)
given by Bates,
where
The
first
March
i97f.
An independent
model
values
Tw,
for approximately
pling.
This paper
tions contributed
the incoherent
proper
in the forms
also provided
to the recent
scatter
results
OGO VI mass
Exospheric
data for this
a two-year
Te,
and
and the
are available
temperatures
at
obtained
model
fol-
1969 through
‘12-. and 8-hour commodeled.zo
was obtained by Alcayde
A recent:a:~a
at Millstone.
models
introduced
hy dissimilar
and statistical
model.
the exospheric
these
The
here.
was that of Salah and
March
of the 24-,
for the thermosphere.
has been to force
further
and sunspot activity
that obtained
between
purpose
period,
of the two models,
dependence;
50
spectrometer
model.
Temperature
Tn.
in
and h is the height (km).
for the best combined
MSIS global
measurements
(-0.02)
the same latitude
from
mean value and sunspot cycle
the earlier
C.
48
upon Ne,
Ti,
and will not be discussed
upon season
to the differences
differences
measure-
(3)
and the amplitudes
and their dependence
the contributions
dnction procedures,
scatter
120)]
Hill
spanning
the St. Santin data, which dtffe red somewhat
has explored
upon Ne.
that the neutral
s is a constant
45,46
for 48 days,
obtained
we pre-
the heat at any level
U measurements
oxygen).
by requiring
use of the Millstone
The daily average
ponents also were
of
winds.
incoherent
to the ions (which depends
atomic
temperature,
T*
from
one equates
This last depends
in a number of reviews
significant
Evans, 20 who obtained
In this report,
and thermospheric
can be derived
~zo) exp[–s(h–
T ~ is the exospheric
proton ovariations
viz:
Tn=T~-(T~-T
method has been described
measurements.
Essentially,
the ions to the neutm.ls.
one may solve
and average
and seasonal
- General
argument~.
of neutral particles
temperature
the diurnal
temperature
km given from the electrons
to 500
low the dependence
electron
~elocity
exospheric
of the exosphere
28,44
balance
Ti) to that given from
abundance
average
in Ref. 7, we examined
explored.8
features
effects
Results
49
re -
of sam-
from both sta-
The contribution
temperature
were not modeled
of
to have the
correctly
in
- Results
As part of a study of the winds in the thermosphere
(outlined in the following
section)
29
recalculated
the exospheric
temperature
for the days of observation
in ‘f970 and i97 L
Emery
In these calculations,
and ~an~.20
[‘f)
the foUowing
The revised
B-mode
changed the values
smoothing
(2)
Smoothed values
Estimates
were
corrections
introduced
from
(see Sec. II-D)
were
of Te and Ti at low altitudes
the method
employed
employed.
These
available
by Salah
to the ltiSCON
program.
of N,,
were used in place
~an~.zo
(3)
changes
Te,
and Ti obtained
of the individual
of the neutral density
instead of the Jacchia
from
point values
needed were
the INSCON
employed
taken from
program
by Salah and
the MSIS mode149
197 i model that was the best available
to Salab and
Evans?”
,., ..
.,, .,.,
,,,
,,, ,. .,
,;}4;’,,,
,, ,i
i
——.
,700
I
23 -2~
,,00
MARCH
19?0
~
i
0
,550
SALAH
AND
EVANS
[ 19731
1400
,3.30
Q
%
,200
8
+
,100
-n
m
❑n
-
10.0
,00
L
so.
L
4
TIME
The6e
Fig. 27.
on 23-24
Comparison of the exospheric temperature det~9mined
Morch 1970 by %lah .nd E.ons20 and Emery.
changes
are listed
comparison
of the results
the new procedure
urnal average
cent).
in order
obtained
has raised
for 23-24 March
the daytime
no comparison
St. Santin values
of ~m were
amount of 24° K (Ref. 48).
into closer
by almost
‘1024” to i077 “K,
higher
reduction
27 protides
i.e.,
changes
for
the most
The di-
by about 50” K (5 perare
believed
part.
than those from
procedure
a
As can be seen,
iOO” F. ( iO percent).
these
agreement
systematically
The revised
Figure
1970 by the two methods.
temperatures+
from
from the measurements
significance.
has been undertaken,
and St. Santin values
ment between
of their probable
~w also has been increased
Although
Millstone
[h.aursl
Millstone
does appear
to bring the
Previously,
by an average
to provide
closer
the two data sets as can be seen in Fig. 28.
‘Iv
1#,LL,TO,E
.,,,
(s.,.,
,200 –
~
–
0“
.m.
?..
mm
—o
“.
Q
.0
.
”,)
g
.
,.’= ,,,0
,nd E“.
n
Q.
so
. .
..o
.
..
.
u
.
.
‘.
‘“8” ”.”.0
.
.
. .
.
0
. .
.
.
.
,00 — . .
{969
,,7, .
1370
I
,0.
I
*OO
300
,00
DA,s
Fig. 28.
Cornpwison
of the values of the diurnolly
averaged
exospheric
the
femper.tu,e
Tm common to the studies by Salah and Evans20 and Emery29 with results obtained
in
Fr’a”.e.47
97
-.—. ...__...=__=w=w.
agree-
Data from
for Figs.
which the exospheric
27 and 28 were
data to yield
D.
Neutral
of authors
neutral
the F-region
altitudes
by night,
pressure
time
variations,
January
i’$16.
to that used
Ana3ysis
of these
temperature
to compute
of viscous.
field lines)
g10ba3 pressure
the wind speeds
Coriolis,
have been m$y5~y
and ion drag forces.
can be established,
to lower
effects
causes
altitudes
which should serve
by day and ra~s6$
to bigher
on the peak height and density.
This
by Rishbeth.
the winds were
and a fixed profile
separate
profiles
the coupled
Recently,
Blum and Harris
computed
using the Jacchia
for electron
density
distribution
Nfok-cover,
for day and night).
i965 model
atmosphere
for all latitudes
the calculations
and
were based
momentum equations from which the nonlinear terms had been dropped.
62
have calculated the full non3inear solution taking as given the
63
field and a global model for the ion densities.
i965 pressure
There
Attempts
having pr&md
on solving
nighttime
of exospheric
for the influence
(along magnetic
thereby
studies,
(or possibly
Jacchia
which is identical
task at this time.
showed that winds - iOO m/see
work has been reviewed
In the first
1968 through
an outstanding
winds.
allowing
The se initia3 calculations
to drive
from August
remains
the global variation
which drive
a number
could be derived
Winds – General
In the F-region,
variations
collected
temperatures
temperature
are few direct
methods
of measuring
neutral
air motions
at F-region
heights.
