The Chemical Effects on a Cape Cod Pond Due to the
Upgradient Reinjection of Carbon-Treated Groundwater
Case Study: Snake Pond
Massachusetts Military Reservation: Falmouth, Massachusetts
by
SCOTT GODDARD
B.S., Civil Engineering (1996)
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June 1997
O
1997 Scott Goddard. All Rights Reserved
The author hereby grants MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and
electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.
Signature of Author .........~.
...... •..n..
.
'
..
l....
Department o Civil and Environmental Engineering
May 9, 1997
Certified by ..........
........................
...................................
Professor Harold F. Hemond
Director and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Thesis Supervisor
A ccepted by .......................................
............
ussm an
Professor Joseph Sussman
Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students
iji1 -97
1
The Chemical Effects on a Cape Cod Pond Due to the
Upgradient Reinjection of Carbon-Treated Groundwater
Case Study: Snake Pond
Massachusetts Military Reservation: Falmouth, Massachusetts
by
Scott Goddard
Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
on May 9, 1997 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
Snake Pond is located immediately southwest of a fuel spill groundwater plume located
on the Massachusetts Military Reservation. Because a proposed extraction/reinjection
well network is to be located close to the upgradient edge of Snake Pond for the purpose
of plume containment, carbon-treated reinjected groundwater has the potential to be the
main source of water to the pond. This fact raises concern about potential impacts to the
pond ecology. The goal of this project is to assess the post-treatment effects of the
proposed pump and treat system on the equilibrium chemistry of Snake Pond and assess
what effects the changes may have on pond ecology. Analysis shows that inorganic
species (including metals, dominant ion species, alkalinity, pH, etc.) will not be
significantly altered. Because of its transparency, Snake Pond may be extremely
sensitive to changes in organic carbon concentrations. The projected change in organic
carbon will allow the 99% attenuation depth of UV-B radiation to penetrate 17% deeper
than ambient conditions, and about 18% for UV-A radiation. Therefore, some
suppression of biological activity is possible within Snake Pond due to the installation of
the proposed treatment system.
Thesis Supervisor, Harold F. Hemond
Director and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Table of Contents
2
. . ...................
Abstract .............................................
Table of Contents .........................
.........................
. .................................... .............
3
List of Figures
.......................
........................................
4
List of Tables ..............................................................
4
1.0 Background Information ....................................................
5
1.1 G eneral...............................
.................................................................................... . ............. 5
1.2 History .....................
.............................................
7
1.3 G eology..............................
..................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Overview of Report
............
.....................
.......................... 9
2.0 Background of the Fuel Spill 12 (FS-12) Study Area .............................................. 10
2.1 History of Fuel Spill 12
................................................ 10
2.2 Current Remedial Activity ............................................................ .......... 10
2.3 A rea Characterization ............................................................
13
3.0 S n ak e Pon d ................................................................................................................
...............
14
3.1 C haracteristics ................................................................
14
3.2 E cological C oncerns .......................................................................
17
4.0 M ethodology.....................................
........ ......... 18
4.1 Overview ..................... .......
.....................
.......................................
18
4 .2 D ata Co llection ........................................................................................................................
18
4.3 Physical M odeling ..............................................
.. ................... 20
4.4 Chem ical M odeling.......................................................
21
5.0 A nalysis of D ata ....................................................................
........... 24
5.1 Water Budget .............................................................
24
5.2 Rainfall Analysis..........................
................
............ ......... ........... 26
5.3 Reliability of Chem ical Data ........................................................... 28
5.4 Mixing of pH, Alkalinity, and CT .....................................
.......... ................ 33
5.5 Chem ical M ixing W ithin the Pond .................................................................. ................. . 37
5.6 Summary of Available Data...........................................39
5.7 C hem ical B udget ........................................................................
42
6.0 Expected Changes in Groundwater Chemistry..................................................
45
6 .1 F S-12 T reatm ent T rain .......................................................................................................
45
6.2 Inorganic Com pounds.......................................
......... .......... 46
6 .3 O rganic Com pounds ........................................................................................................
47
6.4 Summary of Ambient Groundwater and Reinjected Groundwater Composite..................... 47
7.0 Expected Changes in Surface W ater Chemistry ........................................
...................
50
7.1 Mixing of pH, Alkalinity, and CT ...................................................... 50
7.2 U V -B Penetration ............................................................................................................
52
8.0 Sum m ary and C onclusions .............................................................
54
R eferences .............
.........................................................................
57
A ppendices .......................................................
......... .......... 59
A ppendix A : Biological Data ................................................................
60
A ppend ix B: C hem ical D ata ............................................................................................................
61
List of Figures
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
1: Cape Cod Region ...........................................................
5
2: M MR Plum e Area M ap ..............................................................
6
3: Air Sparging System .........................................
..
.......... 10
4: Extent of Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of EDB with Proposed
Extraction/Reinjection System ..........................................
12
5: Bathym etry of Snake Pond ............................................................................. ................... 16
6: Pre- and Post-Treatment Scenarios ......................................................... 21
7: Sampling Locations within and around Snake Pond ........................................
29
8: Mixing within Snake Pond ............................................................ 38
9: FS-12 Treatm ent Train ...........................................................................
........................... 45
10: Graph of UV -B Penetration vs. Depth .............................................................. ................. 52
List of Tables
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
M M R H istory ........................... ..................................................................................
.............
Major Snake Pond Characteristics ........................................
A vailable D ata .......................... ..................
....... ..............
USGS Rainfall/Recharge Relationship .............................................
Physical M odel Results.....................................
.....................
Available Summer 1995 Chemical Rainfall Data.............................................
....
Specific Conductivity Results for Surface Water Samples ....................
..................
Specific Conductivity Calculations ............................
Range of pH and Alkalinity Values Found..................................................
Calculated pH and Alkalinity Values for Snake Pond (83% Groundwater) ............................
Sum m ary of D ata.................................................... ....... ..............
Comparison of Data ..................................................... ...................
Reinjected Com posite ............................................................
Final Com posites ...............................................................
7
14
19
24
25
26
30
31
34
36
40
43
48
51
1.0 Background Information
1.1 General
The Massachusetts Military Reservation
(MMR) is located in the upper region of Cape
Cod Massachusetts and borders the towns of
Bourne, Falmouth, Mashpee and Sandwich (see
Figure 1). Since 1911, the 34 square-mile
MMR has housed Otis Air National Guard
Base, US Coast Guard Air Station, and Army
National Guard Camp Edwards.
0
During the time of MMR's heaviest
military activity, the 1940s through the 1970s,
Figure 1: Cape Cod Region
large amounts of hazardous waste, mostly
chlorinated solvents and fuels, were generated. Common practice for many years was to
dispose of such wastes by landfilling, dumping in storm drains, burning wastes in fire
training areas, or just dumping them on the ground. This activity caused the MMR to be
placed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund National Priority List
in 1989.
The MMR sits on top of the recharge area for the sole-source groundwater aquifer
from which all of Upper Cape Cod draws water. Municipal and private water supplies,
recreational ponds, and coastal bays of Upper Cape Cod are threatened by these
contaminated groundwater plumes which contain potentially cancer causing chemicals.
The MMR has 78 contaminant source areas currently identified and 10 major
groundwater plumes moving at approximately 1.5 to 2 feet per day (see Figure 2).
Within these plumes, the major contaminants of concern include trichloroethylene (TCE),
tetrachloroethylene (PCE), ethylene dibromide (EDB), and benzene.
1.2 History
Groundwater investigations have been continuously conducted on the site since
the detection of detergents by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in a well used for
drinking water in 1978. In 1982, the Air National Guard (ANG) initiated the Installation
Restoration Program (IRP) at Otis ANG Base to identify and evaluate potential hazardous
waste sites on the base. Activities initially included a historical records review, later
followed by the installation of groundwater monitoring wells and an extensive
groundwater, soil, surface water, and sediment sampling program. The Department of
Defense (DOD) funded program has spent over $130 million as of 1997 on investigation
and cleanup at the reservation.
The following table outlines the timeline of major activities that have taken place
at the MMR over the past 60 years.
Table 1: MMR History
1930s
1940 - 46
1955 - 72
1978 - 79
1982
1985
1986
1989
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1995
1995
Base established
U.S. Army builds/operates Camp Edwards
U.S. Air Force - Otis Air Force Base (OAFB)
Contamination found in Falmouth well;
Ashumet Valley plume mapped by USGS
Installation Restoration Program (IRP) established
Contamination found in private wells
Technical Environmental Affairs Committee (TEAC) formed
MMR added to USEPA's National Priorities List (NPL)
MA DEP designated MMR as a Public Involvement Plan site
IRP office established at OAFB
Community Relations Plan issued
Plume characterization begins
Chemical Spill 4 (CS-4) groundwater system installed
Soil cleanup begins at several source areas
Main base landfill capped
Design for groundwater plume containment begins
Treatment system installed at Fuel Spill 12 (FS-12) source area in Sandwich
(Reference: http://www.mmr.org)
Cleanup activities at the base, as of early 1997, focus on completing plume
characterizations to define plume shapes and depths, soil testing to identify and quantify
the extent of needed source area cleanup, and implementation of groundwater and soil
treatment systems.
1.3 Geology
The topography of western Cape Cod is typified by hummocky hills, broad areas
of low relief, and marshy lowlands. The main southern section of the MMR is located
within a broad, southward sloping glacial outwash plain, termed the Mashpee Pitted Plain
(MPP). This glacial outwash, which is the material carried from the ice as a glacier
retreats by melting, may leave stranded ice masses. Kettle holes are water-filled pits that
are left by dead ice blocks. The MPP is characterized by low topographic relief and an
abundance of kettle hole ponds and marshes. Several valleys transect the plain in a north
to south direction. The plain is bounded to the north and west by terminal moraines
where the MMR exhibits irregular, hilly terrain with greater topographic relief. The
ground elevation ranges from 0 to 306 feet above mean sea level (MSL).
Geology on the Upper Cape is comprised of highly permeable sands to a depth of
about 300 feet, and throughout the Upper Cape, groundwater can be found 30 to 60 feet
below ground surface. The glacial outwash plain, which comprises most of the MMR,
consists of highly permeable sand and gravel and locally occurring lenses of lower
permeability, fine grained sand, silt, and clay. These sands and gravels are commonly
poorly graded: medium to coarse grained sand with well graded gravel. The
predominant sediments are quartz and feldspar with surface coatings of iron oxide and
occasionally manganese oxide. The well graded deposits of the Sandwich Moraine, to
the north, and the Buzzards Bay Moraine, to the west, were deposited at the terminus of
two adjacent glacial lobes, during the last glacial advance and retreat. The sediments of
these moraines are mixtures of till, sand, silt, clay, and gravel to boulder size clasts.
1.4 Overview of Report
A background of the site area is presented in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 4
describes, in detail, the methodology used to perform analytical calculations, which are
presented in Chapter 5. Chapter 5 contains the key analyses of available data and
provides information on existing pond surface water chemistry, groundwater chemistry,
and rainwater chemistry. Chapter 6 examines the treatment train and shows how
treatment will alter groundwater chemistry. Chapter 7 is a continuation of Chapter 6 and
looks at expected post-treatment conditions within Snake Pond. Chapter 8 presents the
summary and conclusion. Additionally, raw biological and chemical data is attached in
Appendices A and B.
2.0 Background of the Fuel Spill 12 (FS-12) Study Area
2.1 History of Fuel Spill 12
Noting Figure 2, Fuel Spill 12 is located in the northeast corner of the plume area
map. The area is partly on the MMR and partly on a bordering Christian summer camp,
Camp Goodnews.
Fuel Spill 12 (FS-12) was caused by a leak in a now abandoned fuel pipeline
located along Greenway Road at the MMR. The pipeline was used to transport fuels
from the Cape Cod Canal to the ANG flight area. Both aviation gasoline and JP-4 jet fuel
were carried in the pipeline The leak occurred in the early 1970s, and the pipeline was
repaired in 1972. Contamination associated with FS-12 was first detected in 1990.
Approximately 70,000 gallons of jet fuel and aviation gasoline filtered through the soil.
