Using the FLUENT Computational Fluid Dynamics Code
to Model the NACOK Corrosion Test
By
Benjamin T. Parks
B.S. With High Distinction (2003)
Mechanical Engineering with Concentration in Nuclear
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Submitted to the Department of Nuclear Engineering
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering
At the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
August, 2004
MASSACHUSETTS INsT
OF TECHNOLOGY
C 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All Rights Reserved.
DEC 27 2006
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Department of Nuclear Engineering
Certified by
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Thesis Advisor
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Certified by
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Thesis Advisor
Certified by
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ARCHIVES
Using the FLUENT Computational Fluid Dynamics Code
to Model the NACOK Corrosion Test
by
Benjamin T. Parks
Submitted to the Department of Nuclear Engineering
On 19 August, 2004 in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of.Science in
Nuclear Engineering
Abstract
As a part of advancing nuclear technology, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis
offers safer and lower-cost results relative to experimental work. Its use as a safety analysis tool is
gaining much broader acceptance due to increasing experimental verification. FLUENT is a
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code that offers extensive benchmarks and validations, and is
widely accepted by the nuclear engineering community. The Modular Pebble Bed Reactor (MPBR) is
among the advanced reactor designs proposed for future deployment. As such, it offers an excellent
opportunity to illustrate the possible contributions of computational modeling to the reactor design
process. Because the MPBR contains graphite structures and fuel elements, there is significant
concern about graphite heating and chemical reactions during an air ingress accident.
Some MPBR-relevant experimental safety assurances have been benchmarked using
FLUENT. Currently, there is a planned experiment involving natural convection flow and graphite
corrosion at the Forschungzentrum Julich in Julich, Germany. Thus far, only a preliminary test of
this experiment has been performed. This test has been called the NACOK Corrosion Test, and this
thesis presents a model of the test configuration. A methodology is developed by which an efficient
analysis of the flow, heat transfer, and corrosion effects of the test are modeled using the FLUENT
software. An adequate grid resolution is determined that allows computationally efficient analysis.
Steady-state and transient flow and heat transfer effects are modeled, and separate models contain
steady-state and transient chemistry effects.
The steady-state flow and heat transfer model was used for the grid refinement study; it was
determined that a fully-structured, 4,508 element grid was sufficient for analysis of this experiment.
The transient flow and heat transfer model confirmed the results of the steady-state analysis in that
the transient model had results similar to those of the steady-state model. An effort was made to
couple a density-driven pressure drop correlation to this model; however, because of the requirement
of a general pressure-drop specification for the entire model, and the temperature dependence of the
correlation, an over-specification resulted that caused the solution to diverge. Because the ambient
air that causes the buoyancy-induced pressure drop is not modeled, it was determined that specifying
a general pressure drop for the entire model was a sufficient and relevant assumption.
The steady-state chemistry model was used to perform sensitivity studies by varying the flow
rate, graphite temperature, and stoicheometry. Increasing the flow rate results in quicker graphite
consumption, although the oxygen exits the system less depleted. Increasing the graphite
temperature seems to have little effect on the chemistry effects of the model. Varying the
stoicheometry indicated that more heat is released by CO 2 production. Overall, it was determined
that most of the graphite chemistry occurs in the reflector region of the model. A transient
chemistry model was also created, but because mass transport effects were not modeled, the solution
tended to steady-state operation, rather than eventual graphite cooling, which would be the expected
result of this test in the laboratory setting.
Thesis Supervisor: Andrew C. Kadak
Title: Professor of the Practice of Nuclear Engineering
-3-
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........
8
1
2
3
INTRODUCTION ..............................
6
7
..........................................................................................
9
1.1
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................................................................
1.2
MPBR-RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY ASSURANCES ........................................ 17
1.3
FLUENT CFD ..................................................
NACOK DESCRIPTION .........................................
9
19
..............................................................
21
2.1
THE NACOK FLOW TEST............................................................................................................22
2.2
THE NACOK CORROSION TEST .................................................................................................. 24
THESIS GOAL AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................
29
3.1
THESIS GOAL ............................................................................................................................... 29
3.2
THESIS OBJECTIVES AND TASK DESCRIPTIONS ..........................................
4
5
........ ......................
............... 29
FLUENT METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 31
4.1
DEVELOP MODELS INGAMBIT ..................................................................................................... 31
4.2
APPLY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS USING THE FLUENT PROCESSOR ....................................
4.3
RUN THE FLUENT CODE ............................................................................................................ 31
4.4
EXAMINE RESULTS ..................................................
. 31
31
STEADY-STATE FLOW MODEL .................................................................................................
33
5.1
GRID CREATION ...........................................................................................................................
33
5.2
REGENERATOR ANALYSIS....................................................
36
5.3
SOLVER SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE STEADY-STATE CASE....................................
5.4
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS SUPPLIED TO THE STEADY-STATE CASE .....................................
5.5
RESULTS OF STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS .........................................................
5.6
CONCLUSIONS OF THE STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS .........................................
........... 42
. 43
...................... 45
.............. 50
MODELING A BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOW .........................................................................
53
6.1
COUPLING THE ZHAI DENSITY FUNCTION TO THE NACOK CORROSION MODEL..................... 53
6.2
OBTAINING THE APPROPRIATE FLOW ASSUMPTIONS ........................................
...........
58
TRANSIENT FLOW MODEL ......................................................................................................... 63
7.1
TRANSIENT SOLUTION MODEL SETUP AND EXECUTION .............................................................. 63
-4-
.....................
65
7.2
RESULTS FROM THE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS .....................................
7.3
CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................................................
67
CARBON-CHEMISTRY MODEL AND SENSITIVITY STUDY ......................................
69
8
8.1
CHEMISTRY MODEL SETUP..........................................................................................................
69
8.2
RESULTS OF THE BASE-CASE, STEADY STATE CHEMISTRY MODEL....................................
71
8.3
RESULTS OF THE SENSITIVITY STUDIES ..............................................................
75
8.4
RESULTS OF THE TRANSIENT MODEL...................................................................................
81
8.5
C ONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................................................
82
9
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................
85
9.1
M ESH REFINEMENT .....................................................................................................................
9.2
THE ZHAI AND KUHLMANN PRESSURE DROP CORRELATIONS ................................................... 86
9.3
LACK OF MASS TRANSPORT MODELING .........................................
86
9.4
SENSITIVITY A NALYSIS ...............................................................................................................
87
9.5
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS ........................................................................
88
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................
-5-
85
89
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1.1. MPBR Schematic Showing Graphite Central Column in Offset Shading .......................... 12
Figure 1.2. Schematic of the Reflector Region of the MPBR ........................................
...... 13
Figure 1.3. MPBR Fuel Pebbles and TRISO Particles ...................................................
15
Figure 1.4. Schematic of JAERI Experiments.......................................................................................18
Figure 2.1. NACOK Experimental Device Schematic. ..................................................
22
Figure 2.2. NACOK Corrosion Vessel Schematic................................................................................25
Figure 2.3. Results of the Preliminary NACOK Corrosion Test .......................................
Figure 5.1. Schematic of Grid Created for NACOK Model...................................
..... 27
........ 34
Figure 5.2. Successive refinements imposed on NACOK grid structure ................................................ 35
Figure 5.3. Regenerator Effectiveness Plot. ............................................................................................ 41
Figure 5.4. Contours of Static Pressure. ...................................................... ............................................ 46
Figure 5.5. Contours of Temperature. ........................................................ ............................................. 47
Figure 5.6. Contours of Y-Velocity. .......................................................... ............................................... 48
Figure 6.1. Comparion of Zhai and Kuhlmann Pressure Drop Correlations. ...................................
57
................
60
Figure 7.1. Time Step Size Versus Iteration Number. ...................................................
65
Figure 7.3. Comparison of Transient Temperature to Steady-State Temperature ...................
67
Figure 8.1. Comparison of Species Mass Fractions .....................................................
72
Figure 6.2. Mass Flow as a Function of Pressure Drop................................
Figure 8.2. Contours of Oxygen Concentration....................................................................................73
Figure 8.3. Contours of Static Temperature. .......................................................................................... 75
-6-
Figure 8.4. Exit Gas Concentrations as a Function of Pressure Drop...........................
...... 76
Figure 8.5. Exit Component Mass Flows as a Function of Pressure Drop. ..................................... 77
.... 78
Figure 8.6. Exit Gas Concentrations as a Function of Temeprature. ....................................
Figure 8.7. Species Mass Fractions as a Function of CO Stoicheometry.............................
..... 80
Figure 8.8. Reflector and Pebble-Bed Temperatures as a Function of Stoicheometry. .....................
Figure 8.9. Species Concentrations as a Function of Time .........................................
81
....... 82
Table 5.1. Velocities in Upper Void Region of Grid. .......................................................................... 49
Table 5.2. Results of the Steady-State M odel...............................................
........................................ 50
Table 6.1. Comparison of Zhai Correlation to Kuhlmann Correlation at Various Temperatures......56
Table 6.2. Comparison of Pressure Change for a Non-Isothermal Pebble Bed....................................
58
Table 6.3. Pressure Drop Comparison of NACOK Column and Ambient Air Column. ................. 59
Table 8.1. Tabulated Results of Pressure Drop Sensitivity Study. .....................................
.... 78
Table 8.2. Tabulated Results of Temperature Sensitivity Study. ............................................................
-7-
79
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
The academic support provided by Thesis Supervisor Professor Andrew C. Kadak, and by Thesis
Co-Supervisor Professor Sydney Yip, is gratefully acknowledged.
The academic support and technical assistance provided by Thesis Reader Lin-Wen Hu is also very
gratefully recognized.
This work is performed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Engineer's Thesis of Tieliang Zhai. For his
preliminary work, and for his consultations, he is sincerely acknowledged.
The relentless moral support provided by Daniel Cavallari, Lisa Mullen, Whitney Raas, and Peter
Yarsky is also very gratefully and lovingly acknowledged.
-8-
1
Introduction
There has been great recent interest in the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes for
regulatory analysis of nuclear reactors, because a computational analysis of an important, previously
untested safety feature offers several benefits. First, a computational analysis can reveal unforeseen
safety hazards that would pose a threat to technicians in an experimental environment. Second,
given the validity of an advanced code, analysis can eliminate the need for some experimental work,
thereby reducing the cost of research and development.
With these two goals in mind, the goal of this thesis research was to develop a computational model
of a planned experiment that would demonstrate the safety of the Modular Pebble Bed Reactor
(MPBR) under air ingress accident conditions. The section that follows provides the context under
which the research was performed. It includes background information about the research initiative
that inspired the development of the MPBR, a brief overview of the reactor and the air ingress
accident and significant carbon chemistry, and a description of Fluent CFD, the code chosen to run
the model. This chapter also contains the thesis goals and objectives.
1.1
Background Information
In anticipation of growing energy demands on a world-wide level, the United States Department of
Energy has begun an effort to inspire international participation to develop a new generation of
nuclear reactors [1]. The goals for the development of these reactors are (as quoted from the
Generation IV Technology Roadmap [2]):
*
Provide sustainable energy generation that meets clean air objectives and promotes longterm availability of systems and effective fuel utilization for worldwide energy production.
*
Minimize and manage their nuclear waste and notably reduce the long term stewardship
burden in the future, thereby improving protection for the public health and the
environment.
*
Increase the assurance that they are a very unattractive and least desirable route for diversion
or theft of weapons-usable materials.
*
Excel in safety and reliability.
*
Have a very low likelihood and degree of reactor core damage.
-9-
*
Eliminate the need for offsite emergency response.
*
Have a clear life-cycle cost advantage over other energy sources.
*
Have a level of financial risk comparable to other energy projects.
By setting forth these goals in its Gen-IV Initiative, the DOE hopes to make research and
development of new nuclear reactors more attractive to universities and private industry. Note that
the DOE does not aim to design and build these reactors itself; it aims only at researching that which
is long-term and carries with it a high financial risk.
Much of the DOE's research effort is
concentrated on regulatory work- accident modeling and the like.
One type of technology that is candidate to the Gen-IV family of reactors is the Modular Pebble Bed
Reactor (MPBR) [2].
It features spherical fuel elements, which are cooled by helium at high
0
temperatures (500 C-10000 C). The power output ranges from approximately 250 to 400 MWth for
safety and ease of deployment.
1.1.1
MPBR Description
The concept of using spherical fuel elements in a reactor, cooled by helium, stems from a larger
category of nuclear reactors, the high-temperature gas reactor (HTGR) [3]. The HTGR concept was
developed in the 1960's. American efforts at the HTGR included a small, mobile reactor concept for
military applications, called the Mobile-Low Power 1, that was abandoned [3] because it never
produced a net power output. Commercially, an HTGR at Fort St. Vrain was constructed in the
1970's, but the plant had mechanical problems and was shut down in 1989.
Finally, American
experience with the reactor Peach Bottom 1 demonstrated successful use of a gas reactor, with high
efficiency rates, low occupational dose rates, and valuable improvements to coated particle fuel
technology.
Germany has developed several reactors based on the pebble-bed concept, including the 40 MWth
AVR, which operated for 22 years, and the 300 MWe Thorium High Temperature Reactor (THTR),
which operated from June 1987 to October 1989 [3]. The fact that the Germans have operational
experience using pebble-bed reactors makes this type of reactor attractive because it is not entirely a
new technology [4].
-10-
1.1.1.1
The MPBR Core Design [5]
The reactor core sits inside a pressure vessel, surrounded by a graphite reflector. Approximately
300,000 fuel pebbles, each 6 cm in diameter, fill the core. Graphite control rods are inserted from the
top of the pressure vessel around the pebble column to moderate the fission reaction. The core and
pressure vessel are cylindrical, the core being approximately 3.5 m in diameter and the pressure vessel
being around 6m in diameter, which allows for graphite reflector blocks surrounding the core. The
height of the reactor core is 10m. Figure 1.1 shows a schematic diagram of the reactor.
- 11 -
Figure 1.1. MPBR Schematic Showing Graphite Central Column in Offset Shading.
Each pebble is assumed to operate at approximately 10000 C, and the rated power output is 120 MWe
or 265 MWth. Helium is used to cool the reactor. It enters the core at roughly 522 0C and 8MPa.
The helium exits at around 9000 C at full power. The power density is less than 4.8MWth/m
-12-
3
[6].
A significant feature of the MPBR that is very relevant to this thesis is the bottom reflector structure.
It is expected that a majority of the chemical interactions discussed in §1.1.3 occur in the reflector.
Figure 1.2 depicts a cross section of the reflector region of the MPBR that was created in GAMBIT.
Figure 1.2. Schematic of the Reflector Region of the MPBR [19].
In Figure 1.2, the reflector is the structure in the center. It has cylindrical-shaped flow channels in it,
and has an inverse conical shape that holds the pebble bed.
Eventually, the nuclear reaction consumes the supply of fissile matter in the fuel pebble. In order to
ensure high power availability, the pebble bed reactor is designed for online refueling.
This
recirculation of pebbles allows the plant operator to monitor the burnup of the pebbles while the
reactor is operating. Every thirty seconds, a fuel pebble is removed from the bottom of the core and
checked for its burnup. If the fuel is nearing expected burnup, the pebble is disposed. If not, the
pebble is placed back in the reactor. It is expected that pebbles can circulate through the reactor up
to ten times before requiring disposal and replacement.
In order to attain a uniform cross-core neutron flux level, a column of graphite pebbles can be found
in the center of the core. The column, illustrated in Figure 1.1, serves as a reflector, which allows for
uniform power distribution and provides adequate control using the control rods in the reflector.
-13-
The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) being designed in South Africa replaces this central
column of pebbles with a fixed, solid column of graphite.
1.1.1.2
Safety Aspects
A large part of the pebble-bed reactor design stems from the safety goals of the Gen IV Initiative.
Below are some of the resultant safety aspects that are a key part of the reactor design.
Helium is chosen as the coolant because it is "chemically and radiologically inert" [7]. This means
that the helium coolant will not react with its cooling system. This is a problem in water-cooled
reactors because radiolysis causes oxygen production in the cooling system, which leads to corrosion
of the fuel cladding and the reactor core cooling system. The use of a radiologically inert coolant
enables the coolant's use for power conversion in a direct cycle, without the risk of sending
radioactive coolant through unnecessary systems. Further, no risk of helium phase-change during
operation or transient is possible, which is an additional safety feature.
The issue of containment in a nuclear power plant is a large one when considering the potential for
release of radioactive material to the atmosphere. Essentially, the fission products in a nuclear power
reactor must be contained at all circumstances.
Traditionally, containment is provided by a large, pre-stressed concrete structure designed to
withstand large-scale plant accidents. The containment serves also as a fission product barrier. In a
pebble bed reactor, however, the primary fission product boundary is provided by the silicon carbide
coated particle fuel. Although the MPBR has steel and concrete confinement structures, the fuel
pebble is designed to contain fission products during accidents and transients. The fuel pebble is a
spherical graphite shell that contains approximately 15,000 fuel kernels. Each fuel kernel is a TRISOcoated microsphere of 8% enriched UO 2 or UCO. Figure 1.3 illustrates the TRISO coating and fuel
pebble composition.
-14-
5mm Graphite layer
Coated particles imbedded
inGraphite Matrix
Dia. 50mm
Fuel Sphere
ryrolyc Laraon
~
Silicon Carbile Barrier Costing
Inner Pyrolic Carbon
Porous Carbon Buffer
Half Section
Dia. 0,92mm
Coated Particle
Dia.O,Smm
Uranium Dioxide
Fuel
Figure 1.3. MPBR Fuel Pebbles and TRISO Particles.
1.1.2
MPBR LOCA and the Air Ingress Accident
The air-ingress accident scenario is of particular interest to the MPBR designers. Because the reactor
relies on a large volume of graphite as part of the core design, air ingress is an accident with
potentially severe consequences. If air is permitted to flow freely through the reactor core at high
temperatures, graphite fires could result. Thus, "limiting the possibilities of chemical degradation of
the fuel due to large scale air or water ingress" has been identified as a major design goal of the
pebble-bed reactor [6]. The following text helps to describe the expected behavior of a graphite
reactor during loss-of-coolant and air ingress accident.
The first part of a LOCA accident in a gas-cooled reactor is the depressurization, where the helium
blows out of the reactor core until effectively atmospheric conditions are reached [8]. During this
stage, there is nearly no possibility of air ingress into the MPBR core, since the helium remains at a
greater pressure inside the core than that of the air outside the core.
The second part of the LOCA occurs when the helium remains inside the core at ambient pressure.
During this stage, the fuel temperature rises due to the loss of forced convection.
The fuel
temperature peaks as the reactivity and reactor power decrease. This negative coefficient of reactivity
is an inherent safety feature of the pebble bed reactor design.
-15-
Despite the fact that there is a break at the coaxial coolant pipe, which is located near the bottom of
the reactor, the helium gas is lighter than the air that is at the break, and buoyancy forces therefore
prevent large amounts of air from entering the reactor core. Small amounts of air, however, are
capable of entering the core via molecular diffusion, which is a very slow process. As this process
occurs, the air begins to oxidize the graphite in the reactor, and a small amount of localized heating
begins as a result of the oxidation reactions. As a result of the reactions and the decay heat present
in the core, a natural convection flow begins to establish, which draws more air into the core.
1.1.3
Carbon Chemistry Relevant to the Air Ingress Accident
As a result of a LOCA and the air ingress, the following chemical interactions are anticipated. Prior
to the full onset of natural convection, core heating can be expected [9]. The graphite structural
material may be damaged due to heating and oxidation, which could result in a loss of mechanical
stability of the core, although this mechanical instability is anticipated at about 40 hours after an
accident that would cause multiple breaks at various locations throughout the core. It follows that
the graphite fuel coating could also be damaged, due to the same phenomena, which exposes the
silicon carbide fuel coating and therefore could result in higher probability of fuel coating failure. It
is also likely that the core heating could endanger metallic components near the core.
Finally,
combustible gas mixtures could be created according to the series of oxidation reactions described
below [10,11,12].
+1 02 -+ CO
2
C+0
2
-+ CO 2
C+CO 2 - 2CO
2CO+0
2
-+ 2CO 2
A = -11lllkJmol
(1-1)
A = -394kJ mol
(1-2)
= 172kJ/mol
(1-3)
AH = 566kJ/mol
(1-4)
In graphite channels, these reactions begin to activate at approximately 600C [13].
In a lower temperature range, which extends from 600"C to approximately 700'C, the formation of
CO 2 by graphite oxidation is the dominant reaction [10]. In this temperature range, the consumption
of carbon is fairly uniform throughout the entire region of graphite; the reaction rate at this
temperature is sufficiently low to allow thorough diffusion of oxygen throughout the graphite
-16-
surfaces. Therefore, carbon transport occurs through the depth of the carbon, rather than just at the
surface.
However, at temperatures above 700'C, the formation of CO and the corresponding CO
combustion reaction begin to generate heat. At this point, the carbon chemistry occurs at a higher
rate, and therefore, there isn't sufficient time for the oxygen to diffuse through the carbon before it is
consumed. Accordingly, the chemical interactions in this higher temperature occur mainly on the
carbon surface, rather than at depths through the carbon.
This is called the "boundary layer
controlled [temperature] regime." [10] With increasing temperature through this range, CO becomes
the dominant product of graphite oxidation.
Of concern is the amount of CO produced in the reactor, since the reaction described by Eguation
1-4 results in burning with a visible flame [13]. It should be noted that the combustion reactions will
only occur if sufficient air is provided (i.e., the oxygen is not properly consumed) and if the incident
air and graphite both maintain a sufficiently high temperature (in the range of 700"C to 1000 0C).
Given this description of carbon chemistry, one can expect that the majority of the carbon oxidation
will occur on the surface of the reflector structures located at the bottom of the reactor.
1.2
MPBR-Relevant Experimental Safety Assurances
Given the potential severity of the air-ingress accident that could face the MPBR, it is in the
designer's best interests to explore the associated phenomena carefully through experimental work,
which assures a more controllable environment than a full-scale nuclear reactor. Scientists in Japan
and Germany have performed such experiments, and German scientists have planned further
experimentation.
In Japan, scientists at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) have performed a series
of experiments in an upside-down, u-shaped tube that extends from the top of a large drum
[12,14,15]. The device is illustrated schematically in Figure 1.4. In the first such experiment, the
molecular diffusion of nitrogen in the drum into helium in the tube was investigated in an isothermal
environment. In the second experiment, the same, two-component gas mixture was used, but the
helium tube was heated on one side and cooled on the other to establish a hot and cold leg, which
would allow the establishment of a natural convection loop. In the third experiment, oxygen was
added to the nitrogen in the drum region to simulate actual air, and a graphite pipe was inserted into
a part of the heated tube region. In this experiment, molecular diffusion, natural convection, and
corrosion were studied.
These experiments provided a comprehensive investigation of three
phenomena that are very significant to the MPBR air ingress accident:
-17-
*
Molecular diffusion, significant in the first part of the accident,
*
Natural convection, significant in later stages of the accident, and
*
Graphite corrosion, significant as air reaches the carbon components of the core.
I11_11
1
ure
Point
ture
Point
Figure 1.4. Schematic of JAERI Experiments [8]
-18-
It is noteworthy that the series of JAERI experiments were performed to investigate the safety of a
prismatic reactor; therefore, investigating the corrosion and flow behavior in a graphite channel was
sufficient. This work was simulated using the FLUENT Computational Fluid Dynamics Code in the
thesis work of Tieliang Zhai [19]. However, as an investigation of the phenomena in a pebble-bed
reactor, the experiments were slightly incomplete.
To complete the portfolio of experimental safety assurances, scientists at the Forschungzentrum
Julich in Julich, Germany completed a series of natural convection flow tests in a heated vertical
channel containing a pebble-bed.
The scientists plan to investigate the corrosion behavior of
graphite pebbles in the vertical channel.
These tests, which are called NACOK, the German
translation of Natural Convection in the Core with Corrosion, are discussed in further detail in
Chapter 2.
1.3
Fluent CFD
Fluent has been chosen as the modeling software [16]. It is a popular computational tool used to
model complex thermal-hydraulic phenomena. Because of extensive benchmarking, it is frequently
accepted as an excellent predictor of fluid flow behavior. FLUENT is capable of computationally
modeling fluid flow, heat transport, and chemical reactions and species mixing in two and three
dimensions. It is capable of both time-dependent (transient) and steady-state computations.
-19-
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- 20 -
2
NACOK Description
As discussed in §1.3, several apparatus have been designed to investigate the behavior of the reactor
under air-ingress accident conditions. These experiments have been constructed with components
that pose no threat of nuclear reaction or radioactive release. The first series of experiments were
performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI).
The second series of
experiments were performed at Forschungszentrum Jiilich, a German research institute [17]. The
German NACOK Experiments are discussed in this chapter in further detail.
NACOK stands for the German translation of 'Natural Convection in the Core with Corrosion'.
This device more closely simulates the pebble-bed environment of the MPBR than that of the JAERI
devices discussed in the preceding section.
As illustrated in Figure 2.1, it consists of an
experimentation channel, into which graphite pebbles may be inserted, heaters, and a flow of He, N 2
and simulated air.