*me
data have been obtained
by observing the Doppler shift of the 6300-~ atomic oxygen
64-66
line with Fabry -Perot interferometers,
and this technique has shown that tbe equatorward
43
nighttime winds at midlatitudes
are enhanced greatly during magnetic storms.
The conclusion
netic field
lines
ff the horizontal
winds are capable
wind speed in the magnetic
scatter
meridian
VHn cos 1 along the magnetic
have a component
dip angle
that horizont.%1 neutral
opened the way for incoherent
Through
(72” at Millstone).
along the field line.
fiI the absence
ionization
plane (approxhmtelY
field
collisions,
of driving
to be used to determine
line where
NS) is VHn,
I is the magnetic
this component
of other effects,
tiong
will attempt
the ionization
mag-
the wind speed.
it wi~
inclination
to drive
would be driven
or
the ions
vertically
at a speed of VIn where
Wn = -VHn
in which Wn is positive
is opposed
fluence
upward and Vfi
by downward
of gravity.
diffusion
–2kT.
‘iv
where
for momentum
As a result
will move
from
pOleward.
pressure
with a speed W&
~in2 ~ ‘Te
[
in
mi is tbe mass of the ions,
frequency
is positive
restiting
This proceeds
Wd= ~
(4)
sin 1 cos 1
+ ‘i)
2Ti
6N
&+—
~
k is Boltzmann’8
Vertical
gradients
motion of the ionization
in the plasma
and the in-
where
6(Te
+ Ti)
2Ti6z
constant,
m ig
+q
1
(5)
and v in is the ion-neutral
collision
transfer.
of the competing
inf2uence of winds and diffusion,
with a vertica.3 velocity
Vz. wn+wd
the ionization
in the F-region
Vz where
.
(6)
98
,,,$
,:,..
——. .
..—,.—
-J
___
With the exception
scatter
radar
of v in, all the quantities
and, if the collieion
that matches
the measured
tween the observed
merfdiona2
neutrsd wind velocity
valuable
These
observations
model
atmospheres,
variation
exospheric
is taken from
temperature,
value of Vz and the calculated
While this technique
determined,
in Eq. (5) can be measured
frequency
results
appear
by means of incohe~ent
for the neutrti
Wd can be calculated.
v~ue
Of Wd then gives
VHn can be determined
permits
a model
[via
~Y
atmosphere
d~ference
be-
Wn. frOm which the
%. (4)1.
only the component
of the wind in the magnetic meridian to be
67-72
73-77
and the United St ateq,
in France
have been gathered
to confirm
the genera-1 wind pattern
but show additional
features
inferred
not reflected
from
the static
by such models,
e.g.,
diffusion
a seasonaJ
in the winds at midlatitudee.
Recently
Roble G ~78
as well as the meridional
employing
component
a three-dimensional
dinal and longitudinal
T ~.
directiy;
the N-S variation
from
dynamical
variations
perature
have developed
and Antoniadis79
incoherent
model
of pressure
Since the incoherent
is obtained
scatter
radar
zona3 winds
The method depends
atmoepbepe
by variations
measures
by adjusting
of deducing
data.
for tbe neutral
are specified
scatter
methods
in the exospheric
T ~, the E-W variation
the model
upon
in which the latitu-
to reproduce
tem-
is obtained
the observed
merid-
ions2 component
of the winds in the presence of the observed ion densities
(which control the
80
Roble St S&
have employed this approach to study 3 winter and 3 summer days data
ion drag).
gathered
at Millstone
to be westward
diurnally
global
at about i 5 m/see
averaged
weaker
(-15
in 1969 and 1970.
meridiona2
m/see)
including
curvature
Neutral
The scheme
motion
circulation
and other terms
Millstone
outlined
above for deducing
field
drift
velocity
At Millstone,
electric
fields,
and these
e
The
in summer
tend to support the picture
8i
&.
but
of the
different mathematical
scheme
29
has obtained meridional
Emery
results
are summarized
and
and
below.
of an imposed
fields.
electric
field,
of the drift
velocity
parallel
of winds and diffusion
At Arecibo,
from
winds from
incoherent
scatter
fn the F-region,
i.e.,
normal
data ignores
the
ions will move
to botb the electric
with
field
direction.
only the influence
in Fmnce~7-72
previously,
to the ions by electric
BY making measurements
isolate
by Dickinson
but using a somewhat
ignored
in winter.
with a va2ue of -50 m/see
results
found
Winds – Analysis
in the presence
and tbe magnetic
These
for 1970 and ’197i,
that can be imparted
a Hall drift
presented
the daily mean zonal winds were
at about the same velocity
eouthward
in winter.
this same approach,
zonal winds over
E.
and are eastward
winds were
and irregular
thermospheric
Employing
During summer,
it has been the practice
which the effects
tbe obser”ed
vertical
and diffusion,
due to electric
velocity
to the magnetic
on the ion drift
Vz will
to measure
fields
field line,
several
components
and winds can he separated.
comprise
one can
and this is the approach
the sum of drifts
adopted
of tbe
74,75,77
due to winds,
i.e.,
vz. wn+wd+wE
(7)
in which
w
.
EB
~inl
(8)
EB
99
-—
—..-..
_..,. ______
where
EEW is the east-west
magnetic
field.
‘E
‘ 5“6 ‘EW
when EEW is measured
determined
Without
introducing
From
where
The meridional
heights),
D+usin
fields
it has been
(Refs.
usually
82. 83).
can be ignored
This approxima-
into meridional
respectively,
and zonal compo-
where
(10)
D
field
(at Millstone
winds are established
via Coriolis
force.
They
the winds to blow. direct3y
surface).
in sphericsd
D = – i4 ‘).
by pressure
are resisted
with the ions (which cannot be driven
which,
which are small)
eastward),
of the magnetic
them as at the earth!s
mentum equations
of elect?ic
VHn may be resolved
and zonal neutral
and this causes
than circle
radar,
here.
meridian
and coupled
duced by collisions
with the L-band
the effects
and u (positive
vcos
D is the declination
EW (x) directions
measurements
em-m-, therefore,
northward)
v ~n.
of the eai-thfs
(9)
Wn caused by neutra3 winds which tend to be larger.