The fuel is located near the top of the groundwater in the aquifer.
2.2 Current Remedial Activity
The source area is currently being treated by air sparging and vapor extraction
technology. This process remediates the groundwater by introducing air bubbles deep in
the ground causing the tuel to rise as a
vapor. The vapor is collected and
treated above ground by passing it
through a catalytic oxidizer that uses
heat and a metal catalyst to help cleanse
the air. It then passes through activated
carbon filters that rid the air of the
remaining fuel compounds. Figure 3
shows an above ground photograph of
the air sparging system.
.
_
tem
ure
giF
3:
Air
Spargin
Over the 11-acre contaminated FS-12 site, the contaminants of concern are
benzene and ethylene dibromide (EDB) (see Figure 4). The plume originating at FS-12
extends approximately 4,800 feet in length south-southeast and 2,750 feet in width. The
vertical thickness varies from 60 to 130 feet at 100 to 240 feet below the ground surface
To prevent the leading edge of the plume from migrating further, an
extraction/reinjection remedial system has been designed to contain the FS-12
groundwater plume. The system, which is scheduled to be installed during 1997, consists
of 30 extraction wells, 30 reinjection wells, and a treatment plant for the extracted water.
To develop the optimal locations for the extraction and reinjection wells, a complex series
of models was constructed and evaluated (Operations Technologies Corporation, 1996) to
determine which scenario would have the most efficient capture while causing minimal
adverse effects on Snake Pond. The extraction/reinjection remedial system will draw the
water out of the ground and remove the fuel compounds by running the water through
activated carbon beds. The carbon adsorbs the fuel compounds and clean water is
returned to the ground. Construction of the extraction/reinjection remedial system has
already started, and system start-up is scheduled for August, 1997. See Figure 4 for a
layout schematic of the extraction/reinjection well network.
/fs-12/fsl2.htm
12
2.3 Area Characterization
The FS-12 region is heavily wooded with scrub growth forest (mostly Pitch Pine).
Access to this area is restricted to a single dirt road controlled by locked gates. The FS12 aquifer surfaces in a kettle pond, specifically Snake Pond. Horizontal groundwater
velocities average 0.15 ft/day. Since FS-12 is located near the top of the regional aquifer
and has a substantially lower hydraulic gradient (0.0003 to 0.00067) than other Cape Cod
areas, the groundwater velocity is significantly less than other locations on the MMR.
The horizontal hydraulic conductivity range is about 240 to 370 ft/day (avg. = 320
ft/day). Vertical hydraulic conductivity range is about 15 to 190 ft/day (avg. = 75 ft/day).
Transmissivity range is about 26,000 to 40,000 ft2/day (avg. = 35,000 ft2/day). (Jacobs
Engineering Inc., 1996)
3.0 Snake Pond
3.1 Characteristics
Snake Pond is located immediately southwest of the FS-12 plume. It lies in the
western section of Sandwich approximately 4/10 mile west of State Route 130 and 2/3
mile northeast of Otis Air Force Base. As seen in Figure 4, some reinjection wells are
located along the upgradient edge of Snake Pond.
The watershed is characterized by steep slopes and is predominantly wooded with
moderate residential development to the east of the pond and light development (Camp
Goodnews) on the western shore. Groundwater in the study area is unconfined with an
average depth to groundwater of 70 ft. The water table is exposed at the surface of Snake
Pond, delineating the southwestern boundary of the FS-12 area. There are no observed
surface water inlets or outlets to Snake Pond. The general direction of groundwater flow
appears to shift slightly with seasonal fluctuations in aquifer recharge, however, the
groundwater generally flows to the south or southeast. During the late summer or early
fall, groundwater enters Snake Pond from the northwest, north, and northeastern sides.
During spring, groundwater inflow to the pond is expected to be predominantly from the
northwest and north. (DEQE, 1984)
Table 2: Major Snake Pond Characteristics
Thermal Characteristics Unstratified
Trophic Level
Very oligotrophic
Recreational Uses
Swimming, boating, and fishing
Access
One public beach on the southern shore is accessible via Snake
Pond Road; Camp Goodnews lies on the north shore
(DEQE, 1984)
In 1984, an extensive survey of many lakes and ponds in the Cape Cod watershed
was performed by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality (DEQE), now
the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). This was done to
obtain an adequate record of the physical and water quality characteristics of regional
Cape Cod ponds. The bathymetry and morphology of Snake Pond are provided in Figure
5. Snake Pond has a surface area of 83 acres, a mean depth of 15 feet, a maximum depth
of 31 feet, and a mean width of 1,125 feet. (Operational Technologies Corporation,
1995)
leet
pi~e~XXI~O
rrr·t~r~
Figure
5:
Onntlt
Bathvmetry
of
Snake
Pond
Credit:
Department
Baseline
Water
the
Cod
Cape
December,
of
Quality
Drainaee
1984.
in
Fnnt
c~5
Environmental
Studies
Area
of
Quality
Selected
- Volume
Lakes
2.
Westborough,
Engineering.
and
Ponds
MA.
in
3.2 Ecological Concerns
Because the proposed extraction/reinjection wells are to be located close to the
upgradient edge of Snake Pond, ecologists are concerned about potential negative impacts
to the pond ecosystem. Initially, the major concern of engineers, ecologists, and planners,
was the hydraulic flow of the groundwater, the equilibrium plume location, and
groundwater flow trajectory. Based on numerical groundwater flow models constructed
by the USGS and another environmental consulting firm, P2T, there is no reason to
believe that the plume will flow directly into Snake Pond under pre- or post-treatment
conditions. Therefore, concern over ecological impacts shifted to the pond reaction to the
possible drawdown of the water level within Snake Pond and the inflow of carbon-treated
groundwater through reinjection wells.
There are many concerns, but a lack of data and funding for research, about the
evaluation of ecological impacts to Snake Pond. Concerns arise because much of the
carbon-treated water will be reinjected directly upgradient of Snake Pond. Currently,
Snake Pond is fed by about 83-86% groundwater (17-14% rainwater). The estimated
post-treatment water budget of Snake Pond is anticipated to be 14-17% rainwater, 1953% ambient groundwater, and 67-30% treated groundwater. Therefore, the treated
groundwater has the potential to be the main source of water to the pond. Since treated
groundwater has different chemistry than ambient groundwater, this could have some
important effects on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Snake Pond.
(Walter, 1997; Dickerman, 1997)
4.0 Methodology
4.1 Overview
The goal of this project was to assess the effects of the proposed pump and treat
system on the equilibrium aquatic chemistry within Snake Pond. To attain this goal, the
following tasks have been performed:
*
Obtained chemical species data for groundwater, surface water, and rainwater
*
Performed a critical analysis of the accuracy and reliability of the data by: examining
charge balances, relating measured conductivity values to the conductivity yield of
measured ions, and establishing the pre-treatment equilibrium chemistry by
calibrating calculated values to the measured values within Snake Pond
*
Established if Snake Pond can be considered a well-mixed system by looking at
spatial variations of conservative chemical ions
*
Critically reviewed the literature of the proposed treatment system and determine the
changes in equilibrium groundwater chemistry of the reinjected water
*
Calculated the equilibrium chemistry of reinjected groundwater
*
Calculated the equilibrium chemistry of reinjected groundwater and ambient
groundwater mixture
*
Calculated the post-treatment equilibrium concentrations of chemicals in the Snake
Pond surface water
*
Assessed how the changes in equilibrium chemistry may or may not affect the pond
ecology and limnology
4.2 Data Collection
The first step in the methodology was to perform a literature search, which
included MMR reports, engineering design reports, internal faxes/memos/emails,
telephone conversations with engineers and ecologists, and analytical limnology
journals/textbooks. The literature review provided an overview of the existing situation
at the MMR, and the phone conversations with involved engineers provided insight to the
current problems of interest.
The key contacts for Snake Pond ecological data were Robyn Blackburn from
Jacobs Engineering, Inc., Joyce Dickerman from Eco-TRET at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory in Tennessee, and Bud Hoda from the Installation Restoration Program at the
Massachusetts Military Reservation. Since the concerns about any possible "ecological
impact" to Snake Pond are so recent (as of 1996), few data were available and the data
that can be found was piecemeal, in draft form, and considered preliminary. Through the
Jacobs Engineering Ecology Team, I obtained the available data via mailings, faxes,
emails, and memos.
Jacobs Engineering, Inc. is conducting a baseline ecological study to characterize
all ponds in the MMR region. The sampling schedule includes summer 1996, fall 1996,
winter 1997, and spring 1997. The only data available to me was from the summer of
1996. This data included chemical concentrations at five locations within Snake Pond
(surface water and sediment data) and at three groundwater wells immediately upgradient
of Snake Pond (near the proposed reinjection system). These sampling locations are
shown in Figure 7. Parameters for which data were available are shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Available Data
* Water Temperature
* Dissolved Oxygen
* pH
* Specific Conductivity
* Turbidity
* Redox Potential
* Alkalinity
* Aluminum
* Arsenic
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Barium
Beryllium
Bromide
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Nickel
Ammonia
Nitrate/Nitrite
Organic Carbon
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Phosphorous
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Sulfate
Vanadium
Zinc
As can be seen from Table 3, most major ions and metals are included as well as
vital information on pH and organic matter. An ongoing relationship with Jacobs
Engineering, Inc. (over the time period of 1/97 through 5/97) provided a forum to discuss
their needs, new data, and my progress/ideas.
In addition to water quality data specifically in and around Snake Pond, average
regional rainfall water quality data was available through the National Atmospheric
Deposition Program (NADP) at Colorado State University. The NADP has rainfall
sampling stations all around the United States, with the nearest one to the Massachusetts
Military Reservation in Truro, MA. The data available included major ion species and
pH. It was an incomplete set of chemical data, however the most important chemical ions
were known. Since rainfall is a direct water source to Snake Pond, this data provided a
basis to perform calculations for mixing.
4.3 Physical Modeling
It is necesary to know the percentage of treated groundwater and ambient
groundwater that will be entering Snake Pond during pre- and post-treatment equilibrium
conditions (see Figure 6). This project does not include any numerical groundwater
modeling. However, information on physical processes can be obtained from a
groundwater/surface water model and analysis of mixing processes in Snake Pond
completed by Lee (1997). Using a combination of two existing physical groundwater
models, which have already been developed by the USGS and P2T along with modeling
by Lee (1997), ratios of rainwater/ambient groundwater/treated groundwater were
obtained and subsequently used to perform chemical calculations. The important
numbers for my purposes included the percentages of rainfall and groundwater that feed
Snake Pond under pre- and post-treatment conditions.
Rainwater
Treated
Ambient
Ambient
Groundwater
Influent
Ambient
Groundwater
Influent
Treated
Groundwater
Influent
Rainwater
I
I
Groundwater
Effluent
Groundwater
Effluent
Pre-Treatment Conditions
Post-Treatment Conditions
Figure 6: Pre- and Post-Treatment Scenarios
4.4 Chemical Modeling
This section describes the analysis process.
Prior to conducting any chemical calculations, a rigorous evaluation of the
available data must be made. This evaluation considers charge balances and continuity
among individual water samples and includes calculations of specific conductivity based
on available ion data. Additionally, items such as pH/alkalinity/CT (CT is defined as
"total inorganic carbon") were calculated and compared to the measured values. This
comparison was used as a basis to determine the reliability of the water samples and the
extent to which the analytical chemical results were accurate.
To determine if Snake Pond can be treated as a well-mixed system, spatial plots
were made of the distribution of selected conservative tracer ions (Nae, Cl) over the
water area and depth of the pond. This analysis was used to observe if there were any
plume-like conditions or mixing patterns emanating from the groundwater inflow area of
Snake Pond.
Knowing reasonable pre-treatment (existing) pond inflow percentages
(groundwater and rainwater fluxes) obtained from the physical models as well as the
chemical composition of groundwater and rainwater entering Snake Pond, it was
determined how Snake Pond is chemically balanced. Treating the problem as an aquatic
mixing problem, pH, alkalinity, and total inorganic carbon were calculated. These values
were then compared to the measured chemical values. By performing this "self-check,"
confidence in the data is established.
