A STUDY OF VARIATION
IN THE
SHELL OF THE MARINE GASTROPOD,
PURPURA LAPILLUS.
BY HAROLD SARGENT CONANT.
A THESIS
PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE,
MAY, 1900.
CONTENTS.
.
.
(1) INTRODUCTORY
.
i-lii
.
(2) THEORETICAL
THE STUDY OF VARIATION
.
.
.
(a) Its Importance .
.
.
.
.
(b) Historical.
(c) As Applied to the Case in Hand.
.
.
1
2
4
.
(3) GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES
ANATOMY
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
DISTRIBUTION
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
STATION
.
.
.
8
.
.
LIFE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
8
THE SHELL AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE SOFT PARTS
9
VARIATIONS IN
.
.
.
(a) Shape
.
(b) Size
(c) Thickness .
(d) Markings .
(e) Color
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
11
11
11
12
(f)
.
.
.
.
.
16
.
.
.
.
.
13
Teeth
.
.
(4) STATISTICAL
CHARACTERS MEASURED
(a) Nuclear Angle
(b) Adult Angle
(c) Shape Ratio
(d) Imbrications
(e) Sutures
.
14
14
.
(f) Ribs
.
.
15
16
.
16
.
(g) Teeth
(h) Thickness .
17
(i) Weight
(j) Excavation of the Columella
.
THE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
THE STATISTICAL METHOD .--
16
17
17
18
STUDY OF THE DATA.
20
.
.
.
.
.
22
22
22
CONSTANTS.
(a) The Mode
.
.
.
(b)
" Mean.
(c)
" Standard Deviation
CONCLUSIONS.
.
.
.24-37
Literature List
__
_CL
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE I.
. opp.
P.13
Fig. 1. Shell (Ventral side.)
2.
"
(Dorsal
)
3. Body (Perspective.)
4. Veliger.
5. Rhomboidal Shell.
6. Rhombic Shell.
PLATE II.
* opp. P.15
Fig. 7.
Nuclear and Adult Angle.
Nuclear Angle less than the Adult.
Nuclear Angle equal to Adult.
10.
"
"
greater than Adult.
" 11. Shape Ratio.
" 12. Excavation of the Columella..
S 8.
"
9.
" 13.
14.
"
n
15.
n
f
n
n
*
*
PLATE III.
Fig.16.
17.
" 18.
19.
" 20.
" 21.
" 22.
23.
A 24.
25.
26.
27.
" 28.
n
. opp. P.18
Imbrications.
Sutures.
Ribs.
Columella.
PLATE IV.
. opp. P.19
Fig.29. Conchometer.
PLATE V.
Fig.30. Weighing Machine.
. opp. P.20
PLATE VI.
EASTPORT I.
Males.
Figs. 31-42.
PLATE VII.
"
I.
Females.
"
43-52.
PLATE VIII.
"
II.
Males.
"
53-63.
PLATE IX.
"
II.
Females.
PLATE X.
GLOUCESTER.
PLATE XI.
PLATE XII.
NEWPORT.
PLATE XIII.
n
64-74.
Males.
"
75-85.
Females.
"
86-97.
Males.
"
98-104.
Females.
9"
105-112.
INTRODUCTION
The phenomena of variation form the basis of fact' upon
which must rest any theory of organic evolution.
It is only by
the study of individual variation that we are able to measure
the force of heredity, and the study of racial.variation is
equally necessary for the precise determination of the limits of
species.
While the importance of the subject was recognized by
Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace and their followers many years ago, it
was not until 18
that J. G. Allen introduced the quantitative
method of precise measurements into the study of variation, and
not till 18
that Galton first employed the statistical method
in the discussion of the results, and it is only within a very
few years that Allen and Galton have found any considerable numnber of followers.
Leunis estimates the total number of living
species as 272,090, while the number in which the variations
have been studied quantitatively probably does not exceed 50,
and the number of workers may be counted upon the two hands.
The application of the principles of precise measurements
and statistical methods to the study of variation in organic
species has opened a new field of biological research,-- one
which is almost untrodden and may be expected to yield results
of the greatest general importance.
But before any great gen-
eralizations can be made with safety, the laws of variation must
ii.
be determined in many species, in many different localities,
and by many independent workers.