Two types of experiments were performed with this device. A natural circulation experiment was
performed using the device illustrated in Figure 2.2.
Also, a corrosion test was performed as a
precursor to a more detailed experiment. The corrosion test made use only of the experimentation
channel; the incident gas flowed out of the top of the device.
- 21 -
experir
300mrr
sphere
dsphere:
1
r
flow din
heater
0)
0
UJ,
steel fn
\
I
_~ _ I_
NACOK
Figure 2.1. NACOK Experimental Device Schematic [18].
2.1
The NACOK Flow Test
In the flow experiment, full-sized ceramic pebbles, 60mm in diameter, were inserted in the
experimentation channel to develop an understanding of the flow around pebbles of actual size. The
experimentation channel and recirculating pipe were heated to different temperature combinations so
that the experimentation channel would serve as a hot leg and the recirculating pipe would serve as a
cold leg; thus a natural convection loop could be established.
- 22 -
As a result of the heating and cooling present in the experiment, and the temperature-dependent
nature of the density of air (air density decreases as temperature increases), the air in the pebble bed
begins to heat, and, as a result of its density decrease, becomes buoyant and rises through the heated
channel. On the cold leg, the air is cooled. As its density increases, it falls through the cold leg, and
exits through the outlet of the device.
The mass flow was measured, and pressure drop correlations were developed for the pebble-bed
flow, based on the forty different temperature combinations. Ultimately, Kuhlmann developed a
correlation that takes the form
a
b
C =Re
Re
0.(
where
=
Pressure Drop Factor in Pa/m or N/m3 ,
Re
=
Reynolds number based on characteristic length and velocity of the pebble bed,
S
=
Pebble bed porosity, 0.395, and
a, b
=
Experimentally determined coefficients.
Prior to the NACOK experiments, the German Nuclear Technology Committee (KTA) had
expressed a and b as 320 and 6, respectively. This correlation is for laminar flow for superficial
Reynolds numbers up to 10,000. With the NACOK device, a and b values of 505 and 0.1 were
found to be more relevant for 10<Re<120.
Since the Reynolds number incorporates the density of the incident fluid, these correlations become
significant for the pressure drop that arises from a density-driven flow, such as the one investigated
in this experiment, as well as the one investigated in the corrosion experiment described in §2.2.
Zhai incorporated this density formulation in his model of this NACOK flow test [19].
This flow test involved ceramic pebbles. Therefore, corrosion behavior was not explored in this
particular configuration. To investigate the corrosion behavior, the experiment is reconfigured. The
reconfiguration is discussed in the next section.
- 23 -
2.2
The NACOK Corrosion Test
A different, open device was also designed for insertion into the top of the flow channel of the
NACOK device. This device contained a graphite reflector and half-diameter graphite pebbles. This
device, which is used to investigate the corrosion of graphite pebbles and reflector blocks, was the
focus of the research discussed in this thesis. It should be noted that only a preliminary test of this
experiment has been performed, and that limited data (discussed later in this section and shown in
Figure 2.3) are available from that test.
The existing NACOK corrosion experiment is illustrated in Figure 2.2. This experimental device
consists of a graphite reflector, a small amount of 30mm diameter graphite pebbles (enough for 5
layers of pebbles), and a load lattice that sits on top of the small pebbles to simulate the weight of the
upper region of the pebble bed. These devices are all located in a plenum that fits inside the
experimentation channel of the NACOK device illustrated in Figure 2.1. While resting inside the
experimental channel, a 5-m deep column of 60mm-diameter, ceramic pebbles remains below the
corrosion vessel.
- 24-
Figure 2.2. NACOK Corrosion Vessel Schematic [17].
The reflector comprises the lower zone of the corrosion vessel. The experimental reflector is a
graphite cube that has an edge length of 198mm. It has a staggered array of cylindrical flow channels
in it; there is a stainless steel support plate below it with the same pattern of drillings such that the
flow channels align.
The next zone is the region with the pebbles. In the experiment, graphite pebbles, each 30mm in
diameter, are placed in five layers above the reflector. The graphite used for the pebbles is of type
A3-3, whereas the reflector graphite is ASR-1RS.
Kuhlman suggests that the corrosion behaviors
and structural properties of these two types of graphite are very similar [17]. Because it is expected
that the reaction with the reflector will consume most of the oxygen, only five layers of pebbles are
- 25 -
included in the apparatus.
A preliminary investigation of this experiment showed complete
consumption of oxygen, which indicates that the oxidation rate will be maximized in the experiment.
The final zone is the load lattice. The load lattice is a grid structure of stainless steel that sits above
the five layers of pebbles. This lattice is used to simulate the weight of the remaining portion of the
pebble bed, so that, if there are structural changes in the lower five layers of pebbles, the changes will
occur as they would if an entire column of pebbles were above them.
Using the device described above, scientists at the Forschungzentrum Julich ran a preliminary test of
this corrosion experiment.
Due to the preliminary nature of the test, the available data are very
limited; they consist of the plot shown in Figure 2.3, which includes an oxygen concentration curve,
and several temperatures plots, all as functions of time.
To run the corrosion experiment, nitrogen at 650'C is blown into the experimental apparatus for a
sufficiently long time to ensure that all components are at a thermal equilibrium of 650 0 C. Once this
occurs, the entrance of the device is left open to air, with an established natural convection updraft.
As the air with 21% oxygen by volume enters, the oxygen present corrodes the graphite in the
corrosion vessel, leaving CO 2 and CO as products of the corrosion reactions.
These chemical
reactions are mostly exothermic, and therefore heat is released. This release causes the temperature
of the device to increase locally, establishing a natural convection flow.
- 26 -
_
1150s
__
·_
IU
_·_
crQp
ane atslo(~d %)
I
I
A
I
I
S
I
I
1050.
Wo
-- -- --
-I--------
i\
Mid A-o
---
Upa ME
'
.......
]• - -'-
"•, -.,,•
.4
rjcrl6
I
--
a,
-
0:rm
e.00
11Tim
(mn)
Figure 2.3. Results of the Preliminary NACOK Corrosion Test.
In Figure 2.3, Line 1 corresponds to the temperature at the bottom of the reflector, Line 2
corresponds to the middle of the reflector, and Line 3 corresponds to the top of the reflector. Gases
were measured at the axial center of the reflector. Line 4 corresponds to the temperature at the
bottom of the pebble bed. The oxygen curve is depicted on the left; it is scaled on the right axis.
The time is given minutes. The oxygen was measured at the exit of the corrosion vessel.
In Figure 2.3, we see that Line 4 shows an initial increase in temperature, which is followed by a
decrease. The initial heating trend at this location, which is the bottom of the upper, graphite pebble
bed, is due to the initial reaction kinetics.
Although the reaction accelerates first in the lower
portions of the reflector region, small amounts of energy are added to the incident air as it flows
through the graphite channels. This energy transfer results in an initial heating of the upper regions
of the graphite, where the oxygen has been entirely consumed. The result is that the air begins to
elevate slightly in temperature, which in turn heats the graphite in the pebble bed. As the graphite in
the pebble bed heats, the local reaction rates in the pebble bed begin to accelerate, such that the
reaction is occurring more quickly in the pebble bed, above the reflector. The carbon reactions
release more energy, which causes the graphite in the pebble bed to heat further. This heat conducts
through the graphite, against the direction of the air flow, downward to the reflector.
As the
reflector heats, the local reaction rate in the reflector accelerates. As the local reaction rates in the
reflector accelerate, the reflector begins to consume all of the oxygen in the incident air flow. The
heating effects from the reaction are therefore beginning to shift from the top, where the reactions
- 27 -
begin, to the bottom, where they ultimately take place. The lines in the graph show this trend. Over
time, the heating begins to shift down through the reflector, and the air flow begins to carry heat
away from the pebble bed, which results in a temperature decrease in the pebble bed. Note that
oxygen concentrations were obtained from an analyzer located in the exhaust hood above the
experiment; therefore, oxygen from the shop where the experiment was conducted was infiltrating
the sensor at the time the experiment began. This is the reason for the initial peak of oxygen in the
curve. There were also potentially other difficulties associated with the preliminary test.
- 28 -
Thesis Goal and Objectives
3
The aim of this thesis is to develop a FLUENT model that simulates the German NACOK LongTerm Corrosion experiment.
This model will facilitate the benchmarking of FLUENT using
experimental data, once they become available from the new experiment.
3.1
Thesis Goal
The goal of this thesis is to develop a model of the existing NACOK long-term corrosion
experiment using FLUENT, and to use these results to predict the behavior of the reconstructed
experiment.
3.2
Thesis Objectives and Task Descriptions
The thesis goal will be accomplished by breaking it down into four objectives. Since the NACOK
Corrosion Test has very complex geometry, simplifying assumptions are required in order to facilitate
the efficient computation of results. Therefore, the lower, ceramic pebble bed will be modeled as a
single, continuous, porous medium. The graphite reflector will be modeled as an alternative porous
medium, with chemical interactions.
The upper, graphite pebble bed will also be modeled as a
separate porous medium with different chemical interactions, since the type of graphite in the
reflector is different from that in the pebbles. To ensure confidence in the results obtained, the
following objectives are set forth.
3.2.1
Obtain a Converged, Steady-State Flow and Heat Transfer Solution for Mesh
Refinement Study
After pre-processing the model, a steady-state solution of forced flow and heat transfer will be
obtained. This intermediate step to approaching a full solution is necessary to perform a simple,
computationally inexpensive, but nonetheless informative mesh refinement study. The refinement
study is discussed in Chapter 5.
3.2.2
Obtain a Transient, Natural Convection Solution
Once a fully converged, steady-state flow solution is obtained, the flow behavior of the model will be
switched from steady-state, forced flow to transient, natural convection conditions. Because this
intermediate step is not entirely representative of the actual experiment being modeled, this transient
model will be run until it approached the conditions of the steady-state flow and heat-transfer model.
The results of the transient, natural convection solution will serve to confirm the results of the
- 29 -
steady-state analysis by providing an alternative, time-dependent set of initial conditions by which the
same solution can be reached. Results are discussed in Chapter 7.
3.2.3
Add Chemical Reaction Phenomena
Once confidence is attained in the mesh refinement and initial condition inputs, chemical reactions
associated with the graphite oxidation phenomena will be added to the flow problem. This step
results in the creation of a computational model that comes close to fully replicating the actual
experiment as it is planned. The chemistry model will be used to analyze the experiment under both
steady-state and transient conditions.
Both the steady-state and transient chemistry models are
discussed in Chapter 8.
3.2.4
Perform Sensitivity Study of Chemistry
After successful creation of a chemistry model, a sensitivity study will be performed on the chemistry
behavior.
The sensitivity study includes variations on air flow rate, graphite temperature, and
chemical reaction stoicheometry. The air flow rate is adjusted by varying inlet and outlet pressures.
The graphite temperature study is performed by varying wall temperatures, and the stoicheometry is
varied in the chemical reactions template. The sensitivity study is also discussed in Chapter 8.
- 30 -
4
FLUENT Methodology
Despite the complex nature of this problem, a fairly straightforward method was employed. A
model will be developed using the Gambit preprocessor [20]. Then, boundary conditions were
applied using the FLUENT interface. Each chapter that is devoted to a FLUENT model describes
specifically what boundary and operating conditions were applied; this chapter describes the basic
methodology that was common to all models.
4.1
Develop Models in Gambit
Gambit is a preprocessing tool provided by Fluent, Incorporated. It features a Graphical User
Interface (GUI), which allows for the creation of complex structures by using simpler structures
called volume primitives. Once the structure has been created, a structured mesh was generated for
use with the FLUENT code.
4.2
Apply Boundary Conditions Using the FLUENT Processor
The mesh file generated using Gambit was then be imported into the FLUENT processor. Once
this task was performed, boundary conditions were applied. Materials used in the model, including
solid surfaces and gas compositions must be defined, and the appropriate approximations for
material properties were selected. Also, inlet and outlet boundary conditions were specified. As the
final part of pre-processing for transient models, the models were run in steady-state mode in order
to establish the correct initial conditions that the user had set in the model.
4.3
Run the FLUENT Code
While iterating, the convergence process was monitored carefully to ensure that there were no
problems with divergence of the solution, or anomalies in the code that prevented the attainment of
a converged solution. It was also necessary to monitor the number of iterations to convergence per
time step. Although the FLUENT User Guide [16] recommends that each time step converge at 1020 iterations, 100 iterations per time step were allowed because the flow is much slower than typical
cases modeled using FLUENT, and the changes in the model from time step to time step were
expected to be much more minute [21].
4.4
Examine Results
A thorough post-processing effort was necessary to examine the results. For the steady-state models,
grid refinement was examined for results of pressure drop, temperature contours, and flow velocities.
- 31 -
The transient models were examined to ensure that the energy balance is correct, that the
temperature contours matched those of the steady-state model after a significant amount of time, and
that the mass flow matched that of the steady-state model. After reactions are added to the model,
the chemistry was examined and a sensitivity study was performed by altering flow and temperature
conditions of the model.
- 32 -
5
Steady-State Flow Model
The first segment of the NACOK Corrosion Test model included a steady-state analysis of the flow
through the device in its corrosion test configuration, using air as the incident gas.
The main
objectives of the steady-state flow and heat transfer model were as follows:
*
Perform a computationally efficient grid refinement study,
*
Determine and demonstrate the solver criteria required to obtain a fully converged solution,
and
*
Use independent analysis to show that the initial assumptions made are correct and robust
enough to proceed to more complicated modeling.
5.1
Grid Creation
Prior to analyzing the model in the FLUENT solver, it was necessary to create a grid structure. The
grid structure identifies to FLUENT the geometry of the experiment, and specifies the resolution at
which FLUENT analyzes the model. The original grid was fully structured in order to ensure a high
quality grid. It contained 36 elements in each layer, arranged in a 6x6 square order. The elements in
the graphite region of the device were made smaller by compressing them vertically, and the elements
in the lower pebble bed, and near the exit of the device were made larger by stretching them
vertically. The original grid structure is shown in Figure 5.1.
- 33 -
7.734m
6.224m
e Pebble Bed 5.984m
ARefledor Blck
5.734m
Vold
5m
Perle Bed
nc Regeneurar)
Figure 5.1. Schematic of Grid Created for NACOK Model.
For the mesh refinement study, the grid was altered four times. First, horizontal refinements were
imposed on the grid to ensure that wall effects were appropriately modeled.
Then, vertical
refinements were performed to ensure that entrance effects were also modeled appropriately. Figure
5.2 compares the meshes used for the mesh refinement study.
- 34-
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 5.2. Successive refinements imposed on NACOK grid structure.
The baseline mesh file (2) contained 3,176 volumes, and a horizontal grid refinement study was
performed. To do so, a coarser grid containing 794 volumes (1), and a denser grid containing 7,146
volumes (3) were both created using the template from the 3,176-volume grid. The same boundary
conditions were applied to the models, and the results were examined. In order to refine the model
horizontally, the original 6x6 grid was refined to 9x9 elements per layer, and was coarsened to 3x3
elements per layer.
Since there is a temperature gradient in the lower, ceramic pebble-bed portion of the device, a
vertical grid refinement study was necessary to determine whether the mesh was sufficiently dense to
calculate the entrance effects consistently.
In the original model, the lower region of the device was split vertically into 53 regions, for a total of
1,908 volumes in the 6x6 model. There was no size function applied; all mesh volumes were the
same size.
- 35 -
For the first refinement of the model, the volume was divided into 90 vertical segments, with a size
function of 1.016 applied, meaning that each vertically successive volume was 1.016 times taller than
the volume that preceded it. This model had a total of 3,240 (Grid 4 in Figure 5.2) elements in the
ceramic pebble-bed region.
The final refinement contained 180 vertical elements, with a growth factor of 1.020, for a total of
6,480 volumes in the ceramic pebble-bed region (Grid 5 in Figure 5.2).
5.2
Regenerator Analysis
As another preliminary step, an analysis of the lower ceramic pebble bed was performed. This
analysis helped to describe the heating and flow properties of the lower, ceramic pebble bed, so its
characteristics could be correctly modeled using FLUENT. Ultimately, the goal of this analysis is to
show that the room-temperature air that flows through the lower, ceramic pebble bed exits the lower
bed at 923K for the 5-hour duration of the experiment. This independent analysis provides the
context necessary to conclude that the heating parameters established in this model are correct.
For this analysis, the lower, ceramic pebble bed was treated as a regenerator. This is because, in the
actual experiment, nitrogen was initially used to heat the pebble bed along with the rest of the device
(this can be thought of as a 'hot-cycle), and then room temperature air was allowed to convect into
the device, which had a cooling effect on the lower portion of the lower, ceramic pebble bed (this
can be thought of as a 'cold-cycle). Based on the two-cycle nature of the flow, the lower, ceramic
pebble bed is therefore treated as a packed bed regenerator heat exchanger for the purposes of this
analysis.
Since the cold-cycle, or the cycle in which the room temperature air convected through the NACOK
device and was heated by the ceramic pebbles, was the more significant part of the actual experiment,
this is the only cycle modeled in this thesis. Accordingly, only the cold-cycle is analyzed. The
analysis follows.
5.2.1
Initial Assumptions
The initial temperature of the entire experimental vessel was 923K; this temperature was attained by
blowing nitrogen (N2) through the device at 923K for 11 hours. Afterwards, a gas mixture simulating
air, entering at room temperature, flowed through the vessel. The incident mixture flowed through
the bottom experiment geometry, which is a 5m-high packed bed of steatite pebbles, and into the
graphite reflector and graphite pebble structure. Because there is an extended hot flow, followed by
- 36 -
an extended cold flow (see above), the lower pebble-bed structure resembles a packed-bed
regenerator, which is discussed in Mills' Heat Transfer [22].
It is duly noted that material properties of air are highly temperature dependent. To account for this
while maintaining simplicity of analysis, the analysis was carried out at an assumed bulk air
temperature of 664K, which is the average of the inlet and outlet temperatures (273 and 923K,
respectively). It should also be noted that the properties of steatite were not found to have a high
degree of temperature dependence.
5.2.2
Initial Material Properties
The pebbles are composed of steatite, a ceramic material, whose thermal conductivity in Watts per
meter-Kelvin is
k
=
2.5
W
(5-1)
m-K
The specific heat capacity, in Joules per kilogram-Kelvin, of the steatite is
rrr~
(5-2)
kg .K
and its density, in kilograms per cubic meter is
p
=
2.7
cm 3
-
kg3
2700 m
(5-3)
The height, h, of the ceramic pebble bed is 5 meters. Based on the pebble size and stacking
geometry, the void fraction is
6,
5.2.3
= 0.395.
(5-4)
Geometric Parameters of the Lower, Ceramic Pebble Bed
The specific surface area is defined as the ratio of the total surface area of the pebbles to the bed
volume, and is expressed in units per meter. For spherical pebbles, Mills [22] gives the relationship
a
=
6(1
(5-5)
dp
- 37 -
where dp is the pebble diameter in meters. For the NACOK pebble bed, the pebbles are 0.06 meters
in diameter, and the void fraction, as stated above, is 0.395. Correspondingly, a = 60.5m-'.
The hydraulic diameter of the bed, Db, is defined as the ratio of void fraction to specific surface area
[22],
Dh
=
(5-6)
a
For this bed, Db = 6.53x10- 3 m.
The characteristic length, j of flow through packing is based on effective pebble diameter, which, for
a spherical particle, is the actual diameter. For spherical particles,
=
d:
- 6v.
(5-7)
For this pebble-bed, the characteristic length is 0.0392 m.
5.2.4
Flow Parameters
We start with the superficial velocity, which is the velocity of flow through the bed if no pebbles
were present. This velocity, V, is dependent on the mass flow of the incident fluid, its density, and
the cross-sectional area of the pebble bed:
V =
(5-8)
pAC
For this bed, V = 0.0208 m/s.
The average velocity of the fluid flowing in the void space is obtained by dividing the superficial
velocity by the porosity of the pebble bed. This velocity, denoted by a script V, is 0.05253 m/s.
For flow in a pebble bed, the Reynolds number, Re, is obtained based on the average void velocity
and the characteristic length of the bed:
Re-
V
(5-9)
P1
- 38 -
in this equation, gt represents the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. For air at a bulk temperature of
roughly 618K,
p
=
29.74 x 10 - 6
(5-10)
m-s
Given this bulk viscosity, the Reynolds number for the pebble bed is 40.75; thus we conclude that
the flow is effectively laminar.
The Nusselt number for convective flow in the bed is obtained from an experimental correlation
given in Mills's Heat Transfer [22]:
Nu
= (0.5ReY+0.2Re).
Pr
.
(5-11)
Given an average Prandtl number for air of 0.69 over the temperature range in question, the Nusselt
number for this pebble bed is 4.91. Note that the Prandtl number varies only from 0.69 to 0.70 over
this temperature range. From the definition of the Nusselt number,
k
Nu
(5-12)
k
the convective heat transfer coefficient, he, in Watts per meter squared per Kelvin, of the air in the
pebble bed can be determined. In this equation, k is the thermal conductivity of air, which is 0.0447
Watts per meter per Kelvin [22]. Given these values,
h
5.2.5
Nu
-k 4.91- 0.0447 Wm
1 K
Nuk
K = 5.599
C
0.0392m
mZK
(5-13)
Regenerator Analysis
First, the flow thermal capacity, C, is introduced:
(5-14)
C - iCp,air .
- 39 -
The constant pressure specific heat of air, Cp, is 1038 Joules per kilogram per Kelvin. For the bed,
the flow thermal capacity is 1.1418 Watts per Kelvin.
Then, we consider the matrix mass, WM, which is based on the void fraction of the pebble bed, e, its
volume, which is the product of the cross-sectional area A, the length L, and one minus the void
fraction, and the density of steatite e, the ceramic of which the lower pebble bed is comprised, which
is 2.7x10 3 kilograms per meter cubed.
Wm = A(1- ,6)Lp = 0.09m2 (1-- 0.395)- 5m -2.7 x 10'
m
= 735kg.
735kg.
(5-15)
(5-15)
As a part of the regenerator analysis, a final geometric parameter is introduced.
The transfer
perimeter, denoted by a scriptp, is the product of specific surface area a and the flow cross-sectional
area A,.
o - aAC = 5.445m.
(5-16)
Next, the number of transfer units N, is defined. It is the coefficient of convection obtained in
Equation 5-13 multiplied by the effective transfer surface area, which is the product of the transfer
perimeter and the length of the pebble bed, divided by the thermal capacity of the bed, as follows:
W
5.599
Nt,,
hcL
2C
2~
5.445m- 5m
m2K
=66.38.
(5-17)
2.1.148W
K
Finally, the ratio of thermal capacity of matrix to flow RR is introduced. The ratio is the product of
the matrix mass and the matrix specific heat divided by the product of flow thermal capacity and
exposure time r, which is 5 hours, or 18,000 seconds. This ratio is expressed as a time-dependent
function by leaving r as a variable:
J
R,
1c
544,207() .
"
(5-18)
1.148-.r
K
At this point, it should be noted that the number of transfer units is very large, and that the matrix to
flow thermal capacity ratio remains very large, even at great exposure times.
-40-
For the five-hour
duration of the NACOK experiment, it can be assumed that, given a room-temperature inflow of air
at the bottom of the device, the outlet temperature at the top of the lower, ceramic pebble-bed
remains 650C. The basis for this assumption is a graph in Mills's Heat Transfer [22], illustrated in
Figure 5.3, which illustrates regenerator effectiveness as a function of the number of transfer units,
plotted for a series of RR values.
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
075
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
A
4f
V.-V,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
10 12 14 16 1820
Number of transfer units, N11,
Figure 5.3. Regenerator Effectiveness Plot [22].
The graph illustrates that, given more than 20 transfer units and RR>5, the effectiveness remains
greater than 0.95. The effectiveness is the ratio of temperature differences in the regenerator:
Th,oui Tc,in
(5-19)
Th,in - Tc,in
The temperatures used in this ratio are the cold-cycle outlet temperature, T,out, which is the quantity
to be determined (this is the air that has entered the ceramic pebble bed at room temperature); the
cold-cycle inlet temperature, Týn, which, given in the Kuhlman report, was room temperature
(293K), and the hot-cycle inlet temperature, Thi, which was given as 923K (this is the nitrogen that
- 41 -
was blown through the device prior to the experiment). With an effectiveness value close to unity,
the cold-leg outlet temperature remains very near 923K for the duration of the experiment.
5.2.6
Regenerator Study Conclusions
At the conclusion of this regenerator study, it is possible to conclude that the room-temperature air
that is drawn into the NACOK device exits the lower, ceramic pebble bed at 923K for the entire
duration of the experiment. The air obtains the heat entirely from the ceramic pebbles, without any
external heating applied.
Because FLUENT does not explicitly model the pebbles, a simplifying assumption is required to
simulate this heating effect. This assumption takes the form of an energy source term, which is a
volumetric amount of energy that is added to the energy equation that FLUENT solves for the air as
it flows through the lower, ceramic pebble bed. The requirement for the energy source term is that it
contributes enough energy to the air to ensure that, at steady-state operation, the air enters the lower
pebble bed at 293K and exits at 923K.