The wind in the magnetic
v (positive
and B is flux density
m/sec/mV
tion was made in the study described
nents
field
by day EEW < i mV (Ref. 73) and by night EEW < Z mv
serious
to drifts
of the electric
Eq. (8) becomes
in millivolts.
that typically
in comparison
component
For Millstone,
across
from
magnetic
regions
The wind velocity
coordinates,
gradients
in the NS (y),
by a frictional
force
field lines
at i?-region
of high to low pressure
can be computed
can be written
(neglecting
intro-
(rather
from the mo -
vertical
motions
as29
(1+)
(’lz)
where
p and p are the neutrti
density
where
o
velocity
is the earth$s angular
of the eartti,
provided
I
ities
and pressure;
and q the latitude;
and Fx and Fy are the frictiona2
by ion drag and molecular
of the neutral
forces
viscosity.
winds and the ions,
f = Zfl sin Y is the Coriolis
r is the distance
from
in the x and y directions.
Ion drag depends
e.g.,
parameter,
the center
Friction
on the difference
is
in the veloc-
(u – uion~l at a rate
ion drag . A (uion — u)
where i = nipinuin/p
neutra3 collision
glected,
and the velociw
force
depends
gradient
reduced
particle
For the study of winds at Millstone
but calculations
that are thought to exist
The viscous
i
.,,::
,;
in which pin is the ion-neutral
frequency.
u.Ion was set to zero,
the fields
(13)
were
29
at quiet times,
upon the gradient
in each direction.
carried
electric
out to determine
of the product
Neglecting
mass and Vin the ion-
where
fields
of the molecular
second-order
terms,
were
the influence
viscosity
neof
L
it can be written
(i4)
where
z is in the vertical
direction.
The equations
solved
by Emery
29
were
(i5)
,.
‘i4
*OO
,
where two nonlinear
neglect
terms
of the horizontal
nonlinear
terms
and two viscous
viscous
caused significant
in determining
the observations,
and meridional
of the atmosphere
tically
according
variation
lower
boundary
formula
of the observed
replaced
must close,
effort
the
was expended
winds
The procedure
was solved
unti3 the derived
temperature
gradients
a simple
static
was established
Millstone
T ~.
differences
in T-
of a mean,
gradient
was similar
by the radar
between
24-,
matched
gradients),
42-,
to do this (represented
values
equations
the measu~9d
resolved
from
the MSIS model
on each day anticipated
from
the actual
were
cOmpOnent VHn in
iteration
to within 4 m,lsec.
gradients
smoothed
scatter
and repeating
in exospheric
with a three-
to obtain final e sthnates
tbe incoherent
of u and v.
measurements
this last step,
the most recent
Eqs. (15)
Each horizontal
as latitudinal
subsequently
obtained
and the
and 8-hour terms.
with that measured
These
inco-
on this account.
step using a Crank-Nicholson
VHn agreed
at the
as a function
the begiming
not be analyzed
to that used by Antoniadis.
at one time
~elOcifY
from
the
by the
and this was found by solving
required
gradients
veradopted
To reflect
now was set simply
of T ~ (and hence well-behaved
gradients
varied
by values
That is, the earth was assumed
and some days cotid
separately
the zonal
diffusion
a variation
variation
stored.
the pressure
pressure
over
u and v provided
which is sampled
u and v that together
fit and the momentum
By replacing
with equivalent
marked
fit consisting
meridional
8Tm/EW) were
term harmonic
Ni . Ne) is known
in which the temperature
temperature
variation
smooth variation
by a harmonic
employed
expected
The
but dropping
in the O/Nz ratio
84
from previous
that found by Cox and Evans
exospheric
Eq. (10).
The NS pressure
for
these,
with season,
unknown is the NS pressure
of motion
can be solved
To establish
The zonal pressure
of pressure
and ( f6) so as to produce
scheme
each equation.
upon the ion density
was constructed
run could not be tolerated
The remaining
equation
from
and considerable
[ Eq. (3)] and the density
that matched
at Millstone.
a continuous
were
equations
are known.
that is known to occur
Since the pattern
To provide
in the results
(which depends
above Millstone
under a fixed pattern
end of a 24-hour
values
gradients
was introduced
studies
diurnal variation
of time.
have been dropped
(izO km) taken as tbe annW.2 mean of the MSIS model.49
in composition
scatter
to rotate
Millstone
to the Bates
boundary
herent
changes
the momentum
pressure
model
for a lower
terms
[ Eq. ( i4) ] was not thought to be serous,
the size of these.
Since the ion drag over
from
terms
the winds
model atmosphere
could
be calculated.
F.
Neutral
Neutral
Figures
Winds – Diurnal
wind remdts
29(a-d)
present
of the horizontal
neutral
rectly
from
the smoothed
fit is quite good.
model
of the large
to have given
rise
zona.1 and meridiond
Results
for one representative
results
for 20-2i
measurements
curve
Here the agreement
nighttime
to the large
components
497i.
meridian
of V=,
Ne,
Te,
is compared
in the daytime
TID (discussed
southward
winter
January
wind in the magnetic
The experimental
in Fig. 29 (b).
presence
Variation
and summer
day will be discussed
ITI Fig. 29 (a),
VHn is cOmpared
and T?
It can be seen that overa~
again is considered
C2early
surge of wind at 0200.
from
excellent,
is evident.
Figures
-.
the
the MSIS
but the
This is thought
20 [c ) and (d) show the
u and v of the winds (as well as VHn) cOprespOnding
. ,. — .....—.—=
value
with that Obtaine~ di-
with the winds predicted
in Sec. III-D)
here.
the final calculated
..>.,
=’m..,.-
tO these
—.
—r—
1
,00
1
I
1
20-21
JANUARY
1
1
I
1971
MH
MODEL
I
\
I
300k.
–
. ..
>..
2
;
00
—
—
>
E
L
,
-100
-
. . . . . .
v..
AVE= 17.6
—
VHn[CdC)
AVE
s
1
I
!
;:
:.
1
:
. . ..
= 17.2
121416182022
118-00 -1488!1
R
I
I
1
I
\
I
1
.246s10
EST(h OurS)
(.) VHn observed and calculated
from the momentum equations.
,,!
I
,oorNuA’y”7’
““‘“’E’
300 km
...
:
‘3
:0
.
2
&
:
-,00
–
%
—
VKJCOICIAUE A =9
‘VE “
,,,
1
+ls
I
I
1
182022
‘.
... ..”
.R
s
I
.“
.“
..
17.6
. .. .. .
I
1
[18-00-14880
1
1
02~$
1
1
810
EST(hour%l
(b) VHn cbserved
Fig. 29(a-d).
Neutral
..d
expe.ted
from the Msls
wind results For 20-21
402
m~el.
