MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE
LLNCOLN
OF
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY
MILLSTONE HILL THOMSON SCATTER RESULTS FOR 1967
J. V. EVANS
Group 21
TE’CHNICAL REPORT 482
22 JULY 1971
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
LEXINGTON
AIR FORCE 37360 14 January - 400
MASSACHUSET'$
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F19628.70-c-0230.
this document
agencies
ABSTRACT
This report
of the
summarizes
F-region
coherent)
scatter
800 km, were
required
obtained
radar
gathered
results
for the electron
during
1967 using the Millstone
system.
These
over 24-hour
to obtain a complete
density
data,
periods
demity
and electron
temperature
Hill (42. 6“N, 71. 5°W) Thomson
for the height
observing
electron
distribution
interval
twice per
and temperature
of approximately
calendar
profile
month.
(in200 to
The time
over this heigl,t
interval
was 30 minutes.
The results
i
show a far wider
is attributed
netically
ifests
imum near
Winter
storms.
sunset
of behavior
exhibit
This
consists
behavior
morning
in previous
as sunspot
is approached.
in density
electron
in 1967 tbe plasm apause boundary
in foF2 and to much of the irregular
change
near
behavior
for electron
“am
in density
of the first
at night.
moved south of Millstone
observed
characteristic
days show instances
density
This
On mag-
demity
and a weaker
near the layer
appears
on the afternoon
Other
years.
mm-
maximum
while smmm. r dsys exhibit
noted in 1965, that
the next morning.
of the F-region
maximum
ohs. rved previously
at all levels
(0200 to 0400 EST),
first
of an increase
bebavior
than that encountered
day-to-night
of behavior,
decrease
activity
a maximum
and only a small
a pattern
by a marked
ing and erratic
occasions
days
peak in the early
exhibited
followed
range
in magnetic
quiet days, the characteristic
itself.
at the layer
days
to the increase
.s max-
peak.
T!vo
of many
day of the storm
of nocturnal
We helievc
giving rise
heat-
that m several
to a rapid
fall
at night.
Accepted for the Air Force
Joseph R. Waterman,
Lt. Cd., USAF
Chief, Lincoln Laboratory
Project Office
111
——— ____
CONTENTS
,11
z
z
3
3
25
25
25
39
53
53
53
VI,
57
S,,,,,lllx. v
,.
5)
MILLSTONE
1.
THOMSON
SCATTER
RESULTS
FOR
1967
INTRODUCTION
Then,
son
imately
rizes
were
made
twice> per
the
years
scatter
(incoherent)
temperatures
results
(Table
1).
out in the years
are
HILL
disc iissed
throu~h
obtained
1963
I
md
discusses
1906,
detail
ILc.l!lts
ot]t:litled
du,iilg
of jc],, rnai
,Iriiclc,
an<l
(42. (,” N, 71 ,5”\t’),
of 24 Ihout’s.
This
rcp,,rt
sotnc? of the months
s as
rcfercnvcd
apl)l’clx sB,nlmz+-
in previw)s
$t,jrlics
i,, these
ctit.yiec)
ye:lrs
it) ‘I,cII, Ic [,
TABLE I
PUBLICATIONS
(
l-cm
CONCERNING
Wavelength)
THE MILLSTONE
THOMSON
SCATTER
E
HILL
February
1963
March,
1963 to J.wary
July,
April,
A.g.st,
July,
Jan.ory
UHF
REsULTs
P.blic.
Months Covered
Year
i
densities
in relat i”,, to the I,cl, avior
ohser.:cd
1-4
or syr,uptic
prc.sent
the results
set-ies
irl a tnc,r,llicr
electron
Massachusetts
pc~t’iod.s u.uall,y
these
i,, this
of P-region
Wcstford,
out 1967 for
reports
through
in grcztcr
rnessurcments
at !Nlillst one 1[ill,
month
Earlier
raclar
tie,,
Ref. I
1964
Ref. 5
September
Ref. 6
November
Ref. 2
through December
1964
April,
July,
January
June,
Ref. 7
November
Ref. 3
through December
August,
Refs. 8, 9
September
1965
Ref. 10
June
January,
1966
Section
employed
during
documented
tion
IV
11 provides
temperature
a summary
i 96?.
in Ref. 3.
presents
electron
profiles
January
April,
equipment,
‘These
differed
lillle
[n Sec.
[[1, the
results
obtainecl
for each
.1
I
through December
of the
temperature
July
results
24-hour
from
those
Ohtxinecl
along
observing
with
period.
Ref. 4
and
of the l:>tter
for electron
average
Ref. II
d2ta-processi
half
clcnsit,y
daytime
3-h,, se a“eragcs
IIg procedures
of 19(J5 which
>11’cdiscussed
atId nigl,ttimo
2Lrc
employed,
tme fully
Se<:electron
in Sec. V,
to derive
seasonal
F-region
t’rom
11.
temperature
the magnetos
EQUIPMENT,
Equipment
The
UIIF
These
incoherent
were
were
out to a range
about
the
of -i60km
chief
the antenna
horn.
the horn
measures
longer
the
to lower
so that
altitudes
digital
the
ie
that]
filtering
or impossible
of the
This
in turn
heretofore.
permitted
Howe”er,
procedures
emerging
were
clutter-free
developed
that
at large
were
receiver
was
replacement
they
no
suppression
measurements
not obtained
ground-clutter
These
to its axis.
profile
remove
inside
and placed
as a rule,
that,
of the
indicated
supporting
on the
built
al!gles
density
reeords
at or below
placed
was
sufficiently
the duration
results
was
made.
observable
of the antenna
skirt
the electron
were
are
of the tripod
netting
a conical
echoes
to extend
possible
useful
A study
absorbing
radiation
Echoes
off the legs
scattered
ground-clutter
to the antenna
to obtain
system,
In additioo,
the
No major
previously,l
returns.
twflectio”s,
of the
described
of changes
away.
it became
been
radar
into
PROCEDURES
of a series
vlil~
conducted
of the results.
of ground-clutter
radiation
these
intensity
intensity
the receiver.
to be shortened,
when
To reduce
to lower
saturated
echoes
in the heat
a summary
has
first
directed
of a wavelength
reduced
the
it difficult
vertically-
of these
a quarter
equipment
though
variations
Processing
the problem
and make
the
source
feed
of the legs
around
in 1967,
to redllce
200 km’” using
that
radar
seasonal
VI provides
AND DATA
scatter
made
designed
and
Section
flhere.
OBSERVING
A.
alterations
variations
until
echoes
from
i970
the
data.
A,,other
portions
series
of improvements
of the receiver
substitLdiOn
(Adler
a,,,pli~icrs
tube]
‘I’ll”s,v ilvtl<:c, vily,
wlli<h
l.l, is problrm
burned
lYas hem
out the
chro,,ous
pump
so that
ture
both
of the
sidebands
that
any shift
rc. ccivm
an, plil’icr,
is 1.4 times
problcrms
chdngm
the
to reduce
inside
this
made
are
systcm
caused
same.
The
the
parametric
solid-state
parametric
v<>lt:tffc.$, aplwurin L, acro,ss
(under
the
image
phase
dcgrcc
N Wnplcs
tlw
linlitcrcir-
of this
a good
is * @
was
match
information
l>$/N’N
temperature.
Tbe
iil 1969,
that
the
a syn -
to be super-
wds
the noise
the
be detected.
u,m,:rtainly
0[ +l>./fi
necessary
stages
gain
This
Further,
ii, the
for
lnoisc
amplifier
large
terminals.
is lost.
signal
cfl’cc live
inverter
tempera-
to the antenna
i,, plzre
first
that
cannot
uew parametric
it became
houses
[cd with
channels
in the
si~,n<ml.s, the
CMe of these
opera
and as a sideband
or ~rccckml,
ca.sc of wm,k
f,ater,
csli -
a corlvcn-
i.cn, pcralurc
obviated
variations
both
with
to put additional
thermal
of the
in ordet-
recei”er,
Ie”el
range 120 to 240 km have been obtained
L-band rodor at oblique
signal
in the ionosphere
on],y a single
i,, the
and
was
an amplifier
advantage
the
inverted,
the antemm)
to a manageable
pri,, r to 1967
by ensuring
its own drawbacks.
temperature,
effect
was
<lc:\,<:l<>r>!71cl11
<,f s<,li<l-state
simultaneouslyas
due to drifts
]mvc
1, aft,,
s
otbcr,vi.
c,
meosureme. h i. the altitude
84-foot-diameter
tbe
spcctr.m
signal
Inot with”ut
the h“t
This
operated
I ,,,>wcr
measured
lbul vm.
old vacuum-tube
changes
electron-beam-tube
to employ
Il,y Iraflsiwtt.
crnploycd
Coldd be minimized
in the
lhc
S1xtcd
of ambient
insulation
*Some
uf
for the
attempts
Withthc
ampli Sicr
the sidebands
s;llllpl!W
0[ lhe
ti(>lm]
were
channel
v;ilwe<l
diodes,
at 880 MHz.
the device
because
Ixwallsc;
n,at.
is,
image
Ilowever,
means
frequency
That
Earlier
of the
of these
eliminated
‘1’IIC t:l<:vl.]<)r,-l]c:~xIY1 pran>ctric
imposed.
important
amplifier
previously.
l<,,] i,lt(,t{i~fi<:ul[ies
the
Most
parametric
employed
lm,l:tlw:yis
in 1967
components.