The correct energy source term applied that met this criterion was 125 W/m 3 . The value of this
source term was determined by running steady-state analyses of varying values of source terms until a
fully-converged, steady-state solution was obtained that showed the influent air entering the lower,
ceramic pebble bed at 293K, and exiting that pebble bed at 923K. The remaining initial conditions
for these analyses are discussed in the succeeding section.
5.3
Solver Specifications for the Steady-State Case
To run the steady-state case, FLUENT was started in the 3-dimensional, double-precision mode.
Although the double-precision mode runs at a greater computational cost, the convergence behavior
of the solutions obtained is much better than with the single-precision solver. The energy equation
was enabled, and the flow was treated as laminar. In the steady-state case, only air was used, and it
was modeled as a single fluid, rather than a mixture. The result of this simplifying assumption, for a
steady-state model with no chemical interactions, is a computationally simpler model whose results
differ only slightly from that of a model that models air as a multiple-species mixture. This is
because FLUENT uses properties for air only, rather than averaging the properties of the constituent
species of air [16].
The temperature dependent material specifications for air are included in
Appendix A.
-42-
To reach a converged solution, under-relaxation factors were set to 0.06 for pressure and
momentum, 0.015 for density and body forces, and 1 for energy. These factors accompany the
Body-Force Weighted pressure solution scheme, which is identified as most appropriate for densitydriven flows, the SIMPLE pressure-velocity coupling scheme, which is a FLUENT default, and
Second-Order Upwind solution schema for momentum and energy. The residual convergence
criteria were left at the FLUENT defaults of 10-3 for velocities and continuity, and 10-6 for energy
5.4
Boundary Conditions Supplied to the Steady-State Case
In order to initialize the steady-state case that was run using FLUENT, the following boundary
conditions were applied. First, heating parameters were selected (§5.4.1). The porous regions were
then specified (§5.4.2).
Finally, the flow parameters and operating conditions were specified
(§5.4.3,4).
5.4.1
Energy Parameters
In accordance with the analysis performed in §5.2, a heating source term of 125 Watts per cubic
meter was applied to the lower, ceramic pebble bed region, which extended five meters up from the
bottom of the channel. Since the entire device operated at 923K, all the wall temperatures in the
device were set to 923K, as well.
5.4.2
Porous Region Specification
This model is comprised of three different zones that were modeled as porous media. First, the
lower ceramic pebble bed, then the reflector regions, and finally, the upper ceramic pebble bed, were
all modeled as porous regions. The specification of porous media is somewhat complex when
running FLUENT, and the calculations required are discussed below.
First, the porosity must be specified. For the pebble bed, the porosity is the ratio of air-occupied
volume to total volume in the pebble bed. For both the lower and the upper pebble beds, this
porosity is 0.395 as given in the Kuhlmann report [17]. For the reflector region, the porosity is the
ratio of channel to total volume, which is 0.189. This ratio is proportional to the cross-sectional area
of the flow channels divided by the total cross-sectional area of the reflector face. The total cross
sectional area of the flow channels is the product of the square of the channel radius (0.004m) and pi,
multiplied by 150, the number of channels in the reflector, and is equal to 0.00754m 2. The total
cross-sectional area of the reflector face is the square of its side length, 0.2m, and is equal to 0.04m 2.
The value of the ratio, 0.00754/0.04 is 0.189.
- 43 -
Next, permeability and inertial losses must be specified.
These are obtainable from the Blake-
Kozeny Equation, which FLUENT uses to solve the energy and momentum equations for porous
media. The permeability loss is defined in the FLUENT user guide as
D2
a =
3
(1 6
,
(5-20)
150 (1- c)2
where Dp is the particle diameter, 0.06m or 0.03m, and e is the pebble bed porosity, 0.395. For the
lower and upper pebble beds, the permeability loss was specified as 1/ac = 247,461 and 989,847,
respectively. This permeability loss is a scaling factor for the velocity of the fluid through the porous
medium, based on the size of the particles in the medium. Because the porous assumption is used
for the flow channels in the reflector region of the model, but the flow channels region isn't explicitly
a porous region, there is no permeability loss. It was therefore specified as zero.
The inertial loss is the physical resistance to the flow imposed by the porous medium. For laminar
flows through packed beds, the FLUENT User Guide recommends a value of zero, and was
specified accordingly [16]. For the flow channels, the inertial loss should be extremely large in the
directions that are perpendicular to the channel orientation. Therefore, an inertial loss of 5,000 was
specified for the reflector region in both the x and z directions. In the y direction, there was no
inertial loss specified.
The number 5,000 was obtained from the recommendation in the FLUENT User Guide that the
inertial loss in a direction perpendicular to the tube orientation be between 1,000 and 10,000 [16].
5.4.3
Flow Parameters
To execute this model, an initial mass flow of 0.00185 kg/s was specified at the inlet, normal to the
boundary, at 293K. The selection of this value bears some discussion. The Kuhlmann Report [17]
indicated that a pipe cross-section reduction was used on the preliminary corrosion test to restrict the
incident mass flow to 0.0011 kg/s. However, in the Zhai CFD investigations of the NACOK Flow
Tests [19], the test that employed a 600K difference between the hot and cold legs had an incident
mass flow of 0.00185 kg/s. Because Zhai's investigation did not use a pipe cross-section reduction,
it is assumed that 0.00185 kg/s is a more realistic value for the mass flow rate. Therefore, in
investigations of the corrosion test, initial values of 0.00185 kg/s are used for mass flow, and when
pressure differences are used, mass flow values in the range of 0.0016 to 0.0020 kg/s are expected.
- 44 -
For the first series of iterations, the outlet was simply specified as an outflow with no further
specification.
After the first series of iterations, the inlet and outlet mass flow rates were maintained and
convergence was obtained to calculate the pressure drop. With the pressure drop calculated, the
boundary conditions were then changed so that the pressure drop was specified, rather than the mass
flow rate. The proper conditions were a pressure inlet with zero gage pressure, and a pressure outlet
with a -14.67 outlet gage pressure. This was the calculation on the mass flow computation.
After convergence was obtained using the outflow, the outlet condition was changed to pressureoutlet, with the total pressure drop specified as the outflow gage pressure. In this case, it was
approximately -14.67Pa. After iterating the model to convergence using this condition, the inlet was
changed to a pressure inlet with zero gage pressure. The model was then re-iterated in steady-state
mode to full convergence.
The change from outflow to pressure-outlet causes the steady-state flow and heat transfer solution to
converge faster. The reason the outflow was first chosen, however, was to determine an initial
outflow gage pressure to specify at the pressure-outlet. Also, it is necessary to specify an outlet
pressure when modeling flow in a transient condition using FLUENT, because an outflow boundary
condition paired with mass-flow inlet is unacceptable for proper transient solutions [16].
5.4.4
Operating Conditions
The device was set to operate at atmospheric pressure, 101,325 Pa. A gravity term in the y-direction
of -9.81 m/s 2 was added to simulate the gravitational force on the coolant. The operating density
was not specified.
5.5
Results of Steady-State Analysis
Figure 5.4 shows the contours of static pressure. FLUENT defines the static pressure as the "gauge
pressure relative to the operating pressure."[16]
Therefore, the inlet at the bottom of the flow
chamber, which is where the operating pressure is referenced, has a static pressure of zero. As the
pressure decreases vertically through the device, the static pressure becomes negative. In the region
above the upper, graphite pebble bed, there appears to be a rise indicated by the contours of static
pressure. The pressure changes from -14.59Pa at the transition between the upper pebble bed and
the void area at the top, to -14.48Pa at the exit of the device. This 0.11 Pa pressure increase, when
compared to a total pressure drop of 4.43Pa for the graphite pebble bed region, can be considered as
-45 -
negligible.
It is most likely a continuity compensation for the flow development and resulting
velocity increase, which is described below.
nUUU.
nn0 UUnn
-7.50e-01
-1.5 0e*0 0
••l
Ulpper
-2.2 5e+0 0
-3.0 Oe-O 0
-3.75e,00
Upper Pebe Bad
PcAmI'e
Ulaer
BIWAt
srclk
es
-4.5 Oe00
-C,
9r.,.+a
(ower
teMr
w name el0Rnem
-6.0 Oe*00
-6.7 5e +00
-7.5 Oe*8 0
1. CGnW
2. Mhium
3. PhMt
-8.25e00a
-9.0 Oe'00
-9.75e*0
(mrwe MG aninMM):
(made lo #2 aboie):
-1.0 5e,01
4. Iman
s. Fler
-1.13e-01
-1.20e'01
-1.3285e01
-1.4 3e*01
-1.50eOl 1
12345
FUENT ConaUn of IS Premie (PA)
Grd Aeusem Sudy
MAClK Smot-Stm Cm
Figure 5.4. Contours of Static Pressure.
Despite the indication that the static pressure differs among the grid refinement levels near the top of
the device, this difference is negligible, and it is therefore concluded that the grid is sufficiently
refined with respect to pressure calculations.
Figure 5.5 shows the contours of temperature. One of the goals of running the steady-state model
was to determine the correct heating conditions to ensure that the temperature of the 293K air flow
entering the device rose to 923K by the time of its exit from the lower, ceramic pebble-bed; the basis
for the heating assumption is discussed in §5.2.
As is shown by the contours, this goal was
accomplished. The contours also illustrate excellent agreement among the levels of grid refinement,
which is an indication that the medium-level mesh is sufficiently refined.
- 46 -
a
g
.V
02
9.15e*02
8.8 0e*02
Upper Wd
8.4 5e+ 02
8.10 e-02
7.7 5e- 02
Upper Pebble Bed
7.4 De*0 2
7
flU
rfl; ,. n
Lower Pebble Bed
(OAwmIc ftegenermtr)
6.7 Oe- 02
6.35e+ 02
6.0 0e',02
5.6 5e- 02
5.3 D0e'02
4.95e+,02
4.6 0e' 02
4.25e*02
3.9 Oe',02
3.55e+02
3.2 Oe-02
2.85e- 02
2.50e*02
HaUboaal Mee Reainements:
1. Coerast
2. Medium
3. RnMt
VmrtieI M Rel nemens
(made to #2 aboie):
4. odkimn
5. :mPest
12345
FUENT Contours ofT1mperaure (K)
Grid Aesmn t Study
NAICK Steady-Sate Cae
Figure 5.5. Contours of Temperature.
The contours illustrated in Figure 5.6 are those of velocity. In this figure, there are several points of
interest. First, there is a localized decrease in the velocity at the bottom of the flow chamber.
Second, there is what appears to be acceleration of flow happening in the exit region of the device.
Finally, there are noticeable inconsistencies in the velocity contours at the exit region of the model,
which suggest that all levels of grid refinement may not be adequate; however, the medium and dense
meshes are similar enough to conclude that the medium-density grid is sufficiently refined.
- 47 -
7.0 0e-01
6.65e-01
6.3 e-01
Upper VWd
5.95e-01
Upper Peble ed
Prnector Block
5.6 Oe- 01
5.25e- 01
4.90e-01
A
- l1I
Lower Pebtabe Bed
4.2 0e- 01
3.85e- 01
3.50e-01
Hodnel Mesh Rdenemmts:
3.15e-01
1. CoerAe
2. Medium
3. Fmst
2.8 De-1
2.4 5e-i01
2.1 Oe-0 1
1.75e-01
1.4 Oe- 01
1.0 Se-01
7.0 0e-02
3.5 De-02
0.0 OeD*0l
NIO
V~ Mfih
M
(made to #2 above):
4. MedHOm
S. PRneet
12345
FUENT Coeours dY-vwoc
Gri Pdatmet Sdy
ftemCse
NACOKK St
(m/s)
Figure 5.6. Contours of Y-Velocity.
The apparent acceleration of flow at the top of the device is rather a condition of developing flow,
and not one of acceleration. As the air reaches the top of the vessel, the air at the edge slows due to
frictional effects at the walls. To compensate and maintain the specified mass flow, there is a
comparable acceleration in the center of the vessel. The result is a vertically constant average velocity
across the device.
To illustrate that the average cross-sectional velocity does not increase as a function of height, the
area-weighted average velocities were computed at the entrance of the upper void, 1/3 and 2/3 into
the upper void, and at the exit:
- 48-
Table 5.1. Velocities in Upper Void Region of Grid.
Position in Void
Bottom
1/3 From Bottom
1/3 From Top
Top
Area-Weighted Avg. Velocity
m/s
0.4836
0.4836
0.4836
0.4836
As Table 5.1 shows, there is no change in average velocity near the exit of the model, despite that the
contour images suggest otherwise.
The noticeable differences in the velocity contours near the exit of the model in Figure 5.6 are a
result of the changes in horizontal grid refinement. Because of these changes, wall friction effects are
more precisely modeled, because there are more elements near the walls. However, because this
region of the model is so close to the exit, because the changes are somewhat subtle, and because
there is no effect on the area-weighted average velocity at the exit, it is concluded that this difference
is insignificant, and the medium-horizontal density mesh is sufficient to model the relevant velocity
effects.
The localized decrease in velocity at the bottom of the device is attributable to the density difference
caused by the fact that the air in the low-velocity region is colder than in the rest of the device.
Because the air is colder, it is denser. Thus, for the same mass flow, the denser air flows slower than
the warmer, less dense air.
The conclusion of the grid refinement study is that creating a denser mesh could result in a better
velocity profile in the lower pebble-bed region; however, the flow in this region is insignificant when
compared to the upper regions of the model. Therefore, using the mid-level coarseness should be
adequate for further calculations.
5.5.1
Numerical Results of the Grid Refinement Study
Although the contour images shown in Figures 5-4 though 5-6 provide much information about the
flow characteristics of the model, it is helpful to have numerical data, as well. FLUENT provides
numerical data through a Reports feature. Using this feature, velocities, pressures, and temperatures
are shown from the medium-vertically-refined model in Table 5.2.
- 49 -
Table 5.2. Results of the Steady-State Model.
Parameter
Area Weighted
Average
Pressures and
Temperatures
Position in Model
Flowing Into Device
Exiting Lower Bed
Exiting Lower Void
Exiting Reflector
Exiting Upper Bed
Exiting Entire Device
Absolute Pressure
101325 (Pa)
101317
101317
101317
101310
101310
Temperature
392 (K)
923
923
923
923
923
Velocity
Lower Pebble Bed
Volume-Weighted
Average Velocities
5.6
0.21 (m/s)
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.48
Lower Void
Reflector Block
Upper Pebble Bed
Load Lattice
Conclusions of the Steady-State Analysis
The analysis discussed in this chapter was intended to meet three objectives:
*
Perform a computationally efficient grid refinement study,
*
Determine and demonstrate the solver criteria required to obtain a fully converged solution,
and
*
Use independent analysis to show that the initial assumptions made are correct and robust
enough to proceed to more complicated modeling.
The first two of these three objectives were fully attained, while the third is subject to further
analysis, which is discussed in Chapter 6.
The contour diagrams illustrated in Figures 5.4 though 5.6 illustrate that the grid created was of
adequate refinement. This conclusion stems from the fact that there is little appreciable difference
among the diagrams, and accordingly, among the flow behavior of each of the models. The only
inconsistency, which was in the exit velocity, was determined insignificant to the overall flow
behavior of the model, due to the fact that the average velocities near the exit are consistent despite
the inconsistency apparent in the contour diagrams. The velocity effects are discussed in further
detail in the preceding section.
As a result of the analysis, the correct solver criteria were determined that provided fully converged
solutions. The convergence criteria were left at the FLUENT defaults, which indicates that all
- 50 -
solutions obtained were fully converged. These criteria were described in § 5.3. In order for the
solution to meet these convergence criteria, however, the under-relaxation factors (URFs) were
adjusted from the FLUENT defaults as follows:
*
Pressure was decreased from 0.3 to 0.06.
*
Density was decreased from 1 to 0.015.
*
Body Forces were decreased from 1 to 0.015.
*
Momentum was decreased from 0.7 to 0.06.
*
Energy was kept at 1.
These URFs enable the solution to tend to better convergence, at the cost of a longer computation.
The URFs were left at these values for the remaining analyses performed.
The third objective, using independent analysis to confirm that the modeling assumptions made are
valid and robust enough to include more complicated features in the model, was partially met by the
modeling described in this chapter.
First, the regenerator analysis provided the context under which it is possible to conclude that the
heating source term assumption is a valid assumption for the heating effects of the lower, ceramic
pebble bed. Because the analysis showed that the air exiting the pebble bed was heated to 923K for
much more than the five hour duration of the experiment, it was possible to conclude that the
heating requirements for the pebble bed are such that it must have steady-state operation that
provides enough heat to the air to cause it to exit the pebble bed at 923K.
The regenerator analysis also provides the insight into the actual, experimental pebble bed necessary
to conclude that the CFD model of the ceramic pebble bed reflects the behavior of its experimental
counterpart. Therefore, it can be concluded that the heating source term assumption applied to the
lower, ceramic pebble bed is an appropriate and robust assumption for modeling its thermalhydraulic behavior.
The assumptions surrounding the flow behavior can be concluded as correct in the sense that the
pressure drop applied to this model induces a mass flow roughly equivalent to that obtained in the
Zhai flow test analysis, which reflects the mass flow for the flow test that was published in the
experimental literature. What remains for further investigation is whether the density difference
- 51 -
between the ambient air and the air inside the NACOK experimental device is appropriately modeled
by the pressure drop assumption.
Confirmation of the flow assumptions is therefore explored
further in Chapter 6.
The steady-state flow and heat transfer model provides a first look at the thermal-hydraulic
performance of the NACOK Corrosion Test model. Given the results obtained from this model, it
is possible to verify that, with the exception of the flow assumptions discussed in the preceding
paragraph, all assumptions have been made correctly, and that the solution is fully converged, runs
efficiently, and has a grid of adequate quality.
According to these results, all further modeling was performed using the grid that has medium-level
refinement at the entrance region and medium-level horizontal refinement (Grid 4 in Figure 5-2).
Although most assumptions made using this model were robust enough to reliably model the
NACOK Corrosion Test, the applicability of a pressure drop boundary condition is questionable
under the circumstances of natural convection. In response to this significant concern, an analysis of
the pressure drop assumption was performed. The analysis is discussed in Chapter 6.
- 52 -
6
Modeling a Buoyancy-Driven Flow
As discussed in Chapter 5, the objective of confirming, through independent analysis, the
applicability of the flow assumptions made in FLUENT was not entirely met. Additional analysis in
this chapter is performed to explain an attempt to couple a density-driven pressure drop correlation
to the steady-state flow and heat transfer analysis performed in Chapter 5, and to explain the
continued selection of an approximately 15 Pa pressure drop as the boundary flow condition
specification.
6.1
Coupling the Zhai Density Function to the NACOK Corrosion Model
In his efforts to model the NACOK Flow Test described in §2.1, Zhai used a correlation [19],
obtained from the Kuhlmann report [17], which determined the pressure drop of the air flowing
through the pebble bed as a function of Reynolds number, which ultimately makes the correlation
dependent on fluid velocity, density, and viscosity. After modifying the coefficient of the correlation
to provide independence of chamber wall effects, which FLUENT calculates separately, Zhai
coupled this correlation to his FLUENT model using a User-Defined Function to define a
momentum source term for the pebble bed zone of his model.
In the Zhai model, which was steady-state, the flow entrance and exit were specified as pressure-inlet
and pressure-outlet, respectively. Because he modeled a hot leg and a cold leg, and because the
entrance and the exit were at the same elevation, he was able to calculate a density-driven flow by
specifying a zero pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet.
In order to best simulate the flow conditions of natural circulation in the current model, the Zhai
correlation was used in a similar fashion to define the pressure drop in a steady-state model in the
configuration described in Chapter 5. However, because this model involves a structure more closely
resembling a chimney, with its entrance and exit at different elevations, a non-zero pressure drop
specification is still required of the model, even when the pressure drop is calculated by FLUENT as
a momentum source term. This is a limitation imposed by the code, based on the fact that there are
three relevant inflow and outflow boundary conditions available to the user: pressure inlet and outlet,
mass flow inlet and outflow, and velocity inlet and outflow. Of these choices, for a density-driven,
unsteady flow, the pressure drop remains the best boundary condition.
Although the Zhai correlation was used to obtain a fully converged, steady-state flow and heat
transfer solution of the NACOK Corrosion Test, the Zhai correlation imposes significant difficulty
- 53 -
when trying to obtain a fully converged, transient flow and heat transfer solution using the
assumptions employed in this thesis. Two reasons are proposed for these difficulties.
First, at the temperature range and mass flow rate required of this corrosion test, the Zhai correlation
introduces numerical error when compared to the original, Kuhlmann correlation. This discrepancy
holds for both the steady-state and the transient model. This discrepancy is explained further in
§6.1.1.
Second, and applicable only to the transient model, the pressure drop calculated by the Zhai
correlation changes significantly as a function of temperature. Because a user-specified total pressure
drop for the device is required, and this pressure drop is specified as a constant, imbalances result in
the calculation as a result of changes in the lower pebble bed pressure drop, which changes as the
temperature in the ceramic pebble bed changes. These imbalances tend to halt the flow at regions in
the model, thereby causing excessive heating. The excessive heating results in a FLUENT-imposed
limitation on temperature, which causes the calculation to halt.
The temperature-dependent
differences are discussed in §6.1.2.
After determining that the results of coupling the Zhai pressure drop function to the current model
were not beneficial, the NACOK Flow models created by Zhai were investigated to determine the
most correct mass flow for the current model, as described in §5.4.3. A pressure drop was then
specified for the current model that matched the Zhai flow model for a 600K temperature difference
between the hot and cold legs. The correct pressure drop was determined to be -14.67Pa, which
corresponded to a mass flow in the range of 0.0016 to 0.0020 kg/s.
To confirm this assumption, the difference in pressure head between a column of room temperature
air and the NACOK test configuration was compared, and the results of this comparison are also
discussed in this chapter, in §6.2.
6.1.1
Comparison of Zhai Correlation to Kuhlmann Correlation
The first difficulty proposed is a discrepancy between the Zhai Correlation [19] that was coupled to
FLUENT in the User-Defined Function and the Kuhlmann Correlation [17] that was included in the
NACOK Report.
As discussed in Chapter 2, Kuhlmann proposed the following empirical correlation to determine
pressure drop in a pebble bed [17]:
- 54-
Reb 0.1
Rea
(6-1)
where
=
Pressure Drop Factor in Pa/m or N/m 3,
Re
=
Reynolds number based on characteristic length and velocity of the pebble bed,
S
=
Pebble bed porosity, 0.395, and
a, b
=
Experimentally determined coefficients.
Prior to the NACOK experiments, the German Nuclear Technology Committee (KTA) had
expressed a and b as 320 and 6, respectively.
This correlation is for laminar flow for superficial
Reynolds numbers up to 10,000. With the NACOK device, a and b values of 505 and 0.1 were
found to be more relevant for 10<Re<120.
When working with this correlation, Zhai discovered that the coefficient that Kuhlmann proposed,
505, included drag effects at the wall of the experimental channel [19]. Since FLUENT calculates the
wall drag effects independently of drag effects in a porous medium, a new coefficient was required
that was independent of the wall drag. After some benchmark work, Zhai proposed the number 202
to replace the 505. Note that this correlation is presently examined on the grounds of its applicability
for modeling only the lower, ceramic pebble bed of the current model.
Using the value a= 2 02 , with b being held equal to 0.1 in the correlation, Zhai modified it into a
function that could be accessed by FLUENT to include a pressure-drop source term in the porous
structure model. This new function took the form [19]
= -CI
(/ "/" u
--C
2
p0.9
0.1
1..9,
where
=
pressure drop source term in Pa/m or N/m 3,
C1
=
170,000,
Y1
=
kinematic viscosity of air,
- 55 -
(6-2)
u
=
air flow velocity,
C2
=
10.3, and
=
air density.
For the majority of the cases that Zhai evaluated, it is expected that this function follows the
function proposed by Kuhlmann quite closely. However, for the expected mass flow rate of this
device, which should be about 0.0016-0.0018 kg/s, based on evaluation of the Zhai model with the
most similar temperature difference, there is a considerable discrepancy. Table 6.1 compares the
Zhai Correlation to the Kuhlmann correlation for a variety of temperatures at an assumed mass flow
rate of 0.00165 kg/s. Note that the Kuhlmann Correlation is expressed using coefficients a=202 and
b=0.1.
Note also that the mass flow evaluated is that which is modeled in this thesis, rather than that which
is obtained from the Kuhlmann report [17]. The reason for the difference between the two values is
discussed in §5.4.3. The reason for evaluating these functions at this mass flow rate is because this is
the mass flow rate that is consistent with the assumptions used in the original steady-state and
transient analysis.
Table 6.1. Comparison of Zhai Correlation to Kuhlmann Correlation at Various Temperatures.