January
1971.
1
1
JANUARY
I
20-21
I 18-90-148831
MH
1
I
1
1
1
MOOEL
300kI”
1
1971
1
-d = :
&VE .50.4
AVE. 30.2
V“nkolcl AVE - 17.2
——
1
1
s
1820
R
1
I
I
1
I
!
,.,.ls
\/
“!
i.+!
..
4
1
I
1
220246
S’o
EST IhO”rS)
(c) U, V,
I
,0.;,
ond VHn calculated
W&w
;971
his,,
./.
MODEL
“%c’km’
-.,
/’
“\
./
)00 -
from the Millstone
/’
,-.->’ .
/“
dot.,
lt-QQ-4~041
\.
\
\
./
\
/
o —
/“
\
/“
\
\
I
.—.
“
AVE
-
56.1
—
“
AVE
=
38.6
——
h[m;~
‘VE
=
239
.100
“\
-’
1
1
?27.
I
“\
“< ./
1
1618202?
1
I
U, V,
1
R
1
I
02466’0
EST (ho”.,
@)
./
and VHn
calculated
Hg. 29(a-d).
)
from the MSIS mcdel.
Continued.
103
./
1
4
J
METERS/SECOND
As anticipated,
two cases.
night.
verse
the meridional
The zonal winds are eastward
winds tend to be northward
from
measurement
accuracy
limitations
in these results.
which combine
Vz,
of nonlinear
terms
troduce
approximately
and uncertainty
in the form
equal amounts of error
Errors
to introduce
of the ion-neutra3
in the range
arise
from
uncertainties
The method of analysis,
and Wd (and hence in VHn).
(and hence aTm/8t),
neglect
at
about ‘f400 hours unti2 around 0400, when they re-
and become westward.
29
Emery
has discussed at length the uncertainties
perimental
by day and southward
in particular
collision
‘!0 to 20 m/see
ex-
in T ~
the
frequency
depending
in-
upon time
of day.
The neglect
of electric
fields
affects
as well as the ion drag parameter
Calculations
performed
when electric
fields
the interpretation
[ Eq. ( 43)] employed
with models
are neglected
of the drift
in the solution
for the ion motion
suggest
that the neutral
Fig. zq ) are approximately
(e. g.,
observations
[via
of the momentum
correct
Eq. (7)]
equations.
winds obtained
for the rest frame
of the ions.
Resolts
for a summer
day (23-24 June 1970) are presented
pears
to have been another one in which a large
case,
its effects
can he traced
three-harmonic
in the electron
fit to the calculated
The experimental
estimates
the MSIS mode [ Fig. 30 (b)].
ence of the TID which appears
when they are expected
In Fig. 30 (c),
sented.
.,
“‘\
ing 380 m/see
values
to have particularly
to be large
eastward
just after
chiefly
zonal velocities
[Fig.
chiefly
summer)
the meridional
These
large
These
terms
solution
considerably.
as outside
and longitude
mer
results
G.
results
reached
were
probably
were less
were
not unique.
centered
(i. e.,
including
any attempts
large
which
on midnight.
the angular
On 5 summer
speed of the
days exam-
near dawn and in another
gradient
becomes
stability
and is not completely
temperature
a31 nonlinear
terms)
balanced
problems
since
free to respond.
gradients
to test this prediction
could not be conducted
interchangeable.
These
reach-
va3ues were not found in
>600 m/see
with large
data are pre-
sunrise.
This can introduce
by the measurements
reliable
after
such large
At such time the pressure
of the problem
no longer
to 0200 hours
found around these times
minimum
values
than ion drag).
Unfortunately,
fore ing functions
time
sunrise
(rather
wind is constrained
westward
gradients
Moreover,
zonal winds appear to be associated
and in a complete
reduced
force
prior
frOm
to the influ-
than the meridional
since they equal or exceed
(-’340 m/see).
30(d)].
days >400 m/see.
by the Coriolis
than anticipated
the velocities
much larger
of a deep temperature
ined for 1970 and ‘t971, the zona3 velocity
7 (mostly
variatiOn
winds that fit the Millstone
are very
temperature
may not be real
of Millstone
results
less
sunset and 275 m/see
These
earth at the latitude
The
to about 0200 hours.a
and in part may be attributed
influenced
neutral
by the large
caused by the presence
the MSIS model
prior
fn this
and equatorward.
in turn were
large
this is not typical
the zonal wind variations
are introduced
contours
This day ap-
[Fig. 30(a)].
out this variation.
of VHn show significantly
the zona2 and meridional
In this case,
density
winds smooths
However,
in Figs. 30(a-d).
TID may have been present
near sunrise
would probably
by including
since these large values meant that
29
concluded that tbe swn Emery
In sum,
than the winter
ones,
especially
around the times
of
and sunset.
Neutrai
Winds - Seasonal
As noted above,
studies?8’80
seasonal
Variations
variations
A centra2 objective
——...
in the thermo8pheric
of the present
winds were
study was to determine
,...-”...
be
such
found in previous
the magnitude
of any
1
1’
300
23-24
JUNE
1
1
I
1970
MH
.n
-
!
-~.
200 -/
z
!
1
I
MODEL
1
I
300 km
u
IIiIIxl
A“E
:,”
,.0,.}
I
I
5.0
:::::3
\,
/
\.
,00 -
r
o
~-\\
-,00 –
\./~
\,
-200 –
,
s
,
,022024,
\,_./”
1
I
EST
(.)
1
23-24
,
,
1
1
SI0121*1618
U, V,
and VHn calculated
1
JUNE
(hours)
I
1970
I
MSIS
and VH”
1
I
I
MODEL
EST
(d) U, V,
from the Millstone
1
1
1
E=
[hours)
cal..l.ted
Fig. 30(o-d).
1
300 km
data.
f,Om the MSIS mOdel.
Continued.
~~
,+?,
,,
,>
.,,,
:,:j,
,!.~~
;,
~,,,~~
:
‘ &
variations
in the diurnally
suits obtained
for tbe average
Hi21 and MSIS results.
g{
,{,!!
,,~!,,,,y
,,:,),,,,
,,
, ;,.
~,,;,,t,,.
,i,?!
:>C:.:
~
annual,
averaged
Also
meridional
,0
show the re -
curve that can be represented
are quite similar
of -20
I
for both cases.
In summer,
mjsec.
1
1
3i(a-b)
wind for 36 days in i970 and ‘f97 i fO~ the MfllstOne
The trends
with a velocity
Figures
and zonal winds.
shown is the best fitting
and semiannua-1 variation.
mean winds are poleward
meridiona3
1
1
IIi3Emm
“o
o
.50
–
DAYS
I
(o) Based on the Millstone
Hill
results.
