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244
RLE Progress Report Number 137
Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
Academic and Research Staff
Professor Jin Au Kong, Dr. Kung Hau Ding, Dr. Robert T. Shin, Dr. Y. Eric Yang
Visiting Scientists and Research Affiliates
4
3
2
Dr. Yasunori Kanamaru,' Dr. Francesca Scire-Scappuzzo, Dr. Leung Tsang, Dr. Lars H. Bomholt,
9
7
Arthur K. Jordan,5 Dr. Kevin O'Neill, 6 Dr. Jean-Ciaude Souyris, Dr. Michael Tsuk," Dr. Jiqing Xia
Graduate Students
Jerome J. Akerson, Robert G. Atkins, William W. Au, Hong Tat Ewe, Tza Jing Gung, Chih-Chien Hsu,
Gregory T. Huang, Joel T. Johnson, Jenn-Huei Kuan, Kevin Li, Christina Manolatou, John H. Oates, Ante
Salcedo, Shih-En Shih, Prathet Tankuranun, M. Ali Tassoudji, Murat E. Veysoglu, Li-Fang Wang, Jun Yan,
Chen-Pang Yeang, Yan Zhang, William W. Zhou
Undergraduate Students
William Lee, Grant Smith
Technical and Support Staff
Kit-Wah F. Lai
1.1 Remote Sensing of Earth Terrain
Sponsors
California Institute of Technology/
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Contract 959548
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Grant NAGW-1617
Contract 958461
U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research
Grant N00014-92-J-1616
Grant N00014-92-J-4098
Project Staff
Professor Jin Au Kong, Dr. Francesca ScireScappuzzo, Dr. Leung Tsang, Dr. Kung Hau Ding,
Dr. Robert T. Shin, Dr. Jean-Claude Souyris,
Robert G. Atkins, William W. Au, Hong Tat Ewe,
Chih-Chien Hsu, Joel T. Johnson, Ante Salcedo,
Shih-En Shih, Murat E. Veysoglu, Li-Fang Wang,
Jun Yan, Yan Zhang
In this project area, we investigate the active and
passive remote sensing of forest, vegetation
canopy, snow, sea ice, and ocean wind directions.
Vegetation canopy can be modeled as either a
mixture of multiple-species discrete scatterers
described by a certain size, shape, and orientation
1 Professor, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan.
2 Professor, Istituto di Informatica e Telecomunicazioni, Catania, Italy.
3 Professor, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
4 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
5 U.S. Navy, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia.
6 U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire.
7 Centre D'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, Toulouse Cedex, France.
8 Digital Equipment Corporation, Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
9 Schlumberger-Doll Research, Ridgefield, Connecticut.
245
Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
distributions, or as a continuous random medium
characterized by correlation functions. A layer
model is developed and applied to interpret radar
backscattering coefficients and radiometric brightness temperatures collected from forest and vegetation fields.
For sea ice data interpretation and inversion, we
have developed a random medium model using
radiative transfer theory. An optimization approach
is used for inversion. The discrepancy between the
data and the results of the forward model is minimized by changing the inversion parameters
according to a nonlinear programming scheme.
Reconstruction of correlation lengths in the horizontal and vertical dimensions has been accomplished using the polarimetric backscattering
coefficients at different angles of incidence as input
data. Effects of data diversity and noise on the
reconstruction of the physical parameters of sea ice
from the backscattering coefficients are being investigated.
Polarimetric passive remote sensing of windgenerated ocean surfaces is investigated with
emphasis on the third Stokes parameter. A numerical study of the polarimetric thermal emission from
ocean surfaces randomly rough in one dimension
using a Monte Carlo technique is carried out. A set
of finite length surface profiles with desired statistics
is generated using a spectral method. Each surface
is extended periodically to create an infinite rough
surface, and the thermal emission is computed
using the extended boundary condition method
(EBC) and the method of moments (MOM). The
results of the study show that the third Stokes
parameter is sensitive to the azimuthal angle
between the surface periodicity and the looking
angle, the rms height of the surface, and the
surface power law spectrum slope. The results
also show that this parameter is insensitive to variations in polar angle, permittivity, and surface spectrum high frequency content.
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves in
Multilayer Media
Sponsors
Digital Equipment Corporation
AGMT DTD 11/16/93
Joint Services Electronics Program
Contract DAAL03-92-C-0001
Grant DAAH04-95-1-0038
246
RLE Progress Report Number 137
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
P.O. No. BX-5424
U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research
Grant N00014-90-J-1002
Grant N00014-89-J-1019
Project Staff
Professor Jin Au Kong, Dr. Lars H. Bomholt, Dr.
Robert T. Shin, Dr. Michael Tsuk, Dr. Jiqing Xia, Dr.
Y. Eric Yang, Robert G. Atkins, Hong Tat Ewe,
Chih-Chien Hsu, Gregory T. Huang, Joel T.
Johnson, Kevin Li, Christina Manolatou, John H.