Once confident of the existing conditions found at Snake Pond, it was necessary
to critically evaluate the proposed pump-and-treat treatment train. Manufacturer
specifications for the proposed treatment processes enabled the calculation of chemical
changes in groundwater composition due to the reinjection of treated groundwater. This
composition includes pH changes as well as removal of metals and organic carbon. By
incorporating the expected changes with the existing data, additional calculations were
performed using the same rainwater chemistry, altered groundwater chemistry, and
different fluxes than existing conditions. The fluxes were obtained from existing USGS
and P2T models as well as the model by Lee (1997).
The next series of calculations lead to the final equilibrium composition of Snake
Pond. First, by treating the pond system as another mixing problem, it was possible to
calculate the equilibrium of the reinjected water/ambient groundwater mixture. This
follows the same chemical balance analysis as described for existing conditions, from
which it is possible to calculate the post-treatment equilibrium concentrations of
chemicals within Snake Pond surface water. These calculations include pH/alkalinity/C,
as well as cationic and anionic species. The ion species concentrations were found by
performing mass flux calculations. Mass fluxes were calculated by summing the
products of the chemical concentrations and the percentage of water contribution of each
source that flows into Snake Pond.
At this point, predictions were made as to the new chemistry that can be expected
in Snake Pond after equilibrium has been reached. The new chemistry in Snake Pond
includes pH, alkalinity, other anionic and cationic species, total inorganic carbon, and
organic carbon (additional, but less important, parameters may fell of this analysis). The
projected data was extended to discuss limnological issues regarding pond ecology.
Topics of discussion include biological impacts, UV radiation, and overall pond
productivity.
5.0 Analysis of Data
5.1 Water Budget
As previously mentioned, there have been several models employed to predict the
long term steady-state effects of the planned extraction/reinjection system for Snake
Pond. Some of the models were performed by contractors to the military who are
reluctant to provide "outsiders" with data. The most helpful organization, and maybe the
most reliable, was the USGS. The USGS conducted extensive modeling using
MODFLOW, a finite-difference three-dimensional groundwater model (Walter, 1997).
The USGS modeled a variety of sediment types in and around Snake Pond. They believe
that the most reliable model is that which the outer edge of Snake Pond is treated as a
coarse-grained sediment and the deeper more central part of Snake Pond is treated as a
finer sediment (this model is believed by Walter (1997) to have a possible error of +/20%). Table 4 shows the rainfall and recharge rates that were used in the USGS model.
These parameters were critical in determining mass flux numbers since rainfall is the
governing source of water on Cape Cod. Note that Snake Pond has very steep banks and
there was an assumption of no overland flow.
Table 4: USGS Rainfall/Recharge Relationship
Annual Rainfall
Evaporation from Pond
Recharge for Pond
47 in/yr.
31 in/yr.
16 in/yr.
Recharge Elsewhere in Cape Cod Aquifer
22 in/yr.
(Walter, 1997)
The rounded results of the USGS MODFLOW model are as presented in Table 5.
Additionally, the results for the P2T model are provided (Dickerman, 1997). Although
the exact flow values are unavailable for the P2T model, it can clearly be seen that the
results are vastly different from the USGS results. This is due to different recharge
assumptions and different methods of accounting for boundary conditions. For more
information on this issue see Lee (1997)
Table 5: Physical Model Results
USGS Model
Ambient Groundwater Discharge to Pond (ft3/day)
Treated Groundwater Discharge to Pond (ft3/day)
Recharge to Pond - Includes Rainfall (ft3/day)
Total Inflow to Pond (ft/day)
Pre-Treatment
62,800 (83%)
0 (0%)
12,900 (17%)
75,700 (100%)
Post-Treatment
17,000 (19%)
60,000 (67%)
12,500 (14%)
89,500 (100%)
P2T Model
Ambient Groundwater Discharge to Pond
Treated Groundwater Discharge to Pond (ft3/day)
Recharge to Pond - Includes Rainfall
Total Inflow to Pond
Pre-Treatment
83 - 86%
0%
14 - 17%
100%
Post-Treatment
53%
30%
17%
100%
Since the post-treatment conditions have a greater total flow in the case of the
USGS model, there would have to be a change in pond elevation to accommodate the
increased water volume. Therefore, the USGS estimated a total average rise in the water
level of Snake Pond of 0.2 feet. However, since there is a natural seasonal fluctuation of
over one foot, this should not have a substantial impact on the ecology of Snake Pond
(Dickerman, 1997). The P2T model estimated that the post-treatment conditions will
have the same total flow as pre-treatment conditions, and P2T assumes that the Snake
Pond water surface may be treated as a constant head boundary (there is some debate over
this issue); no fluctuation can occur at a constant head boundary.
Currently, Snake Pond is fed about 83-86% by groundwater (14-17% rainwater).
The estimated post-treatment water budget of Snake Pond is anticipated to be 14-17%
rainwater, 19-53% ambient groundwater, and 67-30% treated groundwater. The wide
range of these numbers reflects the wide variety of results obtained from the different
models. Note that the treated groundwater has the potential to be the main source of
water to the pond.
5.2 Rainfall Analysis
This section deals with analyzing the available rainwater data. All rainwater data
was obtained through the World Wide Web database of the National Atmospheric
Deposition Program (NADP) of Colorado State University. With the reasonable
assumption that this data is representative of the whole Cape Cod Region, some
calculations were performed. The following data is averaged over the 1995 summer
season for samples taken at the Truro, MA rainwater sampling station:
Table 6: Available Summer 1995 Chemical Rainfall Data
Molar Concentration
Ion
10-5.90
2+
Ca
10-5.84
Mg 2
10-6.29
K*
10-4.93
Na+
10-4 .93
NH 4'
10-4 .67
NO 3-
10-4.89
ClSO42-
10-4.83
Additional Parameters:
pH
Specific Conductivity (•tmho/cm)
4.41
19.9
It is important to note again that these are average summer readings for the year
of 1995. At other locations in the state, or during other seasons, these chemical
parameters may vary.
Assuming that the rainwater is in equilibrium with the atmosphere, alkalinity and
carbonate species were calculated as follows:
Cons tan ts:
Partial Pressure, Pco2 = 10- 5 atm
)
Henry's Constant, KHco02
=
10- 1'
atm
Equilibrium Expressions:
HCO 3- +H+ K= 10-6 .35
33
H2-+ K=10 - 01
CO 3 +H
H 2 CO 3 *
HCO 3-
(1)
(2)
Calculations:
[H 2CO 3 *]= [O2 ] [KH ]= (10- 35 atm).
[HCO3-H
= 10-6.35
[HCO,-] [10-635 11
[H2 CO 3 *]
[CO 32- H]
32-
H ] = 1010.33
[HCO3-
10-15 atm)
Sa)
=
[CO3-]=
= 10-5 0 M
0]
[1o0-10.33 110-6 94]
[10-4.•1•
(3)
10-6.94
(4)
1012.8
01286
(5)
]
In systems with only carbonate alkalinity, alkalinity is equal to
the negative of the TOTH (Total Hydrogen)mass balance equation
(Morel and Hering, 1993)
Alkaliniky (Alk) = -[H +]+ [OH- ]+ [HCO 3- ]+ 2[C0
Assu ming that [OHAlk = -[H+]= -10-4
[HCO341
3 2-
(6)
and [CO 32- ]are negligible (eq.4 and 5):
M
Also, total inorganic carbon is equal to the sum of the carbonate species:
CT = [H 2 CO 3 *]+ [HCO3-]+ [CO32-]
Assu min g that [HCO 3 - ]and [CO
C, = H2 CO 3 *]= 10- 5 0 M
2-
3
]are negligible:
(7)
To summarize, the most important equilibrium characteristics of the rainwater are:
* pH =4.41
* Total Inorganic Carbon, CT = 10-5' M
* Alkalinity = -104.41 M
5.3 Reliabilityof Chemical Data
Since the Massachusetts Military Reservation is an EPA listed Superfund site, all
sampling is supposed to be carefully checked for reliability. This is done by hired
chemical analyst companies using the guidelines found in a set of frequently updated
EPA documents. The references are commonly known as the Environmental Protection
Agency document NationalFunctional Guidelines. In this text, one can find information
on qualifiersthat are used to show: if data follows trends, concentrations truly show up
as "non-detect," or if a data point "spike" is an error or not.
Figure 7: Sampling Locations
within and around Snake Pond
Credit: Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Phase 1 EcologicaI Monitoring
Pro~gram Interim Vernal Pool/Wetland Characterization Report.
August. 1996.
To evaluate the "completeness" of the individual water samples, charge balance
calculations were performed. Using measured values for specific conductivity and the
dominant ion species, a calculation can be done based on the StandardMethods technique
(Eaton et al., 1996). The technique was used on each individual sampling location. For
example, at location SNAKEPD-01 (see Figure 7), a complete set of data (see Table 3)
was analyzed. Also, see Appendix B for a complete list of raw sampling data.
Groundwater was not analyzed in this way due to the fact that the measured values of
conductivity were so erratic; in other words, there were no reliable control checks for
reality.
Within Snake Pond, a total of six surface water samples were taken: one sample
at each of the five sampling locations taken at different depths with a duplicate sample at
sampling location number one. Conductivity measurements taken were compared to
calculated ones. Calculated values were obtained using values for k, equivalent
conductance of the ith ion, that were taken from StandardMethods, Section 2510.
Conductivity. Table 7 summarizes the results, and the calculations are shown in Table 8.
Table 7: Specific Conductivity Results for Surface Water Samples
Calculated Conductivity
Measured Conductivity
Sample Identification
(pjmho/cm)
(pimho/cm)
SNAKEPD-01
65
62
SNAKEPD-01D
65
63
SNAKEPD-02
65
61
SNAKEPD-04
65
63
SNAKEPD-05
64
61
SNAKEPD-03
65
27
As can be seen from Table 7, the calculated conductivity values are reasonably
close to the measured ones. This was evidence that the above samples are complete
(except SNAKEPD-03). Note that for sample SNAKEPD-03 (see Table 8), the values of
measured and calculated conductivity do not match. This is obviously due the fact that
several important parameters were not sampled for: Na', and S04 2-, and, therefore,
conductivity could be computed accurately.
Table 8: Specific Conductivity Calculations
SNAKEPD-01 Data
Log Molar Conc.
-4.47
-4.37
-4.80
-3.62
-3.51
-6.99
-4.32
-4.24
Ion
Ca÷
Mg"
K'
Na'
CI
H'
HCO 3
SO4'pH
Measured
Conductivity
(Pmhocm)
Charge, z
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
6.99
mM
0.0340
0.0424
0.0158
0.2422
0.3099
0.0001
0 0480
0.0573
(X)@25C
59.5
53.1
73.5
71.4
76.4
350
44.5
80
[Conductivity (pmho/cm)
bb65
Izl(X)(mM)
4 05
4.50
1.16
17.29
23.67
0.04
2.14
9.17
62.01
SNAKEPD-01D Data
Log Molar Conc.
-4.41
-4.33
-4.77
-3.60
-3.51
-6.99
-4.57
-4.25
Ion
Ca'
÷
Mgc
K'
Na'
CI
H'
HCO,3
SO 4 '
pH
Measured Conductivity (pmho/cm)
Charge, z
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
mM
0.0385
0.0469
0.0170
0.2496
0.3099
0.0001
0.0270
00563
(Q)@25C
59.5
53.1
73.5
71.4
76.4
350
44.5
80
IConductvity (rmho/cm)
6.99
6b
Izl()(mM)
4.58
4.98
1.25
17.82
23.67
0.04
1 20
9.00
62.54
SNAKEPD-02 Data
Log Molar Conc.
