Evaluation Monitoring Funded Projects Explain Relationships
Between Bark Beetles, Fuels and Fire Behavior
1
2
1
1
Michael Jenkins , Martin Alexander , Wesley Page , Curtis Gray , Chelsea Toone
W
1
U.S. Forest Service Cooperators: Steve Munson, Elizabeth Hebertson, Justin Runyon, Lee Pederson and Danielle Reboletti
1
GraphicsProgramming
Lab assistants: Dawnee Burson and Jack Robinson, Utah State University
%DUN%HHWOHV)XHOV)LUH:HEVLWH
%DUNEHHWOHLQGXFHGFKDQJHVWR,QWHUPRXQWDLQ5HJLRQFRQLIHU
forests and potential effects on surface and crown fire behavior
(YDOXDWLRQ0RQLWRULQJ3URMHFW(0)DQG
6SHFLDO7HFKQRORJ\DQG'HYHORSPHQW3URMHFW67'35,17)
Michael Jenkins, Wesley Page, Arik Jorgensen, Tim Hill, Chelsea Toone, Wanda Lindquist
(YDOXDWLRQ0RQLWRULQJ3URMHFWV(0)DQG(0)
Michael Jenkins, Wesley Page, Arik Jorgensen, Tim Hill
ENGELMANN SPRUCE
Lodgepole Pine
even aged
MPB
16
4
12
8
150
500+?
300
30
Duff (divided by 10)
4
4
0
Time
2
35
Time
Endemic
Epidemic
250
20
200
15
150
0
Dead trees
QMD
10
100
25
Live trees
QMD (cm)
25
50
5
EN
EP
0
PE
20
15
9
10
8
5
0
Post-Epidemic
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Year
Fuel
0
Time
300
30
0
0
30
350
W
1948
1968
1988
2010
Snags/acre/year
1
3
6
NoMort
60
1902
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
6
EN
5
EP
4
PE
3
2
1
0
Foliage
Tons per acre
7
*divided by 10
Flame length (m) and crowning index (m/s)
Flame Length (m)
Crowning Index (m/s)
Probability of Torching (%)
40
25
30
20
15
20
10
0
0
5
0
EN
EP
PE
Spruce Beetle Condition Class
W
)XHODQGILUHEHKDYLRULQEDUN
beetle-affected five needle pines
Post-epidemic
(YDOXDWLRQ0RQLWRULQJ3URMHFW(0)
Michael Jenkins, Chelsea Toone
REFERENCED BY
Jackson, Big Piney (LaBarge Watershed Improvement Project)
Kemmerer Ranger Districts (Ham's Fork Restoration Project)
Bridger-Teton NF; Fremont Ranger District, Fishlake NF
The objective of this study is to characterize and model fuels and fire behavior in mountain pine
beetle (MPB)-affected stands of high elevation five needle pines, including whitebark, limber, foxWDLO5RFN\0RXQWDLQEULVWOHFRQHDQG*UHDW%DVLQEULVWOHFRQH:HKDYHFROOHFWHGGDWDIURP
SORWVQHDU/D%DUJH:\RPLQJDWHOHYDWLRQVEHWZHHQDQGIHHW'DWDFRPSDUHOLWWHU
and fine fuels beneath green, red and gray whitebark pine crown condition classes.
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Year
Whitebark
pine
Epidemic
10
5
Engelmann
spruce
Endemic
Dead Foliage
50
30
Lodgepole
pine
FIRE SPREAD MODEL
Green Altered
60
35
Douglas-fir
Live Foliage
10
Fire Behavior in Engelmann Spruce
Bark Beetle Epidemic to Post-Epidemic
40
Image Gallery
15
Year
2002
10 Hr 100 Hr 1000 Hr*
PHOTO GUIDES
20
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
W
Live 1 Hr
Live
Herb- Shrub
aceous
Litter Duff*
Probability of torching (%)
25
x Fire Return Interval (years)
Fine Woody Fuel
Engelmann spruce
(per hectare)
0
Fuel Load
(tons per hectare)
Fuel Load
(tonnes per hectare)
10
Engelmann Spruce 1000 Hour Fuels
4
8
6
Course Woody Fuel
Surface Fuel Complex
Litter
0
4000
400
8
12
6000
35
0
12
0.4
0
40
450
Tons per acre
Elevation (feet)
0.8
500
0.2
Estimated Canopy Foliage
(tons per hectare)
1.2
8000
0.6
One snag per acre per year
FIR
ET
Av
YP
ala
E
nc
he
Po
ten
tia
l
ty
e ri
ev
Herbaceous Biomass
0.8
0.4
BARK BEETLES, FUELS, FIRE
DJHPHQW ODE DW 868 VWXGLHV WKH HIIHFWV RI
the interaction of selected agents of disturEDQFH RQ ,QWHUPRXQWDLQ IRUHVWV RYHU ORQJ
WHPSRUDODQGODUJHVSDWLDOVFDOHV6LQFHWKH
HDUO\
VRXUZRUNKDVIRFXVHGRQWKHLQfluence of bark beetles on fuels complexes
and the potential alteration of surface and
crown fire regimes .