Oates, Prathet Tankuranun, M. Ali Tassoudji, Murat
E. Veysoglu
In this project area, we apply both analytical and
numerical methods to the solution of electromagnetic wave problems in layered media and microstrip structures. The analytical technique included
the double deformation method performed on
complex planes and the numerical technique
include the integral equation methods and the finite
difference time domain (FDTD) methods together
with the absorbing boundary conditions (ABC).
The electromagnetic radiation from a VLSI chip
package and heatsink structure is analyzed by
means of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)
technique. The dimensions of a typical configuration calls for a multizone gridding scheme in the
FDTD algorithm to accommodate fine grid cells in
the vicinity of the heatsink and package cavity and
sparse gridding in the remainder of the computational domain. The issues pertaining to the effects
of the heatsink in influencing the overall radiating
capacity of the configuration are addressed. Analyses are facilitated by using simplified heatsink
models and by using dipole elements as sources of
electromagnetic energy to model the VLSI chip.
The potential for enhancement of spurious emissions by the heatsink structure is illustrated. For
heatsinks of typical dimensions, resonance is possible within the low gigahertz frequency range. The
exploitation of the heatsink as an emissions shield
by appropriate implementation schemes is discussed and evaluated.
The media that we studied included electrically and
magnetically anisotropic material, superconductors,
and chiral media made of helical elements. For
helical chiral media, we derived the constitutive
relations and studied their potential use as
absorbing material.
Anisotropic media are also
investigated for applications as modulators in microstrip configurations.
Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
1.3 Simulation of Electromagnetic
Wave Scattering
Sponsors
DEMACO
Agreement 11/15/93
Federal Aviation Administration
Grant 94-G-007
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory
Contract DACA89-93-K-0009
Project Staff
Professor Jin Au Kong, Dr. Kevin O'Neill, Dr. Y.
Eric Yang, Hong Tat Ewe, Tza Jing Gung, ChihChien Hsu, Jenn-Huei Kuan, William Lee, Grant
Smith, M. Ali Tassoudji, Li-Fang Wang, Chen-Pang
Yeang, Yan Zhang, William W. Zhou
In this project area, we concentrate on the development of the computer simulation software for electromagnetic modeling of scattering applied to
remote sensing and applied to landing systems for
airplanes. This is a long-term project for the development of comprehensive theoretical model for the
computer simulation of three-dimensional microwave and millimeter wave scattering and emission
phenomena. Major tasks include (1) Simulation
Program-development of baseline simulation that
include the effects of environments, hard targets,
atmospheric absorption and scattering, and ground
reflection;
(2) Validation and Documentation-generation of synthetic scene for comparison
with real data and production of user manuals and
validation reports; and (3) Upgrade Assessment-studies into models that can be added to the
baseline simulation and the ways to integrate them.
The goals are (1) to assemble available physical
models that satisfy the minimum requirement
defined above and (2) to build a preliminary simulation package using these models to demonstrate
the process of generating scenes from standard
input data sets and possibly of direct or indirect
comparison with recorded images. We have develpackage with
baseline simulation
oped a
X-window/Motif graphical user interface.
This
program (1) first accesses GIS feature map and
elevation map and create displays of both, (2)
allows a user to identify and highlight particular
terrain features in the map region from a menu, and
then (3) interfaces with background terrain scattering coefficient database, which has been created
by EMSARS program and a clutter statistics model
to generate simulated radar images.
A simple
terrain shadowing effect is included. The current
database is created using the random medium
volume scattering model
surface scattering model.
and
composite
rough
A study is also underway to model the effects of
interference on the safety of ILS Category III operations. The intention is to gain a full understanding
of radio interference on aircraft performance and to
determine an acceptable level of interence for use
in autoland certification. Previously a computer
package had been developed to assess the electromagnetic compatibility in ILS/MLS channel planning.
It is proposed that this model be enhanced to
include the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)
sources in the interference study. The aircraft automatic flight control system (AFCS) model will be
integrated with the receiver model to simulation the
effect of interference on autoland performance. Ultimately a standard on acceptable exposure time of
FM broadcast interference will be developed from
the study.
1.4 Publications
Au, W.C., J.A. Kong, and L. Tsang. "Absorption
Enhancement of Scattering of Electromagnetic
Waves by Dielectric Cylinder Clusters." Microwave and Opt. Tech. Lett. 7(10): 454-457
(1994).
Gu, Q., A.M. Tassoudji, S.Y. Poh, R.T. Shin, and
J.A. Kong. "Coupled Noise Analysis for Adjacent
Vias in Multilayered Digital Circuits." IEEE
Trans. Circuits and Sys. 41(12): 796-804 (1994).
Hara, Y., R.G. Atkins, S.H. Yueh, R.T. Shin, and
J.A. Kong. "Application of Neural Networks to
Radar Image Classification." IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sensing 32(1): 100-109 (1994).