,0
.
HARkIONIC
—
4NALYS)S
o
-m -
~
:
r..
:
.,00
●
T969
I
I
,00
1970
I
,00
I
1971
!
1
I
,00
300
200
1
500
DAYS
(b) Bosed on the MSIS model pressure variations.
Fig. 31(.-6).
best fitting
The seasonal
variation
of the diurnally
curve that can be represented
by a mean,
averaged
annual,
and
the
the winds are equatorward
1
I
by a. mean,
In winter,
meridional
semiannual
wind
V md
variations.
1
I
❑
—
,
1
~
MH MODEL
HARMONIC
1
1
I
I
d
ANALYSIS
DAYS
(a) Based on the Millstone
I
1
1
.
—
MS?,
results.
1
I
1
.
I
Hill
MODEL
HARMONIC
ANALYSIS
.
!69
I
,1
,00
1970
200
●
I
1
300
TEE@
1971
1
,00
1
200
300
DAYS
(b) Based on the MSIS mcdel preswre variations.
fig. 32(a-b).
fitting curve
The seasonal variation of the diurnally averaged zonal wind
thot con be represented by o meon, annual, and semiannual
i08
u and best
vOriotiOns.
with an a~erage
square
value of -70
appears
The Mil18tone
rrL/sec.
wave than sinusoidal
with a rapid variation
than IImummer. II This pattern
shorter
and 1’summertr behavior
~aper~.4-8, i2, i5
for the electron
winter
is consistent
density
It is thought that the mean meridional
results
suggest
around equinox,
distribution
winds transport
that the variation
with the characteristic
discussed
atomic
oxygen from
the summer
hemisphere,
thereby enriching the (l/Nz ratio in winter and decreasing
85
This gives rise to the observed
changes of neutral composition
for the seasonal
anomaly
in the diurnal behavior in summer
the ~eutrd ~ind~<57 ,58
According
traviolet
Hadley
(EUV)
to Dickinson
8i
~ &,
in the winter
sented here appear
across
the equator
hemisphere
also reflect
this meridional
and aurora.1 heating which,
cell that extends
latitudes
in the peak electron
and winter
scattered
circulation
hemisphere,
into the winter
hemisphere.
by the auroral
(e. g.,
The very
is driven
to
it in the summer
large
variations
in tbe summer
Ref. 84)
differences
in the behavior
by solar
combine
extreme
heating in that hemisphere.
ul-
to create
It is opposed
of
a
at high
The results
pre -
to support this picture.
Tbe mean zonal winds are shown in Figs.
more
density.
seasonal
period
“ Wintert!
above and in previous
hemisphere.
and accounts
is more
although the “winter”
than those obtained
summer
and winter
behavior.
average
(i. e., no super rotation);
3Z(a-bl.
using the MSIS
However,
Here again,
model,
in this case there
such an effect
the Millstone
appear to suggest
appears
results,
a characteristic
to be no significant
would not be anticipated
though
from
annual
the analysis
pre -
s ented here.
Emery29
searched
for a dependence
and found a trend of increasing
this broke
down for larger
ing for the effects
tempt to isolate
values
of electric
changes
of the mean winds with a degree
equatorward
fields
of ~
meridional
and it seems
that a more
would be needed.
An attempt
in the winds associated
of magnetic
winds for days with Ap >7.
with magnetically
careful
study,
presentiy
disturbed
possibly
allmv-
is under way to atbehavior.
AcKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are indebted fo W. A. Reid, J. H. McNdIy, D, E. Olden,
and others of the staff at Millstone Hill who assisted in operating
and maintaining the equipment employed to gather tbe data reported
here, and to Mrs. A. Freeman who contributed to the reduction of
the results. During 1971, the incoherent scafter work at Millstone
was supported by tie U. S. Army as part of a program of radar propagariOn WCdy. Prep aration of this report was supported by the Nationzd Science Foundation under Grant ATM 75-22193,
409
... ——.
disturbance
However,
—_____
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Geophys. 2S, 517 (1969).
68. —
J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 2,
397 (1969).
69. P. Amayenc and C. Reddy, Planet. Space Sci. 2C!, 1269 (1972).
70.
P. Arnayenc and G. Vasseur, J. Afmos. Terr. Phys. 24, 351 (1972).
71.
P. Amayenc, J. Fontanari, and D. Akayde,
72,
P. Amayenc, Radio Sci. ~, 281 (1974).
J. Atmos. Terr. phys. ~5, 1499 (1973).
73. J. V. Evans, Radio Sci. 1, 609 (1971).
74. R. A. Behnke and R. M. Harper, J. Geophys. Res. 3,
75.
R. M. Harper, J. Atnms. Terr. Phys. ~,
76, J. E. Salah and J.M. Holt, Radio Sci. j,
77.
8222 (1973).
2023 (1973).
310 (1974).
R. A. Behnke and H. Kohl, J. Atrnos. Terr. Phys. &6, 3Z5 (1974).
78. R. G. Roble, B. A. Emery, J. E. Salah, and P. B. Hays, J. Geophys. Res. 19, 2868
(1974),
79. D.A. Antoniadis, J. Abnos. Terr. Phy.. 3,
187 (1976).
80.
R. G. Roble, J. E. Salah, and B. A. Emery, “The Seasonal Variation of the Diurnal
Thermo8pheric Winds over Millstone Hill,” paper presented to the 16th General
Assembly lUGG, GrenohIe, France, 1975.
81.
R. E. Dickinson, E. C. Ridley, and R. G, Roble, J, Atrnos. Sci, ~,
82. J. V. Evans, J. Geophys. Res. U,
1737 (1975).
2341 (1972).
83.
V. W.J. H. Kirchhoff and L.A.
84.
L. P, Cox and J. V. Evans, J. Geophys. Res. ~,
Carpenter, 1. Atmos. Terr. Phys. ~7, 419 (1975).
85. H. G. Mayr and H. Volland, J. Geophys. Res. U,
159 (1970), DDC AD-703492.
6774 (1972).
—
.—..
,.