DWD Fuel Bed Depth
Stand Structure
1
1
Fuel Depth (meters)
2
ty
n si
L o w Inte c e
S u rf a
‡
Tons/Acre
Shrub Biomass
3
Hi
gh
In
te
ns
ity
C
wn
ro
La
rge
Sn
ow
dS
xe
Mi
4
0
Ponderosa
Pine
all aged
MPB
LODGEPOLE PINE
11000
Tree Species
Stand Structure
Bark Beetle Species
Douglas-fir
uneven aged
DFB
DOUGLAS-FIR
http://www.usu.edu/forestry/disturbance/bark-beetles-fuels-fire/
T KH )RUHVW 'LVWXUEDQFH (FRORJ\ DQG 0DQ-
Engelmann Spruce/
Subalpine fir
uneven aged
SB
W
5 ( 6 8 /7 6
6LJQLILFDQWdifferences were detected in
litter, duff, and one and ten hour timelag woody fuels
ZKHQFRPSDULQJ*UHHQ5HGDQG
Gray whitebark pine crown classes
Comparison of mean liƩer under whitebark pine for
green, red and gray categories sampled in 2011
B
DW 1 hour
C
2
1.5
Comparison of mean 1 hour and 10 hour down woody material under
whitebark pine for gray, green, and red categories sampled in 2011
Green
Red
Gray
A
1.6
1
0.5
0
Green
Red
Gray
ĐƌŽǁŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ
DW 10 hour
1.8
fuel loading lbs/acre
mean liƩer depth (cm)
2.5
Publications
A
A
1.4
1.2
B
Jenkins, M.J., Hebertson, E., Page, W.G., Lindquist, W.E., 2011. A tool to
estimate the impact of bark beetle activity on fuels and fire behavior. Fire
Manage. Today 71(3), 36-41.
0.8
0.6
A
B
0.2
A
0
Gray
Green
ĐƌŽǁŶĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ
ENDEMIC
En
EPIDEMIC
Ep
POST-EPIDEMIC
Pe
FMC (percent)
80
crown width
(CW)
crown bulk
density
(CBD)
60
40
20
0
28-Jul
11-Aug 23-Aug
6-Sep
collecƟon dates
M. Simpson, British
crown base height
(CBH)
pine fuel zone
(Pz )
17-Jul
20-Sep
non-pine fuel matrix (NPz )
15-Oct
W
2010
for each tree, location, sampling period,
and species/year
(12 per stand)
three 15 cm branch samples
from south side of tree
2 m above ground
each year - 1 species per year
G
ES year 2
STAND 1
0LFKDHO-HQNLQV-XVWLQ5XQ\RQ
Wesley Page
f = 3 trees
STAND 2
Y
R
Gi *
JUNE - A
STAND 2
7000
DEPENDANT UPON CONDITIONS
STAND 2
AUG - A
Intermountain Region (USFS R4)
bark beetle affected areas
1991 to 2009 (from ADS).
Study locations.
AUG - B
STAND 1
T6 (Ya, Gab, GIab, Rb)
1. foliar moisture
2. volatile terpene content
3. combustion
SEPT - B
250%
= 6 sampled trees
GI
Y
R
(168 trees per year)
G Green unattacked, and otherwise healthy Y Yellow previous year’s attacks
GI Green-infested current year attacks
R Red post-emergence (2-4 years post-attack)
200%
W
Sampling scheme
NEW G
150%
Percent
W
OLD G
OLD Y
OLD R
100%
The objective of this research is to establish the combined threat of warming temperatures on Great Basin bristlecone pine mortality and consequent fuels accumulation effects of alteration of the fire regime.