Therefore, any contribution
to the subject, no matter how small, if the work be done accurately and well, will be of importance as a contribution to the
final result.
A particularly favorable subject for a study of this kind
is to be found in one of the small marine snails, Purpura lapillus,
(L.), Lam., that is found on both the east and west coasts
of North America and is common everywhere on the coast of New
England from Eastport to Cape Cod.
The most casual observer
looking at these shells as they cluster in the tide pools or
cling to the Fucus cannot fail to be struck by the variety that
they present in coloration,
sculpturing and shape of shell.
Moreover, if one should gather some of the snails for the purpose of determining the name of the species by reference to published descriptions, he would find himself at once involved in
difficulties,
for this mollusc belongs to a group in which the
limits of the species are particularly hard to define.
In Purpura lapillus, then, we have a form that is abundant,
that presents well-marked and easily measured variations, and
that suggests numerous questions that we can hope to answer only
by the statistical method.
Surely one could not wish for more
favorable material.
A discussion of the questions that we may expect to answer
is
better deferred until after a review of the work of others
upon similar lines.
pura lapillus is.
Before taking that up, let us see what PurThe best published description of the species
iii.
is given by Leunis ('83) as follows:- "The shell is ovoid,
pointed, ribbed, greenish yellow, often banded with white; spire
conical; lip thick, slightly folded on its inner surface; length
35 m.m."
According to Tryon,the male Purpura lapillus is longer
and more slender than the female, and has a fine, tapering spire,
with a plicated throat.
In aged specimens, the throat has not
infrequently a succession of tubercular rows, forming internal
varices.
Occasionally a shell is truncated, or the first whorls
broken and deserted.
In brackish water they are smaller and
thinner.
This thoroughly inexact method of description is far from
what it ought to be, and illustrates the urgent need for an entire change in systematic methods.
THEORETICAL.
The species we are considering varies widely in many characters or respects.
In passing, it may be said that it would be
hard to find a more variable group of organisms.
It has baffled
conchologists to such an extent that the classification of the
species of the Purpurae is hopelessly unscientific.
But through-
out the great variations in form, size and markings, the shell
retains an individuality of its own which distinguishes it from
closely related species, so that there is at work besides the
centrifugal or dissipating force of variation, the centripetal
or centralizing force of heredity.
The latter gives to the type
the individuality which distinguishes it from others, while the
former gives the plasticity which allows it to be adaptive. Both
heredity and variation are absolutely indispensible factors in
the continuance of a species and should never be regarded as antagonistic to each other except in the sense that each modifies
the other
by its presence.
Variation thus assumes an importance in the study of organisms which is equalled only by heredity.
The appreciation of
this fact has been felt only recently, but already, as a result
of investigation of the phenomenon of biological variation, several laws of great importance have been discovered, and it lcoks
as if we had here a key by means of which we can unlock many of
the problems of biology.
No one method can ever claim to solve
the problem of Life, and much that is claimed for this method is
2.
absurd, but that it
is a real tool when put into hands capable
of using it cannot truthfully be denied.
As Weldon has pointed
out, one of its richest fields is in answering some of the objections to natural selection, and in a consequent strengthening
of that doctrine.
Its value in the classification of doubtful
species has been greatly overestimated, but it certainly can be
of some value there also.
A great deal of work has already been done in measuring
characters of different groups of animals and plants, to determine the laws governing variation.
It has been shown by these
researches that, given a representative lot from a single species, the characters of individuals will group themselves about
the mean in such a way that the further one recedes from the
average, the fewer individuals will be found, and conversely,
the nearer one approaches the average, the greater number will
be found.
(
Weldon ('90) first conclusively showed what Galton
) and Quetelet (
) had partly proven, that " The varia-
tions in size of the organs measured occur with the frequency
indicated by the law of error."
Added proof of this law
(called also the law of probability or more accurately the law
of probability of error) may be found in the data of nearly
every piece of subsequent work on variation, and it has now become well established.
This law states that the individuals
group themselves symmetrically about the average, that small departures from the average are more frequent than large ones, and
that there is a limit in each direction beyond which no individuals will occur.
Biological variation, then, has been found
to be expressed by this law.
Merriman ('97) remarks,
"Nature
aims to produce certain mean proportions; and the various groups
into which (living things) may be classified deviate from the
mean according to the law of the probability curve."
