2009
Annual Survey of Journalism
&
Mass Communication Graduates
Lee B. Becker • Tudor Vlad • Paris Desnoes • Devora Olin
James M. Cox Jr. Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research
Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication
University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30602
Tel. 706 542-5023
www.grady.uga.edu/annualsurveys/
2009 Project Sponsors:
American Society of Newspaper Editors
Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication*
Association of Schools of Journalism & Mass Communication
Gannett
Hearst Corporation
McCormick Foundation*
National Association of Broadcasters
Newspaper Association of America
Sigma Delta Chi Foundation of the Society of Professional Journalists
Scripps Howard Foundation
Specialized Information Publishers Foundation
School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota
Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Georgia
*Sustaining Sponsor
April 6, 2011
Executive Summary
!
The percentage of spring journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients who
reported having at least one job offer when they com pleted their studies dropped in 2009 by nearly
10 percentage points com pared to a year earlier.
!
Most 2009 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients were able to obtain
at least one job interview after they started looking for work, but the figure was significantly lower
than the figure for a year earlier.
!
Only 46.2% of the bachelor’s degree recipients had a job on Oct. 31, 2009, which was m ore than
10 percentage points fewer than a year earlier.
!
The level of full-tim e em ploym ent for bachelor’s degree recipients in 2009 when they returned the
questionnaire was 55.5%, which was down significantly from the figure of 60.4% a year earlier.
Such a low level of full-tim e em ploym ent has never been recorded since 1986.
!
The level of part-tim e em ploym ent also was at a record high in 2009, as was the percentage of
students who stayed in school rather than enter the job m arket.
!
The data provide som e evidence the poor job m arket is im proving. Of those graduates returning
the survey in Novem ber, only 46.5% reported having a full-tim e job. In May, the rate was 62.8%.
!
The unem ploym ent rate for journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients in
2009 also was just slightly lower than the unem ploym ent rate for the national age cohort of which
the graduates are a part.
!
Bachelor’s degree recipients who were m em bers of racial or ethnic m inorities had a particularly
difficult tim e in the job m arket in 2009. The gap between the level of em ploym ent of non-m inority
and m inority graduates in 2009 is the largest ever recorded in the graduate survey.
!
Master’s degree recipients in 2009 also had fewer jobs on graduation than a year earlier. In term s
of actual full-tim e em ploym ent, however, the experiences of the 2009 graduates were quite sim ilar
to those of the 2008 graduates, when em ploym ent rates also were low.
!
The m edian salary earned by journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients
entering the job m arket in 2009 with a full-tim e job was $30,000, or the sam e as for the last three
years.
!
The m edian salary earned by 2009 m aster’s degree recipients in journalism and m ass
com m unication was $39,000, up from $38,000 a year earlier.
!
Once again in 2009, graduates were less likely to find a full-tim e job with benefits than were
graduates a year earlier.
!
Four in 10 of the graduates said there were specific skills they wish they had acquired as a part of
their studies that they had not acquired. Technological skills were dom inant am ong those m issed.
-1-
Graduates of the nation’s journalism and m ass com m unication program s in the spring of 2009
confronted a job m arket unlike any that graduates have encountered in the nearly 25 years for which
com parable data are available.
All indicators of the health of the m arket in 2009 and early 2010 showed declines from a year
earlier, which already had produced record low levels of em ploym ent.
Salaries rem ained unchanged for the fourth consecutive year, m eaning that graduates actually
were receiving less m oney because of the effects of inflation.
Benefits packages also continued to get skim pier.
Responses from the graduates to the 2009 Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication
Graduates reflected a real sense of frustration and desperation. One student said that nothing he had
done at the university prepared him “to deal with this horrible econom y.” His advice to 2010 students not
yet graduated: “Stay in school forever. It all goes down hill from here.”
Many of the graduates said that the jobs that were available required skills they did not have or
that they acquired on their own initiative.
“I had to fight to learn video storytelling as a print m ajor,” one fem ale bachelor’s degree recipient
said, “and I wouldn't be prepared if I hadn't forced m y way into video classes.”
The graduate survey produced one bit of good news. Graduates reporting on their job searches in
the late spring of 2010 were m uch m ore likely to have found a full-tim e job than were graduates reporting
at the end of 2009.
Details of a Very Bad Job Market
The percentage of spring journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients who
reported having at least one job offer when they com pleted their studies in the spring of 2009 dropped by
nearly 10 percentage points to 61.9 (Chart 1). The average num ber of job offers available to graduates
was 1.1 in 2009. The average has never been that low back through 1988, when this question was first
asked in the graduate survey. In 2000, when the job m arket for journalism and m ass com m unication
graduates was strong, 82.4% had at least one job offer on graduation, and, on average, graduates had 2.3
offers.
Most 2009 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients were able to obtain
at least one job interview after they started looking for work, but the figure of 89.7% is significantly lower
than the figure of 92.6% of a year earlier (Chart 2). In 2009, 5.6% of the graduates had no interview at all,
up from 3.4% a year earlier.
Only 46.2% of the bachelor’s degree recipients had a job on Oct. 31, 2009, which is m ore than 10
percentage points lower than a year earlier (Chart 3). That was the first tim e since this m easure was used
-2-
in 1994 that fewer than half of the graduates had a full-tim e job on the date the surveys were put into the
field. One in five of the graduates had a part-tim e job, which is the highest level ever recorded. Nearly a
quarter were unem ployed. That figure also has never been higher.
Som e graduates delayed looking for work, perhaps because of the weak econom y. Am ong those
journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients who did seek a job, 54.1% in 2009 had
found a full-tim e job by Oct. 31 (Chart 4). That figure had been 65.7% a year earlier and 80.3% in 2000.
Part-tim e em ploym ent is alm ost always underem ploym ent. In 2009, am ong those who sought work, nearly
a quarter ended up with a part-tim e job. Unem ploym ent was alm ost as high. Neither the level of part-tim e
em ploym ent nor the level of unem ploym ent has ever been registered before in the graduate survey.
The m ailings of the graduate survey are staggered to m anage the task, and m ultiple m ailings are
sent to those who do not respond initially. As a result, graduates return the survey instrum ent across the
Novem ber 1 to May 31 period. The level of full-tim e em ploym ent for bachelor’s degree recipients in 2009
when they returned the questionnaire was 55.5%, which was down significantly from the figure of 60.4% a
year earlier (Chart 5). Back through 1986, such a low level of full-tim e em ploym ent has never been
recorded. The level of part-tim e em ploym ent also was at a record high in 2009, as was the percentage of
students who stayed in school rather than enter the job m arket.
During the m onths from Novem ber of 2008 to May of 2009, the level of full-tim e em ploym ent of
graduates returning their survey instrum ents varied only very slightly from the average figure of 60.4%. In
2009 and 2010, however, there was quite a lot of variability across the year (Chart 6). Of those graduates
returning the survey in Novem ber of 2009, only 46.5% reported having a full-tim e job. That figure
increased to 53.7% a m onth later and to 59.7% in January. The figure was lower in February, but March,
April and May showed im proved levels of full-tim e em ploym ent, with May showing the highest rate of
62.8%. The May rate, in fact, is higher than any m onth in the 2008-2009 period. The num ber of surveys
returned each m onth is variable, with Decem ber showing the highest return (750) and May the lowest (94).
The data provide som e suggestion of recovery in the labor m arket across the year, however, and offer
som e optim ism for the year to com e.
Another glim m er of hope com es from Chart 7, which com pares the unem ploym ent rate for
journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients with national data for the labor force as
a whole and for the age cohort of persons 20-24. Journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree
recipients are m ostly a part of this 20-24-year-old cohort. The m easure used to com pute the
unem ploym ent rate for the journalism and m ass com m unication graduates is the sam e as in Chart 6. The
national unem ploym ent rates are for the 12-m onth-period ending in May of 2010. For both the national and
local data, only those who looked for work are included. The good news is that the unem ploym ent rate for
journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients is just slightly lower than the
unem ploym ent rate for the national age cohort, though it is considerably higher than the unem ploym ent
rate for the labor force as a whole.
-3-
Further evidence that the journalism and m ass com m unication labor m arket m ay be im proving is
in Chart 8. A higher percentage of graduates reported that the job they held was a perm anent one than a
year earlier. This is true both for those holding full-tim e jobs (88.0%) and for those holding part-tim e jobs
(42.6%). The percentage of graduates doing free-lance work in addition to their other job is not m uch
changed from a year earlier.
Only about a half of the Spring 2009 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree
recipients were working in the field of com m unication when they returned the survey instrum ent (Chart 9).
The actual figure was 48.3%, which is down slightly from a year earlier. The 2009 figure is the lowest
recorded back through 1987.
The hiring year had been difficult for the 2008 graduates of the nation’s journalism and m ass
com m unication program s, but just how difficult had been dependent on what they had chosen as their
specialization within the field. That was true in 2009 as well. Those graduates who had specialized in news
editorial, or print, journalism in 2008 had a full-tim e em ploy rate at the average for all graduates, while in
2009 they actually were above average, with 58.7% having full-tim e em ploym ent versus the 55.5% overall
figure (Chart 10). The im provem ent is attributable to the fact that slightly higher percentages of news
editorial graduates in 2009 landed jobs in the newspaper industry than in 2008, when news editorial
graduates were even m ore likely to end up with a com m unication job outside the newspaper industry than
in (Supplemental Chart 16).
For students who specialized in telecom m unications, 2009 was an even worse year than 2008.
The 51.0% full-tim e em ploym ent figure for 2009 (Chart 11) is lower than the overall figure of 55.5% and
down from 56.8% a year earlier–which also was below average. The 2009 graduates were just slightly
less likely to find a job in the telecom m unications industries than a year earlier (Supplemental Chart 17).
Advertising students were less likely to have found work than a year earlier, but the difference is
sm all and easily explained by sam ple fluctuation (Chart 12). The level of em ploym ent for advertising
students both in 2008 and 2009 was above the overall average.
Public relations students in 2009 had a m ore difficult tim e finding full-tim e work than did their
counterparts in 2008, but they still had a level of full-tim e em ploym ent that was considerably better at
63.9% than the overall average of 55.5% (Chart 13). As in the past, only a relatively sm all percentage of
public relations students actually take jobs in a public relations departm ent or a public relations agency
(Supplemental Chart 19).
As in the past, fem ale students had m ore success in the job m arket than m ale students (Chart
14). The level of em ploym ent was lower for both m en and wom en, and the gap between the genders was
slightly sm aller in 2009 than in 2008. W om en disproportionately specialize in advertising and public
relations, which, as noted, have higher levels of full-tim e em ploym ent for their graduates than do other
parts of the field.
-4-
Bachelor’s degree recipients who were m em bers of racial or ethnic m inorities had a particularly
difficult tim e in the job m arket in 2009, and their level of full-tim e em ploym ent dropped from 62.1% to
48.6% (Chart 15). The gap between non-m inority and m inority graduates in 2009 was 15.3 percentage
points, or the largest gap ever recorded in the graduate survey. Minority graduates also were less likely to
find a job in the field of com m unication in 2009 than in 2008. The gap in 2009 was 11.7%, which once
again was a record (Chart 16). Chart 16 excludes graduates who had returned to school from the
com putation. If they are included, the gap between nonm inority and m inority graduates is an even m ore
striking 15.3 percentage points. Only 35.5% of the m inority bachelor’s degree recipients in 2009 landed a
job in com m unication if those who returned to school are included in the com putation.
In 2008, the bachelor’s degree recipients who had found work in com m unication were less likely
to be writing and editing for the Internet and less likely to be designing and building web pages than were
graduates a year earlier. This suggested that the jobs that the graduates found in the field were less
central to the field than had been the case the year before. In 2009, this situation is reversed. Nearly six in
10 of the graduates reported that they were writing and reporting for the web, up from a year ago and
consistent with the trend back through 2004 (Chart 17). The percentage of graduates designing and
building web pages also was up from a year earlier, though it had not quite reached the level reported by
graduates in 2007.
In general, this sam e pattern is reflected in other web-related work, shown in Chart 18. Data for a
shorter period of tim e are available here, but again the 2009 graduates who found com m unication
jobs–which is a sm aller percentage than in 2008–were m ore likely to be doing web work. They were m ore
likely to be doing research on the web, m ore likely to be producing video for the web, and m ore likely to be
producing graphics and photos for the web. They also were m ore likely to be creating advertisem ents for
the web and m ore likely to be using the web for prom otion. They were m ore likely to be creating blogs,
m ore likely to be m anaging web operations, and m uch m ore likely to be working on social network sites.
Producing audio for the web seem s not to be so com m on, with 2007 graduates reporting unusually high
levels of this sort of activity. The sam e is true for producing anim ation for the web. It is possible that these
kinds of activities have becom e a less prom inent part of com m unication work, as video has sim ply
replaced both.
W riting and editing for the web and doing research on the web–the two m ost com m on activities
from those on the list given to the graduates–vary by type of em ployer. Graduates who found jobs in radio
and in advertising were less likely to write and edit for the web than others (Chart 19), and it is the public
relations graduates who were m ost likely to use the web for their research (Chart 20).
Consistent with the findings about web work, bachelor’s degree recipients with jobs in
com m unications in 2009 were m ore likely to report doing a whole range of tasks using com m unication
technologies than was true in 2008. The 2009 graduates were m ore likely to be designing and creating
com puter graphics, doing non-linear editing, and photo im aging (Chart 21). They also were m ore likely to
-5-
be using a still cam era and a video cam era (though this distinction is quickly becom ing hard to m ake)
(Chart 22). They were m ore likely to be writing, reporting and editing for print and for broadcast, and m ore
likely to be producing content for m obile devices. The latter rem ains rare, but that is alm ost certainly going
to change.
As noted in Chart 5, the 2009 graduates were m ore likely to report being in a part-tim e position
than was true in 2008. Am ong those in a full-tim e position, a higher percentage also reported working less
than a 40-hour week (Chart 23).
The entry-level job m arket for the com m unication occupations is geared toward the bachelor’s
degree recipients, who dom inate those seeking to enter the fields. Master’s students are of two sorts:
those with prior study in com m unication and/or work in the field, and those who are hoping to find a way
into the field through the m aster’s studies. The form er are not really seeking entry-level em ploym ent, and
their experiences in the job m arket are likely to be different from those trying to enter the field after
com pleting a bachelor’s degree in journalism and m ass com m unication and those entering the field for the
first tim e with a m aster’s degree in the field. In 2009, just m ore than half of the m aster’s degree recipients
(52.3%) had prior study in com m unication. The figure had been nearly the sam e a year earlier (48.6%).
Consistent with what bachelor’s degree recipients experienced, m aster’s degree recipients in
2009 had fewer jobs on graduation than a year earlier. Only 58.9% reported having at least one job offer,
com pared with 70.9% a year earlier, and the average num ber of job offers was 1.1, com pared with 1.3 a
year earlier (Chart 24). Even allowing the sm all num ber of cases, the differences from 2008 to 2009 are
not likely to be due to chance.
In term s of actual full-tim e em ploym ent, however, the experiences of the 2009 graduates were
quite sim ilar to those of the 2008 graduates. In 2009, 60.0% of the m aster’s degree recipients had a fulltim e job on Oct. 31 (Chart 25). Am ong those who looked for work, 65.8% had a full-tim e job on that date.
(Chart 26). W hen the graduates returned the questionnaire, 61.9% reporting holding a full-tim e job, which
is lower than a year earlier, but the difference can be explained by sam ple fluctuation (Chart 27). As in
the past, the m aster’s degree recipients did better in the tough 2009 job m arket than did the bachelor’s
degree recipients. On Oct. 31, 46.2% of the bachelor’s degree recipients had a full-tim e job (Chart 3),
versus the 60.0% figure for the m aster’s degree recipients (Chart 25). W hen the bachelor’s degree
recipients returned their survey form s, 55.5% of them had a full-tim e job (Chart 5), while 61.9% of the
m aster’s students had a full-tim e job when they returned the survey form (Chart 27).
-6-
Salaries Stagnant, Benefits Drop Again
The m edian salary earned by journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients
entering the job m arket in 2009 with a full-tim e job was $30,000, or the sam e as was the case in 2008,
2007 and 2006 (Chart 28, Appendix Table 1). Given the 2.0% inflation rate (Consum er Price Index for All
Urban Consum ers) for the 12 m onths ending in May of 2010, the 2009 m edian salary represents a real
drop in purchasing power over a year earlier. In 1985 dollars–the benchm ark used for salary com parisons
year-to-year in the survey--the 2009 graduates earned on average only $14,790. Not since 1996 have the
bachelor’s degree recipients earned so little. In 2000, the graduates earned $16,400, based on 1985
purchasing power. The CPI-U was negative 1.3% in May of 2009, com pared with a year earlier. So in
term s of inflation-adjusted dollar, the bachelor’s degree recipients actually earned slightly m ore in 2008
than a year earlier.