Of a regenereati”e-diode
amplifier
cuil.s
initiated
by solid-state
inciden.e~2-14
2
cd )v!i Ilstone Hill
using a smaller
B.
Observing
Procedures
The
observing
procedures
obtain
a complete
accomplished
electron
system,
In addition
halves
of the
not recognized
signal
obtained
for
included
in this
duced
in the
results
i967
are
H lists
tions
caused
the
the loss
to the 24-hour
which
O“e
the
compared
three
pulse
made
profile
(i. e.,
lengths
into
corrected
for the
of this
time-consuming
ancl plot
us.
otonically
of the
with
until
a 50-km
the
the
malfunc-
measL!rcLnents
already
altitude.
height
previous
0.5 and
combined
were
nmde
OLI
made
for a nLlm -
of the electron
15
and will
reported
been
ratio
one.
This
curve.
straight
program
the
the scale
interval
(That
hei~,ht
i!, fitting
was
such
of the
ihcsc
encountered
an interval
to these
sections
0, 5-msec
employed
was
50-k13L height
lines
to the logarithms
results
and transfer
ionization
in which
pulses
with
[k(’Pc
the 0.5-mscc
altitude.
(0, i -mscc
the slope
is c.countet-cd
diita
1,0-msec
of the line
is an inevitable
In
the
rc!sults)
line
And WCI’C
points,
In de-
cm’vc,
+ ,Ti),fn, igl sIN,L!IcI incrcasc
rest!lt.
was
to comhi!m
irltcr’vals
of the
to the
of
at
cl.lrve
the Io!lg PL81S. t’e. u,lls in slr’sight
covered
lines.
long
dcvclopal
pt,lsc
c.lcb
by the short
combined
Te/Ti
plots
superimposed
usiug
the short
10 prcxhtcc
with
then
This
ratio
progran,
-
CLIIAES,
‘JCalccm?#
at’[orded
achieved
poor,
for
or ubscrw
nccdcd
observed
were
resolution
temperatLtire
a computer
straight
using
Thus,
Iinc
plots
accuracy
set
to draw
of the heighl)
rhese
employed
and time.
of lhe work
employcci
becomes
electron-to-ion
all.y cacb
vs height
tbc goocl height
grmtcr
those
and ion tmnperaturc?
of part
was
i.0 mscc).
with the
S;LIIIC .s
Rasi.
parameters
the square
sig?lal -to-noise
operation,
the
111.
automation
times
that
least-mean-square
Fact that
the
(400 km) and lbc!n fitted
to discontinue
than
with
the behavior
and electron
the computer
(0.1,
of the
These
in Table
profile
of these
was
sly,
power
hand
the resulting
altitude
by fitting
when
the
variation
on a log plot.
obtained
made
fixed
echo
curve
years
contours
(at low altitudes)
place
ciding
intro-
period,
n?easLirenlents
in 1967 were
density
tbe year
employed
then
sections
the
hmax F2 where
above
of earlier
%eviou.
a single
measurements
up to some
those
during
profile.
pulse
profiles
to combine
24-hour
have
not
they
of 24 hours.
Equipment
to examine
measurements
for mmsurwncnts
to obtain
density
and converted
heights
l’hese
for a period
out together
here,
are
effects
carried
obliged
and March
the “ZIU!3+
of observation.
a complete
discussed
February
an electron
employed
advance
power
with
to obtain
then
elect ron
of the
proccdut-es
reduced
were
been
to obtain
“M in a way which,
here.
month
were
period
both
Reduction
reduction
was
the
ca~ried
unwanted
not be repeated
was
1967.
9965 to permit
500 km amt therefore
the
per
This
recording
As a rc,,)lt,
300 and
measurements
observations
in January,
throLlghOLlf
was
of minimizing
twice
Tbe
to
here.
Data
1966 a“d are
about
required
to 30 nlin L(tes,
in June
10. s of information.
and we have
at conj Ligate sunrise.
Data
this
Kp over
on 2 March
periods
tions
data;
others
In addition
not be included
Unfortunately,
observations
on which
index
of some
with
employed
between
of time
processing,
modified
in Ref. 3 and will
and times
1 hour
was
and rnems
to make
magnetic
of i2-hour
C.
unreliable
from
nou-real-time
analyzer
some
changes
discussed
dates
February
temperature
the
are
we attempted
of the planetary
caused
the amount
in Ref. 3, was
to be explored.
These
profile
for later
spectrum
at the time,
report.
mean
ber
,’!
spectrum
Table
24-25
the
to reduce
in 1965
extensively
change,
ion temperature
During
signals
IF
discussed
to this
though
the
changed
and temperature
density
by recording
and playback
were
we
,mo!l -
w<,v,, Nscd OIICWC400km
was
found
to be lower
conscqi,cuce
of the
3
—.
TABLE II
INCOHERENT
Begin
OBSERVATIONS
End
—
c’
Dote
SCATTER
Da t,
EST
c*
EST
Me..
Kpl
-
1967
Comment
5 January
q
1100
6 January
1200
1+
Quiet
– data prior to 1900 lost
24 Jo,, u.ry
Q
0030
25 January
1200
1+
Quiet
- m.st temperature
1200
7 February
D
1200
2
Q
1800
25 February
D
O1oo
2+
Q
0030
2 March
1800
1+
1400
14 March
}130
1+
Quiet
1200
28 March
1100
3-
Somewhat disturbed
1130
7 April
1130
2
1200
25 Apri I
2300
20
11 May
1030
12 Moy
1030
3o
Disturbed
22 May
1200
23 May
1100
10
Quiet
I 000
3
Distwbed
1030
1-
1100
2–
6 February
24 February
0
Combined
2 March
13 March
27 March
D
6 April
24 April
!
D
9 June
8 June
Q
Iloo
22 June
q
1100
23 June
5 July
D
Iloo
6 July
Q
.0930
25 July
0830
26 July
15 August
1030
16August
29 August
1100
30 August
12 September
Iloo
13 September
q
I
10 October
Q
1230
I I Octcber
1100
25 October
7 November
Q
1200
8 November
21 November
q
1100
22 November
1200
6 December
1230
20 December
5 December
19 December
D
q
300 29 September
28 September
24 October
q
D
D
* Condition:
Q
One of five quietest
q
D
One of fen quietest
t Planetary
0..
days in month
d.ys
in month
of five rn.st disturbed
magnetic
d.ys in rn.nth
index.
4
o
Q.iet
0
1100
1+
1200
2
1200
1+
1200
Q
2
0
Quiet
0
‘>-
Quiet
Disturbed
I 030
1-
Q.iet
I 030
1+
Quiet
1100
2+
Somewhat disturbed
Iloo
3-
Scmewhat
1200
4-
Dis!urbed
1200
5-
Very distmbed
disturbed
data lost
TABLE ill
OBSERVING
Length of
Each Observing
Number
Period
Year
(hours)
1963
30
PROGRAM
Cbserving
AS A FUNCTION
Time Token
to Measure
of
Periods
OF YEAR
One Profi I e
Number of
Profiles Cbtoined
(hours)
per Month
1.5
80
per Month
4
Reduction Method
Employed
Mean
hourly profiles
constructed
calendar
for each
month
1964
30
2
I.o
60
As above
1965
48
1
0.5
96
AS above
1966
24
2
0.5
96
Each profile
analyzed
separately
1967
2
24
fact
that
this
point
the
uncertainty
the
process
was
This
and hence
‘f.O-mscc
results
continued
until
procedure
or the electron-to-ion
a“d
all
other
respects
together
with
altit L!de.
Electron
The
combined
foF2
the
smooth
x decrease
processing
Figure
profile
employed
i shows
after
in 1966
) At
and the
altit$lde.