The establishment of this fact served as a foundation for
further research which has been carried on along several independent lines.
The most fruitful of these thus far has been in
investigating the working of natural selection.
Weldon ('95)
actually determined the rate at which natural selection was
working among a group of crabs in Plymouth, England.
He pointed
out in the paper that only by getting a quantitative measure of
this factor can we appreciate its importance.
"The whole diffi-
culty of the theory of natural selection is a quantitative difficulty.
It is the difficulty of believing that in any given
case a small deviation from the mean character will be sufficiently useful or sufficiently harmful to matter.
That is a
difficulty which can only be got rid of by determining in a number of cases how much a given variation does matter; and I hope
I have shown you that such determination is possible, and if it
is possible, it is our duty to make it.....
For numerical
knowledge of this kind is the only ultimate test of the theory
of natural selection or of any other theory of any natural process whatever."
This at once puts the matter in the right light,
and its forcefulness cannot be gainsaid.
Experimenting on the cause of variation, Vernon ('97) found
that changes in environment appreciably affected the material
(sea-urchins) upon which he worked.
The effect of a new environment on a species was investigated by Bumpus ('97) on the introduced sparrow and in ('98) on
the marine gastropod Littorina littorea.
Both forms were found
to be more variable in the new environment.
These are, perhaps, the mostistriking pieces of work done
in this line, and do not fairly represent the average.
A vast
amount of work of a more elementary and less striking character
has been done in the way of locating species or varieties in
their proper numerical place.
While such work may not possess
great value of itself, it must be regarded as a distinct contribution to the subject.
The present work is of this type.
It
attempts to locate the species Purpura lapillus from a number of
aspects, and to note any truths which come out as result of this
process of cataloguing.
In collecting the shells to study the variations which occurred, I realized that to have the measurements of any value,
I must collect with three points in view:1) To determine what variations are due to geographical
position,
2) To determine what variations are due to differences in
kind of localities, and
3) To determine what degree of continuity or discontinuity.
the spe-cies shows.
The first point was fulfilled by making collections in localities as widely separated as possible:-at Eastport, Me.,
Kennebunk Beach, Me., Gloucester, Mass., and Newport, R. I. ;
the second, by making two collections at Eastport,-one in smooth,
the other in rough water, and by noting carefully the character
of the other collecting points; the third, by getting shells
from the southern limit of the species, and from as far north as
possible, and by getting as much variety in the environment as
I could.
A description of the various collecting points will be
found at the beginning of e'ach set of data.
formed methodically
at-
Collection was per-
random, that is, so as to avoid selec-
tion with respect to any character.
In localities where (all
but Gloucester) the shells were not too numerous, I picked the
rocks clean, i.
e.
took all there were within a certain area.
The shells were boiled as soon as possible after gathering,-in order to facilitate the removal of the animals,-- and were
then kept in alcohol (90d) until wanted for use.
The first separation of the shells was made according to
sex, in order that variations due to this factor might be taken
into account.
The determination of sex is comparatively easy
since the external genital organs are dissimilar in the two
sexes, and all that is necessary is to pull out the muscular
region with a tenaculum and note the presence or absence of the
penis.
As regards errors resulting from not being able to dis-
tinguish sex in immature specimens, there are practically none.
I have found the external reproductive organs present and differenciated from a very early stage.
Doubtful cases,
i.
e.
maimed specimens, were in all cases discarded, as well as empty
shells.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.
ANATOMY.--- Purpura lapillus is a prosobranchiate gastropod
of the family Muricidae .
The animal, (figured bn Plate 1,
Fig. 3,) like the typical gastropod, is
spirally coiled, an ar-
rangement which is carried out in the twisted shell in which it
lives (figured on Plate 1, Figs.
1 & 2).
The body may be rough-
ly divided into three regions according to the general character
of each.
The first is the muscular, which comprises the head
and foot; the splanchnic, which includes most of the viscera;
and the hepatic, which consists of the convoluted organ known as
the liver.
In the muscular region,
the tentacles before mentioned,
the
mouth and external genital organs, the anus and excretory opening occur.
From the fact that this region bears all the organs
which connect direct directly with the external environment, it
is the only one which ordinarily protrudes from the shell.