-4.46
-4.36
-4.79
-3.61
Charge, z
2
2
1
1
CI
-3.51
1
H'
HCOSO4 '
-7.14
-4.57
-427
1
1
2
Ion
Ca"
÷
Mg"
K'
Na'
(X)@25C
59.5
53.1
73.5
71.4
76.4
350
44.5
80
Izl(X)(mM)
4.17
4.63
1.18
17.60
23.67
003
120
8.67
61o14
SConductiviy (Pmho/cm)
7.14
pH
Measured
mM
0.0350
0.0436
0.0160
0.2465
0.3099
0.0001
00270
0.0542
Conductivity (Pmho/cm)
SNAKEPD-04 Data
Ion
'÷
Ca
÷
Mgý
K*
Na'
Cl
H'
HCO"
SO4'
"
pH
Measured Conductivity (pmho/cm)
Log Molar Conc.
-4.52
-436
-4.74
-3.60
-3.51
-6.64
-439
-422
6.64
65
Charge, z
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
mM
0.0303
0.0436
0.0182
0.2539
0.3099
0.0002
0.0410
0.0604
lConductivity (pm o/cm)
(X)@25C
59.5
53.1
73.5
71.4
76.4
350
44.5
80
Izl(X)(mM)
3.60
4.63
1.34
18.13
23.67
0.08
1 82
9.67
62.94
SNAKEPD-S1-05 Data
Ion
Ca"*
÷
Mg5
K*
+
Na
CIl
H
HCO 3
SO,'
Log Molar Conc.
-4.47
-4.36
-4.80
-3.62
-3.51
-6.99
-4.47
-4.25
pH
Measured Conductivity (mmho/cm)
Charge, z
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
6.99
64
mM
0.0338
0 0436
0.0160
0.2404
0.3099
0.0001
0.0340
0.0563
(?)@25C
59.5
53.1
73.5
71 4
76.4
350
44.5
80
Conductivity (imho/crn)
Izl(X)(mM)
4.02
4 63
1.18
17.17
23.67
004
1 51
9.00
6121
SNAKEPD-03 Data
Log Molar Conc.
-4.52
-4.36
-4.76
-3.60
missing
-6.76
missng
r
missing
Ion
Ca`
Mg2+
K*
÷
Na
CI
H'
HCO
'
SO4
"
pH
Measured Conductivity (pmholcm)
Charge, z
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
6.76
5
mM
0.0300
0.0440
0.0174
0.2491
N/A
0.0002
N/A
N/A
(X)@25C
59.5
53.1
73.5
71.4
76.4
350
44 5
80
lConductivity (4mho/cm)
Izl(X)(mM)
3 57
4.68
1.28
17.79
N/A
0.06
N/A
NIA
2738
1
Another form of "back of the envelope" calculations were conducted to verify if
the measured alkalinity was reasonable based on the ion concentrations of strong acids
and strong bases. The following equation is a governing equation for the definition of
alkalinity:
Alkalinity = (Concentration of Strong Bases) - (Concentration of Strong Acids)
Alkalinity
=
CB - CA
(8)
The following is a sample calculation for groundwater sample GMW-10 (all
concentrations are in molar values):
Alkalinity = 2[Ca 2 ]-[Cl-]+2[Mg2+]+[K+]-2[SO42-]+[ Na
]
(9)
([H+] and [NO3-] are negligible)
10-3.86 =
2[10-4.48][10-35']+2[1 0-4.08]+[1 04.67]-2[1 0-418][10
10.3.86 •
10-4.16
-3 59
(note that the value for alkalinity is obtained by converting 6.9 mg/l as CaCO 3 to eq./l)
The failure for these two values to match can easily be explained. As can be seen
in the above calculation, chloride and sodium are the dominant species. Since alkalinity
has a magnitude much less than these dominant ions, this method of calculation produces
large error and uncertainty. A small fluctuation in chloride and sodium would
dominantly alter alkalinity, causing the probability of the calculated alkalinity to exactly
match the measured alkalinity to be virtually zero. A 27% error of either sodium or
chloride concentrations would be necessary to reconcile the observed difference.
Many other similar calculations were performed with all of the individual surface
water and groundwater samples, all having the same results: no exact matches between
measured and calculated values for alkalinity. The calculation shown on the previous
page was the closest match of all attempts to verify alkalinity in this way! Some of the
results even showed opposite signs (positive vs. negative alkalinity). Since the reported
measured values for alkalinity were reasonable for a groundwater and surface water, they
will be accepted as true; this will be seen more clearly in Section 5.6.
The presence of organic acids (mostly humic acids) can severely affect alkalinity
can be severely affected (Hemond, 1990). Since the concentrations of TOC in Snake
Pond surface water (< 1.1 mg/1) and the surrounding groundwater (< 0.2 mg/1) are so
small, organic acid effects are negligible. If TOC were concentrations of tens of mg/1 or
greater, then organic acids would alter alkalinity values.
5.4 Mixing ofpH, Alkalinity,and CT
In this groundwater/surface water environment, it can safely be assumed that the
dominant form of alkalinity is carbonate alkalinity. Table 9 outlines the ranges and
average values of pH, CT, and alkalinity found in individual groundwater and surface
water samples at Snake Pond. Note in Table 9 that alkalinity in the groundwater samples
for Snake Pond exceed surface water alkalinity values (as would be expected). Also,
variations in rainwater, since it only comprises a small fraction of the water entering
Snake Pond, have less of an impact. This is a typical scenario for alkalinity relationships
between surface water, groundwater, and rainwater.
Table 9: Range of pH and Alkalinity Values Found
pH
Ambient Groundwater
Ambient Surface Water
Rainwater
4.87 - 6.82
(avg. = 5.25)
6.64 - 7.29
(avg. = 6.85)
4.41
Alkalinity
(equivalents/liter)
10-4.02 - 10-3.50
(avg.
= 10--4 .77)
-4
10 .21
-
10
02
(avg. = 10-4.15)
-10-4 .4 1
Results from the USGS groundwater model suggest a groundwater and surface
water mixture of 17% rainwater and 83% groundwater. Therefore, using this mixture
ratio and the pH and alkalinity ranges found in groundwater and rainwater, it was
attempted to explain the surface water chemistry and validate the measured values.
Direct rainfall input is fairly easy to quantify since the rainfall and recharge in the Upper
Cape Cod region are widely known and accepted (Advanced Sciences, Inc., 1995).
By knowing the alkalinity, pH, and total inorganic carbon of groundwater and
rainwater, as well as knowing the mixing ratios, it was possible to predict the parameters
present in the surface water. Therefore, calculations were performed using the "end of
the range" (upper and lower) values for groundwater, pH, and alkalinity. This would
predict an acceptable range of values that might be found in the surface water.
Sample calculation:
Groundwater: pH = 4.87, alkalinity = 10-402 equivalents/liter
equivalents/liter
Rainwater: pH = 4.41, alkalinity = -10-4 .4'
Groundwater:
Alkalinity (Alk)= -[H++
[OH-]+ [HCO 3- ]+ 2[CO32-]
Assuming that [OH-] and [CO
32- ]are
(6)
negligible:
[HCO 3- ]= Alk + [H ]= 10- 396 M
H 2CO 3 * o HCO 3 - + H
HCO 3 _<: CO
H2 CO 3 *]=
2
3 -
K = 10- 6 35
+ H K=
[K]3-IH+
[H
(10)
10-10 .33
(12)
10-6.35
48
[10-3.96 10o-487
H2CO3 *==
C
=[H 2CO3 *]+ [HCO3-]+
Assuming that [CO
10-2 48 M
10-6.35
CO2-]
(8)
]is negligible:
3 2-
C = [H2CO 3 *]+ [HCO3- ] = 10-248 + 10- 3.96 = 10-2.47
Now it is possible to mix 83% groundwater with 17% rainwater:
C, and alkalinity are conservative and follow mass balance laws.
Alkalinity = (0.83). [Groundwater]+ (0.17). [Rainwater]
- 4.
Alkalinity = (0.83). [10 - 4.02 ]- (0.17). [10-441]= 10 14
CT
= (0.83). [Groundwater]+ (0.17). [Rainwater]
CT = (0.83). [10-2.47]+(0.17).[10-5] = 10-2. M
55
(13)
(14)
The new pond water now equilibrates with the atmosphere:
Pco2 = 10-35 atm
KH = 10-. 5 M
atm
0
[H 2 CO 3 *]= 10-5. M
-4 14
Alkalinity = [HCO 3 ]= 10
H
-
[K H 2CO 3 *] [10-635o11-5
[HCO3-]
= 10-7.21
(15)
1 4.14
pH = 7.21
The preceding calculations were also performed for other pH and alkalinity
scenarios, and the results are listed in Table 10:
Table 10: Calculated pH and Alkalinity Values for Snake Pond (83%
Groundwater)
Scenario
Resulting pH
Resulting Alkalinity
(equivalents/liter)
10-4 14
7.21
Groundwater pH = 4.87, Alk. = 10-4.02
10-3.60
7.75
Groundwater pH = 4.87 Alk. = 10 -3.50
10-4.14
7.21
Groundwater pH = 6.82 Alk. = 10-4.02
10-3 .60
7.75
Groundwater pH = 6.82 Alk. = 10-3 .50
Up to this point, it has been shown that the individual samples appear internally
consistent (i.e. calculated conductivities of major ions match pretty well with the
measured ones). However, it has not been seen if alkalinity is a reliable value since
Equation 8 does not justify an alkalinity value. Therefore, as will be seen later in Section
5.6, the measured alkalinities are shown to be reasonable values for the existing pretreatment conditions. This provides confidence in the provided water quality data. So, in
order to put together a chemical composite of the Snake Pond surface water, it is
important to see if Snake Pond is well-mixed.
5.5 Chemical Mixing Within the Pond
By examining the conservative species in a pond, namely Na' and CI-, it can be
determined if a pond acts as a well-mixed tank or if it appears that a plume of chemicals
is entering from the upgradient edge. Plume-like conditions would be observed by a
chemical gradient from high concentration to low concentration from north to south. If it
is found that Snake Pond is well-mixed, then it is a reasonable assumption to
mathematically average concentrations from all sample points to create a representative
value of the whole pond.
Figure 8 shows Na' and Cl- concentrations in relation to sampling locations and
depth. This data is accompanied by a schematic of Snake Pond. As can clearly be seen
from the table, Cl- is virtually constant through all of the surface water and groundwater
(- 11 mg/l). Also, the concentration of Na' is virtually constant (- 5.7 mg/1). Since the
concentrations are constant throughout the pond, the results show that Snake Pond can be
treated as well-mixed. This supports the fact that the pond is unstratified. Therefore,
when performing future alkalinity and ion calculations, an average value of the samples
will be used as a representative pond value.
Location
Depth*
Na'
CI"
(ft)
(mg/liter)
(mg/liter)
Surface Water
SNAKEPD-l01
13f-17
l
S
4
5_ 5.6_57
11
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-05
Groundwater
GMW-10
WT-16
P-1
Rainwater
Rainfall
* Note: Maximum v
Figure 8: Mixing within Snake
Pond
Credit: Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Phase 1 Ecological Monitoring
Program Interim Vernal Pool/Wetland Characterization Report. August,
1996.
5.6 Summary of Available Data
Using the results described in the preceding sections, a chart was compiled of available
data. The summary, shown in Table 11, includes the average measured values of surface water
and groundwater recorded in micro-equivalents per liter along with the standard deviation of the
dominant ion species. Additionally, it includes the average values of other cations, anions,
organic carbon, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. These numbers are probably only
accurate to two significant figures. More significant figures are shown, but are not reliable,
hence, the often large standard deviation.
There is also a record of alkalinity values that were measured, a comparison value of
alkalinity calculated using Equation 8, and a final comparison of calculated alkalinity assuming
the measured average pH is accurate and the surface water is in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Along with alkalinity, a record of measured specific conductivity and a comparison value using
the method outlined in Section 5.3 is listed.
There is a column titled "Method"; this refers to the methodology used to derive the
number immediately to the right. Five terms are used to describe method:
1. Average: Average means that the mean value was taken over a series of data points.
2. Below Detect: Below Detect means that the chemical species was undetectable in the water
sample, and the lowest measurable value was listed. This implies that the actual
concentration of the chemical was something less than the number listed.
3. Given: Given is simply a single number that was obtained from literature, or given can be a
known constant.