O~d hY handy
were
for
In this
lbc s:, me as those
of one of these
a correction
altitude.
for the altit Llde va!’ia -
carried
an example
applying
with
profiles
was
with
n,casttremcnts
height
power
and this
procedures
3).
rapidly
0. 5-ms,ec
in s.~~le
the
(Teflri)
m-c ratio
increases
of the
the neecl to correct
(Ilcf.
profiles
tions.
These
the
K was
critical
drawn
cases
were
*Complete
(foF2)2
assigned
machine
the variaticm
clravm
of ‘~e/T.
an absolute
Sca.leb
peak
yadjustingthe
density
the points
to have
occurred
machine
In these
of the observed
for the
radar
a way that
chief lyon
we have
echo
results
and VJallops
power
were
with
obliged
time.
the
avuilable
magnetically
been
foF2,
[skmd
it followed
no values
cases
To obtain
(MHz).
Belvoir
in such
instances,
(1)
1>2 layer
Fart
Jn some
appear
variation
obtained
of the
Billerica,
through
-3
x i04cm
frequency
low values.
1<.
onalyzer
. 1,24
as possible.4
to extremely
from
max
at Millstone,
cLmve
as far
stant
too yiel$j.d
density
points
in place
Profiles
density
is the
stations
points
foF2
of the
As above
S0 that
where
fell
the true
Density
N
for
data
1965
96
DENSITY RESULTS
A.
N ~ax
for
with
HI. ELECTRON
these
scatter
employed
tempcrat
the
previously
plots
the
were
did not obviate
tion
discussed
0.5
the available
were
plotted
values
and a
Millstone
and Billerica
Car either
of these
distu,hed
,uights
to construct
To do this,
sta-
when
foF2
the variation
the
calibration
of
con-
via
(T~h2)max
~
max
processing OF these dot.
(2)
became
possible in 1968 following
the construction
of . new spectwm
(Ref. 16),
5
.——.. . ..
.... .
.
)0.0
T!mmL
r-”
),
,0.
. . .
,,,7
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CORRECTED FOR T,/TI
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COMPUTER -O flAWN
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._.-.J
~
,,0
PLASM.
Fig.
1.
Computer-drawn
mode with
profile
pulses of 100,
near 140 km altitude
~.++-,lo+~
4..
*.0
,.0
of electron
density
500 and 1000 psec
is a ground-clutter
(.
m60umcy
Hz)
vs altitude,
commencing
echo and the receiver
‘T, is the equivalent
eral
values
for which
this
of 1< was
C0172 was
mmmcr
occasion
10-il
were
was
since
all
not seen
5-6
I’0F2 fell
occasions
observed
ot] which
ionization
f+,elvoir
and
tile boundary
17
mo”cd
periods
seen
at night.
In some
instances,
up to -450-km
i,, Fig.
returns
The
in about
between
s.o”th
of a curve
Similar
behavior
o“ this
{Fig. 2(b)],
Millstone.
at Millstone
was
last
of sevperiod
in
cm this
encountered
on
day is particularly
We believe
i“nospheme
This
the
of fol~2 completed
observed
the midlatitude
past
A mean
to and following
beha”ior
an hour
for the variation
altitude.
prior
in foF2
Island,
The spike
tk)at these
and the trough
phenomenon
has
re-
not previously
at Millstone,
observing
400 lax fr”m
fall
December,
9, 5 to 4.5 MHz
both
an example
rapid
or Wallops
f 9-20
several
were
rm-al
f’rorn
extremely
correcting
corresponding
taken
Z(a) provides
The
During
normal
shown
at Fort
December
rtnci h the
measurements
Figure
missing.
gicm of low F-region
been
temperature
[rum
[cm 28 September.
October,
strihing
echo
obtaioecl
measurements
wa5 suppressed out to 125 km
altitude,
The second curve shows the final density profile after
wifh .Ifif.de
of the electron to ion temperature ratio Te/Ti.
where
combining
at the times shown.
3.
altitude
In tbcse
run-to-run,
seen
obliquely
in the latter
e.g.,
and then
instances
there
We are
inclined
at great
28-29
departed
was
ranges
half
September
f~oin
little
to attribute
i“ the
6
of i 967,
peculiar
the
the expected
similarity
this
sidelobes
electron
profiles
profiles
appeared
reasonably
curve
in a “iolent
faahio”
in the behavior
beha”ior
density
to the
of the antenna.
observed
detection
.%s
above
of weak
au-
,,,0
28-29
SEP 1967
x
,,0
~.
k
IONOSON
DES
—
v
,,0
-
~w.
1
.
a
,.o~
0.00
040.
..”li.
“
“’LLs’ONE
““
0
,.,,
k
A BILL ER,,,
.
L3ELVOIR
W.UOPS
.l
; -%.
(s,..0
..,,
-.
Q B
b~~-~.
0!300
)200
MODE
POWER
.
1600
.. LJ...-l.--–l--
2000
0000
.. ..
. .. .
l,..
l,..
2000
000’
EST
Fig. 2(a).
Variation
1900 to MOO were
the ionosondes
Fig. 2(b).
of foF2 on 28-29
.omtr.ct~d
at Millstone
Variation
from
ond Billerica
of foF2 ..
deduced from the variation
September.
the variation
19-20
In this instance,
of the total
gave few reliable
December
of total echo power.
7
..1..s
echo power
for fh. periOd
[Eq. (2)],
si..e
volues,
showing the extremely
rapid fall
near 1700
,000
r----”-””””
““-”r
mu!!il
28 $EP 196?
900
\
-
\
\
,00
“.,
m,
. .. —
.,
PROFILE
,00
.“RO$?AL
0,,,0”,
RETURNS
,,.,0,.,,
_
\
I
,,ME
.
500
T(ME
~ ,948
,000
TIME
~ !957
/’
,,38
/
/
<,
m.
I
?Ca —
!0.
—
1–.LJ_L_L_.;;...l
I
o
0,2
0,.
06
–_J.._
0.?
,00
_.L_.J..–
,.5
,,,,..
3.
Fig.
Strong.
in which
antenna.
l:’igllr.s
a well
7-8
when
tion
fell
occurring
achi.
usually
appeared
11) and thus
vcd
witk
seen
been
occurring
times
the
icmospberic
of the profile
,<sp” rious
results!!
from
pulse
this,
using
were
contour
exact
In three
cases
when
high.
the
very
poorer
100-I@ec
extremely
of the
rapid
Iurther,
than
pulse.
with
This
fall
made
began
behavior
its
appearOn
nights
to auroral
i,, de,lsity
100-Fsec
suggests
pulse
nleasure,nerds
weak.
Accordingly,
presented,
and have
equipment
malfunction
when
to increase.
All four
although
to have
and times
the layer
foF2
this
explanation.
appears
the dates
quite
diagrams
nature
layer
to attribute
the longer
the
HeI’e an additional
additional
and fol?2 was
is distinctly
echoes
The
1940 EST
behavior.
IV .L,mmarizes
at sunrise
However,
during
the
near
that
This
(b) occurred.
with
pulses
was
when
and
it is tempting
sec
to have
September
of peculiar
Table
oL,ly briefly
0.5-n,
malfunction
4.0
of runs with the different
F-1ayer.
250 km.
fUillstone.
not appear
l.._..iL.L
3.0
3,,
this second peak is
in the sidelobes of the vertically
di-
form
and disappeared
(h)] is not consistent
does
portions
4(a)
(Table
nlent
evident
near
in Figs.
over
28
on
VJe believe
returns
the normal
to a low value
dirc?ctly
4(a) and
observed
peak.
a different
-
lhe layer
disturbed
[ Figs.
edge
illustrated
foF2
NovembeI’
quite
tion
upper
........l ..–.
*.5
?.0
in EST.I
(b) illustrate
to be prese!>t
defined
the belravior
ance
and
4(a)
appears
proFile
F-layer
[Times are for the commencement
lengths (psec) and .re
layer
density
._I.. ..J_
,.*
?)
FREQUENCY (MHz]
and arises from weak auroral
spurious
rected
electron
is a second
there
...l.—+
),4
,.2
)
(, 00 ./,...
–-J-.__.__.
,.0
0.,
.....l ..-
were
precipita-
near
250 km
the
height
resolu-
pulses,
this
‘Ilayer”
that
thdt
some
we have
labelled
form
was
only
of equip-”
clearly
excluded
these
is not known.
heights
these
and
“–
‘“””r==
’300 —
~!@4~
/
800
—
700
—
\
UHF
600
—
‘\
PROFILE
100
TIME
= 1736
500
TIME
= 1745
1000
TIME
z 1754
\
\
\
;
:500
\
—
\
;
Y
.00
—
300
—
\
I
/
..