Hsu, C.C., H.C. Han, R.T. Shin, J.A. Kong, A.
Beaudoin, and T. Le Toan. "Radiative Transfer
Theory for Polarimetric Remote Sensing of Pine
Forest at P band." Int. J. Remote Sensing
15(14): 2943-2954 (1994).
Johnson, J., J.A. Kong, R.T. Shin, S.H. Yueh, S.V.
Nghiem, and R. Kwok. "Polarimetric Thermal
Emission from Rough Ocean Surfaces." J.
Electromag. Waves Appl. 8(1): 43-59 (1994).
Lee, C.F., B.J. McCartin, R.T. Shin, and J.A. Kong.
"A Triangular-Grid
Finite-Difference TimeDomain Method for Electromagnetic Scattering
Problems." J. Electromag. Waves Appl. 8(4):
449-470 (1994).
Lim, H.H., M.E. Veysoglu, S.H. Yueh, R.T. Shin,
and J.A. Kong. "Random Medium Model
247
Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
Approach to Scattering from a Random Collection of Discrete Scatterers." J. Electromag.
Waves Appl. 8(7): 801-817 (1994).
Xia, J.J., T.M. Habashy, and J.A. Kong. "Profile
Inversion in a Cylinderically Stratified Lossy
Medium." Radio Sci. 29(4): 1131-114 (1994).
Xia, J., A.K. Jordan, and J.A. Kong. "Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Theory for Inhomogeneous Dielectric: the Local Reflection Model."
Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(3): 1081-1086 (1994).
Xia, J.J., J.A. Kong, and R.T. Shin. "A Macroscopic
Model of Nonlinear Constitutive Relations in
Superconductors." IEEE Trans.
Microwave
Theory Tech. 42(10): 1951-1957 (1994).
Yueh, S.H., R. Kwok, F.K. Li, S.V. Nghiem, W.J.
Wilson, and J.A. Kong. "Polarimetric Passive
Remote Sensing of Ocean Wind Vectors." Radio
Sci. 29(4): 799-814 (1994).
Yueh, S.H., S.V. Nghiem, R. Kwok, W.J. Wilson,
F.K. Li, J.T. Johnson, and J.A. Kong. "Polarimetric Thermal Emission from Periodic Water
Surfaces." Radio Sci. 29(1): 87-96 (1994).
1.4.1
Nghiem, S.V., R. Kwok, S.H. Yueh, J.A. Kong, M.A.
Tassoudji, C.C. Hsu, A.J. Gow, and D.K.
Perovich. "Polarimetric Backscattering Signatures from Thin Saline Ice under Controlled Laboratory Conditions." Paper presented at the
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, Pasadena, California, August 8-12,
1994.
Scire-Scapuzzpo, F., C.C. Hsu, L. Wang, J.A.
Kong, and T. Le Toan. "Inversion of Biomass of
Pine Forest using Theoretical Models." Paper
presented at the 1994 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Noordwijk, The
Netherlands, July 11-15, 1994.
Tsang, L., Z. Chen, G. Zhang, K.H. Ding, C. Hsu,
and J.A. Kong. "Microwave Scattering by Vegetation Based on Wave Approach." Paper presented at the 1994 Progress in Electromagnetics
Research
Symposium,
Noordwijk,
The
Netherlands, July 11-15, 1994.
Meeting Papers
Hsu, C.C., J.A. Kong, T. Le Toan, S. Paloscia, and
P. Pampaloni. "Microwave Emission and Backscattering from Crops." Paper presented at the
1994 Progress in Electromagnetics Research
Symposium, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, July
11-15, 1994.
Johnson, J.T., J.A. Kong, Shin, and L. Tsang.
"Theory and Experiments
in Polarimetric
Passive Remote Sensing." Paper presented at
the National Radio Science Meeting, Boulder,
Colorado, January 5-8, 1994.
Nghiem, S.V., R. Kwok, S.H. Yueh, J.A. Kong, M.A.
Tassoudji, C.C. Hsu, A.J. Gow, and D.K.
248
Perovich. "Polarimetric Backscattering from Thin
Saline Ice Related to Ice Physical and Morphological Characteristics." Paper presented at the
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, Pasadena, California, August 8-12,
1994.
RLE Progress Report Number 137
Yang, Y.E., H.T. Ewe, C.C. Hsu, L. Wang, S.E.
Shih, K.H. Ding, J.A. Kong, R.T. Shin, H.
Nguyen, T. Nguyen, J.Y. Ho, K. O'Nell. "A GIS
Driven Interactive Radar Simulation using
EMSARS Model." Paper presented at the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Pasadena, California, August 8-12,
1994.
Yang, Y.E., M.A. Tassoudji, H.T. Ewe, J.A. Kong,
and G.J. Markey. "Examination of Electromagnetic Interference to Civil Aviation .GPS
Receivers." Paper presented at the International
Union of Radio Science (URSI) meeting, Seattle,
Washington, June 19-24, 1994.