4. Fixed: Fixed is a constant value that is directly due to an environmental constant (i.e. KH)
5. Calculated: Calculatedmeans that some equation method described in this report was used.
Surface Water
Table 11: Summary of Data
Method
Major Ions
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Ammonia
Nitrate-Nitrite
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Average
Average
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Average
Average
Average
Hydrogen
Method
Parameter
Average Measured Alkalinity
Alkalinity (Ca - CA)
Alkalinity (pCO
2
= 10
-3
5,
and Given pH)
pCO 2 (Average Alk., and Given pH)
C, (Average Alk , and Given pH)
Measured Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Calculated Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Average
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Average
Calculated
Method
Analyte
p equivalent/liter
6833
309.86
8813
7 14
0 38
1684
243 51
11375
Ambient Groundwater
standard deviation
54
0.0
32
00
00
10
61
4.1
0.14
0.05
p equivalent/liter
35.40
standard deviation
4284
8.2
N/A
31 62
103 atm
33
10-4 M
6539
61 77
N/A
N/A
N/A
06
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.16
-692
standard deviation
Method
Average
Average
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Average
Average
Calculated
Calculated
Method
4 mg/I
54 mg/I
0 68 mg/I
Average
Average
Below Detect
Temperature
Average
Average
Average
236 OC
8 0 mg/I
6 85
Average
Average
Average
DO
pH
-7.10
-6.74
-7.60
-7.71
-8.01
-7.06
-706
5.71
standard deviation
44.10
N/A
10
M
332.33
73.50
N/A
N/A
N/A
337.9
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
standard deviation
-2 9 1
Calculated
Average
Calculated
Below Detect
Average
Average
-9.00
p equivalent/liter
84.75
131.40
N/A
10' 44 atm
Calculated
Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Organic Carbon
-7.57
-7.40
-6.95
-7.40
-794
3
1 mg/m
-7.92
-7.36
-7.57
-6.41
-623
-704
-674
5.60
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below De tec t
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
13.2
23 4
27.5
00
0.00
284
5 83
19.93
15350
7 14
0 38
1876
254 35
135.42
Method
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below De tec t
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Average
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
standard deviation
70.37
330.99
Average
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bromide
Cadmium
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus, Dissolved Orthophosphate
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
p equivalent/liter
-6.05
-6.92
-757
-6.96
-6.95
-7.40
-7.94
3
1 mg/m
-7.45
-7.36
-8 13
-6.41
-593
-8.02
-6.05
-900
-710
-6.74
-7.60
-7 71
-8.01
-7 06
-487
13 mg/I
37 mg/I
est. 015 mg/I
0
16 6 C
8 6 mg/I
5.25
11 mg/I
4
2.0
0.9
Rainwater
Table 11: Summary of Data
Major Ions
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Ammonia
Nitrate-Nitrite
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Hydrogen
Parameter
Average Measured Alkalinity
Alkalinity (CB - CA)
-3 5,
and Given pH)
Alkalinity (pCO 2 = 10
pCO 2 (Average Alk., and Given pH)
CT (Average Alk., and Given pH)
Measured Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Calculated Conductivity (.i mho/cm)
Analyte
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bromide
Cadmium
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus, Dissolved Orthophosphate
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Method
Given
Given
Given
Given
Given
Given
Given
Given
Given
Method
Average
Calculated
Calculated
Fixed
Fixed
Given
Calculated
Method
p equivalent/liter
2.50
12.98
2.88
11.88
21.61
0.51
11.87
29.79
38.90
lt equivalent/liter
N/A
-20.25
-38.90
3 5o
10
atm
1050 M
19.90
9.78
Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Organic Carbon
Temperature
DO
pH
Average
Fixed
Given
variable
9.5 mg/I
4.41
One result reported in Table 11 provides assurance that the given data is reliable. Notice
that, when back-calculating the partial pressure of CO 2 using average given alkalinity and pH for
surface water and groundwater, it was found that the partial pressures are 10-3 .4 5 atm and 10-1 "44
atm in surface water and groundwater respectively. These values are very much representative of
typical values found in the environment. So, with this final verification, the given data was
shown to be reasonably accurate.
5.7 Chemical Budget
By using existing groundwater and rainwater data, predictions for pre-treatment
conditions ware calculated (using the 83%/17% ratio) and compared to the measured surface
water concentrations in Table 11.
This comparison, shown in Table 12, is crucial in seeing if simple mixture calculations
between groundwater and rainwater is enough to predict surface water. The difference between
the calculated and the actually measured surface water concentration represents an additional
source or sink within Snake Pond.
Surface Water
Table 12: Comparison of Data
Method
Major Ions
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Ammonia
Nitrate-Nitrite
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Average
Average
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Average
Average
Hydrogen
Average
Parameter
Average Measured Alkalinity
Alkalinity (CB - CA)
35
= 10 ,and Given pH)
and Given pH)
pCO 2 (Average AJk.,
CT (Average AJk., and Given pH)
Measured Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Calculated Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Alkalinity (pCO
2
Method
Average
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Average
Calculated
Method
Analyte
83% AMB GW / 17% RW (USGS)
p equivalent/liter
standard deviation
68 33
309.86
88.13
7.14
0.38
16.84
243.51
113.75
0.14
5.4
0.0
3.2
0.0
0.0
1.0
10.
3 45
atm
4 33
10A
M
65.39
61.77
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.16
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bromide
Cadmium
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus, Dissolved Orthophosphate
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below De tec t
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Average
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Organic Carbon
Below Detect
Average
Average
4 mg/I
54 mg/I
0.68 mg/l
Temperature
DO
pH
Average
Average
Average
23.6 OC
8.0 mg/I
6.85
-6.92
-7.57
-7.40
-6.95
-7.40
-7.94
1 mg/m
4.1
0.05
Calculated
6.1
p equivalentiliter
35.40
42.84
31.62
Method
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
standard deviation
8.2
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.6
N/A
standard deviation
Method
Ratio
Calculated
Calculated
Fixed
Fixed
Ratio
Calculated
Method
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
3
-7.92
-7.36
-7.57
-6.41
-6.23
-7.04
-6.74
-9.00
-7.10
-6.74
-7.60
-7.71
-8.01
-7.06
-7.06
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Ratio
12
0.26
Ratio
0.3
0.4
Ratio
Ratio
Calculated
Below Detect
l equivalent/liter
58.84
276.92
127.89
7.95
3.99
15.66
213.13
117.46
0.06
p equivalent/liter
63.73
94.41
N/A
-3 5o
atm
10
9
10 -4 M
N/A
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.13
-7.00
-7.65
-7.05
-7.04
-7.48
-8.02
3
1 mg/m
-7.54
-7.44
-8.21
-6.50
-6.01
-8.10
-6.01
-9.08
-7.18
-6.82
-7.68
-7.79
-8.09
-7.14
-4.95
11 mg/I
31 mg/I
est. 0.12 mg/I
variable
8.8 mg/I
7.2
The majority of calculated chemical species are reasonably close to the measured
values. For an analysis of this type, these order-of-magnitude comparisons are
considered reasonably accurate. The major changes that are observed, namely total
organic carbon, need to be further explained.
Total organic carbon is an interesting quantity which is highly dependent on the
biological activity of the pond. The detection limit for total organic carbon (TOC) is 0.2
mg/l, however, a typical groundwater value in the Cape Cod sandy aquifer is 0.15 mg/l,
so 0.15 mg/l was assumed as a representative value for this site. The surface water has a
known concentration of TOC of 0.68 mg/1. So, it can be seen that Snake Pond biological
activity is a major and dominant contributor to TOC concentration in the surface water.
If the groundwater provides only 0.12 mg/l, it is clear that the majority (0.56 mg/1) of
TOC comes from pond activity.
Other less important observations are:
Chloride: This is shown to be higher in the surface water than calculated. This could
easily be attributed to the windblown chloride from the ocean.
Metals: It can easily be seen that many of the measured surface water concentrations are
less than those calculated for groundwater. This can be primarily attributed to settling.
It is important to note that for future comparisons, the model system to compare is
the calculatedsystem are not the measured one. This is so that the relative losses are
found and used for comparison purposes. To be more explicit: the calculatedvalues for
post-treatment conditions need to be compared to the calculatedpre-treatment (as
opposed to the actual measured surface water values). This is because the calculated
values do not match exactly, however, they were earlier shown to be reasonably accurate.
Therefore, we will calculate the relative losses within Snake Pond.
6.0 Expected Changes in Groundwater Chemistry
6.1 FS-12 Treatment Train
The treatment train planned for use to treat the leading edge of the plume is a
carbon adsorption system (see Figure 9). The design objective is to remove all VOCs,
EDB, and semi-volatiles.
Figure 9: FS-12 Treatment Train
The treatment process consists of the extracted groundwater entering a holding
tank, while a metered flowrate is released and treated with KMnO 4 and NaOH. The flow
than enters a greensand filter, from which sediment is removed to a sedimentation tank
and disposed of, and the remaining groundwater is transported to the UV/oxidation
system. After UV/oxidation treatment, the groundwater enters the granular activated
carbon filter beds where the contaminants of concern (namely EDB and benzene) are
adsorbed to carbon granules. After the treatment is completed, the water enters another
holding tank, from which it is reinjected into the ground through an extensive network of
reinjection wells (see Figure 4).
6.2 Inorganic Compounds
The following information on chemical changes due to the treatment train process
was taken from Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. (1996).
Since the influent water will be heated as it undergoes treatment, the treatment
plant effluent will be approximately 2.20 F (1.20 C) warmer, on average, than the ambient
groundwater. This value was estimated based on the power input from pumps and the
UV/oxidation system.
The pH of the treatment plant effluent will be near neutral (pH 7), and will be
somewhat higher that the slightly acidic ambient groundwater (4.87 - 6.82).
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) regulations require that
the pH of injected groundwater be between 6.5 and 8.5. Therefore, a base caustic
(NaOH) will be added to increase the pH to the DEP regulated levels. The caustic
addition for pH control will add about 0.3 mg/l of alkalinity (measured as CaC03).
Nitrogen (in the form of ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites) will not be significantly
removed by the treatment plant unit operations. One may argue that the oxidation of
NH,- to NO3 will be a sink for ammonia. However, since NH 4+ and NO 3- were found to
be at below detectable concentrations in both surface water and groundwater, the loss due
to oxidation will be negligible. Likewise, dissolved inorganic anions, inorganic carbon,
and phosphate concentrations will not be substantially reduced during treatment. Thus no
significant changes in Snake Pond were anticipated for these compounds.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) will be added to the water through the use of caustic
for pH control. Caustic addition will increase the TDS by about 0.3 ppm. The TDS in a
nearby well is 34 ppm. If the TDS at FS-12 is about the same as that well, then the
increase would be about 1%. If iron and manganese are precipitated, the increase would
be less.
The greensand filters will remove 90% of the iron and manganese. The carbon
beds will nearly completely remove the lead.
The following parameters are expected to have little or no impact by the treatment
system, and should not be changed in Snake Pond.
*
Inorganic compounds (other than Na' used in pH control)
*
Ammonia (not present in detectable amounts in the groundwater)
*
Hardness
*
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
*
Soluble Reactive Phosphate
6.3 Organic Compounds
An anticipated 100% of total organic carbon (TOC) will be removed by the
activated carbon. It is difficult to quantify the changes of TOC in Snake Pond directly
because of the difficulty in quantifying the biological activity. Also, through the use of
treatment plant filters, TSS should be reduced by over 90%.
6.4 Summary of Ambient Groundwater and Reinjected Groundwater
Composite
Table 13 shows the difference between the reinjected groundwater and the
ambient groundwater. Aligned next to the previously seen ambient groundwater
composite, the effect of the treatment train on groundwater chemistry can seen by
comparing these two columns.