Com parable data on other fields are not available. The National Association of Colleges and
Em ployers (NACE) reported in Septem ber of 2009 that the average annual starting salary offer to all
college graduates had declined 1.2% over a year earlier, to $48,663. The estim ate com es from college
and university career service offices around the country, rather than from what graduates in a given field
actually report receiving. NACE reported that bachelor’s degree recipients in the liberal arts in 2009
received an offer, on average, of $36,624, or considerably m ore than the $30,000 that 2009 journalism
and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients reported they received. NACE reported that
inform ation science graduates received, on average, an offer of $52,886, while m arketing graduates
earned $42,260. NACE does not track separately journalism and m ass com m unication recruiting offers.
The m edian salary earned by 2009 m aster’s degree recipients in journalism and m ass
com m unication was $39,000, up from $38,000 a year earlier (Chart 28). That represents a slight increase
in real salary once adjustm ents are m ade for inflation. NACE does not report data on job offers to
m aster’s degree recipients.
The m edian salary earned by 2009 bachelor’s degree recipients who found full-tim e work in the
daily newspaper industry was m ore than $2,000 less than what graduates earned a year earlier (Chart
29). In inflation-adjusted dollars, the 2009 graduates with daily newspaper jobs earned m ore than $1,200
less than did graduates a year ago and $2,000 less than did graduates in 2000. Bachelor’s degree
recipients who found work at a weekly newspaper earned, on average, just less than $25,000, or $1,000
less than a year ago and $2,000 less than graduates at daily newspapers (Chart 30).
Salaries earned by bachelor’s degree recipients who found full-tim e work in radio also were down
in 2009, from $30,500 to $29,000 (Chart 31). In television, however, salaries actually showed an increase,
from $24,000 to $24,880 (Chart 32).
-7-
The average salary for a 2009 bachelor’s degree recipient who found a job in advertising was
notably higher than was the case a year (Chart 33). At $32,000, the m edian salary for advertising entrylevel workers rose to the level of the m edian salary of two years ago. Graduates who found a full-tim e job
in public relations reported a m edian annual salary of $31,000, or the sam e as the salary reported by
graduates in 2008 (Chart 34). The m edian salary for PR graduates in 2009 rem ained $1,000 lower than
the m edian salary earned by graduates two years earlier.
The salaries earned by graduates at daily and weekly newspapers, radio and television were all
lower than the average salary earned by journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree
recipients in 2009 (Chart 35). Graduates who took jobs at weeklies and with television were once again
particularly poorly paid relative to the salaries earned by other graduates. Above average salaries were
earned by graduates who found work in advertising and public relations and at a consum er m agazine or in
the specialized inform ation publishing industry. Graduates who found work in online publishing com panies
also earned above average salaries, though the salaries were lower than those earned by graduates with
full-tim e jobs in online publishing a year earlier. Many of the 2009 bachelor’s degree recipients reported
they found a full-tim e com m unication job with som e em ployer not listed in Chart 35, as has been true in
the past. In 2009, the m edian annual salary for these graduates was $31,500, down from $32,000 a year
earlier. In both years, the salary was considerably above the m edian salary for all graduates. In 2009,
those graduates who said they took a job outside of the field of com m unication reported a m edian salary
of $26,000, which was down from $31,000 a year earlier. Not only did graduates have a m ore difficult tim e
finding a job in com m unication than a year earlier, but those who took full-tim e jobs outside the field took
ones with lower salary levels. Yet the m edian salary earned by graduates who took a job outside
com m unication was $1,000 m ore than what graduates in television or at a weekly newspaper earned.
The m edian annual salary reported by bachelor’s degree recipients in the western part of the
country was $31,000 in 2009, com pared with m edian salaries of $30,000 in the northeast and the south
(Chart 36). The m edian salary for graduates who took a full-tim e job in the m idwest was $28,600. Only a
sm all percentage of the 2009 graduates reported being a m em ber of a labor union in 2009 (Chart 37).
Overall, the figure was 3.4%, or nearly the identical percentage as a year earlier. The m edian salary for
those bachelor’s degree recipients with a full-tim e job and who were union m em bers was $30,750, or
$750 m ore than for those who were not union m em bers (Chart 38). The gap has been persistent across
tim e, but it was sm aller in 2009 than has been the case in recent years.
Once again in 2009, graduates were less likely to find a full-tim e job with benefits than were
graduates a year earlier. Across a list of nine benefits about which they were asked, 2009 graduates were
less likely to report that the benefit was part of their em ploym ent com pensation package than were 2008
graduates (Charts 39-47). The list included basic and m ajor m edical coverage, prescription drug and
disability insurance, dental insurance, life insurance, m aternity/paternity leave, child care and a retirem ent
plan beyond social security. In several cases, the drop was rather dram atic. For exam ple, in 2009, only
-8-
52.9% of the graduates said they had m ajor m edical coverage as part of their benefit package, while that
figure had been 59.2% a year earlier. Dental coverage was offered to 50.3% of the graduates in 2009,
com pared with 56.7% a year earlier. Life insurance was part of the em ploym ent package for 41.7% of the
2009 graduates, while it had been part of the package for 49.1% of the graduates a year earlier.
The 2009 graduates, in sum , suffered the doubly wham m y of stagnant salaries in a period of
inflation, which results in decreased purchasing power, and declining benefits.
Worker Attitudes
For the second year in a row, the percentage of bachelor’s degree recipients from journalism and
m ass com m unication program s around the country who reported they took the job they held sim ply
because it was the only one available to them increased dram atically (Chart 48). Over the last two years,
that percentage has grown by m ore than 20 percentage points, from 23.1% in 2007 to 43.9% in 2009.
Correspondingly, the percentage of graduates who reported that they took their job because it was what
they wanted to do declined again in 2009, from 56.8% in 2008 to 51.2%.
Perhaps because they sim ply were happy to have a job in such a bad m arket, the 2009 bachelor’s
degree recipients reported levels of job satisfaction nearly equal to what was reported by the 2008
graduates (Chart 49). Those graduates with part-tim e jobs reported significantly lower job satisfaction
levels than those with full-tim e jobs, as has been true historically, indicating that part-tim e em ploym ent is
m ost often underem ploym ent. Only 8.2% of the 2009 graduates with a part-tim e job reported being “very
satisfied” with the position held.
The percentage of bachelor’s degree recipients with a degree in journalism and m ass
com m unication who said they wished they had prepared for another career was nearly the sam e in 2009
as a year earlier (Chart 50). Three in 10 of the graduates wished they had chosen a different field, while
nearly two-thirds of the graduates rem ained content with their chosen field of study even after
experiencing a terrible job m arket. That probably reflects continued interest in the field as well as a
recognition that the job m arket was bad across fields.
Three questions new to the 2009 graduate survey probed the sentim ents of the graduates toward
their university studies. The first asked the graduates if there were specific skills they wish they had
acquired as a part of those studies that they had not. Four in 10 of the graduates said there were such
skills, and only a quarter said there were not (Chart 51).
Those graduates who said there was such a skills were asked to indicate what it was, and those
responses are sum m arized in Chart 52. A quarter of those who m entioned a skill they had not acquired
m ade a reference to graphic design, layout, or software for photo and graphic presentations. Of all
-9-
graduates, nearly one in 10 offered this suggestion. Nearly two in 10 of those with a skill suggestion
m entioned som ething to do with the Internet.
The 2009 survey next asked the graduates to indicate if they felt their college experiences
adequately prepared them for the real world work experience. A clear m ajority of the
graduates–58.3%–said that it had, but 13.1% said it had not (Chart 53). Those who answered in the
negative were asked to what they were not prepared to do. Those responses, sum m arized in Chart 54,
show that one in four of those with this com plaint said they had not been given skills to help them find a
job, but the sam e ratio said they lacked the basic skills of the field needed for a job.
The graduates were next asked if they felt that the way professional com m unicators work today is
different from the way professional com m unicators worked as recently as five years ago, or when m ost of
the graduates were deciding on a college m ajor. More than four in 10 of the graduates said the work of
com m unications professionals had changed in that short period of tim e, and just less than half said it had
not (Chart 55). Those who thought there had been changes were asked to identify the differences. Those
responses are sum m arized in Chart 56, showing that the graduates feel that technology has changed the
field rather quickly. One in three m entioned social m edia, and the sam e ratio m entioned the web and the
Internet generally. One in four m ade a reference to digital technology.
Those bachelor’s degree recipients who found full-tim e jobs had the sam e level of com m itm ent to
them as did graduates in 2008 (Chart 57). In 2009, 77.7% of the graduates said there were very or
m oderately com m itted to the jobs they held.
Media Use
One im portant way in which journalism and m ass com m unication students learn about the field for
which they are preparing is through uses of the m edia. Despite that, only about half of the graduates again
in 2009 reported reading a newspaper, a m agazine or a book the day before they returned the survey
(Chart 58). Those figures were nearly the sam e in 2008.
Use of electronic sources of news was considerably higher, with seven in 10 of the bachelor’s
degree recipients reporting having watched television news the day before, and three out of four reporting
having read or viewed news online (Chart 59). Only four in 10 listened to radio news. All of these figures
had been nearly the sam e in 2008. The 2009 graduates, however, were considerably m ore likely than their
2008 counterparts to have viewed or heard news on a m obile device the day before they com pleted the
survey. In 2009, that figure stood at 34.8 percent, com pared with 17.8% a year earlier.
Reading of blogs, use of social network sites, and use of a video sharing site such as YouTube
was higher am ong 2009 graduates than for 2008 graduates (Chart 60). Nine in 10 of the 2009 graduates
-10-
reported checking at least one social network site the day before they returned the survey form . Future
graduates cannot be expected to be m uch m ore com m itted to this form of com m unication.
Levels of participation in cam pus professional organizations were m uch the sam e for 2009
bachelor’s degree recipients as had been the case in 2008 (Chart 61). Again, Public Relations Student
Society of Am erica was the group in which the largest percentage of graduates was involved, with m ore
than one in 10 of the graduates reporting involvem ent. The Society of Professional Journalists and AdClub
are the next m ost popular organizations.
Closing Comments
The downturn in the job m arket for journalism and m ass com m unication graduates that began in
2008 continued in 2009, with the result being the worst job m arket that graduates in the field have
experienced in the 25 years for which com parable data are available.
Bachelor’s degree recipients–who m ake up m ore than nine in 10 of those entering the job m arket
after com pleting university studies in the field–had fewer job offers on graduation, were less likely to have
an in-person job interview, were less likely to find full-tim e work, and were less likely to find work in the
field of com m unication than had graduates only a year earlier. The 2009 graduates also received the
sam e salary as the 2008 graduates on average, m eaning their real com pensation was lower because of
inflation. They also took jobs with fewer benefits. For the m aster’s degree recipients, the situation was
nearly as bad. They, too, had fewer job offers on graduation. Their levels of em ploym ent certainly weren’t
better than had been the case for m aster’s degree recipients in 2008, and, on one key indicator, it
probably was lower. Salaries did increase, but in real purchasing power were only about $100 better than
a year earlier and were $700 lower than two years ago.
Minority graduates had a particularly difficult tim e in the 2009-2010 labor m arket. Full-tim e
em ploym ent dropped 13.5 percentage points. The gap between the percentage of m inority and nonm inority graduates in term s of full-tim e em ploym ent was 15.3 points. Going back to 1987, it has never
been greater. Minority graduates also were less likely to find a job in the field of com m unication in 2009
than had been the case in 2008. The gap between m inority and nonm inority graduates on this standard
also has been greater only once back to 1987.
The job m arket for journalism and m ass com m unication graduates has had its ups and downs
over the years. In the early 1990s, finding a job was difficult, and that situation im proved as the decade
progressed. In fact, in 2000, it appears, nearly every graduate who was really trying hard to find a job
found one. Six to eight m onths after graduation, m ore than eight in 10 of the graduates had either a fulltim e or a part-tim e job. That good m arket was followed by a few bad years, and then, in 2003, the m arket
started to recover. All looked good until last year. And in 2009 the m arket was even worse.
-11-
A few glim m ers of hope can be found in the data from the 2009 graduates. First, those graduates
who returned their surveys late were considerably m ore likely to report being em ployed full-tim e than were
those who returned them early. Last year, this was not the case. For the last three m onths for which data
were obtained–March, April and May–the level of full-tim e em ploym ent was at or above the 2008 level. In
addition, the 2009 graduates who had com m unication jobs were m ore likely to report doing tasks that
involved the web than was true in 2008. In 2008, level of web work had dropped. Given that digital
activities are certainly a key part of com m unication work, the suggestion is that the quality of the jobs the
2009 graduates took, on average, was at least slightly higher than had been true for the 2008 graduates.
Clearly the biggest hope has to be that the national econom y will rebound. The unem ploym ent
rate for journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients in 2009 actually was slightly
lower than the unem ploym ent rate for the age cohort to which m ost of the graduates belong. Historically,
the job m arket for entry-level professional com m unication job seekers has reflected the job m arket for the
overall econom y.
Each year, graduates are asked to give advice to graduates com ing behind them . The com m ents
of the 2009 graduates show very high levels of frustration. The sam e is true for responses to som e new
questions added to the 2009 survey. Only a quarter of the graduates said that there were no specific skills
that they wished they had acquired as part of their university studies that they did not acquire, and four in
10 said with certainty there were. Those with com plaints were asked to elaborate, and they m entioned
technical skills in graphics and design and with the web generally. In addition, only six in 10 of the
graduates said their college experience adequately prepared them for the real world work experience.
They com plained that they had not been given adequate skills at job seeking. Many also said they lacked
even the basic skills required by the m arket. A big part of the problem seem s to be the rapid change in the
nature of com m unication work. Fewer than one in 10 of the graduates said that com m unication work today
is not very different from what it was like only five years ago. More than four in 10 said with certainty that it
was. It is obvious, but web-related technologies are a part of the work environm ent.
It is hardly surprising that graduates have com plaints, given how bad the job m arket for 2009 was.
One student said quite sim ply: “I have an $80,000 piece of paper that isn't worth (expletive) in the real
world.” About one in three of the students said they regretted their career choice. That figure had
increased when the m arket soured in 2008 and rem ained high in 2009.
It probably is not surprising that students would note a gap between what is included in the
curriculum and what is required in the job m arket. The work environm ent is changing dram atically. Many
of the graduates said it has changed even in the last five years, which would be from the tim e just before
they started university studies until when they com pleted them . University curricula, faculty and m ind sets
are not so quick to change.
Only about 3% of the bachelor’s degree recipients said that their university experience was
deficient in not providing them the basics needed to work in the field. There is always the possibility even
for those with the com plaint that the fault lies with the recipient rather than the provider of the instruction.
-12-
It alm ost certainly would be a m istake to take solace in that finding. Clearly the weak job m arket
has been an unsettling experience for m any of those who entered it in 2009. It would be a pity if the lousy
job m arket experienced by the students did not lead to reflection on the part of faculty on the content of
what is offered and the structure through which those offerings are provided.
Methodology
The Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates is designed to m onitor the
em ploym ent rates and salaries of graduates of journalism and m ass com m unication program s in the
United States, including Puerto Rico, in the year after graduation. In addition, the survey tracks the
curricular activities of those graduates while in college, exam ines their job-seeking strategies, and
provides m easures of the professional attitudes and behaviors of the graduates upon com pletion of their
college studies.
Since 1997, the Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates has been
conducted at the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Com m unication at the University of Georgia.
Each year a sam ple of schools is drawn from those listed in the Journalism and Mass
Communication Directory, published annually by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Com m unication, and The Journalist’s Road to Success: A Career Guide, form erly published and printed
by the Dow Jones Newspaper Fund, Inc., and now known as the Dow Jones News Fund. The report is at
this URL: https://www.newsfund.org/PageText/JournRoad.aspx?Page_ID=JrRd. Schools list them selves
in the AEJMC Directory. All U.S. program s accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in
Journalism and Mass Com m unications and all U.S. m em bers of the Association of Schools of Journalism
and Mass Com m unication are in the AEJMC Directory. To be included in the News Fund Guide, the
college or university m ust offer at least 10 courses in news-editorial journalism and those courses m ust
include core courses, such as an introduction to the m ass m edia and press law and ethics, as well as
basic skills courses such as reporting and editing. Selection of schools for the sam ple is probabilistic, so
that those chosen represent the population of schools in the two directories. In 2009, 84 schools were
drawn from the 483 unique entries of four-year program s in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico) in the two
directories.