ANOM4LOUS
RETURN
‘---
200 .—
/’
/
L
‘O:L~.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
LOG
(100
N/Nm,
x )
~Jr.PLASMA
(o) 17%
Fig. 4.
Echo power profiles
of an anomalous
layer
&served
beneath
FREQUENCY
to 1754 EST.
on 19-20
the F-1ayer
[MHz)
which
December
that
disappeared
that this is . spurious result caused by . . equipment ndfunction
igin o“d have excluded these data from the contour diagrams.
9
exhibit
at s“mise.
the appearance
Vie believe
of .nderterm ined or-
,’300
20
Tm!m
DEC 1967
\,
,00
800
UHF PROFILE
700
600
z
5
+
:
100
TIME
: 0151
500
TIME
= 0200
1000
TIME
= 0209
‘\\
\“\x
\\
\\
\
\
500
\
Y
400
\
x.
‘NOMALOu
300
200
, cm
~
I
1.0
0.6
0
LOG
I
0,5
(100
I
I
1.6
1.8
2.<
I
J
I
I
I
I
,.0
1.5
2,0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FREQUENCY
b)
to 0209
Fig. 4.
I
1.4
N/Nmox)
PLASMA
0151
I
1.2
t3T.
Continued.
(MHZ)
TABLE
CASES
OF
PECULIAR
RESULTS
AS
IV
SHOWN
E
days
possible
foF2
fOF2
(t.Atiz)
_—
AND
(b)
Height
of Maximum
of Lower
(h4Hz)
(km)
1902
5.8
2317
5.4
265
21-22
November
031 I
3.4
0618
3.9
265
5-6
December
2321
3.2
0245
3.5
245
0453
3.2
0644
3.3
245
I !305
1.3
0151
3.6
250
0339
3.3
0554
3.7
250
December
Electron
Density
5(a)
listed
through
in Tahlell.
to discuss
to illustrate
Contour
each
various
Diagrams
(x) present
contour
diagrams
Table
V summarizes
day, s measurements
types
Layer
EST
November
Figures
the
4(.)
7-8
19-20
El.
EST
FIGS.
arance
Disapl
Amearance
,!
Date
( 1967)
IN
of behavior
that
of electron
the
main
at length,
appear
features
and in what
density
ofibesc
follows
vs I,eigbt
anti
diagr’wus,
to he common,
(a)
5(a-x).
.F height
Contour
and time
diagroms
ofconstont
for each of the observing
electron
periods.
density
(plosm.
frequency
for
11 is not
WC!S~l@cl a few daYs
ES1
Fig.
tin,.
)as
of unction
‘%,
,-, m,
.,,
Jb
2“”
.\
k
h.., .
ma .30
,/
;=___
.#G...
--.-O&-
,.....T+w--
am
I
Aw&EhHzj [_____ ‘“. . ..T+w.._.—+m—...—...
00”.
,40.
o.k.
EST
ES,
(d)
(.)
Fig.
5(a-x).
Continued.
%2
24-25
?,b...
.,. .._.._..L.._L_...
inn,
<ma
1.
FE,,
2 M.R ,s67
FREoUENCY1MH21
L..—..L.
!Sca
m
___
I
:.ca
I
woo
OWm
(200
!.ca
mco
I
z+oa .
,s,
“
(e)
——---
—-—
I
r‘O”ljETL,J
,5
30.
,7.2.
MAR ,9.7
PL.$W
FREOUENCY {MHz>
,
wca
ow
I 200
,wm
2.LW
24.0
F’L&SMA
woe
mm
zm
ES,
EST
(9)
(f)
Fig.
5(.-x).
Continued.
i.cu
6-7 ,,.
,,67
FREQUENCY (MHz)
?Ooc
?4.0
,4-2,-26
P. M..
Al.
‘\’ ‘
.,.
!,67
FREOUC.CY (MHz)
I
0.00
mcc
I
moo
$
(w
mm
,
,
W3m
mm
,800
12..
E,,
(h)
&J_-&
L@?i%54
!mo
!5..
,C50
22-23
MAY 1967
PLASMA FREOUENCY [MHz)
TEEmmL
Mm
..0.
,
Cdm
mm
ES1
EST
(i)
(i)
Fig. 5(a-x).
Continued.
i4
‘-
m
2.0[
;,.’
ES,
.,
?2-23
,“0/ ,,67
PLASMA FREo” ECICY [MHz)
I llEzm
I
mm
(k)
I
0400
a!oo
1200
,...
.Wo
-..
EST
EsT
(m)
(1)
Fig. 5(.-x).
Continued.
15
I
o.m
I
04..
mm
,2.0
EST
‘-
,~
2,..
(.)
ES,
EST
(q)
(P)
Fig. 5(a-x).
Continued.
46
28-29
SEP 196?
PLASMA FREOUENCY{ MHz)
Fig. 5(.-x).
C..tin..d.
,.0
r-”
am
I
,.0
700
m.
~
,
:
g
,,.5
v,>
b
,.
:m.
4..
,,
,.
,,
-4 (
,0
,. .\~mo,,..
””,
. .
,..
\
. . .. .
..
‘1
Fig. 5(IJ-x).
Continued.
i8
,.. l—
/-
d
/
Fig. 5(a-x).
C..ti..ed.
19
L
0400
.Dm
,
!m
,
(
,.ca
EST
(.)
Fig.
5(.-x).
Continued
20
.. .
I
X+0
,
J
.4CU
I
“’’’(O”s‘;5”’” \\
‘N’’ms?e
2,-2,
NO” !967
FL&SMA FRCJ”ENC”
[MHz)
(v)
Fig.
5(.-x).
Continued.
21
I
.-.v._
I
EST
“.
(w)
Fig.
5(.-.).
Continued.
22
,,.S!4,
,,-20
EC 1,67
FREQUENCY (.”,
)
L
\’%///
Mi‘
.@%,,.
,.5
‘\
,(
\\
,.
,0
‘~
,Ca
I
20.
L
SPURIOU3 REsuLTS
‘
\\lllf
({w
A\\\\(\\\\=
23
TABLE V
SUMMAR>
(19671
54
JO.”.ry
24-25
Jw,uary
ion
,F2
(MHZ)
f-l)
AH,:
:km)
10
250
3.5
300
~P:cat v,;.+,, behavi.c day,inw pe.k fOF2 .! . . . . . Pr. d.wn
increase .+ 0200.
230
3.0
30C
ypim
WT.+W beh.vim:
cam”...
foF2 .,
edawn :ncrea,e
Februew
- 10
250
4.5
290
tin+,,
G.bruary
i(a) THROUGH !.)
-11
300
5.0
330
2 March
13-14
March
-11
300
6,0
3.0
27-28
Morch
-11
325
6.5
%0
J.ly
6.5
270
July
6.5
250
beh.v:w
15-16 AUW+
6.5
29-30
AWS?
12-13
28-29
?5-26
0300.
rxak
fOF2 O, noon;
. . predw.
;n -
.rease;
evening
,Iight
h...
5+
?/i
I
A+k]
o
!
FOF2
I.creose
Cw”menls
.0,
EST)
(Mti!
!-)
!
5.5
330
:1.,,;..
i
6.0
350
,u,nmerLwhovior: markedeve“;mg?..,.. $..
250
5,0
350
;u.. er beh. vim markedev. n;ng rncre.se. Ther”ml ;0.,.
8.0
280
s. 5
350
;....,
Septmb.,
8.0
260
4.5
370
;....,
behwiw:
ning ;.. -.$,.
SePtembar
8.0
310
3.5
325
X,i./aed:
d.y -
1 103; pr-
d
F2
(1 9671
Date
d.y+;me
.b.”~
24-25
Fl$
‘..,
b.)
(I,oum:. EST)
,r,”e ~,ok
6-7
IN
No
‘“,.x
9,5
SHOWN
Ml
N...
Da,,
)F ELECTRON DENSITY RESUL
(ho”,s ;“
I s.”,..,
bdwdm:
marked,.. ”;”, ;nmeo,e.
dlsmb...e,
n;.g
p,,,,.,
beh. v!.x,
?
mmrk.d .ve -
;. C,..,..
F2.
%.,., behav:or: doyt:mepenk
foF2 a, 1300.
1?00;
m.rked
eve
mp!d F.11 i. fJ2
10,,.
fl”.1”.tims
.$
?.
h...
..d N,wx 2000,.
OI 00;
predawn ;“crease .! 0403.
10-11
Oc!.b,r
10.5
310
2.0
320
.,.,”,.4.,.
..1..s
6-7
24-26
+ril
8.5
310
6.0
355
Aw; I
8.0
275
5.5
?40
behovi.r
. . ..s.
evening
Smewh.f
11-12
May
7.5
275
5.0
345
22-23
&y
9.0
300
6.5
340
Summer behav:m
r..wme.