Temperature
K
293
393
493
593
693
793
893
923
Zhai
Pa/m
-0.335
-0.415
-0.521
-0.628
-0.746
-0.874
-1.01
-1.06
Kuhlmann
Pa/m
-1.27
-1.55
-1.83
-2.06
-2.28
-2.47
-2.66
-2.72
Note that the results in Table 6.1 are solutions to equations 6-2 and 6-1, respectively. Note also that,
for this table, Mills' definitions of Reynolds number and pebble bed superficial velocity were used,
and properties for air density and viscosity were obtained from the appendix of Mills' Heat Transfer
[22]. Note also that the coefficient 202 was used in the Kuhlmann correlation, rather than 505, so
that wall effects were neglected, as they were in the Zhai correlation.
To further illustrate the
difference as a function of temperature, Table 6.1 is shown graphically in Figure 6.1.
- 56 -
Comparison of Pressure Drop Correlations
E -0.5
1- -1.5 -
-1.5
-2
. Zhai
)
m Kuhlmann
L -2.5
-3
0
200
600
400
Temperature, K
800
1000
Figure 6.1. Comparion of Zhai and Kuhlmann Pressure Drop Correlations.
Clearly, at this mass flow and temperature range, the Zhai correlation is inappropriate for modeling
the pressure change due to density difference. Note again that the Kuhlmann correlation can not be
used in FLUENT because it is expressed in terms of parameters that FLUENT does not calculate.
6.1.2
Temperature-Influenced Pressure Drop Changes
Despite that there is a discrepancy between the Zhai Correlation and the Kuhlmann Correlation, a
further obstacle preventing the reliable and efficient modeling of the density-driven pressure drop
function in the current model is the temperature-influenced pressure drop change that occurs in the
lower, ceramic pebble bed as it cools slightly over time. To illustrate this change, a comparison is
made between a bed that is uniformly 923K (as would be the condition at the beginning of the
transient model) and a bed that has a uniform temperature gradient from 293K to 923K over a 2mlong entrance region of the lower, ceramic pebble bed. Shown in Table is this comparison, with both
the Zhai Correlation for pressure drop, and the Kuhlmann Correlation for pressure drop used.
- 57 -
Table 6.2. Comparison of Pressure Change for a Non-Isothermal Pebble Bed.
M
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
K
293
450.5
608
765.5
923
923
923
923
923
923
Zhai Source
Term
Pa/m
-0.167
-0.238
-0.323
-0.419
-0.53
-0.53
-0.53
-0.53
-0.53
-0.53
Total Press.
Change
Pa
-0.168
-0.405
-0.728
-1.15
-1.68
-2.21
-2.74
-3.28
-3.80
-4.33
Kuhlmann
Source Term
Pa/m
-1.27
-1.71
-2.09
-2.42
-2.72
-2.72
-2.72
-2.72
-2.72
-2.72
Total Press.
Change
Pa
-0.635
-1.49
-2.54
-3.75
-5.11
-6.47
-7.83
-9.19
-10.5
-11.9
In Table 6.2, the "Source Term" columns are local solutions to pressure drop equations 6-2 and 6-1,
respectively. The source term is illustrated in Pa/m, where the total pressure change is the product
of the source term and the length over which it is valid, added to the previous total pressure change.
From the table, it can be seen that, according to the Zhai Correlation, the pressure change for the
lower, ceramic pebble bed should be -4.33 Pa. Given a pebble bed of the same size that is uniformly
923K, however, the Zhai Correlation suggests that the same pressure change should be -5.3 Pa. This
difference of 1 Pa is significant in the sense that the pressure change for the entire model should be
between -13 and -16 Pa. Thus, as the average temperature of the lower pebble bed changes,
FLUENT is forced to compensate for 1 Pa of pressure difference by changing the pressure drop in
other regions of the model. Because all other regions remain at a constant temperature, this causes
an instability in the flow calculation, and forces FLUENT to freeze.
6.2
Obtaining the Appropriate Flow Assumptions
As discussed in the introduction to this chapter, a constant pressure drop of -14.67 Pa was applied to
all models. This pressure drop was applied because it yielded a mass flow rate in the range of 0.0016
to 0.0020 kg/s, which is the same mass flow rate range for Zhai's NAKOK Flow Test Models
featuring a 600K temperature difference between the hot and cold legs.
A significant difference between the NACOK Flow Test and the NACOK Corrosion Test, and also
between their respective models, is that the flow test and the Zhai models feature a full loop, with a
hot and cold leg. The corrosion test and current models feature a single, hot channel that is open at
the top and bottom. The end result, therefore, is that the ambient air near the top of the NACOK
device is at a lower pressure than the air that is in the channel, such that the air is pulled through the
- 58 -
device, because it is heated. This pressure difference arises from the fact that the ambient air is at a
higher density, and therefore the pressure loss associated with a column of the ambient air is greater.
Therefore, at the top of the NACOK device, the ambient air, having lost more pressure than the
heated air, tends to pull the heated air out of the top of the NACOK device.
Another way to visualize this system of natural convection is to consider the density difference
between the ambient air surrounding the NACOK device, and the heated air within it. Because the
heated air is less dense, it is therefore lighter, and rises through the surrounding ambient air due to
buoyancy effects.
To illustrate the difference numerically, Table 6.3 shows the gravity head on a column of room
temperature air, as compared to a column of air in the NACOK device, which has a temperature
gradient over the height of the device. The temperature gradient was determined by creating surfaces
at 0.5m intervals throughout the model, and obtaining area-weighted average temperatures at those
0.5m intervals.
Table 6.3. Pressure Drop Comparison of NACOK Column and Ambient Air Column.
Density
Temperature
NACOK
jAmbient 1293
3
K
344
815
883
909
918
921
923
kg/m
1.03
0.433
0.400
0.388
0.385
0.383
0.383
11.20
Hh
Height
Incremental
Gravity
remental Gravity
Pressure Drop
Pa
5.03
2.12
1.96
1.90
1.89
1.88
17.8
32.6 Total Pressure Drop
m
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4.734
7.734
1
1.4 Total Pressure Drop
From Table 6.3, it can be seen that a column of ambient air, with the same height as the NACOK
device, has a pressure drop of 91.4Pa associated with it. This implies that if the pressure at the
bottom of the NACOK device is atmospheric, or 101,325Pa, the ambient pressure at the top of the
NACOK device is 101,234Pa.
By comparison, the pressure drop associated with the NACOK
device is 32.6Pa. This means that, assuming the pressure at the bottom of the device is the same
101,325Pa, the heated air at the top of the device has a pressure of 101,292Pa. The pressure inside
the top of the NACOK device is therefore 59Pa higher than the pressure of the air that surrounds it.
The buoyancy of the warmer air causes this pressure difference; as a result, the warmer air flows out
of the NACOK device, drawing more air up through it.
- 59-
It is also noteworthy that, assuming a constant 923K column of air, the difference between the
column and the ambient air would be 62Pa, meaning that an additional 3Pa of pressure difference
would be present at the beginning of a transient model than would be after the solution has reached
steady-state conditions.
It is duly noted that the pressure drop in this calculation is greater than the pressure drop used in the
NACOK model presented in this thesis by a factor of four. This is due to the fact that this analysis
assumes an open channel of heated air, but porous media obstruct the channel that is modeled.
Based on the NACOK Flow Test literature [17], and on the Zhai analysis of the flow test [19], the
author is confident that the mass flow rate associated with a pressure drop of approximately 15 Pa is
more reasonable than that associated with a 59 Pa pressure drop. Nonetheless, a sensitivity analysis
of the flow and heat transfer model, performed by varying the pressure drop to 75 Pa by increments
of 15 Pa is presented. The corresponding mass flow rates are compared in Figure 6.2.
Mass Flow vs. Pressure Drop
A An0
. 12
0.01
.
0.008
o 0.006
UI.
0 0.004
0.002
0
10
0
0
20
20
30
30
40
40
60
60
70
70
80
80
Pressure Drop,
Figure 6.2. Mass Flow as a Function of Pressure Drop.
It is possible to see in Figure 6.2 that mass flow is almost directly proportional to pressure drop.
With a pressure drop of 60 Pa, the corresponding mass flow would be 0.0085 kg/s. This mass flow
is much higher than the mass flow indicated by the literature describing the NACOK Corrosion Test,
which is 0.0011 kg/s [19].
It should be noted that the entrance regions of the experiment are not modeled, and in the
laboratory, an entrance cross-section reduction was used to restrict the flow entering the device. It
is expected that a majority of the 59Pa pressure drop occurs in this flow-restrictive entrance region.
- 60 -
The entrance regions were omitted from this model in order to preserve the quality of the grid used
for computation. Because the grid described in this thesis is comprised of surfaces that are entirely
perpendicular and parallel to one another, very high quality tetrahedral volumes were employed. If
the entrance regions of the experiment were added to the model, an area of cylindrical shape would
require modeling. This additional, irregular shape addition would compromise the high quality of the
grid created.
As a result of the analyses performed in this chapter, it can be seen that a pressure drop is an
appropriate boundary condition that can be used to model a buoyancy-driven, natural convection
flow. Thus, all further analysis was performed using this assumption. Further, the 15Pa pressure
drop was maintained due to the fact that it causes a mass flow more consistent with the literature
describing the corrosion experiment [17].
- 61 -
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- 62 -
7
Transient Flow Model
Upon completion of the steady-state flow model that met the objectives set forth in Chapter 5, a
transient model was created using the grid structure of medium horizontal and vertical refinement.
The problem was initialized using the steady-state solution; however, the temperature of the entire
device was patched to 923K to simulate the initially heated condition of the actual experiment.
Prior to describing the model setup and execution, it behooves the author to discuss the difference
between the approach by which FLUENT obtains a steady-state solution, and that by which
FLUENT obtains a transient solution [16].
In the case of a steady-state solution, FLUENT
discretizes the appropriate flow, chemistry, and heat transfer equations over the space created by the
grid. The case for the transient solution is exactly the same, however, every term in the space
discretization is integrated over a time step. At the end of the time step, the spatial equations are
solved again, and re-integrated over the next time step.
In the steady-state case, the flow parameters were specified, and the thermal-hydraulic characteristics
of the model were calculated. In the transient case, however, the goal was to recalculate the flow
parameters, given specification of the initial thermal-hydraulic properties of the device. This method
allowed for cross-comparison between the transient and the steady-state case. This cross comparison
meets three objectives:
*
Provide further confirmation of the conclusions obtained using the regenerator analysis of
§5.2,
*
Confirm the results of the steady-state model using a different, time-dependent approach,
and
*
Re-affirm the adequacy of the energy source-term used for the heating effects of the lower,
ceramic pebble bed.
7.1
Transient Solution Model Setup and Execution
To run the transient case, the steady-state, converged flow solution with a user-specified pressure
drop, was read into the three dimensional, double-precision solver. The solver was switched to
'unsteady' mode, with second-order implicit unsteady formulation.
In accordance with the
recommendations published in the FLUENT User Guide [16], the pressure-velocity coupling
- 63-
method was switched from the SIMPLE to the PISO scheme. The remaining solution schema and
under-relaxation factors were left the same as in the steady-state model.
To provide initial boundary conditions that reflected the flow test, the fully converged, steady-state
flow and heat transfer solution was patched to a body temperature of 923K. This means that the
temperature gradient in the bottom of the flow tube was eliminated, so that the entire device began
the transient at 923K.
To execute the transient file, adaptive time stepping was selected. An initial time step size of 0.001
seconds was specified, with a maximum time step change factor of 2 and a minimum time step
change factor of 0.5 specified. The model was set to advance to the next time step after a maximum
of 200 iterations, which was sufficient to obtain a fully converged solution at each time step.
When using the adaptive time stepping feature, FLUENT monitors the change in residuals at the end
of each time step. If there is a large change in residuals, and the solution is slow to converge,
FLUENT decreases the time step size. If there is a small change in residuals, and the solution is
quick to converge, FLUENT increases the time step size.
This model was run for 10,000 seconds. After the first 26 time steps, the time step size reached a
maximum of 10 seconds, which indicated that the solution was approaching steady-state behavior.
Figure 7.1 shows a graph of time step size versus iteration number.
- 64-
Time Step Size Versus Iteration Number
i
Iu -
-0
1
*)
N
S0.1
E
0.001
5
0
10
20
15
Iteration Number
25
30
Figure 7.1. Time Step Size Versus Iteration Number.
In Figure 7.1, there can be seen a steady increase in time step size until, at 26 iterations, it reaches the
maximum size of 10 seconds. After this time, near steady-state conditions had been attained, and
changes in the flow behavior were slight after that point.
Because the largest change in the flow and heating model is expected to be the temperature in the
lower ceramic pebble bed, it can be concluded that this result is consistent with the regenerator
analysis performed in Chapter 4, which shows that the thermal changes in the lower, ceramic pebble
bed should be subtle and occur over very large spans of time.
7.2
Results from the Transient Analysis
Largely, the results from the transient flow and heat transfer model matched those of the steady-state
model previously executed. With the pressure drop input specified, the mass flow leveled out to
0.00185 kg/s immediately.
The most noteworthy feature of the model is the temperature profile of the device, which is
illustrated in Figure 7.2.
- 65 -
t~ni n
.3UCe*UC
8.97e*02
8.64e+ 02
8.31e+02
7.99e-02
7.66e* 02
7.33e* 02
7I n f *,
6.67e*02
6.34e*02
6.02e+02
5.69e+02
5.36ei02
5.0 3e02
4.70e.02
4.37e.,02
4.04e+02
3.7 2e+ 02
3.39e+ 02
3.0 6e 02
2.7 3e* 02
3000 40ooo 5, 0 6o00
0
150 1000 20
FLUENT Contours of Static Temperature (K)
Transient Case, elapsed time shown inseconds below each figure.
8000 10,000
Figure 7.2. Contours of Static Temperature for Transient Calculation.
In Figure 7.2, it is possible to see the cooling effect that the room temperature air has on the lower,
ceramic pebble bed over time. As more time passes, it is possible to see that the temperature in the
lower pebble bed region changes more slowly. Thus, although increased cooling effects can be seen,
the total temperature change in the pebble bed slows with time.
Figure 7.3 compares the transient solution at 10,000 seconds to the steady-state solution. As shown
in Figure 7.3, the temperature contours of both solutions are similar, although a band of slightly
cooler air is visible at a greater height in the steady-state model as compared to the transient model.
- 66 -
9.3 0e- 02
8.97e-, 02
8.64e- 02
8.31e-t02
7.99e*02
7.66e- 02
7.33e',02
7.0 Oe*02
6.67e* 02
6.34e-'02
6.0 2e- 02
5.69e* 02
5.36e- 02
5.0 3e ,02
4.7 Oe-,02
4.37e* 02
4.0 4e*02
3.72e-02
3.39e-, 02
3.0 6e, 02
2.7 3e+ 02
Ltmr
PeMbbId
(con*l fteeRnMMaW
Fluent Contours of Temperature (K)
Transient at 10,000 seconds (left)
compared to Steady-State (right)
Figure 7.3. Comparison of Transient Temperature to Steady-State Temperature.
Because the temperature contours shown in Figure 7.3 are so similar, and because the mass flow rate
from the transient solution, 0.00185 kg/s, is the same as that obtained in the steady-state model, it is
thus concluded that, at great times (t>10,000s), the results of the transient solution tend to duplicate
those of the steady-state solution.
7.3
Conclusions
The result of this transient flow and heat transfer analysis serves three purposes. First, it provides
additional confirmation of the conclusions obtained in the regenerator analysis. Second, it serves a
supporting role in confirming the results obtained from the steady-state flow and heat transfer
analysis. Third, it affirms that using a heating source term in the lower, ceramic pebble bed is an
adequate assumption to heat the incident air to 923K.
- 67-
This transient analysis confirms the regenerator analysis conclusion that the lower, ceramic pebble
bed heats the incident air to the operating temperature of 923K for a very long time. Even after
10,000 seconds, which equates to 2.8 hours, only a small portion of the lower, ceramic pebble bed
has begun to cool.
In the sense that both this transient model and the steady-state model share similar results, the two
models serve to support one another in terms of their verifiability. The fact that, given a sufficiently
large amount of time, the transient model nearly replicated the results of the steady state model, as
shown in Figure 7.3, illustrates that the results in both cases are replicable. Two different approaches
were used by FLUENT to get very similar results.
Finally, the transient analysis serves to confirm that using the heating source term in the lower,
ceramic pebble bed was an adequate assumption. This confirmation comes from the fact that the
temperature over the entire device does not exceed 923K, whereas cooling effects are visible in the
lower pebble bed over time. The use of the heating source term, therefore, provides an adequate
amount of heat to replicate the heat contributed by the hot ceramic pebbles in the actual NACOK
Corrosion Test. This assumption is required because the heat transfer behavior of the pebbles is
highly subject to the pebble geometry, and the pebble geometry is not explicitly modeled using the
porous media assumption.
- 68 -
8
Carbon-Chemistry Model and Sensitivity Study
Once results were obtained with both the steady-state and the transient flow models, chemistry
solutions were added to the model in both transient and steady-state configurations. The steady-state
chemistry model was created so that a sensitivity study of important factors affecting the reaction
behavior could be performed without incurring excessive computational cost. Because of the highly
time-dependent nature of the solution, a transient model was also executed and analyzed.
The sensitivity study included an analysis of the effects of changing the pressure drop on the model,
changing the graphite temperature, and adjusting the chemical ratio of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide production.
8.1
Chemistry Model Setup
In similar fashion to the transient model, the corrosion model was set up by first reading the fully
converged, steady-state solution into the three dimensional, double precision solver.
Then,
specifications were provided for multiple species material properties, and chemical reactions among
those multiple species. Definition of the multiple species and the chemical reactions are discussed in
the subsections that follow.
8.1.1
Material Property Specifications
After reading the steady-state, converged flow solution into the three-dimensional, double-precision
solver, several changes concerning the material properties were made. First, a multiple species model
was enabled, and five species were specified. The five materials included carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor. Water vapor was added as a necessary tool for the
carbon monoxide-air interactions that are described in the next section. Also, solid carbon was
added as a site species. Then, each of the five materials was accessed from the FLUENT database.
Afterwards, temperature dependent material properties were specified for each of the species enabled
in the solver.
For all of these materials, FLUENT by default assumes constant values for such properties as
density, viscosity, and specific heat. These properties, in reality, are highly temperature dependent.
Therefore, it was necessary to use piecewise-linear (PWL) approximations for each of these
properties for each of the materials. The approximations are given in Appendix A.
- 69 -
8.1.2
Reaction Template Specifications
In order to model chemical interactions, a template must be setup using the material properties
definitions contained in FLUENT. The template contains the chemistry model, including reaction
rates, stoicheometry (the molar ratios with which products form reactants), activation energies, and
rate laws.
Setting up the reaction template required several steps. To begin with, a FLUENT reaction using
carbon monoxide and air was accessed from the database. The carbon monoxide-air interaction
modeled in FLUENT features the forward and reverse forms of the equation
2CO + 0 2 - 2C0 2.
(8-1)
All values of stoicheometry, rate, and activation energy were left as the FLUENT defaults.
This chemical interaction was augmented by adding to it the following reaction:
C + xO2 -> yCO + zCO2.
(8-2)
This reaction (Equation 8-2) combines the two carbon surface reactions in eqns. 1-1 and 1-2, in the
same manner that Zhai combined them in his validation of the multi-component carbon chemistry
experiment performed at JAERI (described in §1.2) [19]. The ratio of CO to CO 2 production is
regulated by stoicheometric coefficients y and Z. As was the case in the Zhai thesis, based on the
analysis of the JAERI scientists, this ratio was set to 0.89CO to 0.11CO 2. Unfortunately, specific
production ratios were not available for the Kuhlmann test [17], and these production ratios are
highly subject to change based on the material treatment of the graphite used, and the temperature
and pressure conditions under which the reaction takes place.
The carbon and oxygen interaction was specified as a surface reaction, with the heat of surface
reactions calculation feature activated in the FLUENT solver. The activation energy, also published
by the JAERI scientists [12], was 2.09x106 J/kg/mol and the pre-exponential factor was specified as
3.93x10 6. Identifying these parameters, and activating all three reactions in the materials template for
this case file, completed the chemistry setup of this model.
8.1.3
Boundary Condition Modifications
In order to identify the regions where chemical interactions occurred, carbon-containing zones had
to be identified in the FLUENT solver, and all zones where chemical computations were expected to
- 70 -
occur also required identification. The carbon-containing regions were the reflector and the upper,
graphite pebbled bed. The chemistry-analyzed regions included the carbon-containing regions, as
well as all regions downwind from the carbon-containing regions. This included the upper void
region, and the outflow.
In order to solve for surface chemistry in a porous medium, FLUENT must know how much surface
area is available for reaction. This is accomplished by setting the porous medium surface-to-volume
ratio. In the pebble bed, this ratio is 134m -1. For the reflector, it is 500m -1. For the pebble bed, the
ratio was determined by dividing the total surface area of the pebbles, 0.77m 2 [17], by the volume of
air in the pebble bed, 0.00384m 3. For the reflector, this ratio was obtained from a simplification of
the ratio of the surface area of a cylinder to its volume. By simplifying this ratio, it is possible to
obtain the simple formula 2/r for the ratio of surface area to volume of a cylinder bank.
channels of radius r=0.004m, this ratio is 500m
For
-1.
These modifications to the original, steady-state, fully converged flow and heat transfer solution
completed the setup for the base-case scenario for the corrosion model analysis. This model was
iterated to full convergence. Upon attaining full convergence, the pressure drop was changed from
the original -14.67Pa to -10, -20, and -25Pa to perform a sensitivity study of the effects of flow
speed on the chemistry in the model. Also, the original pressure drop of -14.67Pa was restored, and
the device temperature was varied to 900, 950, 1000, 1050, and 1100K for a sensitivity study of the
effects of graphite temperature variation on the chemistry model. Finally, the carbon stoicheometry
in Equation 8-2 was adjusted as described in §8.3.3.
To execute the transient corrosion model, the base-case pressure drop of-14.67Pa was specified, and
the model was executed using the same adaptive time stepping feature discussed in §6.1. Because the
model included more complex phenomena, a smaller initial time step size of 0.0001 seconds was
used.
8.2
Results of the Base-Case, Steady State Chemistry Model
In this section, results of the original corrosion model are discussed. This model assumes an inflow
of 293K air, which is simulated as 0.232 mass fraction oxygen, and the remainder being the bulk
fluid, which is nitrogen. As in the steady-state flow and heat transfer models, a pressure drop of 14.67Pa was specified over the entire device. The operating temperature for all walls was 923K, and
the majority of the fluid maintained a 923K temperature.
-71 -
In the base-case, steady-state chemistry model executed for this thesis, with the assumptions
identified in the immediately preceding section, component exit mass fractions were as follows:
*
Oxygen: 0.01316
*
Carbon Dioxide: 0.04807
*
Carbon Monoxide: 0.3225
*
Nitrogen: 0.5426
Each component of the gas mixture listed above accounted for its fraction of a 0.002 kg/s mass
flow. Note that Kuhlmann did not publish these mass fractions in his report [17].
Figure 8.1
illustrates the contours of species mass fractions.
4. le-lt
3.8h0-St
3.615-lt
I
6.rli-If
3.4he-1
3.71s-11
5.41-11l
3.116-11
3.2le-l1
3.0he*ll
2.0he-11
2.61e-11
2.42le-11i
2.21ie-I1
U.136-12
2ils-it
2.416-11
4.1*-Il1
3.2h-ll
2.116*11
2.Bh.-Il
1.10-81E
I.les-ll
1.216-11
1.21*-11
1.1h-ll1
S.!le-12
6.11 e-12
6.0 3*I2
4.11a-12
2. le- 12
l.0h3-1S
1.8g.-l1
1.40.e-t
9.110-12
02 CO C02
FLUENT Contours of Species Mass Fractions
02
C02
CO
Note Rescalng
Figure 8.1. Comparison of Species Mass Fractions.
As can be seen in Figure 8.1, the oxygen faces near complete consumption, with carbon monoxide
being the dominant product of the reaction. This is a consequence of the stoicheometry of the
carbon site reaction. A marginal amount of carbon dioxide is also produced.
It can be seen that the combined exit mass fractions of these species is in the range of 0.3 to 0.4.
This is a significant observation, because there was originally 0.768 mass fraction of nitrogen incident
- 72 -
on the device, and the mass flow at both the inlet and the exit was 0.002 kg/s. This is because, as
carbon is added to the system in a surface reaction, a corresponding amount of nitrogen is removed
from the system. This is the result of specifying nitrogen as a bulk: rather than calculate the amount
of nitrogen (or other bulk fluid) present in the system, FLUENT assumes that nitrogen is removed
from the system when site species react and, therefore, enter the system.
It is interesting to note the specific region where the vast majority of oxygen consumption occurs.
Figure 8.2 shows the contours of mass fraction of oxygen, specifically in the graphite regions of the
model. It can be seen that most oxygen is consumed in the reflector region of the model. Only a
small amount of oxygen is consumed in the graphite pebbles region.
I
2.32e-I 1
2.21*-11
2.116-11
1.986-1
1.87e-11
1.TTe-E 1
1.685e- 1
1.196-11
1.54*-1
1.42e-1i
raphite
ebbles
egion
1.31.-*I
1.21e-11
eflector
egon
9.TTe6-12
8.65e-12
T.53e-12
6.4 e-12
3.a6•-u2
1.94e-12
8.18e-13
FLUENT Contours of Mass Fraction of Oxygen
Figure 8.2. Contours of Oxygen Concentration.