APPENDIX
lNSCON
SUMMARY
– 6 OCTOBER
i*3
1977
DATE
11-12,
JAN> 1971
11-12,
JAN,1971
11-12,
JAN> 1971
11-12,
JAN,1971
11-12,
JAN, 1971
11-12,
JAN> 1971
11-12,
JAN* 1971
20-21,
JAN,1971
20-21,
JAN, 1971
20-21 >JAN> 1971
20-21,
JAN, 1971
20-21,
JAN, 1$71
20-21,
JAN,1971
20-21,
JAN,1971
16, FEB,1971
16> FEB,1971
16, FE@, 1971
16, FEg,1971
f6, FEB,1971
16, FEB,1971
16, FEB,1971
18-19,
FEF3J 1971
18-19,
FEB,1971
18-19,
FEE,1971
18-19,
FEB,1971
18-19,
FEB#1971
18-19,
FEB,1971
18-19,
FEB>1971
08-09,
klAR,1971
08-09,
!?AR, ,1971
08-09,
~AR,1971
08-09,
MAR) 1971
08-09,
MAR,1971
08-09,
MAR,1971
08- 0’3, MAR,1971
30-31
;MAR;1’?71
30-31
30.31,
30-31,
JMAR,1971
MAR,1971
MAR,1971
TYPE
CENSITY
ELECTRRN
TEMPERATURE
ELECTRDN
TEk!pERATuRE
IGN TEHPE8ATURE
If’N
TEMPER ATIJRE
VERTICAL
ION ORIFT
VERTICAL
ION DRIFT
DENSITY
ELEClR&4
TEMPERATURE
ELECTW3K
TEMPERATURE
19N TEMPERATURE
IE!N TEWFRATURE
vERTICAL
l~ix ORIFT
vERTICAL
ION DRIFT
DENSITY
ELECTR’3N
TEMPERATURE
16N TEPIPERATURE
vFRTICAL
ION DRIFT
ELEcTRCIh
TEYPERATuRc
l@N TEtlPERATURE
vERTICAL
ION ORIFT
oENSITY
VE?TICAL
16N ORIFT
vERTICAL
ION DRIFT
OENSITY
ELECTRON
TEMPERATuRE
ELECTRON
TEMPERATuRE
15N TE!IPERATURE
I@N TC?fPERATURE
VERTICAL
IB\
DRIFT
VERTICAL
IO!N ORIFT
OENSITY
ELECiRON
TEVPERATURF
ELECTR9N
TEMPERATURE
IeN
TEMPERATURE
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIA3
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
ORIFTS
OR XFTS
OR IFTS
DRIFTS
DRIFTS
OR IFTS
DRIFTS
RETIAS
RET IAS
RETIAS
RET1A3
RCTIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RET!AS
RFTIAS
RET I AS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RCTIAS
L/LJHF
L/tiHF
L/uHF
L/uHF
START
E:, D
(EST)
(EsT)
1638
1638
1638
1638
1638
1638
1638
i248
1248
1248
;248
1248
1248
1248
0052
0052
@2
C052
0052
0052
0052
1939
1939
1939
i939
1939
1939
1939
1548
1548
1631
1631
1631
1631
1631
1631
1631
1218
1218
1?18
1218
1218
1218
1218
0542
0542
0542
0542
05+2
0542
0542
1944
1944
1548
;548
1548
1548
1548
1611
1611
1611
1611
1944
1944
1944
1944
1944
1552
1552
1552
1552
1552
155E
1552
1541
1541
1541
1541
VALUE
<CA,
,45849E
ol
-.77537E
03
-,77670
E C3
-.69402E
03
-.694o4E
03
-.26238E
03
-.26247E
03
1 G1
203
293
303
3!?3
1001
I’J91
.52372E
-.8898.5E
-,891)24E
-.705c7E
-,70514E
-s26378E
-.264o8E
-.35715E
-.7437~E
..62468E
-.3188?E
-.7401c E
..62444E
-.31719E
-.33513E
101
2c3
2?3
3C3
393
~~(?l
1091
101
203
303
TEST
01
03
(33
03
03
03
03
01
03
03
03
03
03
03
01
-.74717E
(I3
-.74714E
03
-.64047E
03
‘.64050E
03
-.27873E
03
-027819E
OS
.50970E
01
-,8646c
E 03
-.86480E
0?
-.70547E
O=
-070546E
03
-.2891?F
03
-.28887E
03
.51417E
01
-.94635E
03
-.g4604E
C3
-.74945E
03
1001
293
393
10’?1
101
203
2?3
303
393
1001
1091
lC1
2C2
293
303
393
1901
1091
lC1
203
2?3
303
FIT
w.
7! C11C
71011C
71011C
710110
710110
71 OI1C
7113110
7102oo
71
O?OO
7102ocJ
7102oo
7102oc
7102oc
7102oG
710470
71
C47C
71047C
71047C
71047C
710470
710470
71049G
71049G
71049G
71
C49G
7104.9G
710490
71C49C
71
G67c.
710670
710670
71067C
71067o
710670
71067c
71089C
71089G
710890
71089G
ION TEMPERATURE
VERTi CAL ION DRIFT
VERTICAL
ION ORIFT
DENSITY
ELECTR3N
TEVPFRATURE
bENSl YYELEc TRal,
TEMPERATURE
ELECTRON
TEMPERATURE
ION TE!IPERATLRE
18N TEMPCRATIJRE
VERTICAL
IBN DRIFT
VERTICAL
15N @RIFT
DENSITY
ELECTRUK
TEMPERATURE
ION TEMPERATURE
vERTICAL
10N DRIFT
ELECTR9N
TEt’PERATURE
I17N TE!lPERATGRE
VERTICAL
IUA C!+IFT
DENSITY
ELECTR5h
TEHPERATURF
ELECTRflM
TEKPERATuRF
lDN TEMPERATURE
l~N
TE.Ip ERATbPE
;4-16,
14-16,
19-20,
19-20,
19-20,
19-20,
19-20
19-20,
19-20,
1
—
JUL,1971
JuL,1971
JuL,1971
JuL,1971
JuL,1971
JUL,1971
)JUL,1971
JUL,1971
JuL>1971
..--——.
RF TI
A!;
I+TIAS
RETIAS
RET IA!3
RETIAS
RET IAS
RFT IAS
RETIA3
RET IAS
RFTIAS
R;il
AS
RETIAs
RETIAS
vERTICAL
15N ORIFT
VERTICAL
IDix DRIFT
DENSITY
ELECTRL?k TE?lPERATURE
ELECTKDN
TEMPER ATuRF
ICN TEMPERATURE
lC’N T6ti PFRATUP. E
kETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
VERTICAL
IEIN ORIFT
vERTICAL
ION DRIFT
DENsITY
ELECTRO!.