‡ $*,6ODQGVFDSHIRUHVWFRYHUPDSZLOOEHGHYHORSHGWRHVWLPDWH*UHDW%DVLQEULVWOHFRQHSLQHKDELWDWH[WHQWDQGGHJUHHRIIUDJPHQWDWLRQ
‡ $GRZQVFDOHGJOREDOFOLPDWHPRGHOZLOOVLPXODWHSRWHQWLDOUHVSRQVHVWRFOLPDWHFKDQJH
‡ 6WDQGGDWDZLOOPRQLWRUSK\VLRORJLFDOFKDQJHVWRQHHGOHFKHPLVWU\WKDWPD\LQGLFDWHDFOLPDWHLQGXFHGFKDQJHLQSODQWFRQGLWLRQ
at the margins of pine distribution. Data will be upscaled to examine correlations with the remotely sensed data.
‡ )LUHVZLOOEHVLPXODWHGDFURVVDPL[WXUHRIK\SRWKHWLFDODQGUHDO'ODQGVFDSHVZLWKYDULRXVSURSRUWLRQVRIFOLPDWHDIIHFWHG
tree condition classes.
‡ 3RVVLEOHFOLPDWHLQGXFHGFKDQJHVWR*UHDW%DVLQEULVWOHFRQHSLQH)LUH5HJLPH&RQGLWLRQ&ODVVZLOOEHHYDOXDWHG
tricyclene (Ya, Rab, Gb, GIb)
camphene (Ya, Rab, Gb, GIb)
p-cymene (Ya, Gb, Rb, GIb)
5000
litter
G
a
E-ɴ-ocimene (Ya, Rb, GIb, Gb)
Mean Fuel Moisture Content of Foliage and LiƩer in Lodgepole Pine
14 June to 2 Oct, 2011
branch sample
SEPT - A
STAND 2
T2 (Ya, Rb, Gb, GIb)
a
a
*
DF year 3
Other
a
Emission Rate (ng/hr/g fresh weight)
JULY - B
WBP year 2
Michael Jenkins, Curtis Gray
LEGEND
6000
STAND 1
Evaluation Monitoring; Monitoring on the Margin
Terpene results for lodgepole pine
JUNE - B
JULY - A
ɲ-pinene (Ya, Rab, Gb, GIb)
a
ɴ-myrcene (Ya, Gb, Rb, GIb)
ɴ-pinene (Ya, Ga, Ra, GIa)
4000
ab
3000
a
a
a
MEAN LITTER
3.0 cm
2000
1.5 cm
2.5 cm
Page, W.G., Jenkins, M.J., 2007b. Predicted fire behavior in selected mountain
pine beetleinfested lodgepole pine. For. Sci. 53, 662-674.
Monitoring the impact of climate change on the frequency and severity
of fires in Great Basin bristlecone pine sky island ecosystems
-RLQW)LUH6FLHQFH3URJUDP3URMHFW
LPP year 1
Page, W.G., Jenkins, M.J., 2007a. Mountain pine beetle-induced changes to
selected lodgepole pine fuel complexes within the Intermountain Region. For.
Sci. 53, 507-518.
Columbia Wildfire
Management Bran
ch 2003
7KH,QIOXHQFHRIIXHOPRLVWXUHDQGPRQRWHUSHQHV
on the flammability of conifer fuels
STAND 1
Jorgensen, C.A., Jenkins, M.J., 2011. Fuel complex alterations associated
with spruce beetle-induced tree mortality in Intermountain spruce-fir forests, USA. For. Sci. 57, 232-240.
Jenkins, M.J., Hebertson, E., Page, W.G., Jorgensen, C.A., 2008. Bark
beetles, fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West. For. Ecol. Manage. 254, 16-34.
intercrown
distance
(ICD)
Gi
G
Y
R
100
Red
Jenkins, M.J., 2010. The Influence of bark beetles on fuels and fires in
western North American conifer forests. In: Viegas, D.X. (Ed.) VI International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
140
120
Jenkins, M.J., 2011. Fuel and fire behavior in high-elevation five-needle
pines affected by mountain pine beetle. In: Keane, R.E. (Ed.), The Future
of High-Elevation Five-Needle White Pines in Western North America,
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Proceedings
RMRS-P-63, pp. 198-205.
1
0.4
Comparison of fuel moisture content in whitebark pine
for green infested, green, yellow, and red categories
sampled in 2011
Jenkins, M.J., Page, W.G., Hebertson, E.G., Alexander, M.E., 2012. Fuels
and fire behavior dynamics in bark-beetle attacked forests in Western North
America and implications for fire management. Forest Ecology and Management, in press., in press.