8.2.1
Reflector Channel Widening Effect Analysis
Following this behavior, the rate of reflector channel widening can be examined through a simple
calculation involving the amount of carbon exiting the system. Given the species mass fractions of
the carbon oxides, the corresponding component mass flows can be evaluated:
t,
= MY
r
(8-2)
riht ,
where
- 73 -
thy
=
mass flow of component Y in kg/s,
MY
=
exit mass fraction of species Y, and
rht
=
total system mass flow, 0.002 kg/s.
Using this equation, the exit mass flow of carbon dioxide is (0.04807x0.002kg/s), or 9.614x10-5 kg/s,
and the exit mass flow of carbon monoxide is (0.3225x0.002kg/s), or 6.45x10 -4 kg/s. These values
are the mass flows of all the carbon-containing components of the gas system. To obtain the total
mass flow of carbon exiting the system, these values must be adjusted by the ratio of carbon mass to
total mass of each species. Given a molecular weight of carbon of 12 mass units, and a molecular
weight of oxygen of 16 mass units, the carbon ratio of carbon dioxide is 0.273, and the carbon ratio
of carbon dioxide is 0.429.
For the total mass flow of carbon exiting the system, therefore,
rhc = (9.614 x 10-kg / s 0.273)+ (6.45 x 10-4kg / s -0.429)= 3.03 x -4kg / s .
(8-3)
If this value is divided by the density of carbon, 2.267x10 -6 kg/mm 3, a volumetric rate of carbon
reduction in the reflector region can be obtained. The reduction rate is 134 mm 3/s. If it is assumed
that all carbon consumption occurs in the channel region of the graphite reflector block, then
dividing the volumetric consumption rate of carbon by the total channel surface area will yield a
channel widening rate for the initial portion of the experiment. For a total channel surface area of
753,982 mm 2, which is imposed by 150, 8 mm-diameter channels that are each 200 mm high, the
initial channel widening rate is 1.77x10 -4 mm/s. At this rate, it would take about 90 minutes to widen
all channels by one millimeter.
Since the carbon chemistry is exothermic, it is important to note also the temperature inside the
model during chemical interactions. Figure 8.3 shows the contours of static temperature.
- 74-
0 79f
9.T6er,-2
,I"•
9.72e'12
9.41e-12
9.15e,-12
8.T1,-g2
9.86-12
9.648'12
9.57*U12
9.63e-12
9.49e-12
9.45e-12
9.42e-12
8.36e',12
8.116'12
.865e,42
731ea12
6.95er,12
6.59e-12
6.24e'12
Bphite
bbles
lon
9.38e-12
9.34e512
5.89e,'12
9.31*e12
9.26e-12
5.54e-12
5.19e,12
Flector
gion
923*-12
9.19e,12
9.156e-2
4.84e'-12
4.49e'12
4.14e-12
3.T7ev512
9.11&e-2
9.86e-12
9.14e-12
9.11&ge-2
3.43er12
3.1ge-12
2.73e,12
Fluent Contours of Static Temperature (K) FLUENT Contours of Static Temperature (K)
Figure 8.3. Contours of Static Temperature.
It is possible to see local heating in the reflector region of the flow chamber. The most heating
occurs in the center of the reflector, slightly closer to the bottom than to the top. Also, when
examining the temperature profile of the entire model, cooling effects are seen near the exit of the
device. This is due to the FLUENT-provided carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide interactions. Near
the top of the device, the small amounts of carbon dioxide are dissociating to yield carbon monoxide
and oxygen. This process is very endothermic, and is resulting in a trivial amount of oxygen addition
near the outflow. The reverse process is also modeled, although it occurs at a lower rate.
8.3
Results of the Sensitivity Studies
Once the base-case model was developed, the effects of graphite temperature, airflow rate, and
carbon stoicheometry on chemical reaction behavior were investigated.
This investigation was
carried out by varying the outflow pressure from -25Pa to -10Pa, and by varying the device
temperature from 900K to 1100K. An analysis of the carbon reaction stoicheometry was also
performed, where the stoicheometric coefficient for carbon monoxide was varied from 0.9 to 0.1,
and the remaining stoicheometry in equation 8-2 was adjusted accordingly.
8.3.1
Pressure Drop Analysis
Shown in Figure 8.4 are exit gas concentrations as a function of specified pressure drop.
- 75 -
e~,:6
IS
~, a•E
1•
,,,,:,
",3 IILCII"*
II
"
-------------------
-------------------
0.5
SOxygen
-- - Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide
-h-Cabn
ooxd
--- -Nitrogen
8 0.4 E04-
0
L
0.2
0.1
I
04
10
-..
-...
__--.--------
.
-I__
-
.
.
.--
-T • .-
.
.
I
------------~------------15
20
Pressure Drop, Pa
25
Figure 8.4. Exit Gas Concentrations as a Function of Pressure Drop.
As the pressure drop and therefore the flow rate increase, the oxygen consumption decreases. This
is a logical result, since the oxygen has less time to react with the carbon as it flows by. However, it
is noteworthy that the increased flow rate does result in an increased rate of graphite consumption.
Figure 8.5 illustrates exit component mass flows.
- 76 -
Exit Component Mass Flows
0.002
c0.0015
o
a 0.001
C 0.0005
0
u
0
10
25
10
Pressure Drop, Pa
Figure 8.5. Exit Component Mass Flows as a Function of Pressure Drop.
It can be seen from Figure 8.5 that both the exit flow rates of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
increase proportional to pressure drop. This means that as the flow rate increases, and more oxygen
is supplied to the graphite, the carbon reacts with the oxygen more quickly and yields higher flow
rates of the carbon oxides.
The results of the pressure-drop sensitivity study are shown in tabular form in Table 8.1. For each
model, exit velocities are also computed.
- 77 -
Table 8.1. Tabulated Results of Pressure Drop Sensitivity Study.
Oxygen
Mass
Mass
Carbon Monoxide
Mass
Mass
Carbon Dioxide
Mass
Mass
Frac
Frac
Frac
Outflow
Pressure
Velocity
Pa
mls
10
0.192
8.70E-03
1.12E-05
3.32E-01
4.28E-04
4.64E-02
5.99E-05
15
0.305
1.68E-02
3.36E-05
3.17E-01
6.33E-04
4.72E-02
9.45E-05
20
0.421
3.11E-02
8.59E-05
2.94E-01
8.10E-04
4.56E-02
1.26E-04
25
0.546
4.66E-02
1.63E-04
2.70E-01
9.44E-04
4.31E-02
1.51E-04
8.3.2
Flow
Flow
kg/s
Flow
kg/s
kg/s
Temperature Analysis
Shown in Figure 8.6 are exit gas concentrations by mass fraction of each component of the mixture,
as a function of graphite surface temperature.
Exit Gas Concentrations
6.00E-01
·
-------~---
--
·-0--
-------
----
i1
5.00E-01
4.00E-01
--- ---- ---- - ---- - - - - - -
--
-
---
- ---
3.00E-01
0.00E+00
---
Oxygen
- a - Carbon Dioxide
2.00E-01
1.00E-01
---
Carbon Monoxide
---!-..
I
9)00
.....
r
•__-
_= F
·
950
-
--
_-
Nitrogen
------------
0
·
1000
Temperature, K
I
1050
1100
Figure 8.6. Exit Gas Concentrations as a Function of Temeprature.
As the temperature increases to 1000K, a slight increase in oxygen consumption is visible. For the
range from 1000K to 1,100K, however, the oxygen consumption begins to level off. Through the
entire range of temperatures, the carbon monoxide production increases.
- 78-
This is a result of the
carbon dioxide dissociation, the effect of which is also shown by the reduction in concentration of
carbon dioxide as the temperature increases.
Table 8.2 illustrates the results of the temperature study in tabular format.
Table 8.2. Tabulated Results of Temperature Sensitivity Study.
kg/s
K
8.3.3
Carbon Monoxide
Mass Frac Mass Flow
Oxygen
Mass Frac Mass Flow
Outflow
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide
Mass Frac
Mass Flow
kg/s
kg/s
900
1.21E-02
2.47E-05
3.20E-01
6.52E-04
5.19E-02
1.06E-04
950
1.50E-02
2.81E-05
3.26E-01
6.09E-04
4.27E-02
7.99E-05
1000
1.99E-02
3.30E-05
3.35E-01
5.55E-04
2.90E-02
4.82E-05
1050
1100
2.41E-02
2.53E-02
3.96E-05
4.18E-05
3.48E-01
3.61E-01
5.70E-04
5.96E-04
1.27E-02
6.85E-04
2.08E-05
1.13E-06
Stoicheometry Analysis
In the original model, a chemical equation was used that coupled both the carbon dioxide- and the
carbon monoxide-producing carbon reactions into a single chemical equation. The equation is
expressed generally as
C+x 0 2
yCO+zCO2 ,
(8-4)
where x, y, and z are co-dependent stoicheometric coefficients for oxygen, carbon monoxide, and
carbon dioxide, respectively. The codependence among the stoicheometric coefficients is expressed
by the following system of equations:
(8-5)
y = 1- z, and
S11
2
(8-6)
2
Given this system of equations, the stoicheometry of the carbon equation can be varied. Figure 8.7
shows the results of varying these coefficients, plotted as a function of the carbon monoxide
coefficient ('y' in Equation 8-4). The results plotted are species mass fractions as measured at the
outflow boundary.
- 79-
Species Concentration Vs. Stoicheometry
0.35
0.3
0o 0.25
e 0.2
U.
n 0.15
2
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
CO Stocheometric Coefficient
Figure 8.7. Species Mass Fractions as a Function of CO Stoicheometry.
In Figure 8.7, we see that as the CO coefficient decreases, the production of CO also decreases, and
the production of CO2 increases. It can also be seen that the oxygen is slightly more consumed as
the CO coefficient increases. This indicates a slight tendency of favored oxygen consumption with
carbon monoxide generation.
It is also interesting to note the temperatures of the both the reflector and the pebble-bed regions in
this sensitivity study. Figure shows the volume-weighted average temperatures obtained for the
graphite reflector, and for the pebble-bed regions.
- 80 -
Temperatures Vs. Stoicheometry
955
950
-4-
945
940
935
--- •-- Reflector
M
930
m .....
SPebble-Bed
------------• --.. ....
I
[
. .... ...
m
........ .....-
U
925
m
I
920
0.2
0.4
0.6
CO Stocheometric Coefficient
0.8
Figure 8.8. Reflector and Pebble-Bed Temperatures as a Function of Stoicheometry.
In Figure 8.8, it is possible to see a slight trend of decreasing reflector temperature with increasing
carbon monoxide production. It can also be seen that the pebble bed temperature does not change
appreciably as a function of carbon monoxide stoicheometry. There are two significant conclusions
that can be drawn from Figure 8.8. First, it can be concluded that increasing carbon monoxide
production leads to less local graphite heating. Conversely, conditions favoring more carbon dioxide
production tend to lead to more local graphite heating. Second, the indication of little temperature
change in the pebble bed regions serves to strengthen the indication that very few chemical
interactions occur in the pebble bed. Note that this analysis assumes no effects on stoicheometry
caused by temperature, which is a limitation of this model.
8.4
Results of the Transient Model
Ultimately, the results of the transient chemistry model were the same as the steady-state case. Exit
species concentrations are shown as a function of time in Figure 8.9.
- 81 -
Species Concentrations
0.35
0.3
u 0.25
o
0.2
I
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
20 Time, s 30
40
Figure 8.9. Species Concentrations as a Function of Time.
In Figure 8.9, it can be seen that the oxygen front moves through the graphite-containing regions
after approximately 10 seconds of flow time, after which all component oxygen concentrations
increase to steady-state values, which are reached in 30 seconds.
8.5
Conclusions
After executing the final, chemical reactions model, several significant conclusions bear mentioning.
First, as was the case with the transient and steady-state flow and heat transfer models, the results in
both cases were similar. Second, the effects of mass transfer were neglected in this computation, and
the result of that simplification has a significant effect on this model. Third, with the set of
assumptions used to run this model, it was most efficient to run steady-state analyses, since the
transient analysis shadowed the results of the steady-state models.
The results of the transient and steady-state cases of the corrosion models were similar. This is
because both models assumed an infinite supply of carbon, which ultimately caused the results of the
transient model to tend to the results of the steady-state model. In the laboratory setting, the supply
of carbon would eventually be consumed, which would result in structural changes as the graphite
structures weaken, and the eventual slowing of the graphite reactions as the graphite is consumed.
- 82 -
Kuhlmann noted the structural weakening and eventual collapse of the graphite reflector structure in
the preliminary NACOK Corrosion Test [19].
The effects of mass transfer were neglected in this computation. This is a secondary result of the
assumption of infinite carbon supply. Because the effects of mass transfer were neglected, the actual
concentrations obtained, although proportionally correct when neglecting the nitrogen, are
disproportionate when nitrogen is considered. This is due to the fact that FLUENT decreases the
amount of nitrogen in the model as carbon is added in order to provide mass continuity.
The steady-state models that were created proved to yield the most efficient results. In addition, the
transient models gave results that echoed those of the steady-state. Ultimately, this implies that,
when the effects of mass transfer are not considered, or carbon consumption is neglected, a transient
solution may not be necessary. As a compliment to this conclusion, however, it should be noted that
a model that considers the effects of mass transfer must, indeed, be transient.
- 83-
This page intentionally left blank.
- 84-
9
Conclusions
The work presented in this thesis illustrates a methodology by which a model is developed that
simulates an experiment involving natural convection, heating, and graphite corrosion.
The
methodology is applied to the NACOK Corrosion test, and significant factors influencing the carbon
chemistry are studied using sensitivity studies. The conclusions drawn from this thesis are applicable
not only to the future NACOK corrosion tests, but also to the design of the Modular Pebble Bed
Reactor (MPBR), and its behavior under air ingress accident conditions.
The significant conclusions reached in this thesis included
*
Determination of an adequate mesh refinement at which to analyze the NACOK Flow
Model,
*
Shortcomings of the Zhai/Kuhlmann Pressure Drop Correlations for this particular flow
configuration,
*
Inadequacy of the transient modeling approach due to lack of mass transport modeling, and
*
Sensitivity analysis, including
o
Increased oxygen consumption with increased flow rate,
o Very subtle chemistry effects as a function of graphite temperature,
o
Production ratio of carbon oxides dependent on reaction stoicheometry, and
o
Increased graphite heating effects proportional to increased carbon dioxide
production.
9.1
Mesh Refinement
At the conclusion of the mesh refinement study, consistent results were observable among all levels
of grid refinement using a steady-state flow and heat transfer analysis.
Since significant
computational resources were available, the model using 4,508 elements, which was of mediumquality horizontal refinement and medium-quality vertical refinement, was used for all further
analyses. The decision to move forward with this grid structure ensured that entrance effects could
- 85-
be adequately modeled, and also ensured that computation would proceed efficiently when more
complex features of the FLUENT code (i.e., chemistry and unsteady modeling) were used.
9.2
The Zhai and Kuhlmann Pressure Drop Correlations
In his thesis [19], Zhai was able to modify the Kuhlmann Pressure Drop Correlations [17] that were
published from the NACOK Natural Convection Flow Test so that he obtained excellent agreement
with published experimental data regarding the flow behavior of the NACOK device.
However, because the NACOK device was reconfigured to run the corrosion test, and because there
are discrepancies between the Kuhlmann Correlation and the Zhai Correlation at the relevant flow
parameters, the Zhai pressure drop correlation does not function well for the model described in this
thesis. Therefore, it was not possible to perform density-driven flow calculations for this model.
Of the default choices available for flow specification using the FLUENT code, which include
pressure differences, velocities, and mass flows, the pressure difference is the most appropriate for
the natural convection condition established in the NACOK Corrosion Test.
Because a heated
nitrogen flow was used to establish the natural convection condition in the experiment, a pressure
drop existed in the flow channel at the time the experiment started. Therefore, modeling flow with a
pressure drop, as was done in this thesis, is the most appropriate choice of flow conditions of those
allowed by FLUENT.
9.3
Lack of Mass Transport Modeling
Given the set of boundary conditions and simplifying assumptions used to run this model, FLUENT
lacks the capability to analyze the model's mass transport. This is due to the fact that the FLUENT
surface chemistry modeling feature assumes an infinite supply of reactant at the surface site. Also, in
order to preserve steady-state flow continuity, all inlet boundary mass flows must approximately
equal all exit boundary mass flows. Therefore, as solid species enter the system as a result of surface
chemistry, the bulk species must be removed from the system.
The implications of the simplification imposed by FLUENT are that the actual concentration of
nitrogen in the system is lower than it would be in a laboratory setting, and all other concentrations
are higher than they otherwise would be. Also, because there is no mass transport, the relevance of a
transient model becomes questionable. This is due to the fact that, since carbon is not consumed,
and mass transfer is not modeled, the transient solution ultimately approaches a steady-state solution
that would run for an infinite amount of time. In a laboratory setting, all the carbon in the model
- 86 -
would eventually be consumed, the model would begin to cool down, and the flow would ultimately
stop. This end effect can not be modeled by FLUENT.
9.4
Sensitivity Analysis
The sensitivity analysis was performed by varying flow rates, graphite temperatures, and carbon
reaction stoicheometry.
Of all objectives set forth in this thesis, completion of this task yielded
perhaps the most useful information regarding the NACOK Corrosion test, and the MPBR air
ingress accident scenario. The significant conclusions are discussed in the sections that follow.
9.4.1
Incident Air Flow Rate
As discussed in Chapter 8, the rate of oxygen consumption, and therefore, carbon release into the
NACOK Flow Chamber, increases as a function of flow rate increase. The implication is that the
rate of carbon corrosion can be controlled either by depleting the oxygen supply flowing into the
device, or by restricting the air flow rate that enters the device.
In an MPBR under air-ingress accident conditions, it may therefore be helpful to either supply excess
nitrogen to the confinement, or to restrict the air circulation rate. It should be noted that restricting
the air circulation rate may not allow for sufficient cooling of the pebble bed, however.
9.4.2
Graphite Temperature
A significant result of this sensitivity analysis is the observation that graphite temperature does not
have a significant effect on the carbon chemistry. A slight tendency for carbon monoxide increase
and carbon dioxide decrease was observable. This temperature effect should be thought of as a
condition of the model; the temperature range over which the sensitivity analysis was performed may
be inappropriate for the chemistry model used. Also, a set of temperature-dependent stoicheometric
coefficients may lead to different graphite temperature study results.
Therefore, vastly different
effects of varying graphite temperature in the laboratory setting could be expected, based on the
various descriptions of graphite chemistry presented in Chapter 1.
9.4.3
Reaction Stoicheometry
A very significant feature of this model is the coupled carbon chemistry. Two carbon interactions
were coupled and modeled as one chemical equation. Therefore, the ratio of carbon monoxide to
carbon dioxide production is highly dependent on the stoicheometric ratios used in the model. The
stoicheometric ratios used in this model were obtained from the JAERI experiment; it will be
- 87 -
necessary to observe new stoicheometric ratios from the NACOK (or other, similar) configuration to
develop a more robust chemistry model.
9.4.4
Carbon Dioxide Production-Related Heating Effects
As can be noted in Chapter 1, the carbon reaction that yields carbon dioxide is more highly
exothermic than the reaction that yields carbon monoxide.
This effect was visible in the
stoicheometry study, as increased carbon dioxide production led to small increases in reflector
temperatures.
As a side note to this part of the sensitivity analysis, it is very significant that similar heating effects in
the pebble bed region of the model were not observed. This observation supports the theory that
most oxygen consumption occurs in the reflector regions, and that the reflectors effectively protect
the fuel pebbles from corrosion.
9.5
Recommendations for FurtherAnalysis
At the conclusion of the work presented in this thesis, several areas deserve future evaluation. First,
the coupled carbon reaction should be split, such that the carbon chemistry is modeled more
explicitly. In this sense, the appropriate stoicheometric ratios may be evaluated by FLUENT, rather
than input by the user.
Second, the Boudouard Reaction for carbon combustion should be coupled to this analysis. The
Boudouard Reaction was not modeled for two very significant reasons. First, this model does not
operate in a temperature range where the Boudouard Reaction is expected to occur. Also, use of the
Boudouard Reaction in FLUENT would require a flame model, which would further complicate the
modeling effort and incur additional computational cost.
Third, a temperature-dependent function for pressure drop should be developed that better
represents the Kuhlmann correlation discussed in Chapter 6. This improvement to the model will
enable a more accurate representation of temperature effects on flow. It will also make data obtained
from transient modeling more significant and insightful.
Finally, the capability to couple mass transport calculations to this analysis should be investigated.
Once mass transport and a finite amount of carbon are modeled properly, a very informative
transient analysis could be performed, with results that should behave differently from the steadystate analyses performed in this thesis.
- 88 -
References
1. Magwood IV, William D. "Roadmap to the Next Generation of Nuclear Power Systems: A
Vision for a Powerful Future." Nuclear News Nov. 2000: 35-37.
2. United States. Department of Energy. A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear
Energy Systems Technical Roadmap Report Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2003.
3. Williams, Peter M. "Selected History and Background." American Nuclear Society Advanced Gas
Reactor Technology Course, Washington, D.C., 21 Nov. 2002.
4. Kadak, Andrew C. Modular Pebble Bed Reactor Project: University Research Consortium Annual
Report MIT-ANP-TR-075 Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2000.
5. Kadak, Andrew C. and Ronald G. Ballinger. "Modular Pebble Bed Reactor Project, Fourth
Annual Report." MIT-ANP-TR-094 Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT;. 2002.
6. Koster, A., H. P. Matzner, and D. R. Nicholsi. "PBMR Design for the Future."
Engineering and Design 222 (2003): 231-245.
7. PBMR General Description. 15 Jan. 2004. PBMR (Pty) Ltd.
<https://www.pbmr.com/3 pbmr technical info/3 lgen description.htm>
5
Mar.
Nuclear
2004.
8. Takeda, Tetsuaki and Makoto Hishida. "Study on the Passive Safe Technology for the Prevention
of Air Ingress During the Primary-Pipe Rupture Accident of HTGR." Nuclear Engineering and
Design 200 (2000): 251-259.
9. Rehm, W, W. Jahn, and K. Verfondern. "Present Results and Further Developments on Safety
Analysis of Small and Medium-Sized HTRs for Core Heat-Up Accidents." Nuclear Engineering and
Design 109 (2002): 281-287.
10. Katscher, W. and R. Moorman. "Graphite Corrosion Under Severe HTR Accident Conditions."
Proc. Of IAEA Specialists' Mtg. on Graphite Component Structural Design, 1986, Japan. Tokaimura, Japan: Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1986.
11. Kugeler, K., et al. "Aerosol Formation by Graphite Corrosion in case of Water and Air Ingress
to the Core of a High-Temperature Reactor." Energy 16 (1991): 491-499.
12. Takeda, Tetsuaki and Makato Hishida, "Studies on Molecular Diffusion and Natural Convection
in a Multi-Component Gas System." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 39.3 (1996):
527-536.
13. Schweitzer, D.G. "Experimental Results of Air Ingress in Heated Graphite Channels: A
Summary of American Analyses of the Windscale and Chernobyl Accidents. Upton, New York:
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1992.
- 89 -
14. Hishida, Makato and Tetsuaki Takeda, "Study on Air Ingress During an Early State of a PrimaryPipe Rupture Accident of a High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." Nuclear Engineering and
Design 126 (1991):175-187.
15. Takeda, Tetsuaki and Makoto Hishida. "Study on the Passive Safe Technology for the
Prevention of Air Ingress During the Primary-Pipe Rupture Accident of HTGR." Nuclear
Engineering and Design 200 (2000): 251-259.
16. FLUENT 6.1 User Guide. Lebanon, New Hampshire: FLUENT, Incorporated, 2003.
17. Kuhlmann, M.B. Experiments to Investigate Flow Transfer and Graphite Corrosion During
Air-Ingress in a High-Temperature Gas Reactor. Germany: Forschungzentrum Julich, 1999.
18. NACOK Experimental Apparatus. 2 May 1996. Forschungzentrum Jiilich. 8 Mar. 2004.
<http://www.fz-juelich.de/isr/2/pictures/nacokmod.jpg>
19. Zhai, Tieliang. "LOCA and Air Ingress Accident Analysis of a Pebble Bed Reactor." Nuclear
Engineer's Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003.
20. Gambit 2.1 User's Guide. Lebanon, New Hamphire: Fluent, Incoporated. 2003.
21. Zhai, Tieliang. Personal Interview. 13 Jan. 2004.
22. Mills, A.F. Heat Transfer. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999.
-90-
Appendix
APPENDIX A.
CHARTS OF GAS PROPERTIES........................................................................
92
APPENDIX B.
GAMBIT JOURNAL FILES .......................................
96
ORIGINAL, 3,176 ELEMENT MESH ........................................
B.2
HORIZONTALLY COARSE, 794 ELEMENT MESH .........................................
102
B.3
HORIZONTALLY DENSER, 7,146 ELEMENT MESH .................................................