June
7.0
280
4.0
350
S!om p.,,em,
i.-
4.5
310
Navemkr
11,0
270
5.0
350
winter behavior amp,
for Faicd
200o to 0200 when layer .PPO-
21-22
November
11.5
270
4.5
325
w“,,,
5-$
December
10.5
270
2.0
340
19-20
Pecember
1,.0
29’9
1.5
425
7-8
,. hove bee.
,,
e“ening
md .b.m.lly
Iw
!ncreax
..1..s
day; very I.rw
!.crm,e
h~ax near 0100,
22-23
J“”,
6.5
255
5.5
330
Clos; c.1 ,...,,
“m&d
evening
.ex
:.
13”/
320
.. . . day
8-9
“.V
11.5
dk,.r+ed
d?oht eve.:.,
.,:
foF2 o! nigh!.
Oc+c&,
24-25
kmmr
‘A..;
of
M,.”:..
i“. re.!e,
—
—
—
behavi.r
WJh.r
thennornml.
In previous
single
daytime
0400,
~igures
er
The
contour
peak
5(i)..ancf
levels
until
morning,b
late
In.this
in the
afternoon
we
thrcm
mo3t
erratic
the
wards
plasma
have
been
driven
In all,
the
The
results
lowest
to
to an assumed
These
features
value
that
noted
hmax.
to a pattern
and
to
tbe reason
lrom
thiit
day-to-
1967 was
than
their
8,i0
of beI,aviOr
or I,chm+,)r
C1OSQ
tl,at
is i 11,usl,:,tcd
arcn car
lnllrnlttl.
.:lorn,:il
type
in
t,hcir
<)11 tb.
levels,
,norm:,].
foll,~wing
I,l,t
recover
regions
behavior
Examples
tbesc
Millstcm.
are
forces
(neutral
govern
m>I,V al]
5(x)1,
1967....011
followed
by
i]<: iust:[ticcs
in
I;l,y L~qLlntl~r-
the layer
in Figs.
5(1<) and
appears
electric
dmsit,y
to
(u).
Wri CtY of dift’ermt
winds,
F-regi,m
(w) a,ld
[Fig.
precipilutioll.
a rich
air
the
for
in which
shown
(x) exhibit
(s),
~<,1~2 was
s!lr.cccs.siv,,l,y
observed
of this
5(a) tbrougb
conditions
in
of “ soft’< particle
were
5(r),
collection
deer’case
ab1W2>
in the late
011:19 December
.da.y in our
so that
c.. n be. recognized
.rapiclly
in Figs.
occLlrred
Yapid
that
extremely
as illustcti”teii
above,
6Ug~ested
<!d,
of bebavio.r
foP2””fcll
di.stimbed
As
cvmprcs.
competing
fields,
tyl~es
particle
in :, manner
that
6(a) through
RESULTS
Profiles
the
electron
curve
Te = 355-K
temperature
These
Temperature
of these
close
discussed
variability
to the fact
type
below
(<2 MHz)
as
and beneath
a smooth
and time.
B. Electron
main
and
was
disturbed
at which
electron
of ‘l’e vs height
in N~lax
at present.
altitudes,
exist.
wint-
in Sunmer.
We have
N,), ~,x a! I&b,ll,, x
l>ccmmbec),thc
in Figs.
Temperature
225km
than
of behavior
more
l.rgc:
when
the moat
49
heights.
with
‘lllis
storm,
characteristic
nocturnal
suggesting
altitude
lower
Figm-es
was
5 and
Nmax
rise
mr:sh
instances
of this,
TEMPERATURE
Electron
the
low value~
this
presented
of ihc
colmiderahly
a fourth
are
r,
to abnormal
understood
‘This
48 holtrfi.
example
botb
results
IV. ELECTRON
yet
11 that
associated
is not well
depressed
of peculiar
variation
precipitation)
A.
are
in the trough
instances
of diurnal
to ~alues
pause? bmmdar’y
of the trough,
Other
(m),
types
(x) exhibit
in i ‘)66 ( IICI’. 4).
to abnormally
in
divergent
giving
rise
(28 Septcmlb.
ft, >ctuat. ions
which
occurred
whcm both
Thtwe
Table
of hmax
a
0200 and
Of behavior.
rm.ximtml
5(1) and
can be attributed
day
we present
from
note
This
first
spectacular
occasions
these
values
an evening
by Figs.
5(a) timougb
storm
of the> next
diagrams,
or evening
The
(x),
exhibits
.on the
‘rypicall,y,
report,
and lower
type
between
cycle.
afternoon
contour
of this
as exhibiting
variatiou
usually
season,
in Figs.
cm {SUP occasions
(k).
diurnal
in P;max
examples
here
previcmsly,
magnetic
max and ‘i;]ax
dil ring the Goursc
.suall,y
and
again
with
winter
increase
of Nmax
to .nderstancl
shown
sunspot
quiet
of behavior
of Nmax
encountered
i ‘?65 a large
ot, served
type
attempts
diagrams
of the
In June
values
and is represented
variation
has been
typical
a predawn
repm?sentative
daytime
summer
cu.rent
day than
Figs,
higher
the
i 300 with
provide
(c)
sunset,
the anomalous
was
near
and
exhibits
of ground
3,4
previously
to the
we identified
corresponding
the time
for
51a)
variation
The
reports,
maximum
(w)
results.
temperattme
has
at i20km
profiles
are
Owing
is measured
‘drawn
where
were
presented
Contour
present
been
then
frOrn
the
temperature
employed
in the next
is 225k111.
telllpet.at,fre
equilibrium
to construct
To extend
Observed
is believed
contour
the
at
to
diagrams
section.
Diagrams
the
diagrams
contour
to the large
winter
for
‘re ami Table
daytime
values
Vl summarizes
the
of NIT1ax, the electron
25
———___,,.,,...=..
~~~
VI
TABLE
SUMMARY
OF ELECTRON
TEMPERATURE RESULTS
(W).
AS SHOWN
IN FIGS. 6(0) THROUGH
Comments
D. te
(hours
(1967)
in EST)
5-6
Jcmuwy
24-25
JanucJry
Data
6-7
Febr.wy
Morning
moxirn.m
near 0800;
of fer . . . . values
24-25
February
Morning
maximum
near 0700;
temperature
Inversion
near
ma. i mum near 0700;
temperature
inversion
neor
temperature
inversion
2 March
13-14
March
Daytime
March
missing;
morning
maximum
neor 0800.
missing.
275
km .!
Morning
275
27-28
results
1100.
km at 1100
Morning
300
low.
tO 1400.
maximum
km at 1000
neor 0600;
to 1300;
slight
nocturnal
near
increase
beginning
.12100.
6-7
April
Morning
24-26
April
Slight
11-12
May
Classical
morning
very
I
maximum
maximum
storm
much
near 0600;
near
behavior:
larger
no temperature
0700.
afternoon
the”
inversion.
normal
values
values
abnormally
next
22-23
May
Morning
8-9
June
Clear
case of nocturnal
22-23
June
Quiet
summer
day variation:
high
daytime
values.
5-6
July
Quiet
summer
day variotion:
high
daytime
voles.
25-26
July
Very
15-16
August
Low ofternoon
maximum
high
daytime
increase;
near 0530.
heating
temperatures
somewhat
Normal
summer
behavior.
12-13
September
Normal
summer
behavior
28-29
September
Very
behavior
begi””i”g
less marked
IO- I I October
24-25
7-8
Very
near 2000
daytime
values.
October
Temperature
November
Temperature
morning
22-23
November
No temperature
5-6
December
No
19-20
December
Very
near midnight.
and 0600:
rnorked
in-
a peak at 2045;
at 0300,
1800:
marked
nighttime
increases
values
be-
far exceed
1100
to 1500 centered
at 350 km.
1000
to 1300
at 275
centered
km;
0700.
near
inversion;
promwwed
inversion;
moxim.m
disturbed:
weaker
after
and 2200;
evening
.octwwal
increase
near 0300.
temperature
morning
increase
~nd rea.hi”g
beginning
inversion
maximum
1600
large
May.
minor
between
inversion
beginning
!hwgh
behavior
ginning
with
to I I -12
,near 2000
increase
abnormal
associated
similar
August
erratic
0000 to 0300.
temperatures.
29-30
creme
low;
morning.
o..
“ear
marked
2200
26
nocturnal
increase
2300
to 0200;
0700.
temperature
to 0100.
surge
1800
to 2000;
.
EST
.“
(.)
(
,,.
EST
(d)
(.)