TEMPERATURE
EL EC TRDPS TEMPERATURE
ION TE!WEEATURE
IPN TEMPERATURE
VERTICAL
ICliN ORIFT
VERTICAL
IBL DRIFT
RETIAS
RETIAS
L/uHF
L/uHF
L/uHF
L/LHF
L/UhF
L/UHF
L/uHF
—
1611
1611
1611
1540
1540
1540
1540
1540
~540
~54’J
IS36
1536
1536
1536
1536
1536
~536
1839
1839
1839
1839
1839
1839
1839
0829
027%9
0829
~,929
0829
G829
0829
1558
1558
1558
1558
1558
1558
1558
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
L/uHF
L/uHF
L/uHF
RET IA;
RFTIAS
RETIA$
RETIAS
RETIAS
RET I AS
RETIAS
RFTIAS
RETIAS
RFTIA5
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIA5
RETIAS
RI TIA.3
RET IAS
RET I AS
.
1541
1541
1541
1558
1558
1558
1558
1558
1558
155.s
1525
1525
1525
1525
1525
1525
1525
(3747
0747
0747
13747
0747
0747
0747
0756
0756
0756
0756
0756
0756
D756
2032
2032
2G32
2c3Z
2c32
2032
2032
1912
1?1?
1!312
1912
1?12
1912
1912
-.74952E
03
-.27994E
03
-.27986E
03
.5224&E
cl
94
-.1063GE
04
‘.10632E
‘.75885E
03
-.75886E
03
-.29275.
E @
-,29255E
03
,52695E
01
-.9815.s
E 03
-.981372E
03
-.69369E
03
-.69366E
03
-,282I4E
03
-.28198E
33
-,46928E
01
03
-.9t537E
-.75847E
03
-,34D29E
03
-.91428E
C3
03
-.757q3E
-.339?IE
03
-.53844E
01
‘.11123E
04
‘.11116E
04
-.7432c
E 03
-,743I6E
03
-,2996’+E
c)3
-.29964E
03
-,52679E
G1
-.10975E
-. 10968E
‘.7287LtE
-.7288c
-.29041E
-,2904;
-.+5165E
-,87385E
-.87357E
-,70644E
-.70648E
-,27998E
-.8702?E
—..
94
04
rJ3
E C3
03
E 03
01
03
03
03
03
03
03
393
1001
1091
ICI
?C3
293
3C3
393
10C1
1091
lC1
2(23
293
303
393
1001
1(391
101
203
303
1001
233
393
1091
101
203
??3
303
3?3
1!)01
lo~l
Icl
203
293
333
3?3
1001
1091
lC1
203
293
3C3
393
1001
10?1
71089G
71089c
71089G
711170
71117G
71117G
711170
711170
711170
711170
71147C.
71147C
71147(J
71147G
71147C
711470
711470
71153(3
711530
711530
711530
71153G
711530
71153C
711690
711690
711690
71169?.
71169G
71169c,
711690
711950
711950
71195G
711950
711?5:
71195G
711950
71200C
712000
712Go0
712GOCI
71200C
712000
712 COG
28-29,
28-29,
28-29,
28-29,
28-29,
28-29,
28-29,
19-20,
19-20,
19-20,
19-20
19-20,
19-20,
19-20,
27-28
27-28,
27-28,
27-28,
JUL,1971
JUL,1971
JuL,1971
JUL,1971
JUL,1971
JUL,1971
JUL,1971
AuG>1971
AUG,1971
AuG,1971
}AUG,1971
AuG. 1971
AuG,1971
AUG,1971
>AUG,1971
AUG,1971
AuG,1L!71
AuG,1971
DENSITY
ELEC~ROh
TEMPERATURE
ELECTROL
TEMPERATuRE
IBN TE!lPERATURE
lflN
TE!IPCRATURE
vERTICAL
ION
ORIFT
VERTICAL
loN
oRIFT
OENSITY
ELECTROk
TEIIPERATuRF
ELECTRON
TEMPERATURE
ION
TEMPERATuRE
I@N
TEMPERATuRE
vERTICAL
IUN
ORIFT
vERTICAL
IrTk
ORIFT
DENsITY
~LECTR&N
TEMPER ATuRF
ION TEMPERATURE
vERTICAL
10M ORIFT
ELECTRGW
TEtWERATURF
IPN TEMPERATURE
VERTICAL
ION ORIFT
DENSITY
ELECTRON
TEMPERATURF
ELEcTRos
TEMPERATURE
ION TEMPEI?ATURE
li?N TEwFFRATURE
VERTICAL
16N ORIFT
VERTICAL
IEIk ORIFT
10-11
10-11,
10-11,
#sEP, !971
SEP,.1971
SEP,1971
DENSITY
ELECTRON
ELECTFWJN
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RF TIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
sTATs
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
RET IAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RFT IAS
RETIAS
RcTIAS
STATS
STATS
STATS
—.———
1058
IG58
1.358
1058
ID58
1058
1058
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1008
1008
1008
1008
1008
1008
1008
175+
1754
1754
1754
1754
1754
1754
0942
0942
09+2
0942
0942
0942
0942
1645
1645
1645
1645
1645
1645
1645
0939
0939
0939
1008
1008
1008
1(IO8
1008
1008
1008
1414
1414
1414
1414
1414
1414
1414
2045
2045
2G45
2045
2045
2G45
2045
1513
1513
1513
1513
1513
1513
1513
‘3513
0513
0513
0513
0513
0513
0513
1625
1625
1625
1625
16?5
1625
1625
0432
0432
0432
-053713E
01
-,11398E
(I4
-.i1396E
04
-.73r333E
03
-,73047E
03
-.268X7E
03
-.26898E
03
. 532o4E
-.10794E
94
-. I0791E
04
-,6978c
E G3
-,69784E
03
-.27370
E 03
-.27375E
03
.55156E
c1
04
-. I0845E
-,697o3E
33
-,25462E
C3
-,10858E
04
-,;9729E
03
-,25472E
03
-,48143E
01
-.96902E
03
-,969o8E
03
-.71975E
03
-071587E
03
-.2166?E
C3
03
-,21(,76E
-.54833E
01
-.11574E
04
-,72353E
03
03
-.300g6E
‘,li562E
04
03
‘.72243E
-.29971E
03
-.50411E
01
-. I0896E
04
04
-.10893S
-.69407E
03
-.69410
C 03
-.29161E
03
-.2921oE
03
-.54058F
31
-.1 OZC3E
04
01
-.