Adm inistrators at the selected schools are asked to provide the nam es and addresses of their
spring bachelor's and m aster's degree recipients as well as a cover letter endorsing the project to be
m ailed with the questionnaire. The questionnaire was m ailed in Novem ber 2009 to all spring graduates
receiving either a bachelor's or a m aster's degree from the selected program s. A second questionnaire
was sent to nonrespondents in January 2010. A third m ailing was sent in March 2010 to graduates who
had not responded to the first two m ailings. For 12 program s that had provided em ail addresses, the third
-13-
m ailing was supplem ented by an em ail m essage as well. The graduates could either return the m ailed
instrum ent in a self-addressed, postage-paid envelope, or com plete the instrum ent online. All graduates
were given a unique password for access to the web survey and could use it only once. The respondents
also were told they could win an iPod Touch (8 GB) in a lottery by participating.
The questionnaire asked about the respondent's experiences both while a student and in the
m onths since graduation. Included were questions about university experiences, job-seeking and
em ploym ent and salary and benefits.
In 2009, the survey was m ailed to 9,905 individuals whose nam es and addresses were provided
by the adm inistrators of the 84 program s. A total of 2,945 returned the questionnaires by the end of May of
2009. Of the returns, 2,749 were from students who reported they actually had com pleted their degrees
during the April to June 2009 period. The rem aining 196 had com pleted their degrees either before or
after the specified period, despite their inclusion in the spring graduation lists. A total of 596
questionnaires was returned undelivered and without a forwarding address. Return rate, com puted as the
num ber of questionnaires returned divided by the num ber m ailed, was 29.8%. Return rate, com puted as
the num ber returned divided by the num ber m ailed m inus the bad addresses, was 31.7%.1
Return rates by school varied widely, as in the past, from 9.4% to 71.4%. These figure are those
com puted with bad addresses rem oved. Those program s that provided a cover letter of endorsem ent (61)
had a higher average return rate (34.5% with bad addresses rem oved) com pared with those that did not
provide a cover letter (29.7%). The em ail m essage at the tim e of the third m ailing also resulted in higher
return rates. The average return rate for the 12 schools for whom em ail addresses were used with third
m ailing was 37.0%, com pared with the 32.6% for the schools for which no em ail was used. One program
sent out advance notice on its own before the m ailing, and that program had an above average return rate
of 36.1%. Three program s provided enough cover letters or original stationary so that copying was not
needed. These were used for the first m ailing, and these three program s had an average return rate of
40.9% versus 32.9% for the other program s.
Of the 2,749 usable surveys, 771, or 28.0%, were com pleted online. Graduates in 2003, 2006,
2007 and 2008 also were given the option of com pleting the survey online. In 2003, 4.4% of the usable
questionnaires were com pleted by students via the web. In 2006, 13.8% were com pleted online. In 2007
24.4% were com pleted online. In 2008, that figure was 24.2%.2
Of the 2,749 usable questionnaires, 2,534 (92.2%) were from bachelor's degree recipients and
215 were from those who received a m aster's degree.
1
The return rates in 2008 were 29.8% and 31.9%. In general, return rates have been declining for
this and other surveys across tim e. The rates are shown in Appendix Chart 2.
2
In 2009, as in previous years, som e students com pleted the surveys online and also returned a
m ailed version. The first com pleted or m ore com plete questionnaire was used, and the 28.0% figure
represents the final decision on which questionnaire to use.
-14-
The findings sum m arized in this report are projectable to the estim ated 50,850 students who
earned bachelor's degrees and the 4,480 students who earned m aster's degrees in academ ic year 20082009 from the 483 colleges and universities across the United States and Puerto Rico offering program s
in journalism and m ass com m unication. Com parisons are m ade with data gathered in graduate surveys
back through 1986. Data on m aster's degree recipients have been available since 1989.
Sam ple error for the 2009 undergraduate data is 2.0%. Sam ple error term s for earlier surveys
were: 1.8% (2004), 1.9% (1999-2003), 2.0% (1990-1995, 2005, 2008), 2.1% (1989, 1996-8, 2006, 2007),
2.8% (1987), 3.2% (1986), and 3.7% (1988). In all cases, the confidence level is set at .05, m eaning that
the odds are 19 to 1 that the figures presented in this report are within plus or m inus sam ple error of what
would have been obtained had all graduates of journalism and m ass com m unication program s, rather
than a sam ple of these graduates, com pleted questionnaires. (Sam ple error, of course, is only one of the
sources of error in survey estim ates.) Sam ple error for responses from those receiving m aster's degrees
in 2009 is 6.7%. In m any instances in this report, fewer than the full num ber of cases is used for
inferences. For exam ple, som e of the data are based solely on persons working full-tim e when surveyed.
In these cases, error is greater than 2.0%, depending on the actual num ber of persons for whom data
were reported. In addition, m any com parisons between subgroups in the sam ple and between the 2009
and earlier sam ples are m ade. Standard statistical tests have been used to evaluate the observed
differences, or trends. Only those differences likely to hold if a census of all graduates were undertaken
are discussed in the text.
W om en m ade up 73.6% of respondents. Mem bers of racial or ethnic m inorities m ade up 18.0% of
those returning questionnaires. These sam ple characteristics are sim ilar to those in recent years. Overall,
the sam ple reflects higher return rates from wom en and lower return rates from m inorities, based on the
known characteristics of the 483 schools from which the sam ple was drawn.
Funding for the 2009 graduate survey was provided by the Am erican Society of Newspaper
Editors, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Com m unication, the Association of Schools
of Journalism and Mass Com m unication, Gannett, the Hearst Corporation, the McCorm ick Foundation,
the National Association of Broadcasters, Newspaper Association of Am erica, the Sigm a Delta Chi
Foundation of the Society of Professional Journalists, the Scripps Howard Foundation, Specialized
Inform ation Publishers Foundation, the School of Journalism and Mass Com m unication at the University
of Minnesota, and the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Com m unication at the University of
Georgia.3
3
Special thanks are given to the following University of Georgia students who worked on the 2009
graduate survey: Graduate Research Assistants Daphne Burden, Jacob Cole and Genevieve di Leonardo
and Research Clerks John Copponex, Catherine Deroth, Abby Engelberth, Alicia Harrell, Jessica May,
Sarah Pelham , Christian Peña and Alex Raffray.
.
-15-
Supplem ental charts and tables from the Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass
Communication Graduates are included in an Appendix to this report. The charts and
tables report data on the curricular specialization of the graduates, their job seeking
strategies, and other aspects of their college and post-college experiences. Also
included is a detailed salary table and a chart with survey return rates. As appropriate,
data from earlier years are included in the supplem ental charts and tables.
Partner Schools
The following 86 schools participated in the 2008 Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Com m unication
Graduates and are partners in this project:
Auburn University
University of Alaska, Anchorage
Arizona State University
Arkansas State University
Ouachita Baptist Univ.
California State University, Fullerton
San Francisco State University
Santa Clara University
Azusa Pacific University
University of Colorado
University of Denver
Quinnipiac University
Florida A & M University
University of Florida
Clark Atlanta University
The University of Georgia
Berry College
University of Idaho
Colum bia College - Chicago
Northwestern University
W estern Illinois University
DePaul University
Butler University
Indiana University-Bloom ington
University of Southern Indiana
University of Iowa
-16-
W ichita State University
Eastern Kentucky University
Northern Kentucky University
University of Kentucky
Nicholls State University
The University of Louisiana at Monroe
Northwestern State U. of Louisiana
University of Maryland
University of Massachusetts
Michigan State University
Oakland University
University of St. Thom as
University of Minnesota
Rust College
The University of Mississippi
Evangel University
University of Missouri - Colum bia
University of Missouri--Kansas City
University of Montana
Hastings College
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Rutgers University
University of New Mexico
Hofstra University
St. Bonaventure University
Buffalo State College
Syracuse University
SUNY at Plattsburgh
Elon University
Lenoir-Rhyne College
University of North Carolina at Pem broke
University of North Dakota
Ohio University
Ohio W esleyan University
Oklahom a State University
University of Oklahom a
University of Oregon
Tem ple University
Elizabethtown College
La Salle University
University of South Carolina
University of Mem phis
Tennessee Technological University
Abilene Christian University
Sam Houston State University
Texas State University-San Marcos
Texas Christian University
Brigham Young University
Castleton State College
Jam es Madison University
-17-
University of Richm ond
University of W ashington
Bethany College
Marquette University
University of W isconsin-Milwaukee
Howard University
University of Puerto Rico
-18-
Charts and Tables
1. Job offers to Bachelor’s degree recipients
Job offers to Bachelor’s degree recipients: percent with at least one job offer
2. Job interviews of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Number of interviews by Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
3. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients
4. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
5. Employment status
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients when they returned questionnaires
6. Employment status of BA recipients across the year
Full-time employment by month when graduates completed the questionnaires
7. Unemployment rates
Unemployment rates of journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients when they returned questionnaire
compared to U.S. labor force data. U.S. figures represent seasonally adjusted unemployment
rates averaged across June of the shown year to May of the following year.
8. Permanent positions, freelance
Status of Bachelor’s degree recipients: percent in permanent positions, percent doing freelance in
addition to current job
9. General types of work
An overview of Bachelor’s degree recipients’ work situations
10. Employment, new s-editorial
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the editorial specialty
11. Employment, telecommunication
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the telecommunication specialty
12. Employment, advertising
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the advertising specialty
13. Employment, PR
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the public relations specialty
14. Gender and employment
Full-time employment of female and male Bachelor’s degree recipients
15. M inority employment
Full-time employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s degree recipients
-19-
16. M inority employment in communications
Employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s degree recipients in communication jobs
17. W riting, editing and designing for w eb
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
18. Other w eb w ork
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
19. W riting or editing for w eb by employer type
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
20. Researching materials using the w eb by employer type
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
21. Technical w ork performed in job I
An overview of jobs of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
22. Technical w ork performed in job II
An overview of jobs of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
23. Hours spent w ith job per w eek
Bachelor’s degree recipients full-time in communications
24. Job offers, M aster’s degree recipients
Job offers to Master’s degree recipients on graduation: percent with at least one job
25. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients
26. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients who looked for work
27. Employment status
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients when they returned questionnaires
28. Overall salaries
Overall nominal median annual salaries and adjustments for inflation for Bachelor's and Master's
degree recipients with full-time jobs
29. Salaries in dailies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at daily newspapers - Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
30. Salaries in w eeklies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at weekly newspapers - Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
31. Salaries in radio
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in radio - Bachelor’s degree
recipients with full-time jobs
-20-
32. Salaries in television
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in TV - Bachelor’s degree recipients
with full-time jobs
33. Salaries in advertising
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in advertising - Bachelor’s degree
recipients with full-time jobs
34. Salaries in PR
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in public relations - Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
35. Salaries compared
Median yearly salaries for 2009 Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
36. Salaries by region
Median yearly salaries for 2009 Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
37. Union membership of JM C graduates
Union membership of Bachelor’s degree recipients
38. Yearly salary for union members and non-union w orkers
Median salary per year for Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs: union and non-union
39. Job benefits: Basic medical
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
40. Job benefits: M ajor medical
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
41. Job benefits: Prescription
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
42. Job benefits: Disability
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
43. Job benefits: Dental
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
44. Job benefits: Life insurance
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
45. Job benefits: M aternity/paternity
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
46. Job benefits: Child care
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
47. Job benefits: Retirement
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
48. W hy jobs chosen
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients' reasons for selecting jobs
-21-
49. Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients
50. Regret career choices
Bachelor’s degree recipients who wish they had selected another career
51. Skills desired before graduation
Bachelor’s degree recipients who wish they had acquired additional skills
52. Specific skills desired
Specific skills Bachelor’s degree recipients wish they had acquired
53. Preparedness for real w orld work experience
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about how adequately the college experience prepared them
54. Specific deficiencies identified
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about what the college experience should have prepared
them for
55. Changes in the perception of professional communicators’ w ork
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about differences between professional communicators’
work today and five years ago
56. Specific changes identified in the professional communicators’ w ork
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about areas where there are differences between
professional communicators’ work today and five years ago
57. Organizational commitment
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
58. Use of print media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of print media
59. Use of electronic media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of electronic media
60. Use of user generated electronic media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of blogs, social networks, video sites
61. Student professional organizations attended w hile at university
Appendix Chart 1. Return rate and unemployment rate by year
Unemployment rate at time of survey completion for Bachelor’s degree
recipients who looked for job
Appendix Table 1. M edian salaries by employer type
-22-
Appendix: Supplemental Charts and Tables
S1. W hat they studied
Specialty within curriculum of Bachelor’s degree recipients
S2. Campus activities
Campus activities of Bachelor’s degree recipients
S3. Grade point averages
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients
S4. Grades by major
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients by major: percent with A or AS5. Grades by major II
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients by major: percent with A or AS6. Seeking print jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of print media. Excludes students not
seeking jobs
S7. Seeking broadcast jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of broadcasting. Excludes students not
seeking jobs
S8. Seeking PR/advertising jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of PR and advertising. Excludes students
not seeking jobs
S9. New s-editorial tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of print journalism
S10. Advertising tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of advertising
S11. Corporate communication tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of corporate marketing and communication
S12. New spaper w ork
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in newspaper jobs
S13. Telecommunication w ork
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in telecommunications jobs
S14. PR and advertising work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in public relations and advertising
S15. Other communication w ork
Bachelor’s degree recipients working for magazines, newsletters/ trade press, book publishers,
WWW
-23-
S16. Hiring new s students
Employers of Bachelor’s degree recipients with a news-editorial emphasis
S17. Hiring broadcast students
Students with an emphasis in telecommunications who choose their own specialty
S18. Hiring advertising students
Students with an advertising emphasis who choose their own specialty
S19. Hiring PR students
Students with a public relations emphasis who choose their own specialty
S20. W here grads seek w ork
Type of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in 2009
S21. M inorities and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2009
S22. M inorities and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2009
S23. Gender and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2009
S24. Gender and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2009
S25. Overtime without pay
Bachelor’s degree recipients working more than 40 hours per week as full-time employees without
reimbursement
-24-
Comments from the 2009 Graduates
Every year, those completing the Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication
Graduates are asked to provide advice “to those w ho follow you.” Here is a sampling of the
comments from the 2009 graduates.
Suggested Strategies For Success
“Make sure that you take advantage of the opportunities given in the journalism /com m unications
departm ent of your college/university. Also, becom e well-rounded in the com m unications field so
that you can use your skills later-either in the real world or in graduate/law school.”
Female bachelor’s degree recipient in public relations, working full-time outside of the
communication industry
“Follow your dream s because if you work hard enough anything is possible!”
Male bachelor’s degree recipient in broadcast news/broadcast journalism, working fulltime writing, reporting, and editing for a television station
“Seek active involvem ent in clubs that provide networking opportunities. Create relationships with
professors. They are a great source of inform ation and are fam iliar with things related to the
industry of choice and can provide letters of recom m endation, job leads and/or advice.”
Female bachelor’s degree recipient in advertising, working full-time at an advertising
agency producing advertisements
“Be open to m ore possibilities than you expect! Take as m any internships as possible, these
contacts are your best resource for finding jobs, freelancing, networking, etc. Make friends with
your teachers. They will rem em ber your passion and vouch for you in the future.”
Female bachelor’ degree recipient in magazines, working full-time in trade press writing
and/or reporting
“Have a plan B and find a way to establish yourself in an extrem ely com petitive field.”
Male bachelor’s degree recipient in broadcast news and production combined, working
part-time outside of the communications industry
“Advice: Absolutely pursue a m aster’s (or other higher degree), if you only had one m ajor in your
undergraduate career. This will only m ake your skills sharper. In turn, you are an even better
candidate for any job you consider. Internships are a m ust in your undergrad career.”
Female bachelor’s degree recipient in mass communication, currently attending graduate
school
-25-
“The best advice I can give is to m aintain a high level of professionalism . Take advantage of the
'digital space': create a LinkedIn, network with professionals, and don’t be afraid to interact with
them online! And take as m any internships as you can! It will m ake your resum e stand out from
others and m ay allow you to apply for jobs that aren’t necessarily ‘Entry-Level’.”
Male bachelor’s degree recipient in advertising, working full-time at an advertising agency
in digital analytics
“Have work (clips) in as m any different m edium s as possible to show potential em ployers. Use
your youth and fresh ideas/skills as a positive in interviews. Jobs at traditional places still exist, but
there are all sorts of new jobs being created.”
Male master’s degree recipient, currently unemployed
“Apply everywhere, even if you don’t think you are qualified. You never know if you could have had
a chance if you don’t try.”
Male bachelor’s degree recipient in broadcast news/broadcast journalism, working fulltime outside the communication industry
“Be diverse in your studies. Cross-training is critical. Com m unications is a large part of ANY job
field.”
Male bachelor’s degree recipient in public relations, working full-time at a nonmedia
corporation doing environmental policy and relations
“Be prepared to start at the very bottom & work your way up. Ask for guidance, but take initiative.
W hen in doubt, look it up.”