Fig,
6(.o-w).
of height
CC,ntO.,
and time
diogmms
of constant
for each of the observing
27
electron
periods.
temperature
.s
.
fu.cf
ion
HE,GHT ( km)
,,-,,
,200
MA” ,,67
‘E”’’’”’”” ‘“K)
mm
(,CU
mm
EST
am
..
(h)
(i)
,s,
(i)
Fig.
6(0-w).
Continued
29
m,
(k)
EST
(m)
Fig.
6(.-w).
Continued.
1
30
. ,,
I
I
1
{
m,
(.)
Fig.
6(.-w).
Continued,
31
28.29
S,,
TEMPERATURE
Fig.
1967
1..1
Continued,
6(a-w).
32
EST
(r)
Fig.
6(.-w).
Continued.
33
.
mo--—--–--——-—
I
2.-25
7,.,,,
w,
?,,”,,
,,,7
(W)
\
~
Fig. 6(.-w).
Continued.
34
,$,
(t)
Fig.
6(.-w),
Continued.
EST
(.)
Fig.
6(a-w).
“’
Continued,
EST
(v)
Fig.
6(a-w).
Continued.
37
0
.,
‘r,
.
:
,%
temperztu
the
t-e near
clectrwn
This
morning
there
was
This
tent
maximum
hoi@
of this
minimum
1966.4
AnomalOLls
high
versa,
sity
The
density
to have
the
the
common.
‘~e began
daytime.
ing winter
via
all
of density.
shown
of the
ha”.
may
into
the
the
energy
into
the
horizon
ticles
within
C.
the
tinued
decay
!vhcrc
tbe same
28-29
point
than
high
causing
shortly
before
b(, t are
not
at %Iill stone.
hcati,lg
through
with
appear
valL(<!s as dL,ring
September,
associated
normal.
Ccmclitiuus
[ Fig, 6(j)],
deLl -
sLlnset.
l>ur -
of the
co)lduction
ext. rcmcly
pr<]I’rotn
lmv valu.
s
arc
occasions
nocturnxl
magnetosphere
then
damped
tcmpcmt,tre
hy injection
itlcr’easc?s
01 mcrgc? tic
throt, gh ion cyclotron
as
wmves
particles
aod
fc!cd
more
rapidly
than
outside,
and thus
the
heat
ir>,icction
must
Profiles
it w+.. ,nol.cd that
and bcncc
2{00
practice
I),y case.s
electron
before
boundary,
y co..st ant,
this
the
rnLtcb higher
disturbed
ionosphere
are
day,
in Te long
and
plasma
which is CO. CI.L!{.CLIdown fieki lines into the IIIL1gIIt:los I,lIerc.
‘This
it?
to explain
the stal~le red arc,
would su~, gc, st tlmt rin~, c.urrcnt
par-
,ycars,
(<kt,y) and
by the variat.i
local
011 other
in the
particles
Temperature
In previous
rcklivel,
pause.
deposited
These
pkasmapauae
near
Average
to 1500
of the
vari:llilm..
de!,s itics
hy Cole
the
be greatest
electron
of Te are
at the conjugate
<Iu,ing
at !llillstouc
tm?>pcr??lz,,w
On this
June
e,g,,
Ii,, wcv<!r,
t,vpc c,( bclmvi<)r
normal
essentially
..
in temperature
or pkslna
ambient
developed
this
geomagnetically
values
is,
this may be because
the trough
region
moved o“et h[illstone
ancl,
17
the electron
tenlperiiture
is consistently
higher
on the polevmrd
results,
current.9
cncountvrs,
a decrease
in the year,
‘~hat
in I’ig. 6011.
wc do Inot Ix!lic! v<! tlLIt I.IIC ~1111ex-
pattern.
is 8-9
c.
WI,(,,
(<l), ~+11
3
d,, tlsi!,y >! 0(’ c,I, I’1:111
[’iz. 6(<1,
clm:tr,m
auomahms
causing
nighttinle
and beating
cat, sed by heat
been
1.. f4.,
than
of this
of this
later
increases
cases
caused
sunri.
as ill,, strmtwl
low aml the temperature
the winter
ahove
trOL1gh region
ring
ti>eory,
dt, ring
we cotlstructml
to 0300
(night)
for the dal[t
of tnoct. urma] bcaliu
(or m,, ch
(>f 1I,,, ,ni~hl ,1. :md l,i wrrc~
(,
1000
a\,L.raL~c t(.?n,l>c~r,\tLl,.(.. pr<)fi 1(,s 10,, (1,,, pl, ,i(xl.
‘which s<!r”ec 1 to Sbo\v Sc,:ls<ln:ll
collc<;
on of ‘~e on wintc. r days
the da,y and
tcd in 1967,
altbougb
the
va*i:lli<l$,s.
rations]<>
~c,r s<, d{,i,,~
(whc?n C,,J’2 ;, iO IVIIIZ and a tcmpcrott,r,:
~,; hotb
cl’ft>(:t.s C;{IISC
al)l,rc(ial,lc~
(: IUIII
IV,? Iulvv c<,Tlis wc:tkc!, cd
,mi,,im{(m
KC,.in
‘1,
t.
,vi(
hiII
ap[xwrs)
{.1,,,
:I”(,
r-
interval.
To construct
ture
profiles
then
averaged,
show
occurred
ortly after
co,,lon)l>
lower
with
example
because
nocturnal
I“ some
“ia
and by 0200 had reached
photoelectrons
by satellite
side
and
clearest
protonosphere,
Virtually
aging
associated
remains
fast
has
afternoon
abnormally
instances
the sun
tonosphere
in the
days
cncounterml
a good example
was
The
recognized
density
heating
to increase
Other
ea,sily
We first
sl,
m>>xi mum
(>75 km)
accompanied
values
of moctut’nal
been
always
the
of the electron
mornfng
tlmn
WIIC!I t]><!lcx-al
to tile ions
explored.
temperatures
next
lost
;ippca rs
me:, surcmer>ts
electron
large
midnight
by beat
6(h) provides
,,, iclday
a mort>ing
pt-ono LInrwJ WI those
behavior
to unusually
al
to exhibit
300 km that
of the
ever
rose
Instames
,i
about
was
Figure
k,wcr
found
is especially
resolutio!l
in December
As a rule,
frequently
in Te near
is brought
limitccl
vice
was
is often
invct-sion
an
invcrsin”
to the
300 km
tempcratme
the
we encountered
average
each
plotted
results.
the nighttime
these
obtained
a case
hour
and smooth
In general,
temperatures.
temperature
half
where
these
during
curves
This
values
periods
drawn
rmrves
the average
profiles,
the above
through
present
chytimc
occ,, r.rcd
of ‘r,
were
at {00-km
tile points.
no major
tcrnperatmws
or, 10-1 i October
read
Figures
surprises,
at some
of[ the lenlpera
iulcrvals.
Tilesc!
7(a) ti]ro[,gh
though
altitudes
for the
were
were
(z)
(irst
time
less
tbal>
[ Pig, 7(LI] ].
39
——..
‘oo”~”i
TEiiIrL
,,67
-L
mm
-.
—
24
,.$+
~
)’367
.
/
.----’”
~u.l
.OO
a..
.. . ....—.l.~.~
woo
./”
/“
“/” ‘“”’
J—1._L_~
w..
TEMPERATURE
2...
z400
=..
(°K)
(b)
Fig,
7(0-.).
ond nighttime
Average
(2100
variation
t.
0300
of electron
temperature
during the daytime
EST) for the observing periods.
40
(1000 to 1500 EST)
! 000
6-7
FEE
lIIZ@L
1967
1
,00
TEMPERATURE
l°K1
(.)
.“
“lm!!!!i
,...~
t
,
I
0
. . .
..J.-–--,
,_l._~.
I
I
I?..
800
,400
1600
TEMPERATURE
2000
[~Kl
(d)
Fig.
7(.-z).
Continued.
44
.. .._.J..
**.O
‘“””r””’
‘“7
t
1“
,00
t
NIGH,
/
t
I
I
o —L
400
am
“/
DAY
I
1.00
I
1200
TEMPERATuRE
(eKl
(.)
)0’3<
13-14
Mm
,9,7
/“
,0<
/ “o”’
,/.
‘/
*O
_,.,.–4-.-...—_J+
.0.
.00
)
1200
,:00
TEMPERATURE
lo.+i~
1.K1
(f)
Fig. 7(.-z).
Continued.
42
S/
I
27-28
MAR
1967
/“
1
I
I
.,,
o
I
I
800
1200
,600
TEMPERATURE
.“
I
{-K)
(9)
‘“’“R““7
,00
.(0.,
,00
~
/
:
g
‘4,00
200
-:
—~.l
0
.. .