10203E
134
101
203
293
303
393
1001
1091
101
203
293
3C3
393
1001
1091
1
101
203
303
1001
293
393
1091
101
203
293
303
393
1001
1091
101
203
303
1001
293
393
lo~l
101
203
293
303
393
2c3
293
712090
712G9G
712090
712c90
71209c
71209c
712c90
71231o
71231o
712312
712310
71231G
712310
71231o
712390
71239c
71%390
71239G
71239(!
71239c
712390
712430
712430
712430
712430
712430
712430
71243c
71246c
71246c
71246c
712460
712466
712b6C
712460
71250G
712500
712500
712500
712500
712500
71250c
712530
712530
71253c
10-11,
SEP,1971
10-11,
SEP,1971
10-11,
SEP,1971
10-11,
SEP,1971
23-?4,
sEP,1971
23-24,
SEP,1971
23-24,
SEP,1971
23-24,
SEP,1971
23-24,
sEP,1971
23-24,
sEP,1971
23-24,
SEP,1971
3C)SEP-OIC’CT1971
3CISEP.O1OCT1971
305 Ep.010cT1971
30 SEP-01CICT1971
ICIN
IQN
TEMPERATURE
TEwERATuRE
VFRTICAL
ION DRIFT
VERTICAL
15!4 ORIFT
DENsITY
ELEc TR!3b: TEHPERATuRF.
ELEcTRON
TEf+PERATuRE
10N TEMPERATuRE
18N TEwERATfiRE
VERTICAL
10% DRIFT
vERTICAL
ION CQIFT
CENS!TY
ELECTRBN
TEMPERATURE
I@N TE?4PFRATURE
vERTICAL
ION ORIFT
ELEc TR3k TEHPERATUR[
ION TE?WERATLRE
vERTIcAL
lox
ORIFT
DENSITY
ELECTRON
TEMPERATURE
II?N TEMPERATuRE
vFRTICAL
18h ORIFT
ELEcTRON
TEKPE!?ATbRE
If?N TEt-tFERATURE
~~~~;;~L
ION
ORIFT
ELECTRON
TEMPERATuRE
IDN TEMPERATURE
VERTICAL
ION DRIFT
26-27 >OC1,1971
26-27,0 CT,1971
02-03, NOV,1971
02-03, NOV*1971
02-03 >~OV> 1971
02-03, ~Dv>1971
02-03, NOV,1971
02-03, NOV,1971
02-03,
22-23,
22-23,0
NOV,1971
CEC,1971
EC,1971
2.2-23 )OEC,1971
22-23 >DEC) 1971
22-23,0
EC,1971
22-23,0
EC,1971
22-23,0
EC,1971
ELECiRflL
TEfipERATURE
I@N TErlPERATbRE
VERTICAL-18X
ORIFT
DENsITY
ELEcTRm.
TEMPERATuRE
ELEcTRa~i
TEMPERATuRE
IeN
TEMPERATuRE
ION TEMPERATURE
VERTICAL
10N ORIFT
vERTICAL
ICiN ORIFT
OENSITY
ELECTR8h
TEMPERATURE
ELECTROh
TEMPERATURE
18N TEMPERATURE
I@N TEMPERATURE
VERTICAL
10N ORIFT
V: R+l CAL 10?4 DRIFT
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
sl\Ts
STATS
SiATs
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
STATS
RET IA$
RETIAS
RET I AS
RE71A5
RFTIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RF TIA5
RrTIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RET IAS
RETIAS
RETIA$
RFTIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
RcTIAS
RETIAS
RETIA$
RETIAS
RETIAS
RETIAS
R~rIAS
0939
0939
G939
~939
1240
1240
~p’+o
j,240
18.40
120
~240
1540
154(3
1540
15+0
1549
1540
1540
1646
1646
~rj+6
1646
1646
1646
1646
1117
1117
;:;;
0432
0432
0432
0432
DS36
0536
0536
0536
0536
0536
0536
224c
224G
224o
224o
2240
22+0
224G
2329
2329
2329
2329
2329
2329
2329
0047
0047
lJlj47
00+7
1117
0C47
1117
1117
1532
1532
1532
1532
1532
1532
1532
1518
1518
1518
1518
1518
1518
}518
0047
13G47
1519
1519
1519
1519
1519
1519
1519
1506
1506
15c6
1506
1506
15D6
1506
-064369E
-,64367E
-,26372E
-.26371E
.53522E
-, 1CI065E
-.66321E
-.25684E
-.10064E
-,663I9E
-.25707E
-.51419E
-,96681E
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b\BLIOGRAPHIC OATA
IHEET
1. Report No.
3. Recipient’s Accession No.
5. Report Date
24 March 1978
. Title and Subtitle
Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1971
‘. Author(s)
Barbara A. Emery
John V. Evans
. Performing Organization Name and Address
6.
8. Performing Organization Repc.
No. Technical Report 528
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
John M. Holt
Lincoln Laboratory, M. I. T.
P.O. Box 73
Lexington, MA 02173
11. Contract/Grant No.
ATM 75-22193
2. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Technical Report
National Science Foundation
Atmospheric Science Section
Washington, DC 20550
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
During 1971, the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone Hill (42.6”N, 71.5”W) was employed to measure
the electron density, electron and ion temperatures, and the vertical velocity of the Of ions in the F-region
over periods of 24 hours on 20 days. The observations spanned the height interval 200 to 900 km, approximately, and achieved a time resolution of about 30 minutes. This report presents these results, after
smoothing, as a set of machine-drawn contour plots.
The report discusses the behavior observed in 1971 in light of that seen in previous years. A significant
number of days appear to have been disturbed by large traveling ionospheric disturbances. Results for the
average exospheric temperature, the mean meridional, and zonal winds for 1970 and 1971 derived from these
incoherent scatter measurements in a separate study by B.A. Emery are summarized here for completeness.
The results appear to confirm the mean wind behavior that would be predicted by the recent Mass-Spectrometer,
Incoherent-Scatter (MSIS) global model for the thermosphere and support the view that interhemispheric
transport of light neutral constituents (e.g., atomic oxygen) gives rise to the anomalous seasonal behavior of
the ionosphere at midlatitudes.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis.
17o. Descriptors
Millstone radar
F-region
diurnal variations
electron density
ionospheric scatter
seasonal variations
temperature effects
spectrum analyzers
7b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
17~. COSATI Field/Group
19.. Security Class (This
Report)
18. Availability Statement
UNCLASSIFIEP.
FORM NTIS-33 ( R E V .
(O-73)
ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO.
20. Securicr
Page
UNC
THIS FORM MAY BE I
21. NO. of Pages
124
I