Ambient Groundwater
Table 13: Reinjected Composite
Method
Major Ions
Reinjected Groundwater
standard deviation
13.2
23 4
275
00
0.00
2.84
583
19.93
5.71
standard deviation
44.10
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
337 9
N/A
standard deviation
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below De tec t
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
p equivalent/liter
70.37
330 99
153 50
7 14
0 38
18.76
254 35
13542
5.60
p equivalent/liter
84.75
131 40
N/A
10 ' " atm
10-291M
332 33
73.50
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.05
-6.92
-7.57
-6.96
-695
-7.40
-7.94
3
1 mg/m
-7.45
-7.36
-8.13
-6.41
-5.93
-8.02
-6 05
-900
-7.10
-6.74
-7.60
-7.71
-8.01
-7.06
-4.87
Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Organic Carbon
Average
Average
Below Detect
13 mg/i
37 mg/i
est. 0. 15 mg/I
11 mg/I
4
Temperature
DO
pH
Average
Average
Average
166 OC
8.6 mg/i
5.25
2.0
09
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Ammonia
Nitrate-Nitrite
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Hydrogen
Parameter
Average Measured Alkalinity
Alkalinity (C. - CA)
Alkalinity (pCO 2 = 10 ". and Given pH)
pCO 2 (Average Alk., and Given pH)
Cr (Average Alk., and Given pH)
Measured Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Calculated Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Analyte
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bromide
Cadmium
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus, Dissolved Orthophosphate
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Average
Average
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Average
Average
Average
Method
Average
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Average
Calculated
Method
Method
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
N/A
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.05
-6.92
-7.57
-6.96
-6.95
-7.40
-7.94
3
1 mg/m
-7.45
-7.36
-8 13
-641
-6.93
-8.02
-705
-900
-7.10
-6.74
-7.60
-7.71
-8.01
-7.06
-4.87
p equivalentiliter
70.37
330 99
15350
7.14
0.38
18.76
257.37
135.42
0.10
R equivalent/liter
81 75
128 92
N/A
10- ' "atm
4
10 09M
N/A
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.05
-6.92
-7.57
-696
-695
-7.40
-7.94
3
1 mg/m
-7.45
-7.36
-8.13
-6.41
-6.93
-8.02
-705
-9.00
-7.10
-6.74
-7.60
-7.71
-8.01
-7.06
-4.87
Average
Average
Below Detect
1 mg/l
38 mg/I
est. 0.00 mg/I
1 mg/I
38 mg/I
est. 0 00 mg/i
Average
Average
Average
Below Detect
Below Detect
Average
Average
Average
Average
Method
Average
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Average
Calculated
-7.00
log(Molar Conc.)
N/A
Method
Average
Average
Given
log(Molar Conc.)
-4.45
-3 48
-411
-5.15
-6.42
-4.73
-3 59
-4.17
15.45 OC
8 56 mg/I
70
15.45 OC
8.6 mg/I
7.0
It can be clearly seen from Table 13 that there are not many outstanding changes
in the groundwater composites. The major change of concern was the pH of the
reinjected groundwater being altered to 7.0 and the TOC concentration being altered to
0.0 mg/l. These specific issues will be addressed in more detail in Chapter 7.
7.0 Changes Expected in Surface Water Chemistry
7.1 Mixing of pH, Alkalinity,and CT
As done for pre-treatment conditions, two composite sample scenarios of Snake
Pond surface water were calculated (see Table 14) by performing ratio calculations as
well as pH/alkalinity/CT calculations. Table 14 is the expected post-treatment relative
surface water chemistry in Snake Pond based on the two groundwater models that have
been proposed by USGS and P2T. The two post-treatment predictions can be compared
against the pre-treatment predictions.
The first set of data are from the calculated pre-treatment condition, detailed
earlier. The respective header is 83% AMB GW / 17% RW (USGS). The next header,
which states 30% TR GW / 53% AMB GW / 17% RW (P2T), is the representative
composite when the P2T model is applied. The final header, which states 67% TR GW /
19% AMB GW / 14% RW (USGS), is the representative composite when the USGS
model is applied. The referenced percentages are from Table 5.
The difference between the two post-treatment scenario models and the pretreatment model, is taken to be the overall effect on Snake Pond surface water. By using
the two models (P2T and USGS) for comparison, this study covers a wide range of
possible flux scenarios.
Close observation of the results shown in Table 14 do not show any startling
results. pH, which was original a concern, turns out not to change at all due to
equilibration with the atmosphere. Also, ion concentrations are not significantly altered.
TOC reduction may still be a concern.
Table 14: Final Composites
Major Ions
83% AMB GW/ 17% RW (USGS)
Method
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Calculated
Calcium
Chlonde
Magnesium
Ammonia
Nitrate-Nitrite
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Hydrogen
Parameter
Average Measured Alkalinity
Alkalinity (CB- C,)
-3
Alkalinity (pCO 2 = 10 5, and Given pH)
pCO 2 (Average Alk., and Given pH)
C, (Average Alk., and Given pH)
Measured Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Calculated Conductivity (p mho/cm)
Analyte
Method
Ratio
Calculated
Calculated
Fixed
Fixed
Ratio
Calculated
Method
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bromide
Cadmium
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus, Dissolved Orthophosphate
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Detect
Detect
Detect
Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Organic Carton
Ratio
Ratio
Below Detect
Temperature
DO
pH
Ratio
Ratio
Calculated
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
4 equivalent/liter
5884
276 92
12789
7.95
3.99
1566
213.13
117 46
006
p equivalent/IIter
6373
9441
N/A
. 50
10 atm
9
104 M
N/A
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.13
-7.00
-765
-7.05
-7.04
-7.48
-802
3
1 mg/m
-7.54
-7.44
-821
-6.50
-601
-8.10
-601
-9 08
-7.18
-6.82
-7.68
-7.79
-809
-7.14
-495
11 mg/I
31 mg/I
est. 0.12 mg/I
vanable
8.8 mg/I
72
30% TR GW/ 53% AMB GW / 17% RW (P2T)
Method
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Calculated
Method
Ratio
Calculated
Calculated
Fixed
Fixed
Ratio
Calculated
Method
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Ratio
Ratio
Below Detect
Ratio
Ratio
Calculated
li equivalent/Ifter
58.84
276 92
127.89
7.95
3.99
15.66
214.03
117.46
0.06
I equivalent/liter
62.83
95.32
N/A
3
10 so atm
4 09
10o M
N/A
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.13
-7.00
-7.65
-7.05
-7.04
-7.48
-8.02
3
1 mg/m
-7.54
-7.44
-8.21
-6.50
-6.18
-8.10
-6.13
-9.08
-7.18
-6.82
-7.68
-7.79
-8.09
-7.14
-4.95
7 mg/I
31 mg/I
est 0 08 mg/I
variable
8.8 mg/I
72
67% TR GW / 19% AMB GW / 14% RW (USGS)
Method
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Calculated
Method
Ratio
Calculated
Calculated
Fixed
Fixed
Ratio
Calculated
Method
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Ratio
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Below
Ratio
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Detect
Ratio
Ratio
Below Detect
Ratio
Ratio
Calculated
I
equivalent/liter
60.87
286 72
13241
7.81
3.35
16.20
222 42
120.63
0.06
pequivalent/liter
65.43
101.73
N/A
3
10- atm
10-409M
N/A
N/A
log(Molar Conc.)
-6.12
-6.98
-7.64
-7.03
-7.02
-7.46
-8.00
3
1 mg/m
-7.52
-7.42
-8.19
-6.48
-6.52
-8.08
-6.36
-9.07
-7.16
-6.81
-7.66
-7.78
-8.07
-7.13
-4.94
3 mg/I
32 mg/I
est. 0.03 mg/I
varable
8.7 mg/I
7.2
7.2 UV-B Penetration
Total organic carbon was also a major concern of ecologists. One might say, by
looking at the bottom of Table 14, that when assuming the P2T model is correct, TOC is
reduced from 0.12 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l. That is a 75% reduction! But, by recalling that the
bulk on TOC comes from biological activity in Snake Pond, it can easily be reconciled
that a 0.09 mg/l drop in TOC is not as drastic. Assuming that dissolved organic carbon is
equal to TOC, it can be said that the pre-treatment concentration of DOC in Snake Pond
is 0.68 mg/l and the post-treatment DOC concentration is 0.59 mg/l (0.68 mg/l - 0.9
mg/1).
Figure 10: Graph of UV-B Penetration vs. Depth (Williamson et al., 1996)
(Williamson et al., 1996) developed empirical equations to calculate the depth of
1% UV-B penetration as a direct function of DOC concentration (see Figure 10). It was
found that a strong dependence of attenuation depth on DOC below the 1 - 2 mg/l DOC
range suggests that UV (type A and B) attenuation in low DOC lakes is highly sensitive
to even small changes in DOC (see Figure 10). Changes in climate, lake hydrology, acid
deposition, and other environmental factors that alter DOC concentrations in lakes may
be more important that stratospheric ozone depletion in controlling DNA-damaging UV
radiation environments in lakes.
Many dissolved organic matter (DOM) compounds are absorbers of harmful UVB radiation. UV-B has been known to have a negative impact on many components of
freshwater ecosystems including bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish, some of
which are utilized as a heterotrophic food source. Additionally, DOM compounds that
absorb UV light have been known to speed up or slow down nutrient cycling and primary
productivity. One could say that the DOC acts as a sunscreen to the pond system.
(Williamson et al., 1996)
The empirical model used to predict 1% attenuation depths for UV was developed
from UV radiation, chlorophyll, and DOC on 65 glacial lake sites in North and South
America. The core equation to calculate a coefficient for downwelling radiation are as
follows:
for UV-B:
Kd320 =
12
(r2 = 0.87, N = 63)
(16)
0.83 [DOC]'16
(r2 = 0.92, N = 62)
(17)
2.09[DOC] 1
for UV-A:
Kd38 0 =
where DOC is expressed in mg/l.
Then, to predict the depth, Z, below the lake/pond surface, the following equation
was used:
Zak =
4.605 Kd -1
(18)
When applying this method of analysis to the Snake Pond data, it was found that
the pre-treatment UV-B penetration depth is 3.39 meters, and the post-treatment UV-B
penetration depth is 3.98 meters (a difference of 0.59 meters). Remember that the mean
depth of Snake Pond is only 4.6 meters.
The same analysis applied for UV-A reveals a similar impact. It was found that
the pre-treatment UV-A penetration depth is 8.68 meters, and the post-treatment UV-A
penetration depth is 10.23 meters (a difference of 1.55 meters). Noting that the maximum
depth of Snake Pond is 9.45 meters, Snake Pond will be completely exposed to UV-A
radiation (for 1% attenuation).
8.0 Summary and Conclusions
This analysis shows that it si possible that there will be a negative impact on
Snake Pond due to the installation of the proposed treatment system, primarily because of
reduced DOC (see Williamson et al., 1996). A closer look at Table 13 shows that
inorganic species (including metals, dominant ion species, alkalinity, pH, etc.) will not be
significantly altered. However, the change in organic carbon, may alter the ecology of
Snake Pond.
pH, which was initially a concern, is not changed appreciably. This is due to the
fact that the pond will equilibrate with the atmosphere. So, regardless of the high or low
pH in the groundwater, alkalinity is a conservative substance that will govern the
resultant pH in Snake Pond surface water.
Noting that many inorganic species will not be significantly changed, it is worth
discussing TOC/DOC issue. TOC is physically and chemically complex. It contains
colloidal and particulate fractions of detritus. Very approximately, carbon comprises
about 50% by mass of the DOM. The remainder is due to oxygen and hydrogen, with
lesser amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. In systems dominated
hydrogeologically by fluxes of groundwater, the groundwater may be the dominant TOC
source, especially in more oligotrophic systems. Note that Snake Pond is very
oligotrophic. DOM also changes the biological availability of many metals to algae,
zooplankton, or even fish by complexation. Thus, the presence of DOM can make some
metals less toxic or make some metals more toxic. (Williamson et al., 1996)
Since Snake Pond has very low concentrations of organic carbon, and is shallow
relative to the UV-B and UV-A penetration depth of this oligotrophic pond, there may be
some significant impact on plankton communities (a heterotrophic food source),
vegetation, and overall pond productivity (according to Williamson et al., 1996). It is
difficult, however, to quantify to what extent this will happen. If Snake Pond had
ambient TOC/DOC concentrations of several mg/1, then, I would conclude that this effect
could be neglected. It is difficult to quantify the extent of biological damage that will be
seen. The 1% attenuation depth is not necessarily the important fraction where biota
begin to die. 1% is, however, an accepted index for measuring light penetration. An
ongoing field of study involves assesing which specific planktonmic, bacteria, and other
aquatic inhabitants are influenced by increasing UV radiation. For more informantion on
this see Moeller (1994) or Karentz et al. (1994). I feel that Snake Pond is very sensitive
to the DOC parameter.