Male master’s degree recipient in communication, working full-time at an educational
institution in media relations
“Keep at it. Practice skills that can be transferable and used in m ultiple occupations. You'll be a
good job candidate because you are driven and flexible, not because you have a 4.0, so focus on
building leadership skills and the rest will com e. Rem ain optim istic. Don’t lose sight of dream s and
goals; even if you’re in a different place than you though you’d be, keep striving for your best.”
Female bachelor’s degree recipient in news-editorial/print journalism and business,
working full-time in a nonprofit high school working in development in a nonprofit
Observations about the Job M arket
“Finding journalism work is extrem ely hard right now, even for very experienced, qualified and
skilled grads. Be prepared to rigorously apply to jobs, be open-m inded and find any job to m ake
ends m eet in the m ean tim e. It would be wise to start looking for a post-graduate job NOW seriously!”
Female bachelor’s degree recipient in magazine, working part-time outside the
communications industry
-26-
“The job m arket is tough right now, everyone knows this, but that doesn't m ake it seem any better
when you can't get work. I'm actually going to law school, so I don't have to keep searching. My
best advice to other journalism m ajors is to m ake sure you love it!”
Female bachelor’s degree recipient in professional writing, currently attending law school
“W ith today's job m arket, having the skills and education doesn't always land you the job-you have
to learn to sell yourself! Also, with today's job m arket, you m ight be tem pted to settle. If you have
to settle, settle tem porarily. Keep looking, keep searching and do not discount what you deserve.”
Female bachelor’s degree recipient in broadcast production/cinematography film, working
full-time and part-time in a non-media corporation doing audio and/or audiovisual
production and direction
“Com m unication is a very versatile field with skills applicable to m any job opportunities. Graduates
should see this as a blessing and as som ething that does not lim it them .”
Male bachelor’s degree recipient in public relations, working full-time at an educational
institution in editing and producing advertisements
-27-
1. Job offers to Bachelor’s degree recipients
Job offers to Bachelor’s degree recipients:
percent with at least one job offer
Percent
100
80
+ +
60
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+
40
20
0
Percent at least one job
Mean=number of jobs
(N)
+
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
56 67.3 68.1 60.5 62.8 64.7 69.8 70.8 75.8 78.1 81.8 82.2 82.4 71.3 65.1 64.9 69.6 75.5 76.2 78.3 71.5 61.9
1.2 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
2 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.1
587 2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2. Job interviews of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Number of interviews by Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
100
Percent
95.9 95.7
92.7 93.4 92.6
89.7
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
80
60
N=1923
N=1622
N=1524
N=1149
N=1479
N=1241
N=1529
N=1511
85.4
87
40
20
10.49.4
4.9
5.6
2.9 3.1 2.4 3.4
4.2 3.6
2.4
3.5
1.2
1.9
4 4.7
0
No interviews
Only telephone interviews
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
At least one in-person interview
3. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
100.0
$ Full-time ) Part-time # In school ' Not employed
80.0
$
60.0
$
2005 N=2412
40.0
20.0
)'
#
'
)
#
)'
#
$
$
$
$
$
$
2006 N=2290
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
$
2007 N=2112
$
$
$
$
$
$
2008 N=2360
$
2009 N=2534
)'
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
#
2001
58.9
11.6
8.1
21.4
2002
58.1
13.5
8.9
19.5
2003
56.1
15.3
9.1
19.5
2004
59.7
13.6
7.7
18.9
2005
62.3
11.9
8.7
17.0
2006
63.7
11.9
7.9
16.5
2007
63.3
11.4
9.0
16.4
2008
56.3
14.4
9.1
20.3
2009
46.2
20.8
9.6
23.4
'
)
#
0.0
1994 1995 1996
Full-time 62.0 62.0 63.4
Part-time 14.1 13.6 11.3
In school 7.0 7.5 7.6
Not employed 16.8 16.8 17.7
1997 1998 1999 2000
67.4 68.7 70.3 71.1
11.0 9.2 8.7 8.8
6.7 6.4 6.8 7.4
14.9 15.7 14.3 12.8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
4. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
Percent
100
# Full-time ' Part-time ) Not employed
80
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
60
#
40
20
'
)
)'
)'
)'
)'
1994
71.1
16.2
12.7
1949
1995
71.2
15.7
13.1
1993
1996
73.7
13.2
13.1
1927
1997
76.8
12.6
10.7
1903
1998
78
10.5
11.5
1969
)'
)'
)
'
)'
)'
)'
)'
)'
)'
)'
)'
0
Full-time
Part-time
Not employed
N
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
79.5 80.3 68.9 67.9 65.6 69.3
9.8 9.9 13.6 15.7 17.8 15.8
10.7 9.8 17.6 16.3 16.6 14.9
2369 2419 2344 2395 2294 2693
2005
73
13.9
13.1
2059
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2006 2007 2008 2009
73.6 73.8 65.7 54.1
13.7
13 16.8 24.4
12.9
13 17.4 21.5
1983 1811 2020 2162
5. Employment status
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients
when they returned questionnaires
Percent
100
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + +
+
60
+
40
20
$ $*
$
$ $ $
* $* $ $
$* $* $* $* * $* $* $
$
$ * * * $* $* $* $ *
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )* )* $
)* )* $
)* )* ) ) ) ) ) ) )* ) )
0
Full-time work
Part-time work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
68.3 66.6 70.9 70.5 64.5 61.7 62.4 62.2 65.7 67.9 68.4 73.3 75.3 76.1 74.9 66.3 63.3 62.4 66.5 69.9 68.8 70.2 60.4 55.5
11.9 12.3 10.6 9.8 11.5 14.2 14.4 13.4 12.2 11.1 9.8 8.3
6 6.9 7.3 10.1 12 12.6 11.4 10.1 10.6
9 13.6 17.9
7.5 7.2 6.3 6.4 7.2
8
8 8.5
8 7.7 7.9 7.1 6.6
6
7
8 8.4 8.7 7.5 8.3 7.6 8.4 8.5 9.2
12.3 13.9 12.3 13.2 16.8 16.1 15.2 15.8 14.1 13.3 13.9 11.4 12.1 11 10.8 15.6 16.2 16.2 14.6 11.7 13.1 12.2 17.5 17.4
943 1215
587 2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
6. Employment status of BA degree
recipients across the year
Full-time employment by month when graduates completed the questionnaires
100.0
Percent
80.0
76.6
'
67.7 66.8
' '
72.7
72.2
'
69.0
'
' 71.0
'
61.9
60.5
60.4 61.3 59.2
59.5
58.4
' ' ' ' ' ' '
60.0
53.7
'
46.5
'
62.8
62.2
'
59.7
53.2
58.7
'
'
'
'
40.0
20.0
0.0
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
2007
2008
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
2009
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
2010
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
.
7. Unemployment rates
Unemployment rates of journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients when they returned
questionnaire compared to U.S. labor force data. U.S. figures represent seasonally
adjusted unemployment rates averaged across June of the shown year to May of the
following year.
18
Percent
# US Labor Force , US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old
$ J-Grads
16
14
,
$ $
$ $
,
$
, ,
$
$ $
,
, ,
#
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
,
, $
$ $ ,
, , $
$
$
,
$
$
, ,
# # # $ $ $
#
$
# # #
# # # #
# # # $ $
#
# # #
# # # #
$
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
5.8 5.3 5.3 6.2 7.2 7.4 6.6 5.7 5.6 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.1 5.4 5.9 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.6 4.9 7.2 9.8
9.1 8.4 8.7 9.6 11.2 11.2 10.2 9.1 9.4
9 8.2 7.6 7.5 7.2 9.2 9.7 10 9.3 8.4
8 8.9 12.1 15.6
J-Grads 12.2 8.1 7.2 10.4 9.9 8.4 8.6 7.4 6.9 6.5 5.4 5.9
8
8 11.7 12.9 13 10.7 7.9 9.1 8.2 14.3 14.9
US Labor Force
US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates; US Bureau of Labor Statistics
8. Permanent positions, freelance
Status of Bachelor’s degree recipients: percent in permanent positions,
percent doing freelance in addition to current job
Percent
100
80
60
40
20
# # #
# # # # #
#
# # #
# # #
#
# Full-time job holders in permanent position
, Part-time job holders in permanent position
) Full-time job holders doing freelance
& Part-time job holders doing freelance
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
, , ,& ,
,
, ,
& ,& &
,
)
)
)
)
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Full-time job holders in permanent position 87.1 89.6 88.6 91.1
90 90.9 91.8 89.1 86.7 85.7 88.8 92.2 90.2 92.3
84
88
Part-time job holders in permanent position 47.6 52.6 48.4 54.2 47.3 44.8 35.5 43.9 39.7 39.4 43.4 41.5
42 42.6 37.4 42.6
Full-time job holders doing freelance
19.6 18.5 19.2 21.5
Part-time job holders doing freelance
42.4 38.9 37.5 36.3
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
9. General types of work
An overview of Bachelor’s degree recipients' work situations
Percent
100
+ Communication work * Non-communication work
) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
60
+
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
40
* * *
* * * *
* *
* * *
* * *
* * * $ $ $ $ * * * $ $
*
$
$
$
$
$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
*
20
0
Communication work
Non-communication work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
53.7 60 60.7 52.2 49 50.6 51.4 56 57.7 58.2 64 63 65.1 66.6 52.6 50.5 49.8 54.2 59.9 58.8 58.9 51.3 48.3
26.8 21.2 19.6 23.7 26.9 26.1 24.3 21.8 21.3 19.9 17.5 18.3 17.8 15.6 23.7 24.9 25.2 23.6 20 20.4 20.3 22.8 25
7.2 6.4 6.5 7.3
8
8 8.5
8 7.7 7.9 7.1 6.6
6
7
8 8.4 8.7 7.5 8.3 7.7 8.6 8.5 9.2
12.3 12.4 13.3 16.8 16.1 15.3 15.8 14.1 13.3 14 11.4 12.1 11 10.8 15.6 16.2 16.2 14.7 11.7 13.1 12.2 17.5 17.4
1203 580 218624252461266423922234229322412169223526792734273927982680312324122290211223602534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
10. Employment, news-editorial
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the editorial specialty
Percent
100
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
60
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
40
20
0
$ $*
$
*
$ * $* $* * $
*
* $
$ $ $ * $* $
$
$
$ $
$
$
)* )* $
$
) $
)
)
*
) )
*
*
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
*
)
)
)
*
*
)
*
)
)* )*
)
*
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Full-time work 65.3 69.1 66.1 64.2 63.2 61 69.1 68.7 72.1 71.8 74.5 80.4 72.2 64.1 66 63.5 68.8 73 69.9 71.7 59 58.7
Part-time work 17 9.7 9.4 12.9 15.7 13.3 12.3 9.3 7.5
7 6.6 4.8 7.8 10.8 13.3 12.7 9.5 6.1 9.2 8.1 13.7 16.6
Continuing school 6.1 11.5 8.9 8.9 7.9 10.8 8.6 8.1
9 9.6 6.6 5.7 6.8 7.4
8 10 9.2 8.8 8.9 8.8 9.5 10.2
Unemployed 11.6 9.7 15.7 14.1 13.2 14.9 9.6 13 11.5 11.5 12.2 9.2 13.2 17.7 12.8 13.8 12.5 12.1 12 11.3 17.8 14.5
(N) 147 362 383 427 432 444 405 409 401 355 377 459 395 379 400 370 401 330 316 283 315 332
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
11. Employment, telecommunication
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the
telecommunication specialty
Percent
100
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
+
+
+
60
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
40
20
0
$ $*
*
* * $* $* * $
* $* $ $ $ $ $* $ $* $* $* $* *
* * $* $ $
$
*
* * * ) )
$
) ) ) )
$
) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
)
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Full-time work 76.8 72.2 63.4 57.6 56 56 60.9 64.5 61.8 68.3 70.2 72.3 70.3 65.9 61.3 57.1 62.7 64.7 67 67.3 56.8 51
Part-time work 14.1 11.7 15.6 19 20 21.7 17.9 16.9 15.1 12.8 9.9 9.6 9.8 11.3 13.7 20.5 17.3 15.6 14.9 12.4 17.7 23
Continuing school 2.8 6.7
4 5.6 6.7 2.9 6.2 5.7 4.4 4.2 3.7 4.7 5.1 7.4 6.6 5.4 5.4 6.5 5.4 7.4 4.9 6.3
Unemployed 6.3 9.4 17 17.7 17.4 19.4 15.9 12.9 18.7 14.7 16.2 13.4 14.8 15.4 18.5 17 14.5 13.2 12.7 12.9 20.6 19.7
(N) 142 385 585 536 511 448 482 580 498 524 544 596 603 539 542 515 571 417 424 394 407 447
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
12. Employment, advertising
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the advertising specialty
100
80
60
Percent
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
40
20
0
*
$
*
$ $ $* $* $
$* $
$ $ )* $* $* $* $ $* $
*) $
)
)
)
)
*
)* )* )* ) ) )* $
$
)
)
)
$ $
)* $
)
) *
)* )* )* *
)
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Full-time work 74.8 72.1 71 68.9 66.1 68 69 73.3 74.7 79.7 83.7 77.7 78.3 66 67.4 69 74 77.2 71.6 71.5 65.1 62.5
Part-time work 15.7 10 8.3 9.6 15.2 11.3 9.8 8.9 6.8 5.2 3.4 5.1 5.6 9.9 10.6 11 8.3 5.1 10.4 7.5 14.2 18.2
Continuing school 2.6 7.4 6.1 4.1 4.2
5 6.7
6 6.5 5.2 5.6 5.7 7.1 8.1 7.1 7.7 5.4 7.1 7.6 8.8 7.5 5.5
Unemployed
7 10.5 14.6 17.4 14.5 15.7 14.5 11 11.9 10 7.3 11.5
9 16.1 14.9 12.3 12.3 10.6 10.4 12.2 13.2 13.7
(N) 115 351 396 363 428 363 297 281 293 271 233 314 323 335 350 326 423 311 289 319 372 307
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
13. Employment, PR
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the public relations specialty
Percent
100
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
+ + +
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + + +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
80
60
40
20
$
$ $
$ $ $ $
$ )*
* ) $ * $* $
)* $
)* $
$
)* )* $
) )* )* )* )* $
)* $
) $* )* ) ) )* )* )* $
) $
)* $
)* $
*
*
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Full-time work 72.6 72 70.7 64.2 68.4 69.7 69.9 73 73 78.8 84.2 80.6 82.4 71.8 65.3 68.8 68.8 72.3 75 75.8 70.9 63.9
Part-time work 11.1 7.2 9.1 13.8 12.9 9.8 8.9 7.2 7.4 6.1 2.1 5.6 2.9 6.3 8.3 7.9 7.9 7.3 6.3 5.3 9.7 13.9
Continuing school 6.7 10.8 5.8 6.8 4.4 6.8 6.1 6.2 10
7 6.5 6.2 8.3 7.9 10.3 9.9 9.9 9.6 6.3 8.9 6.2 9.9
Unemployed 9.6 10 14.4 15.2 14.4 13.8 15.1 13.6 9.5 8.1 7.3 7.7 6.4 14 16.1 13.4 13.4 10.8 12.4 10 13.3 12.2
(N) 135 429 417 455 459 458 397 419 419 444 385 520 484 521 542 507 567 491 396 418 422 474
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
14. Gender and employment
Full-time employment of female and male Bachelor’s degree recipients
100
Percent
$ Female ) Male
80
60
$ $ $
$
$
$
) ) ) )
$ $
$
$
$
$ ) $ )
)
$
) ) ) $
$
)
)
)
$
$
$
$
)
)
$
$
)
) ) ) )
)
) $
)
40
20
Excludes Bachelors degree recipients
who have returned to school
0
Female
Male
Female N
Male N
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
71.5 76.1 75.5 71 67.7 69.6 69.5 72.2 74.8 75.2 80.1 82.3 81.3 81.8 73.1 69.6 69 73.1 76.9 76.7 78.5 68.7 62.5
71.8 74.9 74.7 67 65.8 64.4 65.2 70.3 71.2 72.6 76.8 77 80.4 77.5 69.7 67.6 65 68.9 74.2 68.7 71.9 61.5 56.9
741 356 138914951569164314801363136813691321139314231823184818561822210116681556143015951692
380 191 653 757 690 801 693 679 736 683 685 688 612 714 663 698 612 778 538 549 480 524 601
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
15. Minority employment
Full-time employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s
degree recipients
Percent
100
$ Minority & Non-minority
80
&
$
60
& & &
& $
& & &
$
$ $ &
& &
& $
& & & $
$ &
&
&
&
$
$ $
&
$ $ &
& $
$
$
$ $
$
$ &
$ $
$
40
Excludes Bachelor’s degree recipients
who have returned to school
20
0
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Minority 66.4 77.4 71.6 63.4 66.8 66.9 64.1 67.1 68.3 67 70.5 77.7 76.6 74.9 65 60.7 61.4 68.4 70.4 67.3 66.2 62.1 48.6
Non-minority 72.1 75.6 75.6 70.3 67.3 68.1 69 72.6 74.8 75.7 80.7 81.3 81.9 81.8 73.6 71 70 72.8 77.6 76.2 78.7 68 63.9
Minority N 107 53 197 287 286 329 345 343 366 352 329 319 441 447 426 471 417 529 392 358 290 388 391
Nonminority N 1013 488 184019531965210718311674171616841657174422082070206820652005232517971737162817231888
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
16. Minority employment in communications
Employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s
degree recipients in communications jobs
100
Percent
$ Minority & Non-minority
80
60
&
& & & $
& & &
& &
& & $ $ $
& $
&
$
& &
$
&
&
&
$
$
$
&
$
&
$ $ $
&
$ $
&
$ $ $
$
$ &
$
$
40
Includes only Bachelor’s degree
recipients who have a job
20
Excludes Bachelor’s degree recipients
who have returned to school
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Minority 68.1 61.4 70.2 61.5 66.2 66.4 67.2 68.1 70.9 68 74.2 73.2 73.3 76.9 71.2 62.1 65 61 66.6 66.6 65.2 61.6 56
Non-minority 66.4 74.9 76.2 69.9 64.4 66 68.2 72.9 73.4 76.1 79.3 78.3 79.7 80.1 68.7 67.9 66.8 71.8 76.9 75.8 75.9 70.6 67.7
Minority N 94 44 168 226 228 268 271 279 296 272 275 269 352 377 330 346 306 443 332 287 230 294 282
Non-minority N 867 419 1576 1599 1625 1762 1529 1427 1485 1448 1467 1518 1834 1842 1733 1732 1684 1965 1573 1507 1431 1432 1555
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
17. Writing, editing and designing for web
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
Percent
22.6
30.3
Writing and
editing for web
41.5
55.6
50.6
58.2
6.8
8.3
13.5
Designing and
building web pages
25.1
17.5
22.2
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
18. Other web work
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
73
Researching materials using the web
5.2
Producing audio for web
19.5
6.9
7.8
5.5
Producing video for web
23.8
12.7
19.7
17.8
Producing photos, graphics for web
24
2.1
Producing animation for web
11.3
Creating advertising for web
32.2
4.4
2006
2007
2008
2009
24.9
13.8
5.1
30.7
15.2
2.2
3.5
Selling ads for web
20.6
17.6
7.9
24.2
Using web in promotion
11.8
27.5
24.4
Creating and using blogs
16.1
Managing web operations
21.5
Working on social network sites
38
34.7
20
40.4
33.6
31.9
31.9
23.9
0
82
78.5
81
45.5
40
60
80
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
100
19. Writing or editing for web by employer type
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
120
Percent
2006
100
2007
2008
2009
96.7
90.590.3
83.4
80
76.9
75
75
69.3
68
66.7
64.6
61.5
58.7
55.2
60
52.5
65.8
63.1
61.8
58.1
55.9 57
54.1
73.6
73.5
71.1
55.6
51.5
40
47.2
45.9
43.8
40
42.7
38.6
37.3
50.7
42.1
38.5
38.3
35.8
32.1
30.8
26.2
26.4
23.8
20
0
Daily
Weekly
Radio
TV
PR
Advertising Consum.