4.0
,00
..-l.or-.
-l.--r600
I .._. L......
TEMPERATURE
(eK1
(h)
Fig. 7(.-.).
Continued.
43
. ..1......
,000
1
I
,400
]
,;,,<,
.~o
~ ,/00
*L
,/00
,, M,ERATuRE
(-K
‘
,:00 ‘ ,:0.
1
(i)
mm~--—
25-26
I
Too
&PR
~
,967
I
so.
I
l?..
I
j,,,
TEM,E,,. ”.,
I
2000
10.)
(i)
Fig. 7(.-z).
Continued.
44
I
‘“””
I
“0”
I
3’0”
L-.
,.<,(,
.,
(k)
——1000
l:,,!0!741.
~–
22-23
WI”
$967
(
/’
800 —
/“
NIGHT
./”
60 o—
:
I
‘1
‘“
:fi
I
0
I
.00
I
,00
I
1200
I .,——_
!...
TEMPERATURE
L.,.L.
2~’J”
l-K)
(1)
Fig. 7(0-.),
Continued.
45
-.-;i:”__.L
,000
8-9
J..
-LI@Ill
,967
~&-+TEMPERbT”RE
1 ‘K )
(m)
:‘:.J
,,00
–.——
22-23
,“?4
,,67
mm
NIGHT
~
/
m.
./’
“
m
I
..
./
,00
—
/
200
./’”
Fig.
7(a-z).
Continued.
46
D.Y
moo
5-6
J“,
-lZZIIZ
1967
,00 —
!
NIGH r
,00
z
~
DAY
!
g
:
,00
//>
.
200 —
TEMPERATURE
.,
(aK1
(.)
,,00
25-26
-’@IIll
JUL 1’367
,000 —
NIGHT
/
000 —
/
~
~
.00
./
—
g
/
‘#
400 —
/
,00 —
./”
t
I
o
.00
,..
I
1600
I
I
I
I
moo
zooo
,400
TEMPERATURE
‘noo
{-K)
(P)
Fig. 7(a-z).
Continued.
47
I
3200
LJ..LL
3600
400”
—
,,-16
.“6
TEEI-
>567
/
h“”’
i
i
./”
./
/
/L------
.-–L
!0
... . . .. .. . . .... . ..
a..
.l;ii.....L
. ... .)s,00
..l..-.–L_
..1
. ..... .........1....
,...!
,000
?4.0
TEMPERATURE
.1- ..–.-., ... . ...
1..Mm
,8.0
[WI
(d
,000
_..
I
.—-..–..
lEm
‘“o ““c 1’67
DAY
/
./
./
*O.
o
L
L_
-
.OO
./
~d..-.-._.L.—.
800
//
,2.00
LL_.L~
1A...
,600
2..0
TEMPERATURE
1°Kl
(r)
Fig.
7(.-z).
Continued.
48
24..
?,..
,,00
r“
,2-13
x,
1,67
I
o
,00
‘_
,00
—L..—L, .......L.
~J.
1200
,000
1600
TEM,,
.—.._L
2400
RA, ”RE
.........
...1.
~
2,.”
1..–...,
3mo
(~Kl
(s)
o
[111’
4.0
.
.00
..............
...1.... ,...,...
}*OO
!600
,EM,cRAIu
20..
RE
leKl
(t)
Fig.
7(a-z).
Continued,
49
...
...1
..._L—.
-o.
L-J
800
},..
le..
2000
TEMPERATURE [PK1
I
32..
I
I
I
I
I
.0.
w..
’400
(.)
)000
-mm
24-25
OCT
1967
/
.00
./”
./””’
800
:
~
./
:
.
U
‘
./
“
“’y
.00
./
./
?..
,200
o~~
4..
..7
),..
1...
ZOoo
TEMPERATURE
(°K1
(v)
Fig. 7(a-z).
Continued.
50
2400
‘a””
,000
7-E
.0”
mmIzl
,,67
.
/
800
—
/’
600
—
400
—
j
:
g
Y
./
./
200 —
o
I
I
4,0
800
I
I
1
!200
’600
2000
TEMPERATURE
(eK1
,+
.- J..—
*,OO
.
..
(w)
m=..
,200
21-22
,000
m“
,967
k
/.
Fig.
7(a-z).
Continued.
32
.1.
._._L,..
I
80.
40.
__#~i&#+6~
._L_l
l,..
TEMPERATURE
l°Kl
(Y)
TE@L,
‘“””r
,9.20
.00
DE.
1967
I
-
Fig.
7(.-2).
Continued.
52
V.
SEASONAL
A.
Electron
Figures
diagrams
of 500” K and
8-9
.1,,,,.,
Te
lines
vs height
temperatures
the variation
the daytime
and
Heat
computed
daytime
are
temperatures
The
highe~
contours
in the form
are
ii, summer
the
from
plot
fO-li
for
Te values
These
values
the most
at intervals
and the nighttime
figures
in summer
ncei
7 (a) through
show
(April
the nighttime
pronoi,
[Figs,
somewhat
mom?
to %ptcn,b
variatiou
[Fig.
(z)] at
clearl.v
m-) am] low
9(h)]
show.?
of whi<. h :(!)IIc?;,I t,> Ihavc <xc,L,I,c<I
clearly
<m
Oct<dmr,
Flux
heat
average
flux
the observed
Gp entering
electron
the ionosphere
temperature
from
gradient
the magnetosphere
dTe/dh
a“d
temperature
through
Gp=7.7xlo5T
I is the
where
this
dip angle
calculaticm
gradient
were
dTe/dh
ferences,
was
the
and
It can he seen
i.e.,
clear
whether
September)
there
trend
heat
appears
may
exist
most
flux
f 00-km
the
It is clear
each
above
(b).
and
values
[Fig,
values
To test
this
period
(C3ctoher
the winter
values
of increasing
differences
iO(a)]
averag<!i
U1’C
simple
tbc
at,
:111<1
:!re
dif-
propriatr
plott ccl for
in l)Ic! I’LL!IL!C4 to 7 X 109c\r/cm2/
4,11,19
s y<urs.
11 is not
in prcvio,,
we have
to March)
exceed
listed
in ‘1:?l)1<. \Jll 11). va]ucs
and summer
the
flux toward
in the method
;,s
for
tL?lllpCIZLt
from
was tak<:u
then
Ii.
“hservcd
employed
‘Vhc
500-1< 11>altiludc
intemml
10(a)
et’feet,
trend
(,.),
of Gp were
that
h;
cllrves
7(a) through
1 00-km
winter
to he a slight
but be masked
temperature
estimates
the average
cycle
The
of Figs,
interval
of
of the daytime
for
field.
plots
in Pigs.
than
is a sunspot
vs date.
each
independe!lt
periods
larger
this
of the average
that
for
(3)
eV/cm2/sec
magnetic
at the center
These
that
somewhat
,sinz I
temperature
estimated
nighttime
‘3dh
earth’s
average
aml the temperature
daytime
SW,
5/2
e
of the
the
valL$e of Te in Eq, (3).
to
and date.
of the average
The
heating,
September
of force
of the average
and nighttime.
peak
to March).
(October
Protonospheric
We have
along
temperature
the daytime
i“ ‘re with
of nocturnal
28-29
B.
for
variation
in winter
instances
vax’ia.tion
in winter.
{b) show
500 km vs date
the
the seasonal
that
higher
9(a) and
seasmlal
valuc!s
clearly
are
Figures
(b) present
of constant
show
temperatures
300 and
Temperature
8(a) and
of contour
the
VAR1ATIONS
sLu>I!IIcr
sunspot
pm-iod
val,,
nmxim(>m.
WIIPIW’CC{ to estimate
(April
to
in all year’s
cs
and
A greater
C, from
P
year
year.
We have
sug~ested
total
amount
of energy
Thus
a variation
However,
ulated
gest
the
escaping
sunspot
that
near
elastic
should
neutral
20).
will
with
these
the
daytime
ionosphere
heat
cannot
in the heat
rapidly
Thus
season.
alter
callsed
production
more
a more
14
Mills
in terms
be attributed
f3ux was
due to the
However,
f3uxcs
above
can be understood
difference
in summer
be unimportant.
composition
from
variation
90” (Ref.
scattering
that
cycle
to winter
seasonal
photoelectrons
angles
nomenon
in the
a summer
that
escaping
pitch
with
elsewhere4
the
studies
initial
pitch
53
C1OSC 10 the value
totlc in the
of a change
to this
for
EKV flux.
EL,I.1,.L.;9
cawsc.
,,.