References
Automated Sciences Group, Inc. Final Risk Assessment Handbook Volume 1 Risk Assessment Handbook.
September, 1994.
Automated Sciences Group, Inc. Final Risk Assessment Handbook Volume 2 Risk Assessment Handbook.
September, 1994.
Advanced Sciences, Inc. Final Volume 1 Remedial Investigation Report FS-12 Study Area. January,
1995.
Bosch, Christophe, Judy Gagnon, Holly Goo, Karen Jones, Vanessa Riva, and Mitos Triantopoulos. An
Assessment of Water Supply Issues and Current and Alternative Remedial Schemes for Fuel
Contaminated Groundwater, Including a Case Study: Fuel Spill 12 at the Massachusetts Military
Reservation. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. May 20, 1996.
Cole, Gerald A., Textbook ofLimnology. Waveland Press, Inc. Prospect Hills, Illinois. 1994.
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact
Report. November, 1996.
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering. Baseline Water Quality Studies of Selected Lakes and
Ponds in the Cape Cod Drainage Area - Volume 2. Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch. Westborough,
MA. December, 1984.
Dickerman, Joyce. Personal Communication and Presentation Overheads. Eco-TRET, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 1997.
Eaton, Andrew D., Lenore S. Clesceri, and Arnold E. Greenberg. StandardMethodsfor the Examination
of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association. 1995.
Hemond, Harold F. Acid Neutralizing Capacity, Alkalinity, and Acid-Base Status of Natural Waters
Containing Organic Acids. EnvironmentalScience and Technology, Volume 24 Number 10.
1990.
Home, Alexander J., and Charles R. Goldman. Limnology. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York. 1994.
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Draft FS-12 Plume Containment System Project Execution Plan.
September, 1996.
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Phase 1 Ecological Monitoring Program Interim Vernal Pool/Wetland
Characterization Report. August, 1996.
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Quarterly Data Draft Summary Report Summer 1996 Baseline Ecological
Characterization. Volume 1. November, 1996.
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Potential Effects of Water Treatment System Effluent Recharge to Snake
Pond. Internal Memo. October, 1996.
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Sampling Plan for Baseline Ecological Characterization Associated with
the Massachusetts Military Reservation. August, 1996.
Karentz, D., M.L. Bothwell, R.B. Coffin, A. Hanson, G.J. Herndl, S.S. Kilham, M.P. Lesser, M. Lindell,
R.E. Moeller, D.P. Morris, P.J. Neale, R.W. Sanders, C.S. Weiler, and R.G. Wetzel. Impact of
UV-B Radieation on Pelagic Freshwater Ecosystems: Report of Working Group on Bacteria and
Phytoplankton. Ergebnisse der Limnologie. Volume 43, pp. 31-69. November, 1994.
Lee, Ron. A Physical Assessment of Snake Pond of cape Cod, Massachusetts, Including a Thermal and
Surface/Ground Water Model. Master of Engineering Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 1997.
Moeller, Robert E. Contribution of Ultraviolet Radiation (UV-A, UV-B) to Photoinhibition of Epilimnetic
Phytoplankton in Lakes of Differng UV Transparency. Ergebnisse der Limnologie. Volume 43,
pp. 157-170. November, 1994.
Morel, Francois M.M., and Janet G. Hering. Principalsand Applications ofAquatic Chemistry. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, New York. 1993.
Operational Technologies Corporation. Draft Technical Memorandum for the Beneficial Use of Treated
Groundwater. July, 1995.
Operational Technologies Corporation. Fuel Spill 12 and Storm Drain 5 Plume Contaminant System
Groundwater Modeling Results. July, 1996.
Sawyer, Clair N, Perry L. McCarty, and Gene F. Parkin. Chemistryfor EnvironmentalEngineering.
McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, New York. 1994.
Stumm, Werner, and James J. Morgan. Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibriain Natural Waters. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, New York. 1996.
Walter, Don. Personal Communication. United States Geological Survey, Marlboro, MA. 1997.
Wetzel, Robert G., and Gene E. Likens. Limnological Analysis. Springer-Verlag. New York. 1991.
Williamson, Craig E., Richard S. Stemberger, Donald P. Morris, Thomas M. Frost, Steven G. Paulsen.
Ultraviolet Radiation in North American Lakes: Attenuation Estimates From DOC Measurements
and Implications for Plankton Communities. Limnology and Oceanography, Volume 41, Issue 5,
pp. 1024-1034. 1996.
Appendices
Appendix A: BiologicalData
This is a summary of the results of a biological survey was conducted by Jacobs
Engineering, Inc. conducted on 10/22/96 (Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., 1996).
Vegetation Found
* rose coreopsis (Coreopsis rosea)
* tickle grass (Agrostis scabra)
* panic grass (Panicum lanuginosum)
* narrow-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia galetorum)
* young pitch pines along pondshore
* steeplebush
* meadowsweet
* brambles (Rubus flagellaris and Rubus hispidus)
* little bluestem (Schizycarium)
* bushclover (Lespedeza capitatum)
Amphibian/Reptiles Found
* adult bullfrogs
* eastern painted turtles
Odonates Observed (on several different dates)
* civil bluet (Enallagma civile)
* little bluet (E. minisculum)
* steam bluet (E. exulans)
* calico pennant (Celithemis elisa)
Fish Species Occurrence
* American eel (Anguilla rostrata)
* Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nubulosus)
* White sucker (Catostomus commersoni)
* Banded killfish (Fundulus diaphanus)
* Golden shiner (Notemigonus crysolecas)
* Largemouth bass (Nucrioterys salmoides)
* Smallmouth bass (Mocropterus dolomeuie)
* Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
* Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)
* Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)
* White Perch (Morone americana)
* Chain pickerel (Esox niger)
Appendix B: Chemical Data
The following series of data sheets are the raw data provided by Jacobs
Engineering, Inc. used to perform the analyses done in this report.
Note that the DO/pH/temp etc. profiles were collected at approximately 3 meter
intervals.
Sampling Depths:
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S 1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S 1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S 1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S -SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S 1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S 1-SE-04
BEGIN DEPTH (ft)
2
5
5
11
12
15
24.5
25
30
30
END DEPTH (ft)
2.5
6
5.5
11.5
12.5
16
25
26
31
31
Field Parameters
Sample
Max Water Depth (m) I Sample Depth (m)
Redox Pot. (mV)
Temp (C)I DO(mgll) pH (S.U.)I Specific Cond (mSlcm)
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPD01
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPD02
SNAKEPD02
SNAKEPD02
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD03
SNAKEPD04
SNAKEPD04
SNAKEPD04
SNAKEPD04
SNAKEPD04
SNAKEPD04
SNAKEPDO4
SNAKEPD04
SNAKEPD05
6.78
6.78
6.78
6.78
6.78
6.78
6.78
3.67
3.67
3.67
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
1.67
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
7.50
1.00
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
23.60
23.60
23.60
23.60
23.60
23.60
23.60
23.70
23.60
23.60
23.89
23.84
23.78
23.56
23.45
23.38
23.29
23.19
23.11
24.20
24.11
24.09
24.00
23.49
23.40
23.32
23.31
22.50
8.06
8.02
7.98
7.97
7.98
7.95
7.93
7.10
7.09
6.96
8.37
8.21
8.13
8.04
8.07
8.00
7.92
7.71
7.17
8.75
8.46
8.40
8.31
8.17
8.12
8.00
7.87
8.00
7.29
7.17
7.07
6.99
6.94
6.89
6.85
7.25
7.14
7.00
6.93
6.87
6.83
6.79
6.76
6.71
6.68
6.64
6.55
6.95
6.88
6.86
6.82
6.80
6.99
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0650
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0660
0.0640
GMW-10
GMW-C01
GMW-016
3.15
1.71
0.74
5.93
6.78
5.68
396.00
279.00
459.00
16.60
14.17
19.17
9.24
7.22
9.21
5.50
6.82
4.87
0.81
0.10
0.08
6.77
6.73
6.68
Surface Water Data
SAMPLE
I SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-01
L
LOCID
DEPTH RANGE
I
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
SNAKEPD-01D SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
12
12.5
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
ISAMPLE DATE
II
.