107
B.4
MEDIUM-DENSITY, VERTICALLY REFINED, 4,508 ELEMENT MESH .....................................
112
B.5
HIGH-DENSITY, VERTICALLY REFINED, 8,748 ELEMENT MESH ........................................ 116
APPENDIX C.
FLUENT SUMMARY FILES..........
.........................
97
B.1
...........................
120
122
C.1
GRID REFINEMENT SUMMARY .....................................................
C.2
TRANSIENT FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER SUMMARY .............................................. 144
C.3
CHEMISTRY SENSITIVITY STUDY SUMMARY ......................................................... 166
-91 -
Appendix A. Charts of Gas Properties
As a default, the FLUENT materials database contains most commonly used fluids with constant
material properties evaluated at room temperature.
For most applications, this is an ideal
specification. However, because the research contained in this thesis concerns gas flows over a range
of temperatures from 293K to 923K, three properties of all the gases used are highly temperaturedependent. These included density, kinematic viscosity, and specific heat.
To augment the material property specifications already stored in the FLUENT materials database,
tabulated values of these properties for air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide
were applied to piecewise linear (PWL) approximations. This means that the tabulated values were
input into FLUENT, and at all temperatures between the tabulated values, FLUENT interpolated
the correct value that corresponded to the temperature.
In all cases, the tabulated values are shown on plots versus temperature as data points. The only
exception is air density, which is a piecewise linear approximation of the ideal gas law, as suggested
by White [1]. For air density, the ideal gas law is depicted as a line, and the PWL points are shown as
data points. All other values were tabulated in Mills's Heat Transfer [2].
1. White, Frank M. Fluid Mechanics. Boston: WCB McGraw-Hill, 1999.
2. Mills, A. F. Heat Transfer. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999.
- 92 -
Chart A.1. Air Density.
Air Density Ideal Gas Approximation
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Temperature (K)
Chart A.2. Air Specific Heat.
---
Air Specific Heat PWL Fit
1140
1120
1100
1080
1060
1040
1020
i**
1000
980
200
400
600
Temperature, K
- 93 -
800
1000
1200
Chart A.3. Air Dynamic Viscosity.
Air Dynamic Viscosity PWL Fit
4.50E-05
4.00E-05
•
,p 3.50E-05
E
0) 3.00E-05
"o 2.50E-05
9
2.00E-05
E 1.50E-05
1.00E-05
5.00E-06
0.OOE+00
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Temperature, K
Chart A.4. Gas Density.
Gas Density PWL Fit
2.5
2
I •*002
CO2
N2
•.E1.5 A
A 02
SCO
I
*
A
*
0.5
0
1
800
1000
0
0
200
400
600
Temperature (K)
- 94-
1200
Chart A.5. Gas Specific Heat.
Gas Specific Heat PWL Fit
I3VV
1200
¥ 1100
0
1000
. 900
800
700
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Temperature, K
02
Chart A.6. Gas Dynamic Viscosity.
Gas Dynamic Viscosity PWL Fit
5.00E-05
A
4.50E-05
4.00E-05
3.50E-05
3.00E-05
2.50E-05
SN2
A
2.00E-05
-i;
IC
*
CO
1.50E-05
i
*
1.00E-05
200
400
600
Temperature, K
- 95 -
800
1000
1200
Appendix B. Gambit Journal Files
In order to create the meshes used in this thesis, the GAMBIT pre-processing tool was used.
GAMBIT features both a graphical and a text user interface. Despite which interface is used to
construct a grid, GAMBIT creates a journal file, which is a list of text commands that are used to
create the grid. For all five grids used in this thesis, the GAMBIT journal files are included.
- 96 -
B.1
Original, 3,176 Element Mesh
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for write Mon May 24 10:21:29 2004.
identifier name "NACOK FlowChamber" new nosaveprevious
vertex create coordinates 0 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 150
vertex create coordinates 0 0 150
edge create straight "vertex.1" "vertex.2" "vertex.3" "vertex.4"
edge create straight "vertex.4" "vertex.1"
face create wireframe "edge.2" "edge.1" "edge.4" "edge.3" real
volume create translate "face.1" vector 0 5000 0
volume create translate "face.5" vector 0 734 0
edge split "edge.15" percentarclength 0.66666667 connected
edge split "edge.16" percentarclength 0.33333333 connected
face create translate "edge.22" onedge "edge.15"
face split "face.10" connected face "face.12"
volume create translate "face.13" vector 0 50 0
volume create translate "face.17" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.22" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.27" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.32" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.37" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.42" vector 0 240 0
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
face mesh "face.1" map size 1
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map size 1
face mesh "face.1" map intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map intervals 10
face mesh "face.l" map intervals 11
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map intervals 11
face mesh "face.1" map intervals 9
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.l" map intervals 9
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.16" "edge.21"
edge mesh "edge.21" "edge.16" successive ratiol 1 intervals 3
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.17" "edge.20"
edge mesh "edge.20" "edge.17" successive ratiol 1 intervals 9
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.28" "edge.29"
edge mesh "edge.29" "edge.28" successive ratiol 1 intervals 6
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 6
undo endgroup
/ERROR occurred in the next command!
-97-
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10"
intervals 10
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.1O" "face.5"
intervals \
10
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1"
intervals 10
volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1"
intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.l0"
"face.5" int
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.22" "edge.28" "edge.29" "edge.16" "edge.20"
"edge.17" \
"edge.21" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.21" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge.16" "edge.29" \
"edge.28" "edge.22" successive ratiol 1 size 25
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 10
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.36" "edge.35" "edge.30" "edge.31"
edge mesh "edge.31" "edge.30" "edge.35" "edge.36" firstlength ratiol 27
intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
redo
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.4" onlymesh
volume mesh "volume.4" cooper source "face.17" "face.22" intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" cooper
intervals 2
window modify invisible mesh
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
-98-
window modify visible mesh
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.84" "edge.83" "edge.78" "edge.79"
edge mesh "edge.79" "edge.78" "edge.83" "edge.84" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 8
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.9" cooper source "face.42" "face.47"
volume mesh "volume.10" cooper source "face.47" "face.52" intervals 30
undo begingroup
edge modify "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" backward
edge picklink "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18"
edge mesh "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 13
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10" "face.5"
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.ll" "edge.10" "edge.5" "edge.6"
successive ratiol 1
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.5" "edge.10" "edge.ll1"
size 94
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.1"
solver select "FLUENT 5/6"
window modify invisible mesh
window modify shade
physics create "lowerpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.4" "face.6"
physics create "voidwall" btype "WALL" face "face.9" "face.11"
physics create "voidtopwall" btype "WALL" face "face.10"
physics create "sswall" btype "WALL" face "face.16" "face.18"
physics create "refwall" btype "WALL" face "face.21" "face.23"
"face.26" \
"face.28" "face.31" "face.33" "face.36" "face.38" "face.41" "face.43"
physics create "upperpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.46" "face.48"
physics create "llwall" btype "WALL" face "face.51" "face.53"
physics create "outflow" btype "OUTFLOW" face "face.52"
physics create "inflow" btype "MASS FLOW INLET" face "face.l"
physics create "xsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.49" "face.44"
"face.39" \
"face.34" "face.29" "face.24" "face.19" "face.14" "face.7" "face.2"
physics create "zsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.50" "face.45"
"face.40" \
"face.35" "face.30" "face.25" "face.20" "face.15" "face.8" "face.3"
physics create "cerpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.l"
physics create "plate" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.3"
physics create "refl" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.4"
physics create "ref2" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.5"
physics create "ref3" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.6"
physics create "ref4" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.7"
physics create "ref5" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.8"
physics create "graphpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.9"
physics create "loadlattice" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.10"
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber.msh"
/ File closed at Mon May 24 11:31:51 2004, 47.41 cpu second(s),
17985680 maximum memory.
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for append Wed Jun 02 13:58:09 2004.
-99-
identifier name "C:\Fluent.Inc\ntbin\ntx86\NACOKFlowChamber.dbs" old \
nosaveprevious
window modify visible mesh
window modify shade
window modify noshade
volume delete "volume.1" "volume.2" "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" \
"volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.10" onlymesh
face delete onlymesh
edge delete "edge.89" "edge.88" "edge.90" "edge.93" "edge.81" "edge.85"
"edge.80" "edge.82" "edge.73" "edge.65" "edge.77" "edge.57" "edge.69"
"edge.49" "edge.61" "edge.41" "edge.53" "edge.33" "edge.45" "edge.22"
"edge.37"
"edge.29"
"edge.72" "edge.74"
"edge.66" "edge.64" "edge.56"
"edge.48" "edge.40" "edge.50" "edge.32" "edge.42" "edge.34" "edge.15"
"edge.28" "edge.58" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge.16" "edge.21"
lowertopology onlymesh
edge delete "edge.8" "edge.7" "edge.9" "edge.12" lowertopology onlymesh
edge delete "edge.4" "edge.l" "edge.2" "edge.3" lowertopology onlymesh
undo begingroup
edge delete "edge.15" "edge.28" "edge.22" "edge.29" keepsettings
onlymesh
edge picklink "edge.29" "edge.22" "edge.28" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.28" "edge.22" "edge.29" successive ratiol 1 \
intervals 2
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge delete "edge.17" "edge.20" keepsettings onlymesh
edge picklink "edge.20" "edge.17"
edge mesh "edge.17" "edge.20" successive ratiol 1 intervals 3
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge delete "edge.21" "edge.16" keepsettings onlymesh
edge picklink "edge.16" "edge.21"
edge mesh "edge.21" "edge.16" successive ratiol 1 intervals 1
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.1" "volume.2" "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" \
"volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.10" onlymesh
/ERROR occurred in the next command!
volume mesh "volume.1" "volume.2" "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5"
"volume.6" \
"volume.7" "volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.10" cooper size 1
undo endgroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
volume mesh "volume.2" "volume.1" cooper size 1
volume mesh "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.8"
"volume.9" \
-100-
"volume.1O" cooper size 1
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" "volume.6"
"volume.8" "v
volume mesh "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" cooper size 1
volume mesh "volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.1O"
cooper \
size 1
save
- 101 -
B.2
Horizontally Coarse, 794 Element Mesh
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for write Mon May 24 10:21:29 2004.
identifier name "NACOK_FlowChamber" new nosaveprevious
vertex create coordinates 0 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 150
vertex create coordinates 0 0 150
edge create straight "vertex.1" "vertex.2" "vertex.3" "vertex.4"
edge create straight "vertex.4" "vertex.1"
face create wireframe "edge.2" "edge.1" "edge.4" "edge.3" real
volume create translate "face.1" vector 0 5000 0
volume create translate "face.5" vector 0 734 0
edge split "edge.15" percentarclength 0.66666667 connected
edge split "edge.16" percentarclength 0.33333333 connected
face create translate "edge.22" onedge "edge.15"
face split "face.10" connected face "face.12"
volume create translate "face.13" vector 0 50 0
volume create translate "face.17" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.22" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.27" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.32" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.37" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.42" vector 0 240 0
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
face mesh "face.1" map size 1
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map size 1
face mesh "face.l" map intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map intervals 10
face mesh "face.1" map intervals 11
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map intervals 11
face mesh "face.1" map intervals 9
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.l" map intervals 9
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.16" "edge.21"
edge mesh "edge.21" "edge.16" successive ratiol 1 intervals 3
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.17" "edge.20"
edge mesh "edge.20" "edge.17" successive ratiol 1 intervals 9
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.28" "edge.29"
edge mesh "edge.29" "edge.28" successive ratiol 1 intervals 6
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 6
undo endgroup
/ERROR occurred in the next command!
-102-
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.lO" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10"
intervals 10
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10" "face.5"
intervals \
10
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.1"
intervals 10
volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1"
intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10"
"face.5" int
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.lO0" submap intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.22" "edge.28" "edge.29" "edge.16" "edge.20"
"edge.17" \
"edge.21" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.21" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge.16" "edge.29" \
"edge.28" "edge.22" successive ratiol 1 size 25
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 10
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.36" "edge.35" "edge.30" "edge.31"
edge mesh "edge.31" "edge.30" "edge.35" "edge.36" firstlength ratiol 27
intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
redo
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.4" onlymesh
volume mesh "volume.4" cooper source "face.17" "face.22" intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" cooper
intervals 2
window modify invisible mesh
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
-103-
window modify visible mesh
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.84" "edge.83" "edge.78" "edge.79"
edge mesh "edge.79" "edge.78" "edge.83" "edge.84" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 8
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.9" cooper source "face.42" "face.47"
volume mesh "volume.10" cooper source "face.47" "face.52" intervals 30
undo begingroup
edge modify "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" backward
edge picklink "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18"
edge mesh "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 13
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10" "face.5"
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.ll" "edge.10" "edge.5" "edge.6"
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.5" "edge.10" "edge.ll1"
successive ratiol 1
size 94
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.l"
solver select "FLUENT 5/6"
window modify invisible mesh
window modify shade
physics create "lowerpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.4" "face.6"
physics create "voidwall" btype "WALL" face "face.9" "face.ll"
physics create "voidtopwall" btype "WALL" face "face.10"
physics create "sswall" btype "WALL" face "face.16" "face.18"
physics create "refwall" btype "WALL" face "face.21" "face.23"
"face.26" \
"face.28" "face.31" "face.33" "face.36" "face.38" "face.41" "face.43"
physics create "upperpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.46" "face.48"
physics create "llwall" btype "WALL" face "face.51" "face.53"
physics create "outflow" btype "OUTFLOW" face "face.52"
physics create "inflow" btype "MASS FLOW INLET" face "face.l"
physics create "xsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.49" "face.44"
"face.39" \
"face.34" "face.29" "face.24" "face.19" "face.14" "face.7" "face.2"
physics create "zsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.50" "face.45"
"face.40" \
"face.35" "face.30" "face.25" "face.20" "face.15" "face.8" "face.3"
physics create "cerpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.l"
physics create "plate" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.3"
physics create "refl" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.4"
physics create "ref2" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.5"
physics create "ref3" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.6"
physics create "ref4" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.7"
physics create "ref5" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.8"
physics create "graphpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.9"
physics create "loadlattice" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.10"
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber.msh"
/ File closed at Mon May 24 11:31:51 2004, 47.41 cpu second(s),
17985680 maximum memory.
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for append Wed Jun 02 11:35:35 2004.
-104-
identifier name "C:\Fluent.Inc\ntbin\ntx86\NACOK FlowChamber.dbs" old \
nosaveprevious
window modify shade
window modify noshade
window modify visible mesh
volume delete "volume.l" "volume.2" "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" \
"volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.10" onlymesh
face delete "face.l" "face.2" "face.3" "face.4" "face.5" "face.6"
"face.7" \
"face.8" "face.9" "face.10" "face.11" "face.13" "face.14" "face.15" \
"face.16" "face.17" "face.18" "face.19" "face.20" "face.21" "face.22"
"face.23" "face.24" "face.25" "face.26" "face .27"
"face.28" "face.29"
"face.30" "face.31" "face.32" "face.33" "face .34" "face.35"
"face.36"
"face.37" "face.38" "face.39" "face.40" "face .41"
"face.42"
"face.43"
"face.44" "face.45" "face.46" "face.47" "face .48"
"face.49" "face.50"
"face.51" "face.52" "face.53" onlymesh
edge delete "edge.89" "edge.88" "edge.90" "edge . 93" "edge.80" "edge . 81"
"edge.85" "edge.82" "edge.77" "edge.73" "edge . 65" "edge. 69" "edge.57"
"edge.61" "edge.49" "edge.41" "edge.53" "edge .33"
"edge.45" "edge.37"
"edge.22" "edge.34" "edge.15" "edge.42" "edge .32"
"edge.50" "edge.40"
"edge.58" "edge.48" "edge.66" "edge.56" "edge .74"
"edge. 64" "edge.72"
"edge.28" "edge.29" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge .21"
"edge.16" "edge.8"
"edge.12" "edge.9" "edge.7" "edge.1" "edge.4"
lowertopology onlymesh
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.21" "edge.16"
edge mesh "edge.16" "edge.21" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.22" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.22" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.17" "edge.20"
edge mesh "edge.20" "edge.17" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.29" "edge.28"
edge mesh "edge.28" "edge.29" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.2" "volume.1" cooper size 1
-105-
"edge.3" "edge.2" \
1 intervals 1
1 intervals 2
1 intervals 3
1 intervals 2
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7" \
"volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.10" onlymesh
volume mesh "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7"
"volume.8" \
"volume.9" "volume.10" cooper size 1
undo endgroup
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Denser.dbs"
/ File closed at Wed Jun 02 11:43:32 2004, 7.30 cpu second(s), 6293088
maximum memory.
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for append Wed Jun 02 13:10:18 2004.
identifier name
"C:\Fluent.Inc\ntbin\ntx86\NACOK FlowChamber Denser.dbs" old \
nosaveprevious
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber Denser.msh"
/ File closed at Wed Jun 02 13:10:33 2004, 0.64 cpu second(s), 6320320
maximum memory.
-106-
B.3
Horizontally Denser, 7,146 Element Mesh
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for write Mon May 24 10:21:29 2004.
identifier name "NACOKFlowChamber" new nosaveprevious
vertex create coordinates 0 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 150
vertex create coordinates 0 0 150
edge create straight "vertex.1" "vertex.2" "vertex.3" "vertex.4"
edge create straight "vertex.4" "vertex.1"
face create wireframe "edge.2" "edge.l" "edge.4" "edge.3" real
volume create translate "face.1" vector 0 5000 0
volume create translate "face.5" vector 0 734 0
edge split "edge.15" percentarclength 0.66666667 connected
edge split "edge.16" percentarclength 0.33333333 connected
face create translate "edge.22" onedge "edge.15"
face split "face.10" connected face "face.12"
volume create translate "face.13" vector 0 50 0
volume create translate "face.17" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.22" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.27" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.32" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.37" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.42" vector 0 240 0
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
face mesh "face.1" map size 1
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.l" map size 1
face mesh "face.1" map intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map intervals 10
face mesh "face.1" map intervals 11
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.1" map intervals 11
face mesh "face.1" map intervals 9
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.l" map intervals 9
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.16" "edge.21"
edge mesh "edge.21" "edge.16" successive ratiol 1 intervals 3
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.17" "edge.20"
edge mesh "edge.20" "edge.17" successive ratiol 1 intervals 9
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.28" "edge.29"
edge mesh "edge.29" "edge.28" successive ratiol 1 intervals 6
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 6
undo endgroup
/ERROR occurred in the next command!
-107-
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.lO0" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.l0"
intervals 10
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.1O" "face.5"
intervals \
10
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.l" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.l"
intervals 10
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.1"
intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10"
"face.5" int
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: face mesh "face.lO0" submap intervals 10
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.22" "edge.28" "edge.29" "edge.16" "edge.20"
"edge.17" \
"edge.21" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.21" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge.16" "edge.29" \
"edge.28" "edge.22" successive ratiol 1 size 25
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 10
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.36" "edge.35" "edge.30" "edge.31"
edge mesh "edge.31" "edge.30" "edge.35" "edge.36" firstlength ratiol 27
intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
redo
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.4" onlymesh
volume mesh "volume.4" cooper source "face.17" "face.22" intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" cooper
intervals 2
window modify invisible mesh
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
-108-
window modify visible mesh
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.84" "edge.83" "edge.78" "edge.79"
edge mesh "edge.79" "edge.78" "edge.83" "edge.84" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 8
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.9" cooper source "face.42" "face.47"
volume mesh "volume.10" cooper source "face.47" "face.52" intervals 30
undo begingroup
edge modify "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" backward
edge picklink "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18"
edge mesh "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 13
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10" "face.5"
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.1l" "edge.10" "edge.5" "edge.6"
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.5" "edge.10" "edge.11" successive ratiol 1
size 94
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.l"
solver select "FLUENT 5/6"
window modify invisible mesh
window modify shade
physics create "lowerpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.4" "face.6"
physics create "voidwall" btype "WALL" face "face.9" "face.11"
physics create "voidtopwall" btype "WALL" face "face.10"
physics create "sswall" btype "WALL" face "face.16" "face.18"
physics create "refwall" btype "WALL" face "face.21" "face.23"
"face.26" \
"face.28" "face.31" "face.33" "face.36" "face.38" "face.41" "face.43"
physics create "upperpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.46" "face.48"
physics create "llwall" btype "WALL" face "face.51" "face.53"
physics create "outflow" btype "OUTFLOW" face "face.52"
physics create "inflow" btype "MASS FLOW INLET" face "face.1"
physics create "xsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.49" "face.44"
"face.39" \
"face.34" "face.29" "face.24" "face.19" "face.14" "face.7" "face.2"
physics create "zsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.50" "face.45"
"face.40" \
"face.35" "face.30" "face.25" "face.20" "face.15" "face.8" "face.3"
physics create "cerpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.1"
physics create "plate" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.3"
physics create "refl" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.4"
physics create "ref2" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.5"
physics create "ref3" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.6"
physics create "ref4" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.7"
physics create "ref5" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.8"
physics create "graphpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.9"
physics create "loadlattice" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.10"
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber.msh"
/ File closed at Mon May 24 11:31:51 2004, 47.41 cpu second(s),
17985680 maximum memory.
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for append Wed Jun 02 11:35:35 2004.
-109-
identifier name "C:\Fluent.Inc\ntbin\ntx86\NACOKFlowChamber.dbs" old \
nosaveprevious
window modify shade
window modify noshade
window modify visible mesh
volume delete "volume.1" "volume.2" "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" \
"volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.10" onlymesh
face delete "face.l" "face.2" "face.3" "face.4" "face.5" "face.6"
"face.7" \
"face.8" "face.9" "face.10" "face.ll" "face.13" "face.14" "face.15" \
"face.16" "face.17" "face.18" "face.19" "face.20" "face.21" "face.22"
"face. 23" "face.24" "face.25"
"face.30"
"face. 26"
"face. 27" "face.28"
"face.31" "face.32" "face.33" "face.34"
"face.29"
"face.35" "face.36"
"face. 37" "face. 38" "face.39" "face. 40" "face. 41" "face. 42" "face. 43"
"face. 44" "face. 45" "face.46" "face. 47" "face. 48" "face. 49" "face.50"
"face.51" "face.52" "face.53" onlymesh
edge delete "edge.89" "edge. 88" "edge. 90" "edge. 93"
"edge.85" "edge. 82" "edge.77" "edge. 73"
"edge. 65"
"edge.80" "edge. 81"
"edge. 69" "edge. 57"
"edge. 61" "edge.49" "edge.41" "edge.53" "edge.33" "edge.45" "edge.37"
"edge. 22" "edge.34" "edge.15" "edge. 42"
"edge.32" "edge.50" "edge.40"
"edge.58" "edge.48" "edge.66" "edge.56" "edge.74" "edge. 64" "edge.72"
"edge.28" "edge.29" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge. 21"
"edge.12" "edge.9" "edge.7" "edge.1" "edge.4"
lowertopology onlymesh
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.21" "edge.16"
edge mesh "edge.16" "edge.21" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.22" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.22" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.17" "edge.20"
edge mesh "edge.20" "edge.17" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.29" "edge.28"
edge mesh "edge.28" "edge.29" successive ratiol
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.2" "volume.1" cooper size 1
-110-
"edge.16" "edge.8"
"edge.3" "edge.2" \
1 intervals 3
1 intervals 6
1 intervals 9
1 intervals 6
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7" \
"volume.8" "volume.9" "volume.10" onlymesh
volume mesh "volume.3" "volume.4" "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7"
"volume.8" \
"volume.9" "volume.10" cooper size 1
undo endgroup
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Denser.dbs"
/ File closed at Wed Jun 02 11:43:32 2004, 7.30 cpu second(s), 6293088
maximum memory.
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for append Wed Jun 02 13:10:18 2004.
identifier name
"C:\Fluent.Inc\ntbin\ntx86\NACOK FlowChamber Denser.dbs" old \
nosaveprevious
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber Denser.msh"
/ File closed at Wed Jun 02 13:10:33 2004, 0.64 cpu second(s), 6320320
maximum memory.