Magazines
Special
Info
Publishers
Online
Other
Employed
NonMedia
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
20. Researching materials using the web by
employer type
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications doing this work
100
Percent
2006
2007
2008
95.7
2009
91.8
89.7
89.5
96.2
91.2
90.1
86.4
84.1
81.8
80
78.1
87.2
84.6
81.8
80.2
65.9
77.3
71.1
69.7
68.6
67.9
80
79.4
75.5
72.2
65.4
79.5
76.5
75 75.5
74.6
85
80.681.5
78.1
77.5
73.8
91.7
90.6
85.7 85.3
84.6
66.4
63.8
60
40
20
0
Daily
Weekly
Radio
TV
PR
Ad
Consum.
Magazine
Special
Info
Publishers
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Online
Other
Employed
NonMedia
21. Technical work performed in job I
An overview of jobs of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in
communications
Percent
9.2
11.7
8.9
9.5
9.9
Designing and creating computer graphics
12.4
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
4.7
6.7
6.7
Non-linear editing of moving images
7.9
6.5
8.6
9.6
12.9
9.2
Photo imaging
9.3
10.5
12.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
22. Technical work performed in job II
An overview of jobs of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
Percent
15.4
14.9
15.3
2006
2007
2008
2009
Still camera
18.6
8.1
10.5
9.3
Video camera
14.6
38
36.4
33.4
38.4
14.5
14.8
12.3
Write, report,
edit for print
Write, report, edit for broadcast
14.4
1.6
2.2
2.4
Produce content for mobile device
4.3
0
10
20
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
23. Hours spent with job per week
Bachelor’s degree recipients employed full-time in communications
Percent
14.5
17.1
23.9
Less than 40 hours
54.3
51.9
46.5
26.4
24.8
24.8
4.8
6.2
4.8
40 hours
2007 N=1266
2008 N=1114
2009 N=1270
41-50 hours
51 plus hours
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
24. Job offers, Master’s degree recipients
Job offers to Master’s degree recipients on graduation:
percent with at least one job
Percent
100
+
60
+
+
80
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
40
20
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Percent at least one job
Mean=number of jobs
(N)
+
66 73.1 56.6 68.9 67.2 70.2 73.1 75.8 83.3 74.5 81.2 88.6 70.4 70.6 70.5 73.5 69 72.2 77.1 70.9 58.9
1.7 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.8
2
2 2.2 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.1
162 148 144 155 159 151 178 143 145 156 147 146 153 165 161 233 143 145 159 182 215
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
25. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients
Percent
100
# Full-time ' Part-time ) In school $ No employment
#
80
#
#
#
60
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
N=215
40
$
'
)
20
0
$
'
)
$'
$'
)
)
$
$
'
)
$
)'
$'
)
$
'
)
'
)
$'
)
$
$
'
)
)'
$'
)
$
$'
$
'
)'
)
)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Full-time 63.9
Part-time
11
In school
5.2
No employment 20.1
65.4
11.4
5.4
17.8
62.2
16.8
5.6
15.4
81.4
8.3
1.4
9
65.4
10.9
5.1
18.6
74.8
9.5
3.4
12.2
74.7
6.8
6.2
12.3
60.8
9.8
4.6
24.8
60.6
12.7
4.8
21.8
64.6
11.8
9.3
14.3
62.7
9.9
5.2
22.3
65.7
4.9
7.7
21.7
64.8
15.9
3.4
15.9
67.9
4.4
6.3
21.4
61
17
3.3
18.7
60
14.4
3.7
21.9
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
26. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients who looked for work
Percent
100
# Full-time ) Part-time ' Not employed
80
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
60
N=196
40
20
)'
)'
)
'
)'
'
)
)'
)'
'
)
'
)
)'
'
)
'
)
)'
'
)'
)'
2008
66.1
18.5
15.5
2009
65.8
15.8
18.4
)
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Full-time
75 72.5 70.6 84.3 71.3 82.1 82.6 68.9 67.6 75.4
Part-time 12.9 12.6
19 8.6 11.9 10.4 7.6 11.1 14.2 13.8
Not employed 12.1
15 10.3 7.1 16.8 7.5 9.8
20 18.2 10.9
2004 2005 2006 2007
71.6 75.8 69.1 78.8
11.3 5.6 16.9 5.1
17.2 18.5
14 16.1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
27. Employment status
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients when
they returned questionnaires
Percent
100
80
60
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
N=215
40
20
0
$
* $
$
$ $
$ $ * $ $ *
$* $ $* $ $*
$
$ * $* $
*
*
$
*
*
$
$
) * )*
* *
) ) ) ) ) * )* )* )* )
)
) )* ) )
) ) )
)
)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Full-time work
Part-time work
Continuing school
Unemployed
74.1 76.4 60.4 68.4 67.9 66.2 72.5 65.7 83.4 75.6 80.3 77.4 69.9 69.7 71.4 74.2 72.7 69.7 77.4 65.4 61.9
7.4 7.4 10.4 10.3 9.4 11.3 9.6 11.9 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.2 8.5 14.5 9.3 6.9 5.6 17.9 4.4 20.3 13
3.1 2.7 5.6 7.1 6.9
6 6.2 4.9 2.1 4.5 4.1 4.8 5.2
3 8.1 3.9 7.7 3.4 5.7 2.7 3.3
15.4 13.5 23.6 14.2 15.7 16.6 11.8 17.5
9 14.1 9.5 11.6 16.3 12.7 11.2 15 14
9 12.6 11.5 21.9
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
28. Overall salaries
Overall nominal median annual salaries and adjustments for inflation
for Bachelor's and Master's degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands US$
50.0
40.0
)
30.0
20.0
10.0
) ) )
) ) ) )
+ + +
+ +
*
+ +
+
* * * *
* * *
$ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
) )
)
) )
) )
+
+ + + +
+ +
)
) ) )
)
)
*
+
*
* +
* * * * * * *
* *
+ +
* +
+ +
+
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
+ Bachelor's Nominal Salary $ UG Salary in 1985 Dollars
) Master's Nominal Salary * Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
0.0
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Bachelor's Nominal Salary 15.2 16.9 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.5 20.0 20.8 21.5 23.0 24.0 25.0 27.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 27.8 29.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
UG Salary in 1985 Dollars 14.3 15.3 15.3 14.6 14.1 13.7 13.5 14.2 14.4 14.4 15.1 15.5 15.7 16.4 15.6 15.3 14.8 15.4 15.4 15.5 14.9 15.1 14.8
Master's Nominal Salary
23.0 25.0 22.0 24.8 25.0 25.0 28.5 28.8 28.5 30.0 35.0 31.3 30.1 32.0 32.8 33.0 37.0 38.0 40.0 38.0 39.0
Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
19.8 20.3 17.1 18.7 18.3 17.8 19.7 19.3 18.7 19.4 22.0 19.0 18.0 18.8 18.6 18.3 19.7 19.7 19.9 19.1 19.2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
29. Salaries in dailies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at
daily newspapers - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands US$
35.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
)
) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) )
) ) ) )
) )
$ $ $ $ $
$
$
$
$ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
) $
)
$
10.0
5.0
0.0
198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Nominal Salary 13.9 13.9 16.1 17.0 18.1 18.2 18.2 18.2 21.0 22.0 20.8 21.0 22.6 25.0 26.0 25.9 25.0 25.5 26.0 28.0 27.0 28.0 29.1 27.0
In 1985 Dollars 13.7 13.1 14.6 14.6 14.7 14.2 13.7 13.3 14.9 15.2 13.9 13.8 14.6 15.7 15.8 15.5 14.7 14.5 14.4 14.9 14.0 13.9 14.6 13.3
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
30. Salaries in weeklies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at
weekly newspapers - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands US$
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
)
) )
)
)
)
) ) ) )
) )
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
$
) )
) $ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$
$ $ $ $ $ $
5.0
0.0
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Nominal Salary 12.9 14.3 14.7 15.6 15.0 15.6 15.6 15.6 17.0 18.2 19.6 20.3 21.0 22.9 24.0 22.0 24.0 24.0 25.0 24.7 26.9 26.0 25.0
In 1985 Dollars 12.2 12.9 12.6 12.7 11.7 11.8 11.4 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.9 14.4 12.9 13.7 13.3 13.3 12.8 13.3 13.1 12.3
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
31. Salaries in radio
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in radio - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands US$
35.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
)
) )
) ) )
)
) ) )
)
) )
)
) ) )
$ $
)
$ $
) )
)
$ $ $ $
)
$ $ $ $
) $
$
$
$
$
$ $ $ $
$ $
5.0
0.0
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Nominal Salary 12.8 14.6 13.5 13.2 14.0 15.0 16.9 16.0 17.0 18.0 20.0 20.8 22.5 23.4 25.0 24.0 24.0 23.0 26.0 27.0 25.0 30.5 29.0
In 1985 Dollars 12.1 13.2 11.6 10.7 10.9 11.3 12.3 11.4 11.7 12.0 13.2 13.4 14.1 14.2 15.0 14.1 13.7 12.7 13.8 14.0 12.4 15.3 14.3
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
32. Salaries in television
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in TV - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands US$
30.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
)
) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
)
$ ) ) ) ) ) )
$ $
)
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$
$ $ $ $
5.0
0.0
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Nominal Salary 12.9 16.9 15.2 15.0 14.5 15.6 15.6 16.0 18.0 17.5 18.7 18.2 20.0 21.8 21.5 22.0 22.0 23.5 23.0 24.4 24.0 24.0 24.9
In 1985 Dollars 12.2 15.3 13.1 12.2 11.2 11.8 11.4 11.4 12.4 11.7 12.3 11.8 12.5 13.2 12.9 12.9 12.5 13.0 12.2 12.6 11.9 12.1 12.3
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
33. Salaries in advertising
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in advertising - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands UD$
35.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
30.0
) )
25.0
) ) ) ) ) )
)
)
)
)
) )
) )
)
)
)
)
)
) $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$
)
$ $ $ $ $
$
)
$ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Nominal Salary 14.7 15.0 16.4 18.0 18.5 18.1 18.5 19.0 20.0 20.4 22.0 22.0 25.0 25.0 27.0 26.5 27.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 30.0 32.0
In 1985 Dollars 14.4 14.2 14.8 15.5 15.0 14.1 14.0 13.9 14.2 14.1 14.7 14.5 16.2 15.7 16.4 15.9 15.8 15.4 15.5 14.9 15.5 15.9 15.1 15.8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
34. Salaries in PR
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in public relations - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full time jobs
In thousands US$
35.0
30.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
)
25.0
20.0
15.0
) ) )
) )
) )
) ) ) )
) )
) ) )
) ) )
) )
$ $
) $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
) $
$
10.0
5.0
0.0
198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Nominal Salary 15.3 16.7 18.4 19.0 19.7 20.0 19.5 20.9 21.0 22.0 23.0 23.1 25.0 25.0 29.0 27.8 27.0 28.0 28.5 30.0 30.0 32.0 31.0 31.0
In 1985 Dollars 15.0 15.8 16.6 16.3 16.0 15.6 14.7 15.3 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.2 16.2 15.7 17.6 16.6 15.8 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.5 15.9 15.6 15.3
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
35. Salaries compared
Median yearly salaries for 2009 Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
All
$30.0
Dailies
$27.0
Weeklies
$25.0
Radio
$29.0
Television
Salary
$24.9
Cable Television
$26.5
Advertising
$32.0
Public Relations
$31.0
Consumer Magazines
$30.5
Specialized Info Publisher
$32.0
WWW
$31.2
$0.0
$4.0
$8.0
$12.0
$16.0
$20.0
$24.0
$28.0
$32.0
$36.0
$40.0
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
36. Salaries by region
Median yearly salaries for 2009 Bachelor’s degree recipients
with full-time jobs
Midwest
Median salary: $28,600
N=344
West
Median salary:
$31,000
N=223
Northeast
Median salary:
$30,000
N=234
South
Median salary:
$30,000
N=465
37. Union membership of JMC graduates
Union membership of Bachelor’s degree recipients
5
Percent
1997
2004
2009
4.1
1998
2005
2001
2006
2002
2007
2003
2008
4.2
4.3
4.1
3.9
4
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.1
3
3
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.2
3.3
2.9
2
1
0
All
Employed full-time
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
38. Yearly salary for union members
and non-union workers
Median salary per year for Bachelor’s degree recipients with
full-time jobs: union and non-union
In thousands
$40.0
Union members salary
Non-union workers salary
$34.4
$34.0
$32.0
$31.6
$29.0
$30.0
$26.0
$23.0
$25.0
$24.0
$27.0
$26.0
$26.7
$26.5
$26.0
$26.0
$30.0
$32.0
$30.0
$30.0
$30.7
$30.0
$27.5
$20.0
$10.0
$0.0
1997
1998
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2006
2007
2008
2009
39. Job benefits: Basic medical
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1994
44.3
33.1
1995
48.4
30.6
1996
46.6
33.4
1997
45.9
36.6
1998
33.9
48.6
1999
32.9
50.5
2000
33
2001
30.4
49
47.8
2002
25.3
54
2003
25.9
50.4
2004
25.4
51.4
2005
26.1
2006
53.2
47.2
22.4
2007
47.6
22.8
2008
2009
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
42.3
21.1
39.9
17.7