ANALYTE
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COBALT
COPPER
COPPER
IRON
IRON
LEAD
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SILVER
SODIUM
SODIUM
VANADIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ZINC
1-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
I VALUE
IUNITSI
4.8
mg/I
34
78.7
0
0
5.1
5.2
0
1.2
0
0
1360
1560
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
36.4
35.7
0
2.4
1030
1100
0
4.7
0
0
616
639
0
2.8
0
0
5570
5370
0
0
0
0
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
2.7
mg/I
I
-
DETECT
1
23.9
23.9
2
2
1.8
1.8
1
1
1.3
1.3
21.4
21.4
1.2
1.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.7
5.3
5.3
2
2
59.1
59.1
1.3
1.3
4.7
4.7
616
639
2
2
2.1
2.1
37.8
37.8
4.4
4.4
3.8
3.8
Surface Water Data
LOCID
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
S AMPLE
SNAKE PD-S 1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1 -WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01 D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKE PD-S1-WS-01D
|
L DEPTH
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
RANGE
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
|
ISAMPLE DATE I
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ANALYTE
IVALUEI
UNITS
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
Chlorophyll
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COBALT
COPPER
COPPER
CYANIDE
HARDNESS (AS CaCO3)
IRON
IRON
LEAD
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SILVER
SODIUM
81.9
0
0
0
4.4
5.4
0
0
0
0
0
1540
1360
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
44.1
14.3
219
2.4
1140
1040
4.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
664
637
0
0
0
0
5740
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
3
mg/m
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
•
IDETECT
23.9
23.9
2
2
1.8
1.8
1
1
0.0032
1.3
1.3
21.4
21.4
0.11
1
1.2
1.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.7
0.0074
1
5.3
5.3
2
2
59.1
59.1
1.3
1.3
4.7
4.7
0.1
0.0053
0.0056
664
637
2
2
2.1
2.1
37.8
I|
Surface Water Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-01D
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S 1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-02
DEPTH RANGE
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
SAMPLE DATE
ANALYTE
VALUE UNITS DETECT
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (RESIDUE, NON-FILTERABLE)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ZINC
5450
5.4
0
62
1.1
0
0
0
0
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
37.8
0.058
4
10
0.2
4.4
4.4
3.8
3.8
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
Chlorophyll
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COBALT
COPPER
COPPER
CYANIDE
HARDNESS (AS CaCO3)
IRON
IRON
LEAD
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
2.7
0
27.8
0
4.7
4.6
0
0
0
0
1400
1420
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
34.7
25.6
2.1
0
1060
1060
4
0
0
0
0
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/m 3
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
1
23.9
23.9
2
1.8
1.8
1
1
1.3
1.3
21.4
21.4
0.11
1
1.2
1.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.7
0.0074
1
5.3
5.3
2
2
59.1
59.1
1.3
1.3
4.7
4.7
0.1
Surface Water Data
LOCID
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
S AMPLE
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-02
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
I
I DEPTH RANGE
ANALYTE
FSAMPLE DATE
VALUE UNITS DETECT
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SILVER
SODIUM
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (RESIDUE, NON-FILTERABLE)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ZINC
627
717
0
2.5
0
5670
5520
5.2
0
56
0.7
0
0
0
15.2
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
627
717
2
2.1
2.1
37.8
37.8
0.058
4
10
0.2
4.4
4.4
3.8
3.8
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
BARIUM
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COBALT
COPPER
COPPER
IRON
IRON
LEAD
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
0
0
4.4
7.8
0
0
0
3.6
1200
1290
0
3.5
0
3.7
0
4.8
6.5
71.5
0
0
1070
1110
34.1
56
0
0
682
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
23.9
23.9
1.8
1.8
0.2
0.2
1.3
1.3
21.4
21.4
1.2
1.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.7
5.3
5.3
0
0
59.1
59.1
1.3
1.3
4.7
4.7
682
Surface Water Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-SI-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-SI-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-03
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1 -WS-04
SNAKE PD-S 1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-04
DEPTH RANGE
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
SAMPLE DATE
ANALYTE
VALUE UNITS DETECT
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SILVER
SODIUM
SODIUM
VANADIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ZINC
696
0
0
0
0
5730
5700
0
0
3.9
16.4
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
696
0
0
2.1
2.1
37.8
37.8
4.4
4.4
3.9
16.4
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
BARIUM
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
Chlorophyll
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COBALT
COPPER
COPPER
CYANIDE
HARDNESS (AS CaCO3)
IRON
IRON
LEAD
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
NICKEL
4.1
0
0
4.1
6.4
0
0
0.035
0
2.6
1210
1290
11
0
0
2.4
0
0
0
2.7
0
30
16.8
43.1
3.3
0
1060
1120
0
6.4
0
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/m 3
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
1
23.9
23.9
1.8
1.8
0.2
0.2
0.0032
1.3
1.3
21.4
21.4
1.1
1
1.2
1.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.7
0.0074
1
5.3
5.3
0
0
59.1
59.1
1.3
1.3
4.7
Surface Water Data
LOCID
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
S AMPLE
I
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-04
SNAK EPD-S1-WS-04
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEPD-S1-WS-05
DEPTH RANGE
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
I SAMPLE DATE
ANALYTE
VALUE UNITS DETECT
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SILVER
SODIUM
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (RESIDUE, NON-FILTERABLE)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ZINC
6.6
0
0
0
711
688
0
0
0
0
5840
5680
5.8
0
34
0.28
0
0
5.5
21
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
4.7
0.1
0.0053
0.0056
711
688
0
0
2.1
2.1
37.8
37.8
0.58
4
10
0.2
4.4
4.4
5.5
21
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
Chlorophyll
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COBALT
COPPER
COPPER
3.4
0
0
0
0
6.9
5.9
0
0
0
0
0
1350
1420
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/m 3
ug/I
ug/I
ug/l
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
1
23.9
23.9
2
2
1.8
1.8
1
1
0.0032
1.3
1.3
21.4
21.4
0.11
1
1.2
1.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.7
Surface Water Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPD01
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPD01
SNAKEPD01
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPD01
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPDO1
SNAKEPD01
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-05
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-05
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-05
SNAKEEPD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE_PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE_PD-S1-WS-01
SNAKE-PD-S1-WS-01
I
DEPTH RANGE
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
I SAMPLE DATE
ANALYTE
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
CYANIDE
HARDNESS (AS CaCO3)
IRON
IRON
LEAD
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SILVER
SODIUM
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (RESIDUE, NON-FILTERABLE)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ZINC
BROMIDE
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
Chlorophyll
CYANIDE
HARDNESS (AS CaCO3)
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (RESIDUE, NON-FILTERABLE)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
•
|
•
•
VALUE UNITSJ DETECT
0
8
22.1
41.8
0
0
1060
1000
3.8
5.6
0
0
0
0
0
626
600
0
0
0
0
5530
5410
5.4
0
50
0.62
0
0
0
6.9
0
11
0
0
6
0
0
0
5.5
0
68
0.69
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/1
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/m 3
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
0.0074
1
5.3
5.3
2
2
59.1
59.1
1.3
1.3
4.7
4.7
0.1
0.0053
0.0056
626
600
2
2
2.1
2.1
37.8
37.8
0.058
4
10
0.2
4.4
4.4
3.8
3.8
0.0032
0.11
1
0.0074
1
0.1
0.0053
0.0056
0.058
4
10
0.2
Sediment Dataa
LOCID
I
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01 D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01 D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
I
I
RANGE (ft) ISAMPLE DATE
I DEPTH
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01
24.5
25
1-Aug-96
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
ANALYTE
I
I
I
VALUE UNITS DETECT
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
CYANIDE
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
Organic Matter
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
VANADIUM
ZINC
7600
4.5
30.4
0.34
0
0
653
11
7.8
0
8.7
0
7080
41.8
1010
66.3
6.4
8.6
0.025
5.11
0
688
0
0
0
3
16.2
52.7
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
CYANIDE
IRON
LEAD
7750
4.5
30.9
0.43
0
0
678
10
9.4
0
9.2
0
6960
49.4
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
10.7
1.9
0.99
0.09
0.0071
1.2
9.6
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.1
0.074
2.4
1.3
26.6
0.36
3.9
3.4
0.012
3
0.013
224
1.8
0.94
317
0.13
1.6
0.76
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/l
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/l
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
10.7
1.9
0.81
0.09
0.0071
1.2
9.6
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.1
0.074
2.4
1.3
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/i
mg/kg
mg/kg
Sediment Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-01 D
SNAKEPD-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-01D
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-02
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-SI-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-02
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-Sl-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-02
DEPTH RANGE (ft) SAMPLE DATE
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
ANALYTE
VALUE UNITS DETECT
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
Organic Matter
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
VANADIUM
ZINC
1090
71.4
5.4
8.6
0.034
5.29
0
926
0
0
0
3
19
55.7
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/l
ug/I
26.5
0.36
3.9
3.4
0.012
3
0.013
224
1.8
0.94
316
0.13
1.6
0.76
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
CYANIDE
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
ZINC
1440
1.6
6.6
0.12
0
0
169
2.3
2.3
0
3.3
0
1770
15.8
226
15.1
0
4.7
0.028
0
392
0
0
0
2.4
2700
6.3
15.9
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
5.8
1
0.53
0.048
0.0039
0.63
5.2
0.13
1
0.82
0.61
0.074
1.3
0.68
14.3
0.19
2.1
1.8
0.0065
0.0068
122
0.99
0.51
170
0.071
4
0.87
0.41
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
mg/kg
Sediment Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-03
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
CYANIDE
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
Organic Matter
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
VANADIUM
ZINC
3.4
15500
6.3
62.7
0.79
0
0
1170
18
16.6
5
15.4
0
12900
86.8
1760
101
8.5
24
0.054
12.1
0
739
0
0
0
7.5
33.8
98.4
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
1
19.4
3.5
1.8
0.16
0.013
2.1
17.4
4.4
3.4
2.8
2
0.31
4.3
2.3
48.1
0.65
7
6.2
0.022
3
0.023
406
3.3
1.7
574
0.24
2.9
1.4
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
CYANIDE
2230
0
10.9
0.18
0
0
190
3.7
3
1.5
2.5
0
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
7.4
1.3
0.68
0.062
0.005
0.8
6.6
1.7
1.3
1
0.77
0.12
DEPTH RANGE (ft) SAMPLE DATE
ANALYTE
VALUE UNITS
DETECT
Sediment Dat
LOCID
a
I
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-04
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
SNAKEPD-S1-SE-05
I
I DEPTH RANGE (ft) SAMPLE DATE
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
ANALYTE
VALUE UNITS DETECT
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
ZINC
2980
14.5
288
20.7
3
0
0.04
0.14
162
0
0
0
2.8
11000
6.7
20
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
1.6
0.86
18.2
0.25
2.6
2.4
0.0084
0.0089
154
1.3
0.65
217
0.093
4
1.1
0.52
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
CYANIDE
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE
Organic Matter
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
18400
7.5
78.4
0.96
0
0
1000
15
19.2
4.8
12.4
0
15300
61.4
2130
141
13.1
64
0.063
40.4
0
1900
0
0
0
4.2
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
mg/kg
15.6
2.8
1.4
0.13
0.011
1.7
14
3.5
2.7
2.2
1.6
0.074
3.5
1.8
38.6
0.52
5.6
5
0.018
3
0.019
326
2.7
1.4
461
0.2
mg/kg
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/kg
I
Sediment Data
LOCID
SNAKEPD-05
SNAKEPD-05
SAMPLE
SNAKEPD-Si-SE-05
SNAKEPD-SI-SE-05
DEPTH RANGE (ft) SAMPLE DATE
5
5
6
6
1-Aug-96
1-Aug-96
ANALYTE
VANADIUM
ZINC
VALUE UNITS
34.7
55.1
ug/I
ug/I
DETECT
2.4
1.1
Groundwater Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
GMW-10
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
FS-12/GMW-10-01
GMW-10D FS-12/GMW-10-01D
GMW-1 OD FS-12/GMW-10-01D
GMW-1OD FS-12/GMW-10-01 D
I SAMPLE
DATE
ANALYTE
-I VALUE
6.9
|
UNITS IDETECT
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
HARDNESS (AS CACO3)
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE (AS N)
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
ZINC
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
6.2
0
0
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
0
0
ug/I
ug/I
11.2
ug/I
0
ug/I
0
mg/I
0
ug/I
1310
11
1.3
0
0
10
0
0
2000
11.6
0
0
0
0
841
0
0
5910
6.4
10
38
0
0
8.2
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
23.9
2
1.8
1
1.3
21.4
1.2
2.6
1.7
5.3
2
59.1
1.3
4.7
841
3
2.1
37.8
4.4
3.8
23.9
2
I
Groundwater Data
LOCID
DATE
LSAMPLE
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
2-Aug-96
SAMPLE
ANALYTE
GMW-10OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-10D
GMW-1OD
GMW-10OD
GMW-10OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-10D
GMW-10D
GMW-1OD
GMW-10D
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-10D
GMW-10D
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-10D
GMW-1OD
GMW-1OD
GMW-10D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
FS-12/GMW-10-01D
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
HARDNESS (AS CACO3)
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE (AS N)
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
ZINC
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
VALUE UNITS IDETECT
10.9
0
0
0
1320
12
0
0
1.9
3.3
0
0
1990
7 0.6
0
0
0
0
8134
0
0
5790
63.5
0
32
0
0
0
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
0
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
1.8
1
1.3
21.4
1.2
2.6
1.7
5.3
2
59.1
1.3
4.7
834
3
2.1
37.8
4.4
3.8
23.9
2
1.8
1
I
I,
-
-
Groundwater Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
SAMPLE DATE
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
P-i-C
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
FS-12/P-1-C-01
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
HARDNESS (AS CACO3)
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE (AS N)
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
ZINC
0
1850
13
0
0
0
27
220
0
2170
75.2
0
0
0
0
685
0
0
6030
5.2
30
42
0
0
3460
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
VVT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
FS-12/VVT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WVVT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/VVT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
ALKALINITY, TOTAL (AS CaCO3)
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BROMIDE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHLORIDE
4.8
450
0
32.6
0
0
0
1150
11
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
ANALYTE
I VALUE UNITS
DETECT
1.3
21.4
1.2
2.6
1.7
5.3
2
59.1
1.3
4.7
685
3
2.1
37.8
4.4
3.8
23.9
2
1.8
1
1.3
21.4
Groundwater Data
LOCID
SAMPLE
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
WT-16
FS-12NVT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/VWT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/VVT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/VVT-16-01
FS-12/VT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
FS-12/VVT-16-01
FS-12/WT-16-01
SAMPLE DATE
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
2-Aug-96
ANALYTE
CHROMIUM, TOTAL
COBALT
COPPER
HARDNESS (AS CACO3)
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
NICKEL
NITROGEN, AMMONIA (AS N)
NITROGEN, NITRATE-NITRITE (AS N)
PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORTHOPHOSPHATE (AS P)
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
SULFATE (AS SO4)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
VANADIUM
ZINC
IVALUE
UNITS
6
ug/I
0
0
ug/I
ug/I
8.3
43.6
mg/I
ug/I
0
ug/I
1300
39.1
9.2
0
0
0
574
0
0
5670
7.9
13
37
0
0
39.8
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
ug/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
ug/I
ug/I
I DETECT
1.2
2.6
1.7
5.3
2
59.1
1.3
4.7
574
3
2.1
37.8
4.4
3.8