-111 -
B.4
Medium-Density, Vertically Refined, 4,508 Element Mesh
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for write Mon Jun 07 13:24:18 2004.
identifier name "NACOK FlowChamber" new nosaveprevious
vertex create coordinates 0 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 150
vertex create coordinates 0 0 150
edge create straight "vertex.l" "vertex.2" "vertex.3" "vertex.4"
edge create straight "vertex.4" "vertex.l"
face create wireframe "edge.2" "edge.1" "edge.4" "edge.3" real
volume create translate "face.1" vector 0 5000 0
volume create translate "face.5" vector 0 734 0
edge split "edge.15" percentarclength 0.66666667 connected
edge split "edge.16" percentarclength 0.33333333 connected
face create translate "edge.22" onedge "edge.15"
face split "face.10" connected face "face.12"
volume create translate "face.13" vector 0 50 0
volume create translate "face.17" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.22" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.27" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.32" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.37" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.42" vector 0 240 0
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.16" "edge.21"
edge mesh "edge.21" "edge.16" successive ratiol 1 intervals 4
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.17" "edge.20"
edge mesh "edge.20" "edge.17" successive ratiol 1 intervals 12
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.28" "edge.29"
edge mesh "edge.29" "edge.28" successive ratiol 1 intervals 8
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 6
undo endgroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.22" "edge.28" "edge.29" "edge.16" "edge.20"
"edge.17" \
-112-
"edge.21" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.21" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge.16" "edge.29" \
"edge.28" "edge.22" successive ratiol 1 size 25
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 10
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.36" "edge.35" "edge.30" "edge.31"
edge mesh "edge.31" "edge.30" "edge.35" "edge.36" firstlength ratiol 27
intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
redo
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.4" onlymesh
volume mesh "volume.4" cooper source "face.17" "face.22" intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" cooper
intervals 2
window modify invisible mesh
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
window modify visible mesh
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.84" "edge.83" "edge.78" "edge.79"
edge mesh "edge.79" "edge.78" "edge.83" "edge.84" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 8
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.9" cooper source "face.42" "face.47"
volume mesh "volume.10" cooper source "face.47" "face.52" intervals 30
undo begingroup
edge modify "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" backward
edge picklink "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18"
edge mesh "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 13
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10" "face.5"
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.ll" "edge.10" "edge.5" "edge.6"
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.5" "edge.10" "edge.11" successive ratiol 1
size 94
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.1"
solver select "FLUENT 5/6"
window modify invisible mesh
window modify shade
physics create "lowerpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.4" "face.6"
physics create "voidwall" btype "WALL" face "face.9" "face.11"
physics create "voidtopwall" btype "WALL" face "face.10"
physics create "sswall" btype "WALL" face "face.16" "face.18"
physics create "refwall" btype "WALL" face "face.21" "face.23"
"face.26" \
-113-
"face.28" "face.31" "face.33" "face.36" "face.38" "face.41" "face.43"
physics create "upperpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.46" "face.48"
physics create "llwall" btype "WALL" face "face.51" "face.53"
physics create "outflow" btype "OUTFLOW" face "face.52"
physics create "inflow" btype "MASS FLOW INLET" face "face.l"
physics create "xsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.49" "face.44"
"face.39" \
"face.34" "face.29" "face.24" "face.19" "face.14" "face.7" "face.2"
physics create "zsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.50" "face.45"
"face.40" \
"face.35" "face.30" "face.25" "face.20" "face.15" "face.8" "face.3"
physics create "cerpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.l"
physics create "plate" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.3"
physics create "refl" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.4"
physics create "ref2" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.5"
physics create "ref3" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.6"
physics create "ref4" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.7"
physics create "ref5" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.8"
physics create "graphpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.9"
physics create "loadlattice" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.10"
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber.msh"
/ File closed at Mon May 24 11:31:51 2004, 47.41 cpu second(s),
17985680 maximum memory.
window modify noshade
window modify visible mesh
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium.dbs"
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRDl.dbs"
volume delete "volume.l" lowertopology onlymesh
edge mesh "edge.5" "edge.6" "edge.1" "edge.10" successive ratiol 1.016
intervals 80
volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.l" size 1
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.l" size
1
undo
/Undone to: edge mesh "edge.5" "edge.6" "edge.11" "edge.10" successive
ratiol 1.0
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.11" "edge.10" "edge.5" successive ratiol 1.02
intervals 180
undo
/Undone to: edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.ll" "edge.10" "edge.5" successive
ratiol 1.0
undo
/Undone to: volume delete "volume.l" lowertopology onlymesh
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRDl.dbs"
volume delete "volume.l" lowertopology onlymesh
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.1ll" "edge.10" "edge.5" successive ratiol 1.016
intervals 90
volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.l" size 1
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRDl.dbs"
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for append Mon Jun 07 14:48:40 2004.
identifier name
"C:\Fluent.Inc\ntbin\ntx86\NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRDl.dbs" \
-114-
old saveprevious
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRDl.msh"
-115-
B.5
High-Density, Vertically Refined, 8,748 Element Mesh
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for write Mon Jun 07 13:24:18 2004.
identifier name "NACOK_FlowChamber" new nosaveprevious
vertex create coordinates 0 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 0
vertex create coordinates 150 0 150
vertex create coordinates 0 0 150
edge create straight "vertex.l" "vertex.2" "vertex.3" "vertex.4"
edge create straight "vertex.4" "vertex.1"
face create wireframe "edge.2" "edge.1" "edge.4" "edge.3" real
volume create translate "face.l" vector 0 5000 0
volume create translate "face.5" vector 0 734 0
edge split "edge.15" percentarclength 0.66666667 connected
edge split "edge.16" percentarclength 0.33333333 connected
face create translate "edge.22" onedge "edge.15"
face split "face.10" connected face "face.12"
volume create translate "face.13" vector 0 50 0
volume create translate "face.17" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.22" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.27" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.32" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.37" vector 0 40 0
volume create translate "face.42" vector 0 240 0
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.16" "edge.21"
edge mesh "edge.21" "edge.16" successive ratiol 1 intervals 4
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.17" "edge.20"
edge mesh "edge.20" "edge.17" successive ratiol 1 intervals 12
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.28" "edge.29"
edge mesh "edge.29" "edge.28" successive ratiol 1 intervals 8
undo endgroup
undo begingroup
face delete "face.13" onlymesh
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 6
undo endgroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo
/Undone to: undo begingroup
/Undone to: undo begingroup
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.22" "edge.28" "edge.29" "edge.16" "edge.20"
"edge.17" \
-116-
"edge.21" "edge.15"
edge mesh "edge.15" "edge.21" "edge.17" "edge.20" "edge.16" "edge.29" \
"edge.28" "edge.22" successive ratiol 1 size 25
undo endgroup
face mesh "face.10" submap intervals 10
face mesh "face.13" map intervals 10
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.36" "edge.35" "edge.30" "edge.31"
edge mesh "edge.31" "edge.30" "edge.35" "edge.36" firstlength ratiol 27
intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.3" cooper source "face.13" "face.17"
redo
undo begingroup
volume delete "volume.4" onlymesh
volume mesh "volume.4" cooper source "face.17" "face.22" intervals 2
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.5" "volume.6" "volume.7" "volume.8" cooper
intervals 2
window modify invisible mesh
volume create translate "face.47" vector 0 1510 0
window modify visible mesh
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.84" "edge.83" "edge.78" "edge.79"
edge mesh "edge.79" "edge.78" "edge.83" "edge.84" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 8
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.9" cooper source "face.42" "face.47"
volume mesh "volume.10" cooper source "face.47" "face.52" intervals 30
undo begingroup
edge modify "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" backward
edge picklink "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18"
edge mesh "edge.13" "edge.14" "edge.19" "edge.18" successive ratiol 1.1
intervals 13
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.2" cooper source "face.13" "face.10" "face.5"
undo begingroup
edge picklink "edge.1l" "edge.10" "edge.5" "edge.6"
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.5" "edge.10" "edge.ll" successive ratiol 1
size 94
undo endgroup
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.l"
solver select "FLUENT 5/6"
window modify invisible mesh
window modify shade
physics create "lowerpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.4" "face.6"
physics create "voidwall" btype "WALL" face "face.9" "face.1l"
physics create "voidtopwall" btype "WALL" face "face.10"
physics create "sswall" btype "WALL" face "face.16" "face.18"
physics create "refwall" btype "WALL" face "face.21" "face.23"
"face.26" \
-117-
"face.28" "face.31" "face.33" "face.36" "face.38" "face.41" "face.43"
physics create "upperpbwall" btype "WALL" face "face.46" "face.48"
physics create "llwall" btype "WALL" face "face.51" "face.53"
physics create "outflow" btype "OUTFLOW" face "face.52"
physics create "inflow" btype "MASS FLOW INLET" face "face.1"
physics create "xsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.49" "face.44"
"face.39" \
"face.34" "face.29" "face.24" "face.19" "face.14" "face.7" "face.2"
physics create "zsym" btype "SYMMETRY" face "face.50" "face.45"
"face.40" \
"face.35" "face.30" "face.25" "face.20" "face.15" "face.8" "face.3"
physics create "cerpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.1"
physics create "plate" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.3"
physics create "refl" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.4"
physics create "ref2" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.5"
physics create "ref3" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.6"
physics create "ref4" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.7"
physics create "ref5" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.8"
physics create "graphpeb" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.9"
physics create "loadlattice" ctype "FLUID" volume "volume.10"
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber.msh"
/ File closed at Mon May 24 11:31:51 2004, 47.41 cpu second(s),
17985680 maximum memory.
window modify noshade
window modify visible mesh
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium.dbs"
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRDl.dbs"
volume delete "volume.1" lowertopology onlymesh
edge mesh "edge.5" "edge.6" "edge.11" "edge.10" successive ratiol 1.016
intervals 80
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" size 1
undo
/Undone to: volume mesh "volume.l" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" size
1
undo
/Undone to: edge mesh "edge.5" "edge.6" "edge.1" "edge.10" successive
ratiol 1.0
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.11" "edge.10" "edge.5" successive ratiol 1.02
intervals 180
undo
/Undone to: edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.11" "edge.10" "edge.5" successive
ratiol 1.0
undo
/Undone to: volume delete "volume.1" lowertopology onlymesh
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRDl.dbs"
volume delete "volume.1" lowertopology onlymesh
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.11" "edge.10" "edge.5" successive ratiol 1.016
intervals 90
volume mesh "volume.1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" size 1
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRD1.dbs"
undo
volume delete "volume.1" lowertopology onlymesh
edge mesh "edge.6" "edge.11" "edge.10" "edge.5" successive ratiol 1.02
-118-
intervals 180
volume mesh "volume.l1" cooper source "face.5" "face.1" size 1
save name "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRD2.dbs"
/ File closed at Mon Jun 07 13:56:42 2004, 24.42 cpu second(s), 9715960
maximum memory.
/ Journal File for GAMBIT 2.1.6
/ File opened for append Mon Jun 07 14:49:00 2004.
identifier name
"C:\Fluent.Inc\ntbin\ntx86\NACOK FlowChamberMediumVRD2.dbs" \
old saveprevious
export fluent5 "NACOK FlowChamber Medium VRD2.msh"
/ File closed at Mon Jun 07 14:49:13 2004, 0.59 cpu second(s), 6317248
maximum memory.
-119-
Appendix C. FLUENT Summary Files
In this appendix, the FLUENT files that were analyzed for this thesis are summarized. Since 25 files
were created and analyzed, it is a bit cumbersome to include all case files. The analyses fit into 4
categories:
*
Grid refinement studies
*
Transient flow and heat transfer analysis
*
Chemistry sensitivity studies
*
Transient chemistry analysis
Table C.1 summarizes for each case file the significant boundary conditions; all other conditions are
accurately summarized by the corresponding summary file that is appended. The correct summary
file that corresponds to each case file can be found in the far right column of Table C.1.
-120-
Table C.1. Summary of Boundary Conditions.
- 121 -
C.1
Grid Refinement Summary
FLUENT
Version: 3d, dp, segregated, lam (3d, double precision, segregated,
laminar)
Release: 6.1.22
Title:
Models
Model
Settings
Space
Time
Viscous
Heat Transfer
Solidification and Melting
Radiation
Species Transport
Coupled Dispersed Phase
Pollutants
Soot
3D
Steady
Laminar
Enabled
Disabled
None
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Boundary Conditions
Zones
name
id
type
fluid
loadlattice
graphpeb
ref5
ref4
ref3
ref2
refl
plate
cerpeb
inflow
outflow
zsym
xsym
llwall
upperpbwall
refwall
sswall
voidtopwall
voidwall
lowerpbwall
default-interior
zsym:001
zsym:023
zsvm:025
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
15
12
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
1
23
25
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
pressure-inlet
pressure-outlet
symmetry
symmetry
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
interior
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
122-
zsym:026
zsym:027
zsym:028
zsym:029
zsym:030
zsym:031
xsym:032
xsym:033
xsym:034
xsym:035
xsym:036
xsym:037
xsym:038
xsym:039
xsym:040
refwall:041
refwall:042
refwall:043
refwall:044
default-interior:045
default-interior:046
default-interior:047
default-interior:048
default-interior:049
default-interior:050
default-interior:051
default-interior:052
default-interior:053
default-interior:054
default-interior:055
default-interior:056
default-interior:057
default-interior:058
default-interior:059
default-interior:060
default-interior:061
default-interior:062
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
wall
wall
wall
wall
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
Boundary Conditions
fluid
Value
Condition
Ma:erial Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
-123-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
no
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
0
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
1
Solid Material Name
aluminum
loadlattice
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
-124-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
((x-velocity
Fixed Values
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
0
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
no
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
no
Conical porous zone?
1
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
0
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
1
Porosity
Solid Material Name
aluminum
graphpeb
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
-125-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
989847
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
989847
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
989847
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
0
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Cl Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
1
Solid Material Name
graphite
ref5
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
-126-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
((x-velocity
Fixed Values
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(constant
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
0
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
no
yes
Porous zone?
no
Conical porous zone?
1
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
500000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
500000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
0.189
Solid Material Name
graphite
ref4
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
-127-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
500000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
500000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
0.189
Solid Material Name
graphite
ref3
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
-128-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-1 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-I Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-1 Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-I Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-I Inertial Resistance
500000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
500000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
0.189
Solid Material Name
graphite
ref2
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
-129-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
500000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
500000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
0.189
Solid Material Name
graphite
refl
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
Fixed Values
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity
-130-
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile )))
no
no
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )))
0
Motion Type
0
Zone
Of
X-Velocity
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
of
Rotation-Axis
Y-Component
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
no
Deactivated Thread
yes
Porous zone?
no
Conical porous zone?
1
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
500000
0
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
500000
0
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
0.189
Porosity
aluminum
Solid Material Name
plate
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
Fixed Values
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity
-131 -
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
500000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
500000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
0.189
Solid Material Name
aluminum
cerpeb
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(energy (constant . 125) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
Fixed Values
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity
-132-
air
yes
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile ))
no
no
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
0
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
0
Rotation speed
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
no
yes
Porous zone?
no
Conical porous zone?
1
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
247461
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
247461
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
247461
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
0
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
0.39500001
Porosity
Solid Material Name
steatite
inflow
Condition
Value
Gauge Total Pressure
Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure
Total Temperature
Direction Specification Method
Coordinate System
X-Component of Flow Direction
Y-Component of Flow Direction
Z-Component of Flow Direction
X-Component of Axis Direction
Y-Component of Axis Direction
Z-Component of Axis Direction
X-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Y-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Z-Coordinate of Axis Origin
is zone used in mixing-plane model?
0
0
293
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
no
-133-
outflow
Condition
Value
Gauge Pressure
Radial Equilibrium Pressure Distribution
Backflow Total Temperature
Backflow Direction Specification Method
Coordinate System
X-Component of Flow Direction
Y-Component of Flow Direction
Z-Component of Flow Direction
X-Component of Axis Direction
Y-Component of Axis Direction
Z-Component of Axis Direction
X-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Y-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Z-Coordinate of Axis Origin
is zone used in mixing-plane model?
Specify targeted mass-flow rate
Targeted mass-flow
-14.48411
no
923
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
no
no
1
zsym
Condition
Value
xsym
Condition
Value
llwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
0
0
-134-
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
upperpbwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
refwall
Condition
Value
-135-
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
sswall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
0
0
aluminum
0
923
923
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
-136-
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Fosition of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
voidtcpwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
voidwall
-137-
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
lowerpbwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
-138-
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
refwall:041
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
-139-
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
refwall:042
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
refwall:043
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
-140-
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Fosition of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
refwall:044
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
-141-
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Solver Controls
Equations
Equation
Solved
Flow
Energy
yes
yes
Numerics
Numeric
Enabled
Absolute Velocity Formulation
yes
Relaxation
Variable
Relaxation Factor
Pressure
Density
Body Forces
Momentum
Energy
0.07
0.15000001
0.15000001
0.059999999
1
Linear Solver
Variable
Solver
Type
Termination
Criterion
Residual Reduction
Tolerance
Pressure
X-Momentum
Y-Momentum
Z-Momentum
Energy
V-Cycle
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Discretization Scheme
Variable
Scheme
Pressure
Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Momentum
Energy
Body Force Weighted
SIMPLE
Second Order Upwind
Second Order Upwind
Solution Limits
Quantity
Limit
Minimum Absolute Pressure
-142-
5000000
1
5000
Maximum Absolute Pressure
Minimum Temperature
Maximum Temperature
Material Properties
Material: graphite (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
1780
710
125
Material: steatite (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
2700
1530
2.1400001
Units
Method
Material: air (fluid)
Property
Value(s)
(293
Density
kg/m3
polynomial
1.20495) (393 0.89834303) (508 0.694978) (648 0.544828) (923
0.38250101)
(250
polynomial
j/kg-k
Cp (Specific Heat)
1009) (300 1005) (400 1009) (500 1017) (600 1038) (800 1089) (1000
1130)
constant
0.0242
w/m-k
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m-s
polynomial
(250
Viscosity
1.614e-05) (300 1.8430001e-05) (400 2.252e-05) (500 2.6330001e-05) (600
2.974e-05) (800 3.589e-05) (1000 4.1520001e-05)
28.966
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
constant
3.711
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
constant
78.6
L-J Energy Parameter
k
0
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
constant
1/k
0
constant
Degrees of Freedom
Material: aluminum (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
2719
871
202.4
-143-
C.2
Transient Flow and Heat Transfer Summary
FLUENT
Version: 3d, dp, segregated, lam, unsteady (3d, double precision,
segregated, laminar, unsteady)
Release: 6.1.22
Title:
Models
Model
Settings
Space
Time
Viscous
Heat Transfer
Solidification and Melting
Radiation
Species Transport
Coupled Dispersed Phase
Pollutants
Soot
3D
Unsteady, 2nd-Order Implicit
Laminar
Enabled
Disabled
None
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Boundary Conditions
Zones
name
fluid
loadlattice
graphpeb
ref5
ref4
ref3
ref2
refl
plate
cerpeb
outflow
zsym
xsym
inflow
llwall
upperpbwall
refwall
sswall
voidtopwall
voidwall
lowerpbwall
default-interior
zsym:001
zsym:023
id
type
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
pressure-outlet
symmetry
symmetry
mass-flow-inlet
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
interior
symmetry
symmetry
-144-
zsym:025
zsym:026
zsym:027
zsym:028
zsym:029
zsym:030
zsym:031
xsym:032
xsym:033
xsym:034
xsym:035
xsym:036
xsym:037
xsym:038
xsym:039
xsym:040
refwall:041
refwall:042
refwall:043
refwall:044
default-interior:045
default-interior:046
default-interior:047
default-interior:048
default-interior:049
default-interior:050
default-interior:051
default-interior:052
default-interior:053
default-interior:054
default-interior:055
default-interior:056
default-interior:057
default-interior:058
default-interior:059
default-interior:060
default-interior:061
default-interior:062
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
wall
wall
wall
wall
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
Boundary Conditions
fluid
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
Fixed Values
Motion Type
X-Velocity Of Zone
Y-Velocity Of Zone
Z-Velocity Of Zone
Rotation speed
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
air
no
()
no
no
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
-145-
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
Porous zone?
Conical porous zone?
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
0
0
0
0
1
no
no
no
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
aluminum
loadlattice
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
Fixed Values
Motion Type
X-Velocity Of Zone
Y-Velocity Of Zone
Z-Velocity Of Zone
Rotation speed
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
Porous zone?
Conical porous zone?
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
air
no
()
no
no
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
no
no
no
1
0
0
0
-146-
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
aluminum
graphpeb
Condition
Value
Material Name
air
no
Specify source terms?
((mass
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
((x-velocity
Fixed Values
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
-147-
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
0
1
0
0
0
989847
989847
989847
0
0
0
0
0
0.39500001
graphite
ref5
Condition
Value
Material Name
air
Specify source terms?
no
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
-148-
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-1 Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-1 Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
ref4
Value
Condition
Material Name
air
no
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
((x-velocity
Fixed Values
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-1 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-1 Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-1 Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
-149-
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
0
0
0
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
ref3
Condition
Value
Material Name
air
Specify source terms?
no
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
no
yes
Porous zone?
no
Conical porous zone?
1
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
-150-
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
0
0
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
ref2
Condition
Value
air
Material Name
Specify source terms?
no
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
-151-
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
0
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
refl
Condition
Value
Material Name
air
Specify source terms?
no
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
1
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
-152-
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
plate
Condition
Value
Material Name
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
air
no
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile
)) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile
(energy (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile
))
)))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile
))
(y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-1 Viscous Resistance
0
-153-
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
aluminum
cerpeb
Condition
Value
air
Material Name
Specify source terms?
yes
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(energy (constant . 125) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
1
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
247461
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
247461
-154-
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
247461
0
0
0
0
0
0.39500001
steatite
outflow
Condition
Value
Gauge Pressure
Radial Equilibrium Pressure Distribution
Backflow Total Temperature
Backflow Direction Specification Method
Coordinate System
X-Component of Flow Direction
Y-Component of Flow Direction
Z-Component of Flow Direction
X-Component of Axis Direction
Y-Component of Axis Direction
Z-Component of Axis Direction
X-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Y-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Z-Coordinate of Axis Origin
is zone used in mixing-plane model?
Specify targeted mass-flow rate
Targeted mass-flow
-14.63
no
923
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
no
no
1
zsym
Condition
Value
xsym
Condition
Value
inflow
Condition
Value
Mass Flow Specification Method
Mass Flow-Rate
Mass Flux
Average Mass Flux
Upstream Torque Integral
Upstream Total Enthalpy Integral
Total Temperature
Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure
Direction Specification Method
Reference Frame
Coordinate System
X-Component of Flow Direction
0
0.00185
1
1
1
1
293
0
1
0
0
1
- 155-
Y-Component of Flow Direction
Z-Component of Flow Direction
X-Component of Axis Direction
Y-Component of Axis Direction
Z-Component of Axis Direction
X-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Y-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Z-Coordinate of Axis Origin
is zone used in mixing-plane model?
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
no
llwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
upperpbwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
0
0
aluminum
0
-156-
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
refwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
-157-
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
sswall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
voidtopwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
0
-158-
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
voidwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
-159-
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
1
300
0
lowerpbwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
refwall:041
-160-
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
refwall:042
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
-161 -
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
refwall:043
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
-162-
refwall:044
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Solver Controls
Equations
Equation
Solved
Flow
Energy
yes
yes
Numerics
Numeric
Enabled
Absolute Velocity Formulation
yes
Unsteady Calculation Parameters
-163-
Time Step (s)
Max. Iterations Per Time Step
0.0024999999
200
Relaxation
Variable
Relaxation Factor
Pressure
Density
Body Forces
Momentum
Energy
0.059999999
0.015
0.015
0.059999999
1
Linear Solver
Variable
Solver
Type
Termination
Criterion
Residual Reduction
Tolerance
Pressure
X-Momentum
Y-Momentum
Z-Momentum
Energy
V-Cycle
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Discretization Scheme
Variable
Scheme
Pressure
Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Momentum
Energy
Body Force Weighted
PISO
Second Order Upwind
Second Order Upwind
Solution Limits
Quantity
m-- - -
-
-
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
Limit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Temperature
Temperature
-
-
-
1
5000000
1
5000
Material Properties
Material: steatite (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
2700
1530
2.14
Material: graphite (solid)
-164-
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
1780
710
125
Units
Method
Material: air (fluid)
Property
Value(s)
(293
polynomial
kg/m3
Density
1.20495) (393 0.89834303) (508 0.694978) (648 0.544828) (923
0.38250101)
(250
polynomial
j/kg-k
Cp (Specific Heat)
1009) (300 300) (400 1009) (500 1017) (600 1038) (800 1089) (1000 1130)
0.0242
constant
w/m-k
Thermal Conductivity
(250
polynomial
kg/m-s
Viscosity
le-05)
2.633000
(600
(500
2.252e-05)
(400
1.8430001e-05)
(300
1.614e-05)
2.974e-05) (800 3.589e-05) (1000 4.1520001e-05)
28.966
constant
kg/kgmol
Molecular Weight
3.711
constant
angstrom
L-J Characteristic Length
78.6
constant
k
L-J Energy Parameter
0
constant
1/k
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
0
constant
Degrees of Freedom
Material: aluminum (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
2719
871
202.4
-165-
C.3
Chemistry Sensitivity Study Summary
FLUENT
Version: 3d, dp, segregated, spe5, lam (3d, double precision,
segregated, 5 species, laminar)
Release: 6.1.22
Title:
Models
Model
- -
-
Settings
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3D
Steady
Laminar
Enabled
Disabled
None
Reacting (5 species)
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Space
Time
Viscous
Heat Transfer
Solidification and Melting
Radiation
Species Transport
Coupled Dispersed Phase
Pollutants
Soot
Boundary Conditions
Zones
name
id
type
fluid
loadlattice
graphpeb
ref5
ref4
ref3
ref2
refl
plate
cerpeb
inflow
outflow
zsym
xsym
llwall
upperpbwall
refwall
sswall
voidtopwall
voidwall
lowerpbwall
default-interior
zsym:001
zsym:023
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
15
12
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
1
23
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
fluid
pressure-inlet
pressure-outlet
symmetry
symmetry
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
wall
interior
symmetry
symmetry
-166-
zsym:025
zsym:026
zsym:027
zsym:028
zsym:029
zsym:030
zsym:031
xsym:032
xsym:033
xsym:034
xsym:0135
xsym:036
xsym:0137
xsym: 038
xsym:039
xsym:040
refwall:041
refwall:042
refwall:043
refwall:044
default-interior:045
default-interior:046
default-interior:047
default-interior:048
default-interior:049
default-interior:050
default-interior:051
default-interior:052
default-interior:053
default-interior:054
default-interior:055
default-interior:056
default-interior:057
default-interior:058
default-interior:059
default-interior:060
default-interior:061
default-interior:062
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
symmetry
wall
wall
wall
wall
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
interior
Boundary Conditions
fluid
Condition
Value
Material Name
monoxide-air
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile
-167-
carbon-
))
no
((mass
(x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-1
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-1 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
no
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
0
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
1
Porosity
Solid Material Name
aluminum
Reaction Mechanism
0
Activate reaction mechanisms?
no
Surface-Volume-Ratio
0
loadlattice
Condition
Value
-168-
carbonMaterial Name
monoxide-air
no
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
((mass
(constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(inactive . #f)
)) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(constant . 0) (profile
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-i
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2 (inactive . #f)
)) (species-3 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(constant . 0) (profile
(profile )) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-i (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )))
Motion Type
0
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
no
no
Conical porous zone?