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40. Job benefits: Major medical
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
1994
46.7
27.4
1995
24.8
1996
25.8
51.5
52.4
1997
28.2
52
1998
27.2
52.2
1999
54.2
26.4
2000
55.6
24.7
2001
52
22.6
2002
56.4
19.1
2003
20.1
53.3
2004
19.3
53.8
2005
57.4
18.2
2006
50.2
14.8
2007
2008
2009
13.4
0
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
50.2
16.5
14.6
44.6
39.5
20
40
60
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
80
100
41. Job benefits: Prescription
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1994
15.8
1995
14.6
48.6
54.7
1996
16.4
1997
16.5
59.3
1998
16.6
59.1
1999
16.9
2000
55.9
61
60.8
15.7
2001
13.7
2002
13.6
2003
13.7
55.8
2004
12.8
57
2005
12.5
2006
58.3
59.4
60
52.8
10.5
2007
11.8
2008
11
2009
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
52.8
45.5
40.8
9.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
42. Job benefits: Disability
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1994
22
33.9
1995
21.5
34.9
1996
22
1997
22.7
1998
22.3
1999
22.3
2000
22.4
2001
37.6
38.1
36.9
39.1
41
2002
40.2
17.9
2003
18.1
35.4
2004
17.1
36.7
2005
14.6
2006
14.4
2007
41.6
36
36
15.3
2008
32.2
13.8
2009
27.7
11.8
0
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
35.4
20.4
20
40
60
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
80
100
43. Job benefits: Dental
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1994
37.1
23.1
1995
21.4
42.6
1996
21.5
44
1997
25.8
43.9
1998
24.8
45.1
1999
23.8
2000
24.9
2001
48.9
47
44.9
22.3
2002
19.4
2003
20.4
49.6
2004
18.7
2005
19.9
2006
18.8
2007
48.5
49.5
43
45
18.7
2008
40.2
16.5
2009
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
46.3
36.7
13.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
44. Job benefits: Life insurance
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1994
28.7
28.2
1995
32.6
26.4
1996
32.7
28.5
1997
33
29.9
1998
33.9
28.4
1999
30.2
2000
30.5
2001
35.7
36.5
2002
36.2
23.2
2003
33.8
24.6
2004
34.1
23.3
2005
37.1
23.8
2006
33.4
20.5
2007
33.5
22
2008
30.5
18.6
2009
26
15.7
0
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
33.9
25.5
20
40
60
80
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
100
45. Job benefits: Maternity/Paternity
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1994
28.7
1995
28.7
1996
30
1997
29.6
31.1
35.1
34.5
1998
31.8
34.2
32.8
1999
35.4
34.6
2000
35.1
34.4
2001
31.4
32.4
2002
29.4
2003
34.6
31.3
2004
32.2
32.5
2005
31.8
2006
35.6
28.7
2007
30.5
30.7
30.2
2008
25.4
2009
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Some
31
27.1
24.4
23.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
46. Job benefits: Child care
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1994
4.4
1995
3.4
1996
4.5
15.5
1997
4.4
15.8
1998
4.6
1999
3.9
2000
5.7
2001
5
2002
3.6
2003
4
2004
4.9
2005
4.6
11.9
15.8
18.2
18.2
19.1
17.2
14.4
18.5
17.1
2006
4.4
17.3
2007
3.9
17.6
2008
3.5
2009
4
0
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
17.4
15.3
13
20
40
60
80
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
100
47. Job benefits:Retirement
Benefit available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
14.3
39.8
16.3
40
15.8
42.4
15.3
47.3
16
48.4
15.3
50
15.3
52.6
17.3
51.7
15
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Some
46.9
12.3
50.7
13.1
48.7
13.1
49.3
12.7
53.8
12.4
45.8
11.9
48.1
10.7
41.6
9.5
34.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
48. Why jobs chosen
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients' reasons for selecting jobs
Percent of “very important”
100
80
60.1
60
56.1
51.7
'
40
'
'
61.5
'
35.0
)
63.9
'
61.6
'
64.6
'
56.7 55.6
'
' What want to do
) Available
33.9
26.2
)
20
'
58.9
26.3
)
)
23.5
)
19.2
)
19.6
)
17.7
)
57
'
'
36.5
34.4
)
)
58.9
'
59.5
'
60.9 60.9
'
'
56.8
'
33.7
)
'
)
43.9
)
28.5
)
51.2
24
)
25.2
)
)
23.1
18.2
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
N=1787 N=1682 N=1748 N=1675 N=1768 N=1818 N =2222N = 2211 N=2739 N=2798 N=2680 N=3123 N=2412 N=2290 N=2112 N=2360 N=2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
49. Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent of “very satisfied”
100
+ Full-time work
, Part-time work
80
60
+
40
20
+
+ + +
+ + +
,
,
,
0
Full-time work
N
Part-time work
N
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+ +
, ,
, ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
38.7 32.8 33.7 31.4 28.1 30.6 31.4 34 38.5 35.8 35.5 34.1 34.8 34.8 28.9 30.2 32.1 31.2 36.2 36 42.1 37.2 36
799 409 153615651511165114721461154615161574165820262030180217621651206116741572147514171397
14.7 3.6 11 6.9 8.1 9.8 8.2 11.6 15 15.3 15.3 8.4 9.5 10.7 10.7 9.8 9.7 6.3 9.5 7.2 11.8 8.5 8.2
143 56 209 277 347 378 318 267 253 216 176 131 179 197 272 327 331 347 242 236 186 317 451
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
50. Regret career choices
Bachelor’s degree recipients who wish they had selected another career
Percent
100
80
73
68.5
$
$
68.1
$
60
64.6
$
67.4
$
68.5
$
70.9
$
70.1
$
67.8
$
64.2
64.4
$
$
# Yes $ No ' Never planned communications career
40
31.6
#
26.3
#
#
27.2
#
31.8
24.6
4.9
4.9
'
4.4
'
3.6
5.1
'
'
4.1
'
3.8
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
31.6
27.3
22.7
4.2
4.3
'
'
1999
2000
2001
20
0
26.9
#
'
#
#
5
#
27.3
#
26.6
3.5
2002
'
'
#
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
#
'
.
51. Skills desired before graduation
Bachelor’s degree recipients who wish they had acquired additional skills
No
24.6%
Not sure
32.9%
N=620
N=831
Question: Are there specific skills that you wish
you had acquired that you did not acquire?
N=1074
Yes
42.5%
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
52. Specific skills desired
Specific skills Bachelor’s degree recipients wish they had acquired
Percent
2.6
Social media
1.1
17.1
Web, online, digital media, new media
No
24.6%
Not sure
32.9%
7.3
3.6
Shooting and editing video
1.5
0.8
Recording and editing audio
0.4
5.1
Marketing
Yes
42.5%
2.2
% of Yes
5 of Total
1.8
Management
0.8
25.3
Graphics, design, layout, photoshop, illustrator
10.8
7.5
Computer skills general, not linked to
web or online
3.2
1.8
Multimedia
0.8
12.8
Business, finance, accounting, economics
5.4
4.7
Taditional media skills, including writing,
reporting, editing
2
0
5
10
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
15
20
25
30
53. Preparedness for real world work experience
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about how adequately the college experience
prepared them
College experience adequately prepared you
58.3%
N=1470
N=328
13.1%
N=722
College experience did not
adequately prepare you
28.6%
Not sure
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
54. Specific deficiencies identified
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about what the college experience should
have prepared them for
Percent
58.3%
How to look for a job, find a job,
be competitive, deal with market,
deal with economy
25.5
3.3
Give me skills associated with new
7.9
13.1% technology, such as video editing,
% of No
% of Total
blogging, social media, web design
1
28.6%
24.6
Give me basic skills, such as writing,
reporting, editing, creating and ad,
creating press release
3.2
0
5
10
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
15
20
25
30
55. Changes in the perception of professional
communicators’ work
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about differences between professional
communicators’ work today and five years ago
The way communicators work
today is very different
44.1%
N=1104
N=189
7.5%
The way communicators work
today is not very different
N=1211
48.4%
Not sure
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
56. Specific changes identified in the
professional communicators’ work
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ opinion about areas where there are differences
between professional communicators’ work today and five years ago
Percent
29.3
Social media
12.9
4.6
Blogging
2
33.2
Web, internet
14.7
26.9
Technology generally, digital
11.9
2.8
1.2
Relationship with audiences,
contact with audiences, feedback
% of Yes
% of Total
3.8
Speed of work
1.7
3.7
Multitude of skills required,
less specialization
1.6
How professionals communicate:
email, use of cell
3
How professionals get information
1.5
0.7
6.8
0
5
10
15
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
20
25
30
35
40
57. Organizational commitment
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
50
Percent
2003 N=1669 2006 N=1573 2009 N=1397
2004 N=2067 2007 N=1477
2005 N=1677 2008 N=1417
2000 N=2036
2001 N=1803
2002 N=1763
40
$
#
37
$
37.4
32.9
#
37.2
36.9
#
$
#
$
35.7
40.8
40.9
$
37.3
38.1
#
36.2
36.4
40.2
#
$
45.7
#
45.1
$
33.7
#
44.2
#
#
$
33.6
30
$
$
33.5
31.3
# Very commited
$ Moderately commited
# Somewhat commited ' Not at all commited
20
18.1
#
17.6
11.7
11.7
15.8
#
10
18
#
#
'
17.3
#
14.9
14.4
#
'
9.3
'
7.1
'
8.4
'
15
#
14.2
7
7.4
'
7.1
7.3
2007
2008
2009
8.4
'
15.5
#
'
#
#
'
'
Statement: Overall, how commited do
you feel to your company?
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
58. Use of print media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of print media
Percent
100
Bachelor's recipients 1994
Bachelor's recipients 2004
Bachelor's recipients 2005
Bachelor's recipients 2006
Bachelor's recipients 2007
Bachelor's recipients 2008
Bachelor's recipients 2009
81.7
80
67.8
63.2
60.7
60
55.8
56.8 56.9
55
46.8
N=2225
N=3117
N=2403
N=2290
N=2112
N=2354
N=2534
58.4 58.6
49.2 48.7
48.2
44.3
44.1
46.1
47.3 47.5
48.8
50.7
40
20
0
Read a newspaper yesterday
Read a magazine yesterday
Read a book yesterday
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
.
59. Use of electronic media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of electronic media
100
Percent
82.7
80
76.4
74.3 75 75.4
69.8 70.5
Bachelor's recipients 1994
Bachelor's recipients 2004
Bachelor's recipients 2005
Bachelor's recipients 2006
Bachelor's recipients 2007
Bachelor's recipients 2008
Bachelor's recipients 2009
N=2225
N=3117
N=2403
N=2290
N=2112
N=2354
N=XXXX
75.1 74.6 74.4
71
65.3
63
60
47.6
46
42
43.8
42.3
40
34.8
20
17.8
10.3
6.2
0
Watched TV news
yesterday
Listened to radio news
yesterday
Read or viewed
news online yesterday
Read, viewed or heard news
on mobile device yesterday
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60. Use of user generated electronic media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of blogs, social networks, video sites
100
Percent
Bachelor's recipients 2008 N=2354
Bachelor's recipients 2009 N=XXXX
89.7
83.9
80
57.6
60
49.8
52.6
43.6
40
20
0
Read at least one blog
Checked at least one social
networking site
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Viewed YouTube or other
video sharing site
61. Student professional organizations
attended while at university
AD Club
American Advertising Federation
Association of Women in Communication
Di Gamma Kappa
Kappa Tau Alpha
Magazine Club
National Association of Black Journalists
National Broadcasting Society
National Press Photographers Association
Public Relations Student Society
Radio Television News Directors Association
Society of Professional Journalists
Student Society for News Design
N
2002
2.8%
3.6%
1.6%
0.7%
0.3%
0.0%
1.6%
1.3%
0.8%
13.5%
1.3%
7.3%
0.5%
2,794
2003
2.2%
3.9%
2.0%
0.6%
0.6%
0.0%
1.5%
0.9%
0.6%
12.8%
1.2%
5.8%
0.1%
2,684
2005
4.5%
2.8%
1.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.4%
1.0%
0.6%
0.3%
16.0%
1.0%
5.0%
0.0%
2,412
2006
4.5%
2.3%
1.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
1.0%
0.6%
0.4%
13.8%
1.0%
6.7%
0.1%
2,290
2007
4.5%
1.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.3%
0.0%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
12.9%
0.9%
4.5%
0.1%
2,112
2008
5.4%
2.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
1.5%
0.5%
0.4%
13.8%
1.3%
5.0%
0.0%
2,360
2009
4.9%
1.7%
0.7%
0.2%
0.6%
0.1%
0.7%
0.6%
0.4%
12.2%
1.0%
5.1%
1.2%
2,534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Appendix Chart 1. Return rate and
unemployment rate by year
100
Unemployment rate at time of survey completion for Bachelor’s degree
recipients who looked for job
Percent
' Return Rate ) Unemployment
Rate
80
60
' '
61 61.8
' '
'
55.2
61.7 61
' ' 57.4
'
'
' ' 54.5
55.7
53.6 52.9
57.7
' 50.4
'
' 50.8
48.5
' '
45.7 45.6
40
' '
39 39.8
' ' '
' 31.7
'
33.2 33.1 31.9
34.8
20
)
12.2
0
) )
14.3 14.9
) ) ) )
) )
11.7 12.9 13 10.7
) )
)
10.4 9.9 )
)
)
)
)
)
)
9.1
)
)
8.4 8.6 7.4
8.2
8.1 7.2
) 8 8
7.9
6.9 6.5 ) 5.9
5.4
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass communication Graduates
.