II UIIIIICI’of .Iectrons
of photoelectron
angle
explanation
distrih
the
foLml of photoelectrons.
in the so”tar
by a rc?duct ion in the IILIml,cr
of a greater
recent
plausible
are
cscapc
Lltion so tlml
m~iy depend
spc:c0[
with
Zi, zz s,, g_
this
PIIC-
uIm> tbc chmwc
,,67
(.)
Daytime
(1000
to
1500EST).
‘-4&f&#%#%#;L:
“::; ‘ ‘A’! ‘‘)k$ ‘$::’’;’: ‘%#’+&
,,67
(b) Nighttime
(2100
to 0300
EST).
Fig. 8. Contour plots, at 5000K intervals, of overage
.s height and date taken from the temperature profiles
54
electron
of Figs.
femper.tuw
7(.)
through
(“K)
(z).
P'''''''''''''n''''''''''''''n'r''''74'\''''''''''''`''''''''''''`''
~“
,,67
(a) Daytime
(1000
to 1500
EST).
l'''' ''''' ''''' ''11'''''l'' ($''' ''''' ''''' n(''''' '`''m'''''''(1'`
lIimmmL
*WC
-
500,.
mm -
300km
,6,,
.
,2.0
tidLUdLULdllLUkLLLhLLdLJL~~
,. *O
JAN
!. ,0
FEB
10 20
MAR
). 20
~PR
10 20
MAY
10 20
J’JN
‘. 2.
JUL
‘o 20
~u6
,.
,0
~Ep
,, ,.
,0 *O
10 a
OcT
‘ov
‘EC
,,67
(b) Nighttime
Fig.
9.
average
Variation
electron
of electron
ternperot.re
(2100
temperature
profiles
to 0300
EST).
ot 300 and 500 km v, date
[Figs.
55
7(a)
through
(z)].
taken
from
the
1
t“
,,67
(b) Nighttime
Fig.
10.
electron
Variation
temperature
of protonospheric
profiles
[Figs.
(2100
to 0300
(heat flux
7(a)
through
56
EST).
v, dote
(z) I .
computed
from
the average
TABLE
FOR THE DAYTIME
RESULTS
Avemge
FI .x
(109
Vll
HEAT FLUX
FROM THE PROTONOSPHERE
Heat
eVlcm2,/see)
Year
)Vinfer
Summer
Ref.
i 964
5.2
3.7
19
Comment
Computed
for
500-km
altiwd.
1965
II
2.0
3.2
Computed
For 600-km
altitude
1966
4.4
4
3<7
Average
through
to 600-,
600-
and700-h
500to 700-
800-km
in fervols
1967
5. I
7.7
This
paper
As for
1966
.,
I
I
57
-—
.—.
--..-,...
-z-
SoIne
first
magnetically
day or the
to very
night
high
storm,
Nnlax
values,
TheI.e
Tc renmil>e,d
and h,nax
disturbed
were
high,
ckdys also
and hmax
was
evidence
anomalous
perat,>re
variations,
(3II some
occasions
F-region
associated
to extremely
fell
associated
with the
me, Electron
temperature
rose
result
that
The
average
low latitude
auroral
electron
r~~riOd (iOOO t<> 1500
tl~erc
was
higher
tion
those
in electron
ing of the
from
conjugate
FroLn
pru~otmsphere
age
valu.
s for
We find also
ones.
pmitiun
region
The
that
reason
ckaytime
variation
increased
During
the
mOrning
Nmax
this
altitude
has
present
on some
echoes
been
‘rhese
The
summer
is simply
is found
at night
is warmed
curves
we have
with
range.
for a daytime
curves
show
daytime
of the
and is caused
This
nights
at -600-km
a consequence
over
Toward
constructed
EST).
this
a position
occasions.
as oblique
versa.
the trough
that
values
seasonal
by nocturnal
by photoelectrons
are
variaheat-
e8caping
sunlit.
temperature
that
observed
in 1966 and
variation
is not understood
to occur
been
to occupy
tenl-
and vice
that
on these
(2i O0 tO 0300
that
with
than
of density
south
values
by anomalous
suggesting
by day and by night.
behavior
electron
low values
to have
with
periOd
both
remains
higher
seascmd
for this
is believed
at Millstone
hy the protonosphere.
and compared
i 967 appear
high
appears
reverse
which
a consistent
On the
both
fOIlowing
accompanied
Ltse had moved
activity
and we believe
The
40
they
temperature.
low values,
detected
of Te,
in wiutcr
the average
the
plasmapa
a,>d a nighttilne
deusity.
ionosphere
the
were
“aviation
in winier
earlier.
when
and the
was
with
to particularly
temperature
EST)
a seasonal
than
auroral
returns
density
of ,re being
or low density
end of i 961,
noted
in electron
beating
density
h:fillstc
the
pattern
the afternoon
decrease
of nocturnal
of the electron
regiorl
the
until
high.
behavior
Ihigh values
the
a distinct
normal
a corresponding
providing
low and ‘Pe very
As a rule,
followed
were
with
in previous
i965
the
but may
in the thermosphere.
suggesting
summer
stem
14
VH).
cycle
averaging
the change
the heat
(Table
a sunspot
values
from
computed
years
2/3
flux
from
The
aver-
variation.
of the winter
in the neutral
com-
ACKNOLVLEIXMEN?S
,.
,
i
W. Ahcl :IMI \v. A. I<eid were largely
rcsponsihlc
for colkcting
these data.
They were o.sistcd
by ]. 11. Mcf&dly, A. Ikaureg. rd and others of tlhc stalf of
would
also
like to acknowledbv
11>. Millstone I Iill Observatory.
l-he author
the cc forts of 17. Julia!, , .I . K. Up!lam, Mrs. A. Freeman
and Miss L. Zak in
vorims portions of the data mcdy. is. TII12 continued suppwt of P. fl, Sehring
zcknuwlcdged.
is ctlso gratefully
58
,
REFERENCES
1.
J.V. Evans, “Ionospheric
Backscarter
Observations
at MilIs tone Hill; Technical
Report 374, Lincoln Laboratory,
M .I.T. (22 January 1965), DDC AD-616607.
2.
_,
“Millstone
Thomson
Labomtory,
Scatter
M .l.T.
Results
for 1964 F Technical
430, Lincoln
Report
474, Lincoln
4.
_,
Report
“Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1966; Technical
481, Lincolu Laboratory,
M.I.T. (15 December
1970), DDC AD-725742.
5.
_,
FMnet. Space Sci. ~,
6.
_,
J. Geophys.
3.
(15 Nmwmher
1967),
DDC AD-668436.
Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1965? Technical
Laboratory,
M.I.T. (18 December
1969), DDC AD-707501.
, “MiDe tone
7. _,
Planet.
Res.
1031 (1965),
Q,
1175 (1965),
DDC AD-616607.
DDC AD-61431O.
Space Sci. l&, 1387(1967).
8.
,J.
Geophys.
Res.
7&, 4803(1970),
DDC AD-714447.
9.
, J. Geophys.
Res.
7J, 4815(1970),
DDC AD-714446.
10. _,
J. Atmos.
11.
, Pfanet.
Terr.
Pbys.
Space Sci.
12.
, J. Geophys.
13.
, and L.P.
~,
Q,
1629(1970),
1225(1970),
Rc?s. 72, 3343(1967),
Cox, J. Geophys.
Evans,
]. Geophys.
Res.
Res,
DDC AD-716057.
DDCAJ):716056.
DDC AD-658912.
75, 159 (1970),
—
7&, 6271 (1970),
DDC AD-703’IY2.
14.
L.P.
Cox ancf J.V.
15.
J.V.
Evans,
16.
R.F. Julian and W’.A. Reid, “Incoherent
Scatter Mcasuremc!?t.
of F-Region Density, Temperatures,
and Vertical Velocity at Millstone IIilly
Technical
Report 477, Lincoln Laboratory,
M.I.T. (6 I?ehrual-y 1970),
DDC AD-706863.
17.
G. P. Serb
DDC AD-722911.
J. Geophys. Res. 7J, 3489 (1968), DDC AD-673605.
uand13. J. R. Maier, J. Gcophys.
18.
K. D. Cole, J. Geopbys.
19.
J. V. Evans,
Planet .Space
20.
F. Mariani,
J. Geopbys.
21.
R. J. Cicerone
22.
I
Hill
Report
Res.
and S. A.8owhill,
~,
3755(1966).
Lo, 1689(1965).
Sci.
Res.
Res.
f&, 1557(1967).
Q,
5S6 (1965).
Radio S.i,
~, 49(1970).
Radio Sci.
~, in press
59
(1971).
60
~
V, S. [;OVEI?NMENT1>1,1
NT[NGOrFICE: 19?2—104-102! 19
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