1
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
1
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-I Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-I Inertial Resistance
0
-169-
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
Reaction Mechanism
Activate reaction mechanisms?
Surface-Volume-Ratio
0
0
0
0
1
aluminum
0
yes
0
graphpeb
Condition
Value
Material Name
carbonmonoxide-air
no
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-i
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-i (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
0
Rotation speed
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
-170-
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
Reaction Mechanism
Activate reaction mechanisms?
Surface-Volume-Ratio
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
989847
989847
989847
0
0
0
0
0
0.39500001
graphite
0
yes
134
ref5
Condition
Value
Material Name
carbonmonoxide-air
no
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile
))
(x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-i
(inactive
(constant
(profile
(inactive
(constant
. #f)
. 0)
(constant . 0)
(profile
))
(species-2
(profile
))
(species-3 (inactive . #f)
(profile
. #f)
. 0)
)) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
. #f)
. 0)
(constant . 0) (profile
(profile
))
(z-velocity
))
(y-velocity
(inactive . #f)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(species-i (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(inactive
(constant
(inactive
(constant
. #f)
. 0)
(constant . 0) (profile
(profile
))
(temperature
)))
Motion Type
X-Velocity Of Zone
(inactive
(constant
(profile ))
(species-2
))
(species-3 (inactive . #f)
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
0
0
-171-
. #f)
. 0)
Y-Velocity Of Zone
Z-Velocity Of Zone
Rotation speed
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
Porous zone?
Conical porous zone?
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
Reaction Mechanism
Activate reaction mechanisms?
Surface-Volume-Ratio
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
no
yes
no
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
0
yes
500
ref4
Condition
Value
Material Name
monoxide-air
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
carbonno
((mass
(profile
))
(x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-i
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile
-172-
))
(species-2
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
((x-velocity
Fixed Values
0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(inactive . #f) (constant
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-1 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f)
#f) (constant . 0)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (temperature (inactive
(profile )))
0
Motion Type
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
no
yes
Porous zone?
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
5000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
5000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
0.189
Solid Material Name
graphite
Reaction Mechanism
0
Activate reaction mechanisms?
yes
Surface-Volume-Ratio
500
ref3
Condition
Value
-173-
Material Name
carbonmonoxide-air
Specify source terms?
no
Source Terms
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-i
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-veloci ty
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . )0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile
(species-i (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive
#f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
no
Deactivated Thread
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
5000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
5000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
-174-
0.189
graphite
0
yes
500
Porosity
Solid Material Name
Reaction Mechanism
Activate reaction mechanisms?
Surface-Volume-Ratio
ref2
Condition
Value
carbon-
Material Name
monoxide-air
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(constant . 0)
(profile
))
no
((mass
(profile
(y-momentum
))
(x-momentum
(inactive . #f)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-i
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile
(inactive
(constant
(profile
))
(species-2
(constant . 0)
)) (species-3 (inactive . #f)
(profile
(inactive
(constant
))
. #f)
. 0)
)) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
no
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
. #f)
. 0)
(constant . 0) (profile
(profile
)) (z-velocity
))
(y-velocity
(inactive . #f)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(species-I (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile
. #f)
. 0)
(inactive
(constant
(inactive
(constant
. #f)
. 0)
(profile ))
(species-2
(constant . 0) (profile
))
(species-3 (inactive . #f)
(profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
)))
Motion Type
X-Velocity Of Zone
Y-Velocity Of Zone
Z-Velocity Of Zone
Rotation speed
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
Porous zone?
Conical porous zone?
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
-175-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
no
yes
no
1
0
0
0
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
Reaction Mechanism
Activate reaction mechanisms?
Surface-Volume-Ratio
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
0
yes
500
refl
Condition
Value
Material Name
monoxide-air
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
carbonno
((mass
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile ))
(y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-l
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-2 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-3 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile
)) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile
)) (z-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-i (inactive . #f)
(inactive
(constant
(profile
. #f)
. 0)
(profile ))
(species-2
(constant . 0) (profile
))
(species-3 (inactive . #f)
(profile
))
(temperature (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
)))
Motion Type
X-Velocity Of Zone
Y-Velocity Of Zone
Z-Velocity Of Zone
Rotation speed
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
-176-
0
0
0
0
0
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
Deactivated Thread
Porous zone?
Conical porous zone?
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
Porosity
Solid Material Name
Reaction Mechanism
Activate reaction mechanisms?
Surface-Volume-Ratio
0
0
0
0
1
no
yes
no
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5000
0
5000
0
0
0.189
graphite
0
yes
500
plate
Condition
Value
Material Name
monoxide-air
Specify source terms?
Source Terms
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile
(constant
. 0)
(profile
))
(y-momentum
carbonno
((mass
))
(x-momentum
(inactive . #f)
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-i
(inactive . #f)
(constant . 0)
(profile
(constant . 0)
(profile
))
(species-2
(profile
))
(species-3 (inactive . #f)
(inactive
(constant
)) (energy (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile
no
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
-177-
)))
))
. #f)
. 0)
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-I (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
0
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
5000
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
5000
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
0.189
Porosity
Solid Material Name
aluminum
Reaction Mechanism
0
Activate reaction mechanisms?
no
Surface-Volume-Ratio
0
cerpeb
Condition
Value
-178-
Material Name
carbonmonoxide-air
Specify source terms?
yes
((mass
Source Terms
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (x-momentum (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (y-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (z-momentum (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-I
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (energy (constant . 150) (profile )))
no
Specify fixed values?
Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities
no
Fixed Values
((x-velocity
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )) (species-0 (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile ))
(species-i (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-2
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (species-3 (inactive . #f)
(constant . 0) (profile )) (temperature (inactive . #f) (constant . 0)
(profile )))
Motion Type
0
X-Velocity Of Zone
0
Y-Velocity Of Zone
0
Z-Velocity Of Zone
0
Rotation speed
0
X-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis
0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis
0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis
1
Deactivated Thread
no
Porous zone?
yes
Conical porous zone?
no
X-Component of Direction-i Vector
1
Y-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
Z-Component of Direction-i Vector
0
X-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
Y-Component of Direction-2 Vector
1
Z-Component of Direction-2 Vector
0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis
0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis
0
Direction-i Viscous Resistance
247461
Direction-2 Viscous Resistance
247461
Direction-3 Viscous Resistance
247461
Direction-i Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-2 Inertial Resistance
0
Direction-3 Inertial Resistance
0
CO Coefficient for Power-Law
0
C1 Coefficient for Power-Law
0
Porosity
0.39500001
Solid Material Name
steatite
Reaction Mechanism
0
Activate reaction mechanisms?
no
-179-
Surface-Volume-Ratio
inflow
Condition
Value
Gauge Total Pressure
Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure
Total Temperature
Direction Specification Method
Coordinate System
X-Component of Flow Direction
Y-Component of Flow Direction
Z-Component of Flow Direction
X-Component of Axis Direction
Y-Component of Axis Direction
Z-Component of Axis Direction
X-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Y-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Z-Coordinate of Axis Origin
0
273
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
(((constant .
0.23199999) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile )) ((constant . 0)
(profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile )))
is zone used in mixing-plane model?
no
outflow
Condition
Value
Gauge Pressure
Radial Equilibrium Pressure Distribution
Backflow Total Temperature
Backflow Direction Specification Method
Coordinate System
X-Component of Flow Direction
Y-Component of Flow Direction
Z-Component of Flow Direction
X-Component of Axis Direction
Y-Component of Axis Direction
Z-Component of Axis Direction
X-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Y-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Z-Coordinate of Axis Origin
Backflow
0.2319999 9) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile
(profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile )))
is zone used in mixing-plane model?
Specify targeted mass-flow rate
Targeted mass-flow
zsym
Condition
Value
-180-
-14.67
no
923
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
(((constant
)) ((constant . 0)
no
no
1
xsym
Condition
Value
llwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0 0 0 0)
(((constant . 0) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile
0) (profile )))
0) (profile )) ((constant
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
))
((constant
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
upperpbwall
Condition
Value
-181-
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0)
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
refwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
-182-
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0 0 0 0)
(((constant . 0) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile
0) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile )))
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Directi on
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Directi on
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Directi on
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
))
((constant .
sswall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
-183-
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
(0 0 0 0)
(((constant . 0) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile
0) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile )))
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
))
((constant
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
voidtopwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0)
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
-184-
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
0
0
0
voidwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0)
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
lowerpbwall
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
0
0
-185-
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0 0 0 0)
(((constant . 0) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile
0) (profile )) ((constant . 0) (profile )))
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
))
((constant
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
refwall:041
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
0
0
-186-
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0)
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
refwall:042
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0)
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
-187-
0
0
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
refwall:043
Condition
Value
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0)
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
refwall:044
Condition
Value
-188-
Wall Thickness
Heat Generation Rate
Material Name
Thermal BC Type
Temperature
Heat Flux
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Free Stream Temperature
Enable shell conduction?
Wall Motion
Shear Boundary Condition
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone?
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall?
Velocity Magnitude
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
Define wall velocity components?
X-Component of Wall Translation
Y-Component of Wall Translation
Z-Component of Wall Translation
External Emissivity
External Radiation Temperature
Activate Reaction Mechanisms
0
0
aluminum
0
923
0
0
300
no
0
0
yes
no
0
1
0
0
no
0
0
0
1
300
no
(0)
Rotation Speed
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction
X-component of shear stress
Y-component of shear stress
Z-component of shear stress
Surface tension gradient
Reaction Mechanisms
Solver Controls
Equations
Equation
Solved
Flow
o2
co2
co
h2o
Energy
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Numerics
Numeric
Enabled
-189-
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Absolute Velocity Formulation
yes
Relaxation
Variable
Relaxation Factor
Pressure
Density
Body Forces
Momentum
02
co2
co
h2o
Energy
0.1
0.015
0.015
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
Linear Solver
Solver
Type
Variable
- -
-
-
-
-
-
Pressure
X-Momentum
Y-Momentum
Z-Momentum
o2
co2
co
h2o
Energy
-
-
-
Termination
Criterion
-
V-Cycle
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Residual Reduction
Tolerance
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Discretization Scheme
Variable
Scheme
Pressure
Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Momentum
Body Force Weighted
PISO
Second Order Upwind
First Order Upwind
First Order Upwind
First Order Upwind
First Order Upwind
Second Order Upwind
-------- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - o2
co2
co
h2o
Energy
Solution Limits
Quantity
Limit
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
1
5000000
1
5000
Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Temperature
Temperature
Material Properties
-190-
-
-
-
Material: carbon-solid (fluid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
kg/m3
constant
1
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
polynomial
(3001000: -464.17819 4.9711661 -0.003899212 1.482938e-06 -2.8855551e-10)
(1000-5000: 1031.5208 1.1505539 -0.00046290061 8.9357073e-08 6.3721021e-12)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.045400001
Viscosity
kg/m-s
constant
1.72e-05
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
12.01115
Standard State Enthalpy
j/kgmol
constant
-101.268
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
constant
5731.7471
Reference Temperature
k
constant
298
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
constant
0
L-J Energy Parameter
k
constant
0
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
1/k
constant
0
Degrees of Freedom
constant
0
Material: carbon-solid (fluid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
kg/m3
constant
1
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
polynomial
(3001000: -464.17819 4.9711661 -0.003899212 1.482938e-06 -2.8855551e-10)
(1000-5000: 1031.5208 1.1505539 -0.00046290061 8.9357073e-08 6.3721021e-12)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.045400001
Viscosity
kg/m-s
constant
1.72e-05
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
12.01115
Standard State Enthalpy
j/kgmol
constant
-101.268
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
constant
5731.7471
Reference Temperature
k
constant
298
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
constant
0
L-J Energy Parameter
k
constant
0
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
1/k
constant
0
Degrees of Freedom
constant
0
Material: carbon-monoxide-air (mixture)
Property
Value(s)
Units
-191 -
Method
Mixture Species
names
co2 co h2o n2) (c<s>) ())
Reaction
finite-rate
((reaction-i ((c<s> 1 0 1) (o2 0.55500001 1 1)) ((co 0.88999999 0 1)
(co2 0.11 0 1)) ((h2o 0 1) (n2 0 1)) (stoichiometry ic<s> +
0.5550000102 -- > 0.88999999co + 0.11co2) (arrhenius 3938000 2090000 0)
(mixing-rate 4 0.5) (use-third-body-efficiencies? . #f) (surfacereaction? . #t)) (reaction-2 ((co 1 1 1) (02 0.5 0.25 1)) ((co2 1 0 1)
(h2o 0 0.5 1)) ((n2 0 1)) (stoichiometry ico + 0.502 -- > Ico2 + Oh2o)
(arrhenius 2.239e+12 1.7e+08 0) (mixing-rate 4 0.5) (use-third-bodyefficiencies? . #f)) (reaction-3 ((co2 1 1 1)) ((co 1 0 1) (02 0.5 0
1)) ((h2o 0 1) (n2 0 1)) (stoichiometry ico2 -- > ico + 0.502)
(arrhenius 5e+08 1.7e+08 0) (mixing-rate 4 0.5) (use-third-bodyefficiencies? . #f)))
Mechanism
reaction-mechs
((mechanism-I (reaction-type . all) (reaction-list reaction-3 reaction2 reaction-i) (site-info)))
Density
kg/m3
volume-weighted-mixinglaw
#f
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
mixing-law
((o2
#f
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
mass-weighted-mixing-law
Viscosity
kg/m-s
mass-weighted-mixing-law
m2/s
constant-dilute-appx
I/k
constant
#f
#f
Mass Diffusivity
(2.88e-05)
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
0
Material: nitrogen (fluid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
kg/m3
polynomial
(250
1.3660001) (300 1.138) (400 0.85399997) (500 0.68300003) (600
0.56900001) (800 0.42699999) (1000 0.34099999)
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
polynomial
(300
1045) (600 1075) (1000 1164) (1500 1239) (2000 1283) (2500 1314)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.0242
Viscosity
kg/m-s
polynomial
(250
1.55e-05) (300 1.77e-05) (400 2.15e-05) (500 2.51e-05) (600 2.8300001e05) (800 3.4199998e-05) (1000 3.9400002e-05)
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
28.013399
Standard State Enthalpy
j/kgmol
constant
0
-192-
j/kgmol-k
constant
k
angstrom
k
1/k
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
Units
Method
Value(s)
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
kg/m-s
kg/kgmol
j/kgmol
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
1.1233
1043
0.025
1.75e-05
28.01055
j/kgmol-k
k
angstrom
k
1/k
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
197531.64
298.15
0
0
0
0
Units
Method
Value(s)
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
kg/m-s
kg/kgmol
j/kgmol
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
1.1233
1043
0.025
1.75e-05
28.01055
j/kgmol-k
k
angstrom
k
1/k
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
197531.64
298.15
0
0
0
0
Property
Units
Method
Value (s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
kg/m-s
kg/kgmol
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
1.7878
840.37
0.0145
1.37e-05
44.00995
Standard State Entropy
191494.78
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
L-J Energy Parameter
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
298.15
3.621
97.53
0
0
Material: carbon-monoxide (fluid)
Property
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Standard State Enthalpy
1.1053956e+08
Standard State Entropy
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
L-J Energy Parameter
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
-
Material: carbon-monoxide (fluid)
Property
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Standard State Enthalpy
1.1053956e+08
Standard State Entropy
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
L-J Energy Parameter
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
Material: carbon-dioxide (fluid)
-193-
Standard State Enthalpy
3.9353235e+08
Standard State Entropy
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
L-J Energy Parameter
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
j/kgmol
constant
j/kgmol-k
k
angstrom
k
1/k
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
213715.88
298.15
3.941
195.2
0
0
Units
Method
Value(s)
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
kg/m-s
kg/kgmol
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
1.7878
840.37
0.0145
1.37e-05
44.00995
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
213715.88
298.15
3.941
195.2
Material: carbon-dioxide (fluid)
Property
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Standard State Enthalpy
3.9353235e+08
Standard State Entropy
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
L-J Energy Parameter
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
j/kgmol
j/kgmol-k
k
angstrom
k
1/k
0
0
Material: oxygen (fluid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
kg/m3
polynomial
(250
1.559) (300 1.299) (400 0.97500002) (500 0.77999997) (600 0.64999998)
(800 0.48699999) (1000 0.38999999)
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
polynomial
(300
914) (600 1005) (1000 1084) (1500 1136) (2000 1175) (2500 1215)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.024599999
Viscosity
kg/m-s
(250
polynomial
1.7799999e-05) (300 2.06e-05) (400 2.5400001e-05) (500 2.99e-05) (600
3.39e-05) (800 4.11e-05) (1000 4.7599999e-05)
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
31.9988
constant
j/kgmol
Standard State Enthalpy
constant
0
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
constant
205026.86
k
298.15
Reference Temperature
constant
L-J Characteristic Length
3.458
angstrom
constant
k
L-J Energy Parameter
107.4
constant
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
0
1/k
constant
constant
0
Degrees of Freedom
Material: mixture-template (mixture)
-194-
Units
Property
Value(s)
Method
names
Mixture Species
((o2 n2) () ())
Reaction
finite-rate
) (arrhenius
((reaction-I () () ((o2 0 1) (n2 0 1)) (stoichiometry
le+15 le+08 0) (mixing-rate 4 0.5) (specified-rate-exponents? . #t)
(use-third-body-efficiencies? . #f)))
reaction-mechs
Mechanism
((mechanism-i (reaction-type . all) (reaction-list reaction-1) (siteinfo)))
volume-weighted-mixingkg/m3
Density
law
#f
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
mixing-law
#f
Thermal Conductivity
0.045400001
Viscosity
w/m-k
constant
kg/m-s
mass-weighted-mixing-law
m2/s
constant-dilute-appx
1/k
constant
#f
Mass Diffusivity
(2.88e-05)
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
0
Material: nitrogen (fluid)
Units
Property
Method
Value(s)
Density
kg/m3
polynomial
(250
1.3660001) (300 1.138) (400 0.85399997) (500 0.68300003) (600
0.56900001) (800 0.42699999) (1000 0.34099999)
(300
j/kg-k
polynomial
Cp (Specific Heat)
1045) (600 1075) (1000 1164) (1500 1239) (2000 1283) (2500 1314)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.0242
Viscosity
kg/m-s
polynomial
(250
1.55e-05) (300 1.77e-05) (400 2.15e-05) (500 2.51e-05) (600 2.8300001e05) (800 3.4199998e-05) (1000 3.9400002e-05)
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
28.013399
Standard State Enthalpy
j/kgmol
constant
0
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
constant
191494.78
Reference Temperature
k
constant
298.15
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
constant
3.621
L-J Energy Parameter
k
constant
97.53
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
I/k
constant
0
Degrees of Freedom
constant
0
Material: oxygen (fluid)
Property
Units
-195-
Method
Value(s)
Density
kg/m3
polynomial
(250
1.559) (300 1.299) (400 0.97500002) (500 0.77999997) (600 0.64999998)
(800 0.48699999) (1000 0.38999999)
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
polynomial
(300
914) (600 1005) (1000 1084) (1500 1136) (2000 1175) (2500 1215)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.024599999
Viscosity
kg/m-s
polynomial
(250
1.7799999e-05) (300 2.06e-05) (400 2.5400001e-05) (500 2.99e-05) (600
3.39e-05) (800 4.11e-05) (1000 4.7599999e-05)
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
31.9988
Standard State Enthalpy
j/kgmol
constant
0
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
constant
205026.86
Reference Temperature
k
constant
298.15
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
constant
3.458
L-J Energy Parameter
k
constant
107.4
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
1/k
constant
0
Degrees of Freedom
constant
0
Material: water-vapor
(fluid)
Property
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Standard State Enthalpy
2.418379e+08
Standard State Entropy
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
L-J Energy Parameter
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
Units
Method
Value(s)
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
kg/m-s
kg/kgmol
j/kgmol
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
0.5542
2014
0.0261
1.34e-05
18.01534
-
j/kgmol-k
k
angstrom
k
1/k
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
188696.44
298.15
2.605
572.4
0
0
Units
Method
Material: oxygen (fluid)
Property
Value(s)
polynomial
(250
kg/m3
Density
1.559) (300 1.299) (400 0.97500002) (500 0.77999997) (600 0.64999998)
(800 0.48699999) (1000 0.38999999)
(300
polynomial
j/kg-k
Cp (Specific Heat)
914) (600 1005) (1000 1084) (1500 1136) (2000 1175) (2500 1215)
w/m-k
constant
Thermal Conductivity
0.024599999
-196-
kg/m-s
Viscosity
1.7799999e-05) (300 2.06e-05) (400 2.5400001e-05)
3.39e-05) (800 4.11e-05) (1000 4.7599999e-05)
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
j/kgmol
Standard State Enthalpy
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
205026.86
k
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
k
L-J Energy Parameter
i/k
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
polynomial
(250
(500 2.99e-05) (600
constant
constant
constant
31.9988
0
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
298.15
3.458
107.4
0
0
Method
Value(s)
Material: nitrogen (fluid)
Property
Units
Density
kg/m3
polynomial
(250
1.3660001) (300 1.138) (400 0.85399997) (500 0.68300003) (600
0.56900001) (800 0.42699999) (1000 0.34099999)
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
polynomial
(300
1045) (600 1.075) (1000 1164) (1500 1239) (2000 1283) (2500 1314)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.0242
Viscosity
kg/m-s
polynomial
(250
1.55e-05) (300 1.77e-05) (400 2.15e-05) (500 2.51e-05) (600 2.8300001e05) (800 3.4199998e-05) (1000 3.9400002e-05)
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
28.013399
Standard State Enthalpy
j/kgmol
constant
0
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
constant
191494.78
Reference Temperature
k
constant
298.15
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
constant
3.621
L-J Energy Parameter
k
constant
97.53
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
1/k
constant
0
Degrees of Freedom
constant
0
Material: steatite (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
2700
1530
2.14
Material: graphite (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
1780
710
125
Material: air (fluid)
-197-
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
kg/m3
polynomial
(293
1.20495) (393 0.89834303) (508 0.694978) (648 0.544828) (923
0.38250101)
Cp (Specific Heat)
j/kg-k
polynomial
(250
1009) (280 1008) (310 1005) (330 1006) (360 1007) (380 1008) (400 1009)
(500 1017) (600 1038) (700 1065) (800 1089) (900 1111) (1000 1130)
Thermal Conductivity
w/m-k
constant
0.0242
Viscosity
kg/m-s
polynomial
(200
1.359e-05) (300 1.8430001e-05) (400 2.252e-05) (500 2.6330001e-05) (600
2.974e-05) (700 3.3029999e-05) (800 3.589e-05) (900 3.865e-05) (1000
4.1520001e-05)
Molecular Weight
kg/kgmol
constant
28.966
Standard State Enthalpy
j/kgmol
constant
0
Standard State Entropy
j/kgmol-k
constant
0
Reference Temperature
k
constant
298.15
L-J Characteristic Length
angstrom
constant
3.711
L-J Energy Parameter
k
constant
78.6
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
1/k
constant
0
Degrees of Freedom
constant
0
Material: aluminum (solid)
Property
Units
Method
Value(s)
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
constant
constant
constant
2719
871
202.4
Material: water-vapor (fluid)
Property
Density
Cp (Specific Heat)
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Standard State Enthalpy
2.418379e+08
Standard State Entropy
Reference Temperature
L-J Characteristic Length
L-J Energy Parameter
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Degrees of Freedom
-198-
Units
Method
Value(s)
kg/m3
j/kg-k
w/m-k
kg/m-s
kg/kgmol
j/kgmol
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
0.5542
2014
0.0261
1.34e-05
18.01534
-
j/kgmol-k
k
angstrom
k
1/k
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
188696.44
298.15
2.605
572.4
0
0