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
CPI-U Cumulative from '85
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1.020
1.060
1.107
1.164
1.231
1.286
1.327
1.369
1.406
1.447
1.495
1.520
1.545
1.593
1.650
$481
$25,012
$20,318
108
$423
$21,996
$17,104
104
$476
$24,752
$18,653
106
$481
$25,012
$18,270
105
$481
$25,000
$17,781
95
$548
$28,500
$19,696
121
$554
$28,800
$19,264
89
$548
$28,500
$18,745
119
$577
$30,000
$19,421
118
$673
$34,996
$21,974
112
$602
$31,304
$18,973
108
Master Total
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
Bachelor Total
Nominal salaries/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$270
$14,040
$13,765
644
$292
$15,184
$14,325
850
$325
$16,900
$15,266
490
$342
$17,784
$15,278
1,460
$346
$17,992
$14,616
1,544
$348
$18,096
$14,072
1,501
$350
$18,200
$13,715
1,597
$356
$18,512
$13,522
1,449
$385
$20,000
$14,225
1,409
$400
$20,800
$14,375
1,622
$413
$21,500
$14,381
1,532
$442
$23,000
$15,127
1,523
$462
$24,000
$15,537
1,624
$481
$25,000
$15,697
1,969
$519
$26,988
$16,357
1,978
Daily Newspapers
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$268
$13,936
$13 663
$13,663
107
$268
$13,936
$13 147
$13,147
84
$310
$16,120
$14 562
$14,562
43
$327
$17,004
$14 608
$14,608
133
$348
$18,096
$14 700
$14,700
112
$350
$18,200
$14 152
$14,152
107
$350
$18,200
$13 715
$13,715
124
$350
$18,200
$13 294
$13,294
96
$404
$21,000
$14 936
$14,936
112
$423
$21,970
$15 183
$15,183
114
$400
$20,800
$13 913
$13,913
117
$404
$21,000
$13 812
$13,812
131
$434
$22,560
$14 604
$14,604
122
$480
$24,960
$15 672
$15,672
181
$500
$26,000
$15 758
$15,758
162
Weeklies
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$249
$12,948
$12,215
32
$275
$14,300
$12,918
33
$283
$14,716
$12,643
64
$300
$15,600
$12,673
68
$289
$15,028
$11,686
64
$300
$15,600
$11,756
51
$300
$15,600
$11,395
59
$300
$15,600
$11,095
64
$327
$17,000
$11,748
67
$350
$18,200
$12,174
44
$378
$19,630
$12,911
40
$389
$20,250
$13,109
50
$404
$21,000
$13,186
59
$440
$22,880
$13,867
47
Radio
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$246
$12,792
$12,068
37
$280
$14,560
$13,153
24
$260
$13,520
$11,615
53
$254
$13,208
$10,729
55
$269
$13,988
$10,877
43
$289
$15,028
$11,325
36
$325
$16,900
$12,345
35
$308
$16,000
$11,380
25
$327
$17,000
$11,748
39
$346
$18,000
$12,040
37
$385
$20,000
$13,154
33
$399
$20,750
$13,433
38
$433
$22,500
$14,128
38
$450
$23,400
$14,182
39
Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$249
$12,948
$12,215
49
$325
$16,900
$15,266
25
$293
$15,236
$13,089
79
$289
$15,028
$12,208
76
$278
$14,456
$11,241
60
$300
$15,600
$11,756
66
$300
$15,600
$11,395
58
$308
$16,000
$11,380
87
$346
$18,000
$12,440
120
$337
$17,500
$11,706
105
$360
$18,720
$12,312
111
$350
$18,200
$11,782
135
$384
$19,968
$12,538
169
$420
$21,840
$13,237
149
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
1986
1987
1988
Cable Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
$346
$18,000
$15,464
29
$327
$17,000
$13,810
20
$404
$21,000
$16,330
19
$346
$18,000
$13,564
23
$363
$18,860
$13,776
22
$456
$23,700
$16,856
24
$412
$21,400
$14,789
36
$404
$21,000
$14,047
44
$404
$21,000
$13,812
45
$442
$23,000
$14,889
42
$450
$23,400
$14,693
46
$481
$25,012
$15,159
61
PR Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$295
$15,340
$15,039
89
$322
$16,744
$15,796
94
$353
$18,356
$16,582
50
$365
$18,980
$16,306
108
$378
$19,656
$15,968
122
$385
$20,020
$15,568
136
$375
$19,500
$14,695
101
$402
$20,904
$15,270
101
$404
$21,000
$14,936
104
$423
$22,000
$15,204
138
$442
$23,000
$15,385
123
$444
$23,088
$15,185
143
$481
$25,000
$16,184
126
$481
$25,012
$15,705
178
$557
$28,964
$17,554
166
Ad Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$283
$14,716
$14,427
100
$289
$15,028
$14,177
88
$315
$16,380
$14,797
55
$346
$17,992
$15,457
127
$356
$18,512
$15,038
122
$348
$18,096
$14,072
111
$356
$18,512
$13,950
137
$365
$18,980
$13,864
100
$385
$20,000
$14,225
114
$392
$20,400
$14,098
130
$423
$22,000
$14,716
129
$423
$22,000
$14,470
127
$481
$25,000
$16,184
142
$481
$25,000
$15,697
164
$519
$26,988
$16,357
171
$385
$20,000
$14,225
37
$469
$24,406
$16,867
38
$453
$23,570
$15,766
28
$446
$23,200
$15,259
34
$504
$26,200
$16,961
36
$500
$26,000
$16,325
40
$538
$27,976
$16,956
44
$404
$21,000
$14,936
44
$414
$21,548
$14,891
51
Consumer Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$447
$23,250
$15,552
28
$423
$22,000
$14,470
26
$481
$25,000
$16,184
25
$510
$26,494
$16,635
34
$543
$28,236
$17,113
48
Online Publishing
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$500
$26,000
$17,391
19
$525
$27,320
$17,969
22
$577
$30,000
$19,421
24
$538
$28,000
$17,581
52
$577
$30,004
$18,185
40
Specialized Information
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$355
$18,470
$15,868
52
$365
$19,000
$15,435
47
$370
$19,250
$14,969
34
$370
$19,250
$14,506
44
$348
$18,078
$13,205
38
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1.670
1.705
1.758
1.807
1.883
1.934
2.015
1.989
2.028
Master Total
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$579
$30,120
$18,038
102
$615
$32,000
$18,770
105
$630
$32,760
$18,638
101
$635
$33,000
$18,263
159
$712
$37,000
$19,652
93
$731
$38,000
$19,652
87
$769
$40,000
$19,853
119
$731
$38,000
$19,109
104
$750
$39,000
$19,227
124
Bachelor Total
Nominal salaries/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$500
$26,000
$15,571
1,749
$500
$26,000
$15,251
1,695
$500
$26,000
$14,792
1,585
$535
$27,800
$15,386
1,995
$558
$29,000
$15,403
1,586
$577
$30,000
$15,515
1,572
$577
$30,000
$14,890
1,398
$577
$30,000
$15,086
1,357
$577
$30,000
$14,790
1,312
Daily Newspapers
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$498
$25,896
$15 509
$15,509
120
$481
$25,000
$14 664
$14,664
152
$490
$25,480
$14 496
$14,496
127
$500
$26,000
$14 389
$14,389
146
$538
$28,000
$14 872
$14,872
127
$520
$27,040
$13 984
$13,984
109
$538
$28,000
$13 897
$13,897
106
$560
$29,120
$14 643
$14,643
60
$520
$27,040
$13 331
$13,331
71
Weeklies
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$462
$24,000
$14,373
43
$423
$22,000
$12,905
45
$462
$24,000
$13,654
39
$462
$24,000
$13,282
69
$480
$24,980
$13,268
46
$475
$24,700
$12,774
53
$516
$26,850
$13,326
38
$500
$26,000
$13,074
23
$480
$24,969
$12,310
32
Radio
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$481
$25,000
$14,972
46
$462
$24,000
$14,078
33
$462
$24,000
$13,654
20
$442
$23,000
$12,729
29
$500
$26,000
$13,809
25
$519
$27,000
$13,963
23
$481
$25,000
$12,408
16
$587
$30,500
$15,337
20
$558
$29,000
$14,297
9
Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$413
$21,500
$12,876
117
$423
$22,000
$12,905
115
$423
$22,000
$12,517
112
$452
$23,492
$13,001
132
$442
$23,000
$12,216
103
$470
$24,440
$12,640
103
$462
$24,000
$11,912
111
$462
$24,000
$12,069
86
$478
$24,880
$12,266
96
CPI-U Cumulative from '85
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Cable Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$538
$28,000
$16,769
38
$548
$28,500
$16,717
28
$538
$28,000
$15,930
37
$577
$30,000
$16,603
35
$548
$28,500
$15,137
25
$580
$30,160
$15,598
19
$563
$29,300
$14,542
24
$650
$33,800
$16,997
23
$510
$26,500
$13,064
18
PR Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$534
$27,750
$16,619
104
$519
$27,000
$15,837
118
$538
$28,000
$15,930
109
$548
$28,500
$15,773
145
$577
$30,000
$15,934
128
$577
$30,000
$15,515
136
$615
$32,000
$15,882
114
$596
$31,000
$15,589
109
$596
$31,000
$15,283
94
Ad Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$510
$26,500
$15,871
124
$519
$27,000
$15,837
99
$519
$27,000
$15,361
114
$538
$28,000
$15,496
161
$538
$28,000
$14,872
153
$577
$30,000
$15,515
124
$615
$32,000
$15,882
134
$577
$30,000
$15,086
119
$615
$32,000
$15,776
115
Specialized Information
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$577
$30,000
$17,967
25
$551
$28,655
$16,808
28
$519
$27,000
$15,361
21
$538
$28,000
$15,496
31
$587
$30,500
$16,199
30
$596
$31,000
$16,032
30
$615
$32,000
$15,882
31
$587
$30,500
$15,337
34
$615
$32,000
$15,776
23
Consumer Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$500
$26,000
$15,571
37
$526
$27,350
$16,043
28
$481
$25,000
$14,223
25
$519
$27,000
$14,943
47
$558
$29,000
$15,403
34
$538
$28,000
$14,481
30
$615
$32,000
$15,882
31
$538
$28,000
$14,080
34
$587
$30,500
$15,036
16
Online Publishing
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$644
$33,500
$20,063
13
$500
$26,000
$15,251
7
$620
$32,250
$18,348
8
$615
$32,000
$17,710
13
$615
$32,000
$16,996
21
$606
$31,500
$16,291
24
$719
$37,400
$18,562
17
$635
$33,000
$16,594
23
$600
$31,200
$15,382
19
Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
S1. What they studied
Specialty within curriculum of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
50
40
" " "
30
(
+
)
"
*
20
10
"*
+
(
)
"
"
"
" "
"* " "
*
*
"
* *
*
*
*
(
)
)* (
)* )*
* (
) ) ( (
)
)
(
(
)
)
(
)
( +
( )
( +
+ +
( + +
+ + + +
+
+
" " "
" "
"
"
"
"
"
*
)
)
*
)*
) ) )* )* )* * )* * +
)*
+
( ( ( ( +
(
(
(
+ + + + ( + + ( ( +
( News-editorial * Broadcasting ) Public relations + Advertising " Other
0
News-editorial
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other
(N)
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
21.8 18.3 20.7 16.7 15.7 17.1 16.2 18.6 18.2 17.9 17.9 16.4 17.3 17.2 14.5 13.9 14.3 13.8 12.9 13.9 14 13.6 13.6 13.3
17.6 22.7 20.1 17.8 22.6 21.5 19.1 18.7 21.6 25.3 22.4 24.2 24.1 22.3 22.1 19.8 19.4 18 18.3 17.6 18.7 19 17.6 17.9
20.5 16 19.2 19.8 17.1 18.2 17.2 19.3 17.6 18.3 18.8 20.5 16.4 19.5 17.8 19.1 19.4 18.9 18.2 20.8 17.5 20.1 16 19
20.8 19.6 16.2 16.2 16.2 14.5 16 15.2 13.3 12.3 13.1 12.5 9.8 11.8 11.9 12.3 12.5 12.2 13.6 13.1 12.8 15.4 18.2 12.3
19.3 23.4 23.8 29.5 28.4 28.7 31.5 28.2 29.4 26.2 27.7 26.3 32.3 29.3 33.7 35 34.3 37 37.1 34.5 37 31.9 34.6 37.6
943 1252 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2296 2241 2169 2391 2672 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S2. Campus activities
Campus activities of Bachelor’s degree recipients
100
80
60
40
20
0
Newspaper
Yearbook
Brdcst. station
Radio
Television
Magazine
WWW.Site
Media internship
(N)
Percent
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
(
) Newspaper
)
& Magazine
)
) ) )
) ) ) ) )
( ( (
( ( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( (
" Yearbook # Radio
$ Television
+ WWW.Site ( Media internship
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
)
#
$
# $
"
# # # $
# # # # $
#
$
#
$
$ #
# #
# $
$ $
$ $ $
" $ $ $
# $
#
& "
&
& +
& +
& +
& "
& +
& +
& +
" " " " " " " " +
"
"
"
"
"
"
+
"
+
) ) ) ) )
$
#
&
"
+
$
#
&
+
"
$
#
#
&
& $
#
& $
"
" +
" +
+
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
58.4 46.2 39.1 37.2 35 33.6 33.3 34 33.8 33.9 34.5 33.8 35.6 32.5 34.1 31.8 32.8 31.8 30 31.5 32.7 30.4 30.1 30
18.7 12.6 5.2 6.1 7.3 6.6 6.5 5.6 5.9 4.9 5.1 3.9
5 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 3.2
38.8 30.8
18.7 20.8 18.3 18.6 18.7 16.1 16.2 19.1 16.9 18.3 19.5 15.1 15.1 13.7 14.6 12.6 12.4 11.9 10.8 11.5 9.7 10.3
12.8 13.4 12.8 15 14.1 13.8 14.4 17.7 15.7 16.5 19.5 17.1 16.2 14.6 15.3 16.4 15.2 14.8 14.7 13.9 12.7 13.8
6.4 7.3 7.3 7.9 6.6 7.1 6.9 5.7 7.4 7.7 7.3 8.6 9.8 9.9
1.3 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.3
3 3.4 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.7 2.6 4.6 5.5
67.9 78.5 74.8 77.1 78.6 77.4 78.2 77.7 76.9 81 79.6 82.2 82.2 79.5 80.4 77.9 78.3 74.4 75.1 76.6 78.3 79.7 80.1 79.3
943 1252 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S3. Grade point averages
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
100
'A $B )C
80
$ $ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ ' ' ' '
' ' $ $ $ $
'
'
'
' ' '
'
'
'
' '
' ' ' '
60
40
20
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
0
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) )
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
A 26.2 24.5 26.7 26.6 29.7 30.7 31.5 36.5 31.3 33.5 35.6 36.3 37.7 41.1 42.8 44.5 46.8 48.1 51.4 49.7 48.4
B 70.1 72.1 69.4 69.7 66.6 65.3 65.6 60.4 61.4 59.4 56.5 57.5 55.6 52.7 51.8 50.7 48.3 47.4 45.2 47.2 47.3
C 3.7 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.7
4 2.9
3 7.4 7.1 7.9 6.2 6.7 6.2 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.5 3.4 3.2 4.2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S4. Grades by major
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients by major: percent with A or A100
Percent
2000
2004
2008
2001
2005
2009
2002
2006
2003
2007
80
60
50.4
52
53.8
55.7
54
55.6
49.9
48
42.6 43
40
41.8
37
35.2 35.9
43.7
46.7
45.9
43.1
38.5
20
0
Print journalism
Broadcasting
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
45.2
S5. Grades by major II
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients by major: percent with A or A100
Percent
1998
2002
2006
80
1999
2003
2007
2000
2004
2008
2001
2005
2009
60
55.5
51.3
49
48.3
46.647.2
48.648.1
48
40.4 41
40.3
39.4
35.436.1
48
44.645.7
42.2 43
40
50.4
36.436.9
36.9
35 35.6
34.1
42.9
50 50.1
48.5
44.8
37 35.9
30.6
26.4
20
0
Advertising
PR
Other
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S6. Seeking print jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of print media.
Excludes students not seeking jobs
Percent
50
40
30
20
10
) Dailies ' Weeklies $ Online/Internet
) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
)
) ) )
) $
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' $' $ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' $' '
$
$
$
'
$ $ $ $ $
$ $
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Dailies 24 22.3 21.5 22.1 21.8 21.2 19.2 22.3 20.6 22.8 21.4 19.4 22.7 24.7 25.2 22 21.5 19.4 20.6 19.1 20.7
Weeklies 14.3 13.5 15 14.4 14.9 13.3 11.8 12.2 10.8 12.6 12.5 9.1 12.5 13 13.4 13 11.7 13 11.7 11.1 13.3
Magazines 14.6 13.5 13.8 13.1 13 11.2 12.3
Consumer Magazines
7.3 6.9
8 7.6 8.2 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.7 11 10.2 10.2 11.8 12.4
Trade Press
7.6 7.1 7.5
6 6.1 6.9 6.3
6 5.9 5.9 5.4 4.9 6.9 6.2
Book Publishers 9.9 9.1 11.5 9.6 10.1
8 6.2 7.9 6.7 7.8 6.8 6.4 8.3 8.3 9.3 7.8 6.7 6.6 7.5 9.1 10.3
Wire Services 3.1
3 9.1 2.8 3.5 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.8 3.6 3.4 4.5 4.5 4.8 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.7 4.9 4.3
Newsletters
3.2 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.5 1.9 1.4
2 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.4
Newsletter/Mags
4.8 4.8 5.2 4.7
5 4.6 3.9 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.3 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.8 5.4
Online/Internet
6.6 9.2 10.3 12.4 12.7 10.3 7.9 8.2 7.3 7.2 9.7 9.9 14.1 19.9
Looseleaf/Directory
0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2
Research Report/Journal
1.9 3.3 3.8 4.2
(N) 2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S7. Seeking broadcast jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of broadcasting.