50%
b
a
a
a
1000
0%
b
pd1
pd2
pd3
pd4
pd5
pd6
14-Jun
5-Jul
11-Jul
18-Jul
25-Jul
1-Aug
8-Aug
15-Aug
22-Aug
27-Aug
3-Sep
pd7
pd8
10-Sep
17-Sep
2-Oct
ab
a
a
5.5 cm
d
c
W
0
Fuel moisture content results
for lodgepole pine
23.0 cm
G GI Y R
G GI Y R
G GI Y R
G GI Y R
July
August
September
Overall
Condition Class by Month
W
e
Çhigher
Èlower
Å shorter
Æ longer
Lab setup and results
G
Fuel Moisture
/ Chemistry
Ignitibility
Fresh
‡Ç proportions of
NFC and crude fat
than Y and R
‡Ç TTI and TAI
than Y and R
Combustibility
Dry
Fresh
Dry
Consumability
Fresh
Dry
Sustainability
Fresh
‡TTI and TAI
‡MT and MRT
‡MT and MRT
‡0/5DQG00/5 ‡0/5DQG00/5 ‡6LPLODUGXUDWLRQ
similar to GI, Y,
and R
similar to GI, Y,
and R
similar to GI, Y,
and R
similar to GI, Y,
and R
similar to GI, Y,
and R
Dry
‡6LPLODUGXUDWLRQ
of flaming to GI, Y, of flaming to GI, Y,
and R
and R
Great Basin National Park
‡/RZHVWKHDW
yields
GI
‡)XHOPRLVWXUHDQG ‡TTI and TAI
chemistry
equivalent to G
‡77,DQG7$,
equivalent to G
‡07DQG057
equivalent to G
‡07DQG057
equivalent to G
‡MLR and MMLR
‡MLR and MMLR
‡Duration of
equivalent to G
equivalent to G
flaming equivalent
to G
unchanged from G
‡Duration of
flaming Æ than Y
and R
‡Heat yield
equivalent to G
6SULQJ0RXQWDLQV
WFDS output
Y
‡Foliage fuel
moisture equivalent
to R from late July
onward
‡1')DQG$')Ç,
NFC and crude fat
‡ÇTAI than G
‡Å TTI than G
‡ÈTAI than G
‡Several terpenes
‡07DQG057
equivalent to G
‡Ç emissions of
emitted at Ç
two terpenes
positively
correlated with
several terpenes
positively
correlated with
maximum rate of
temperature
maximum rate of
mass loss than G
levels than G
negatively
È than G
correlated with TTI
‡Ç emission rates
and TAI
of several terpenes
‡Moistures similar
to Y and litter
‡1')DQG$')Ç,
NFC and crude
fat È than G
‡MLR and MMLR
equivalent to G
‡Ç emissions of
‡MLR and MMLR
equivalent to G
‡Duration of
flaming equivalent
to G
‡Å duration of
flaming than GI
‡Heat yield Ç than G
‡'XUDWLRQRIIODPLQJ
and heat yield
positively correlated
with NFC and crude
fat, negatively
correlated with NDF
change
than G and R
R
‡07DQG057
equivalent to G
and ADF
‡Å TTI and È TAI
than G
‡Ç TAI than G
‡ MT and MRT
equivalent to G
‡07DQG057
equivalent to G
‡MLR and MMLR
equivalent to G
‡MLR and MMLR
equivalent to G
‡Duration of
flaming equivalent
to G
TTI = Time to Ignition
TAI = Temperature at Ignition
MT = Maximum temperature
MRT = Maximum rate of temperature increase
MLR = Mass loss rate
MMLR = Maximum mass loss rate
‡Å duration of
flaming than GI
‡Heat yield Ç than G
‡'XUDWLRQRIIODPLQJ
and heat yield
positively correlated
with NFC and crude
fat, negatively
correlated with NDF
Background Image: 1961 Sleeping Child Fire burns in mountain pine
beetle-affected lodgepole pine on the Bitterroot NF, Montana.
and ADF
W
1
Photo by Ernest Peterson, USDA Forest Service
Result summary matrix for lodgepole pine
Dept of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
2
Great Basin bristlecone pine distribution and study areas in
1HYDGD86$
Dept of Renewable Resources and Alberta School of Forest Science and Mgt., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta CAN.