Excludes students not seeking jobs
50
Percent
+ Television station * Radio station ) Cable television
40
30
+ + + +
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
* * *
* * * * * * * *
) )
) ) ) ) )* )* * ) ) ) ) * * * * * )*
)
) ) ) ) )
) *
)
20
10
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Television station 21.5 25.6 24.5 22.7 23.2 22.9 26.9 26.7 25.1 27.8 23.1 22.8 26.3 25.7 28.1 23.3 21.1 21.7 20.7 21.7 25.7
Radio station 16.4 18 17.3 16 15.8 16.3 14.7 15.7 13.9 14 11.8 10.6 16.9 16.2 15.9 13.6 12.1 11.7 12.1 11.8 14.2
Cable television 9.2 13 13.2 10.8 12.8 11.9 12.6 12.5 11.2 12.5 10 10.9 11.9 12.5 14.1 10.1 8.6 8.4 8.5 10.6 12.8
(N) 2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S8. Seeking PR/advertising jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of PR
and advertising. Excludes students not seeking jobs
Percent
50
40
30
20
10
)
+
+
*
+
*
+ *
*
*
+
)
* +
)* ) +
) +
* * * + +
*
+
+
* +
)* +
)* +
)* +
) )* +
*
* +
) ) * +
)
)
*
)
)
) +
*
) ) +
)
$
)
$
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
$
$
$
$
$
$ $
) Public relations agency + Public relations department
* Advertising agency
$ Advertising department
0
Public relations agency
Public relations department
Advertising agency
Advertising department
(N)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
22.9 21.3 24.1 22.5 21.6 21.1 20.4 23 24.5 24.7 23.9 23 26.7 26.9 25.3 24.4 26.2 24.7 23.6 28.2 33.6
26.1 24.3 28.7 26.6 26.4 23.7 22 25.9 25.9 25.7 25.9 22.7 30.1 27.8 29.6 26.2 26.4 26 25.8 28.2 33
26.5 26 24.9 26.8 23.7 23 22.8 25.3 25.2 25.1 24.1 24.2 29.9 26.8 28.2 27 25.5 23.9 26.3 28.2 29.1
16.8 16.9 16.6 17.8 15.8 13.6 13.6 14.9 14.3 15.2 14.7 13.6 19.8 17.1 18.8 18.1 16.8 16 15.6 18.5 20.9
2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S9. News-editorial tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of print journalism
Percent
20
+ Writing/reporting * Editing/page layout
) Combination
$ Technical writing
15
10
5
0
+
) +
) + +
+
) ) )
* * *
* *
$
$
$
$
$
+
+ + +
+ ) )
)
)
)
*
* *
*
*
$ $ $ $ $
+ +
) +
) )
)
+ +
)
*
* *
* *
$ $ $ $ $
) )
) +
)
+ + +
+ +
) )
* *
* * * *
$ $ $ $ $ $
)
+
*
$
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Writing/reporting 11.5 9.7 7.5 7.2 6.6 6.4
8 8.4 7.5 9.6 9.5
9 8.2
6
6 6.2 6.6 6.2 7.3 5.7 5.3 4.9
Editing/page layout 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.1 3.9 2.7 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.1 3.5
2 1.9
2 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.1
Combination 9.6 7.5 4.6 5.3 4.8
5 6.6 6.7 5.4 6.4 6.5 8.3 7.2 6.7 5.5 4.8 5.3 6.9 8.2 8.1 6.5 6.1
Technical writing 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S10. Advertising tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of advertising
20
Percent
+ Producing ads
* Selling/placing ads
15
10
*
5
0
* *
*
* *
* *
* *
*
* * * *
* * *
+ + + * + *
* *
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+ + +
+
+
+ +
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Producing ads
3
3.5 2.7 1.5 2.4 1.5 2.1
2 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.2
6.2
4.2 4.8 3.6 3.8 3.4 4.4 3.6 3.2 4.2
4 4.3 4.6 3.2 3.7 3.4 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.4 2.9
3
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Selling/placing ads
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S11. Corporate communication tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area
of corporate marketing and communication
Percent
20
+ Promotion/marketing
* Corp. communication
15
+
10
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
*
+ + +
* *
* * * *
* * * * *
* *
*
*
*
* *
*
+ + + + +
5
+ +
+
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Promotion/marketing 10.8 8.1 8.6 8.1 8.2 7.8 9.5 9.2 10.7 9.1 10.6 9.9 7.7 7.6 7.9 8.7 10.7 9.6 9.9 8.8 8.6
Corp. communication
4.5 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.6 6.6 6.5 5.6 5.8
6 5.8 5.1 4.5
5 7.9 6.5 6.6 6.7 5.8
(N) 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S12. Newspaper work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in newspaper jobs
Percent
20
+ Daily * Weekly , Wire
15
10
5
0
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
*
+ + + + + + +
+
+
* * *
* * * * + +
* * * * * * * * * * *
*
* *
,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Daily
8 7.3 5.3 4.8 5.5 5.1 5.8 4.9 5.7 6.7 5.8 7.2 6.3
5 5.9 5.4 5.1 5.9 5.4 5.6 2.8 3.2
Weekly 5.6 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.8 3.2
3 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.2 1.3 1.7
Wire 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S13. Telecommunication work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in telecommunications jobs
Percent
20
+ Radio * Television , Cable
15
10
* * *
5
0
Radio
Television
Cable
(N)
* *
*
*
*
* * * * * *
* *
*
* *
+ +
*
*
*
+ +
, +
+
+
, + +
, +
, +
, +
, +
, , +
, +
, , , , +
, +
, +
, +
,
, , +
, +
, +
,
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
3.8 3.4 2.9 2.7 1.8 2.5 1.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.2
2
2 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.3 0.8
4.5 4.6 4.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 5.2 6.7 6.2 6.6 7.5 7.4 6.5 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.6
6 4.5
5
1.4 1.6
1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2
2 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.3
1 0.8
711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S14. PR and advertising work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in public relations and advertising
Percent
20
+ PR Agency
* Ad Agency
, PR Department ) Ad Department
15
10
5
0
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
(N)
,*
*
, ,* ,* ,* ,*
+
) +
) +
) +
) +
) +
)
*
,
+
)
*
,
+
)
*
+
,
)
*
+
,
)
*
+
,
)
*
+
,
)
*
+ *
* *
* , +
+
, +
, , + ,
) ) ) ) )
*
+
,)
* *
*
*
+ +
+
, , +
,
) )
)
) ,
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2.8 2.1 1.7 2.2 1.2 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.9 3.2 3.9 4.2 2.1 2.7 2.1 3.1 3.5 3.9 3.7 2.9
3
5.9 4.6
4 3.5 4.2 3.7 3.9 4.6 4.8
5 5.5 5.4 5.4 3.9 2.9 4.1 4.5 5.2 4.9 6.1 5.4 4.2
5.5 3.6 3.8
4 3.3
3
3 3.5 2.7 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.2
2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.1
2.8 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1
1
1 1.1
1 0.6 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.4 1.2
711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S15. Other communication work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working for magazines,
newsletters/ trade press, book publishers, WWW
Percent
20
+ Magazines * Specialized Info publishers , Books $ WWW
15
10
5
0
+ + +
+ + + + * +
$* +
+
* $* +
+
* +
* $*
$* * +
* +
* +
, , , +
$
,* $
, $
, +
, , , ,* ,* +
, +
, , , +
,
, $
, $
, $
, $
,* +
$
,* $
$
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Magazines 2.5 2.7 2.1 1.5
2
2 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 0.9
Specialized Info publishers
0.7 0.5 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5
Books
1 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.9
1 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6
WWW
0.9 1.1 1.1
2 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.1
1 1.4 1.3
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290 2112 2360 2534
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S16. Hiring news students
Employers of Bachelor’s degree recipients with a news-editorial emphasis
Percent
100
80
60
40
+
20
+
+
+ +
+
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ +
0
Newspaper, wire
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
47 37.4 34.5 30.6 32.3 26.8 34.7 32.6 32.2 34.9 36.4 41.7 36.2 32.6 36.1 33.3 34.4 38.4 36.4 35.5 22.9 25.4
0.5 0.9 2.5 1.3 1.9 1.2 1.8 1.5 2.2 3.2 3.1 1.4 2.4
1 1.9 2.8 0.8
2 1.2 2.8 0.4 0.6 1.5
6.8 3.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.4 5.6 3.7 3.9
5 2.5 2.9 3.1 2.5 0.8
2 3.3 2.3 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.2 2.1
1.8 1.7 2.7 2.4 1.9 1.2 1.4
1 2.5 2.2 2.8 0.3 1.5
1 1.3 0.8
0 0.8 0.9 1.3 2.1 0.6 1.5
12.8 6.1 16.2 14.7 12.4 18.6 18.7 22.3 19.9 20.2 22 22 22.3 25.3 18.2 16.5 16 20 23.2 19.9 20.9 24.5 20.8
12.3 8.7 8.5 9.2 9.5 10.5 11.5 8.7 8.1
9 9.6 6.7 5.7 6.8 7.5
8 10 9.4 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.6 10.3
10 14.8 13.2 15.6 14 12.8 14.9 9.9 14 11.5 11.5 12.3 9.2 13.2 17.9 12.8 13.8 12.7 12.2 12 11.3 17.8 14.5
15.1 17.4 14 16.8 24.5 19.1 19.4 18.3 16.9 16.7 13.5 18 14.2 13.9 19.8 21.1 22.8 18.5 12.5 15.8 18.1 21.7 23.9
219 115 364 380 421 430 444 404 408 401 355 373 458 395 374 399 369 395 328 316 282 314 331
+ 40.6
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S17. Hiring broadcast students
Students with an emphasis in telecommunications
who choose their own specialty
Percent
100
80
60
40
$
$
$
20
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
0
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
22 20.3 22.9 28.3 33.3 34.9 34 36.6 38.1 36.5 32 28.9 32.6 32.8 35 30.7 36 29.9 27.4
2.9 2.9 3.7 2.2 0.8
2 1.8 1.2 1.7
1 2.1 1.5 2.9 2.5 2.2 0.7 1.2 2.1 1.9 1.4 1.5 0.7 1.6
1.8 7.7 2.9 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.2 1.9 3.3 1.4 2.3 1.6 2.4 1.8 1.9 1.5
1 1.2 1.7 2.8 1.5
1 1.3
1.4 6.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.4 0.9 1.7
1 1.4 1.3 1.5 2.4
2 1.3 1.3
1 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.5
2 1.3
21.9 3.8 21.8 18.6 16.5 19.9 18.4 19.8 18.5 16.4 20.5 22.9 17.5 18.6 18.3 18 15.6 14.6 21 22.9 18.8 19.2 16.1
4.7 5.8 4.7 5.3 6.1 8.5 3.8 6.2 5.7 4.4 4.2 3.7 4.7 5.1 7.5 6.7 5.4 5.5 6.5 5.4 7.4
5 6.3
16.1 11.5 12.9 17.2 17.6 17.3 19.5 16 13 18.8 14.8 16.2 13.5 14.8 15.5 18.5 17 14.6 13.3 12.7 12.9 20.9 19.7
20.8 18.3 20 28 32.8 28.9 30.5 24.9 23.5 21.6 20.7 21.4 18.5 18.6 21.3 24.4 24.4 27.5 19.3 22.4 20.3 21.4 26.2
279 104 380 547 527 508 446 481 579 495 521 542 593 602 543 540 540 567 414 424 394 402 446
$ 30.5 43.3 32.1 24.7
Telecommunications
Newspaper, wire
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S18. Hiring advertising students
Students with an advertising emphasis who choose their own specialty
Percent
100
80
60
40
20
'
'
' ' '
' ' '
' ' '
' '
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' '
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Advertising
Telecommunications
Public relations
Newspaper, wire
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
' 23.7 33.7 22.4
21 19.6 22.2 18.9 26.4 28.4 30.6 31.5 35.1 31.3 31.3 22.2 18.3 24.8 23.8 30 31.6 30.5 24.1 25.6
3.3 4.5
4 2.3
2 1.6 3.3 0.7 1.4
1 2.6 2.6 4.2 3.4
3 1.7 3.4 1.9 4.2 1.7 2.2 1.9 0.7
1.7 6.7 4.9 4.9 5.6 4.4 3.1 0.7 2.9 2.1 1.9 2.6 2.2 1.6 0.6
2 0.9 1.2 1.6 0.7 2.2 3.5 2.6
4.6 6.7 6.9 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.6 4.7 3.2 5.8 4.8 3.9 3.5 4.1 2.1 5.4 3.7 5.2 2.6 3.8 2.2 1.1
1
14.1 5.6 19.8 1.2 17.9 18.7 21.4 22.7 23.7 23.4 27.4 22.4 25.6 24.7 21.6 24.6 21.2 25.2 26.1 21.2 23.9 26.8 28.2
7.9 2.2 5.2 6.4 4.5 5.9 5.6 6.8 6.1 6.5 5.2 5.6 5.8 7.2 8.1 7.2 7.7 5.5 7.1 7.6 8.8 7.6 5.6
13.7 11.2 13.8 14.6 17.6 14.5 15.8 14.6 11.9 12 10 7.4 11.5 9.1 16.2 14.9 12.3 12.4 10.6 10.4 12.3 13.2 13.8
31.1 29.2 23 27.7 28 27.4 26.4 23.4 22.3 18.6 16.7 20.3 16 18.8 26.3 25.8 26.1 24.9 17.7 22.9 17.9 21.9 22.6
241 89 348 390 357 427 360 295 278 291 270 231 313 320 334 349 326 421 310 288 318 370 305
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S19. Hiring PR students
Students with a public relations emphasis who choose their own specialty
Percent
100
80
60
40
20
) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) )
) ) ) )
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Public relations
Telecommunications
Newspaper, wire
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
) 27.6 26.2 20.1 17.4
21 15.5 19.5 18 18.1 18.3 23.4 21.3 21.9 22.7 12.4 15.2 14.5 15.7 18.3 20.3 17.5 16.5 13.7
1
1 1.6 1.7 1.6 0.9 2.2 0.8 2.2 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.5 2.1 1.1
1 1.6 0.8
2 0.7 0.7 1.9
2 3.9 3.7 3.2 2.5 1.5 2.6 1.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 1.1 1.4 2.3
1 1.1 0.8 1.2 2.3
1 0.5
0 1.7
6.1 3.9 2.3
2
2 2.8 2.8 2.6 1.9 2.4 1.4 5.2 3.3 3.5 2.7 0.6 1.2 3.2 3.5 1.5 2.6 3.6
3
12.2 12.6 31.1 30.4 27.1 29.7 29.3 35.7 32.8 33.4 39.1 42.8 41.8 39.8 38.6 30.9 34.3 35.2 32.6 37.8 38.8 38 32.3
5.1 8.7 6.1 6.9
7 6.1 7.4 6.2 6.3 10.1
7 6.5 6.2 8.3
8 10.4 10 9.9 9.7 6.3 8.9 6.3 9.9
15.8 15.5 15.4 14.5 15.3 14.2 14.4 15.2 13.7 9.6 8.2 7.3 7.7 6.5 14.2 16.2 13.5 13.4 10.9 12.4 10 13.6 12.3
30.1 28.2 19.6 24 23.5 29.3 21.7 20.1 22.7 21.9 17.3 14.7 16.6 14.4 21 24.5 24.7 19.8 22 18.5 21.1 21.3 25.2
196 103 428 408 443 458 457 389 415 416 440 382 517 480 515 538 502 566 487 394 418 413 473
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S20. Where grads seek work
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2009
Daily
Weekly
Wire
Radio
TV
Cable
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
Consumer Magazine
Trade Press
Newsletter
Magazine/Newsletter
Book Publisher
WWW
Looseleaf/Directory/Database
Research report/Journal publisher
18.2 (9,255)
11.7 (5,949)
3.7 (1,881)
12.5 (6,356)
22.6 (11,492)
11.2
(5,695)
29.6 (15,052)
25.6 (13,018)
29 (14,746)
18.4 (9,356)
10.9 (5,543)
5.4 (2,746)
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
2.1 (1,068)
4.8 (2,441)
9 (4,576)
17.5 (8,899)
1.1 (559)
3.7
0
(1,881)
10
20
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
S21. Minorities and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2009
19.7 (2,855)
17.9 (6,508)
Daily
11.3 (1,637)
11.8 (4,290)
Weekly
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
4.3 (623)
3.5 (1,272)
Wire
Radio
17.4 (2,214)
(4,145)
11.4
29.4 (4,261)
TV
21.1 (7,671)
2009 Minority
2009 Non-minority
15.4 (2,232)
10.4 (3,781)
Cable
30.5 (4,420)
29.3 (10,653)
PR Agency
24.2 (3,507)
25.8 (9,380)
Ad Agency
27.1 (3,927)
29.5 (10,726)
PR Department
16.3 (2,362)
18.9 (6,872)
Ad Department
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S22. Minorities and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2009
9.3 (1,348)
11.2 (4,072)
Consumer Magazine
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
4.5 (652)
5.7 (2,072)
Trade Press
1.8 (261)
2.2 (800)
Newsletter
3.8 (551)
4.9 (1,781)
Magazine Newsletter
2009 Minority
2009 Non-minority
1.8 (261)
0.9 (327)
Looseleaf/Directory/Database
2.9 (420)
3.8 (1,382)
Research report/Journal publisher
8.4 (1,217)
9.2 (3,345)
Book publisher
16.3 (2,362)
17.7 (6,435)
Online publishing
0
10
20
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
S23. Gender and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2009
(5,639)
22.5 (3,844)
16.7
Daily
11.2 (3,781)
13 (2,221)
Weekly
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
3.4 (1,148)
4.7 (803)
Wire
11.4 (3,849)
15.7 (2,682)
Radio
20.7 (6,989)
TV
27.8 (4,750)
10 (3,376)
14.5 (2,477)
Cable
33.3 (11,243)
PR Agency
19.3
(3,298)
2009 Female
2009 Male
27.3 (9,217)
Ad Agency
20.8
(3,554)
32.7 (11,041)
PR Department
19.2 (3,281)
20.1 (6,786)
Ad Department
13.6
0
(2,324)
10
20
30
40
50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S24. Gender and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2009
Consumer Magazine
6.8
12.3 (4,153)
(1,162)
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
6.1 (2,060)
3.5 (598)
Trade Press
2.3 (777)
1.7 (290)
Newsletter
5.2 (1,756)
3.3 (564)
Magazine Newsletter
2009 Female
2009 Male
1.2 (405)
0.6 (103)
Looseleaf/Directory/Database publisher
4 (1,350)
2.7 (461)
Research report/Journal publisher
Book publisher
4.8
10.5
(820)
(3,545)
16.3
Online publishing
0
10
20
(5,504)
21 (3,588)
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
S25. Overtime without pay
Bachelor’s degree recipients working more than 40 hours per week
as full-time employees without reimbursement
Percent
50
45
40
35
30
24.3 24.2
25
20
$
19.5
$
25
$
24.8
$
25
$
25.2 24.7
$
$
24
$
23
$
23
$
23.1 22.3
$
$
$
24.1
$
23.2
$
22
$
23.1
$
23
$
15
10
5
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
.