The splanchnic region contains, among other structures, the
reproductive organs.
The difference in the size of these in the
two sexes is important as it has its bearing on the shape of the
shell.
Where in the male we have the testis situated at the
second whorl (usually) embracing the "liver" with its racemose
branches, we find in the female the more or less globose ovary
* Order, Prosobranchiata; Sub-order, Monotocardia; Section,
Rachiglossa; Family, Muricidae; Sub-family, Purpurinae.
Rev. A. H. Cooke, Cambridge Natural History (Molluscs) 1895.
pushing aside the "liver" and occupying much more room than the
testis.
From the ovary, the much convoluted oviducts lead to
the uterus, a sac-like organ capable of holding a number of the
egg-capsules, each containing many embryos.
In contrast to
this, will appear the arrangement in the male.
From the sperm-
gland, or testis before mentioned, simple ducts, vasa efferentia
and vasa deferentia lead to the penis which is situated exteriorly and lies in the mantle-cavity.
The internal genital or-
gans of the male are far less bulky then,.than are those of the
female.
The organs, more especially the female organs do,not
mature until the animal has attained considerable size,-about
the time when the third whorl of the shell is formed.
In the
male, however, the penis seems to be present from an early
period.
The third or hepatic region occupies in the adult shell the
first and second whorls.
It consists, as before stated, of an
organ which has been called the liver, but which is physiologically more important to the organism than a simple liver would
be.
In regard to this point, researches carried on by Bieder-
mann and Moritz show that the molluscan liver contains three
kinds of cells,--(a) secretory cells, whose secretion digests
starch and cellulose in the stomach, (b) absorptive cells, and
(c) lime cells.
The two last accumulate stores of glycogen,
fat, and perhaps some albuminoid substance.
The lime cells have
principally to do with the storage of fat and calcium phosphate.
The fresh secretion has no appreciable digestive effect on albuminoids.
There is no absorption in the intestine, which is
lined with ciliated and glandular epithelium; its fluid contents
pass into the recesses of the "liver" and back again.
Thus the
organ in question performs the functions, not only of the liver,
but also those of the stomach and pancreas; besides being a
reservoir for fat and of material for the shell.
It is present
from a very early stage, and it is around this structure that
the first rudiments of a shell appear.
Thus it has special sig-
nificance in determining the shape and further growth of the
first and second whorls of the shell, which are generally called
nuclear whorls, in distinction from later whorls, known as adult
whorls.
DISTRIBUTION.--- The species is distributed from Greenland
to Long Island Sound on the Atlantic Coast of North America,
while nearly related species occur on the Pacific Coast, and on
the shores of France and England.
None is found in the Mediter-
ranean.
STATION.--- Purpura occurs between high and low water mark,
nearer the latter than the former, on rocks bearing rock-weed.
It
occurs either in fissures and crevices or clinging to the
smooth roof of a cave-like recess among boulders.
singly or in clumps,
It may occur
with other marine forms or alone.
LIFE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT.---
The molluscan ovum has a
colored yolk, is surrounded by albumen and enclosed by a membrane.
The cleavage nucleus lies in the centre of the egg, and
complete, unequal cleavage of the ovum occurs.
The still nearly
spherical embryo forms a pre-oral ring of cilia which is pushed
forward and outward to form two ciliated wing-like expansions
known as the vela.
In the veliger stage,
organ of locomotion.
the velum serves as an
It causes the rotation of the larva within
the egg-capsules, and, after hatching, furnishes a means of
locomotion from place to place.
Plate 1.
A veliger is shown in Fig. 3,
The posterior part of the body is covered by a cap-
like shell
which encloses only the "liver" and yolk cells.
This shell forms the nucleus about which additions are made.
The mantle, which develops at this point, is the active agent in
the formation of new shell.
This grows down over the body from
the dorsal region of the body-wall, secreting the new shell as
it grows.
The spiral character of the shell appears with the
first secretory activity of the mantle.
During this period or
shortly after, the embryo is hatched from the capsule, and leads
a free-swimming existence in the sea.
The foot gradually re-
places the velum as an organ of locomotion, and the mollusc attaches itself to the rocks, while the shell continues to grow.
THE SHELL.--- The shell of Purpura lapillus grows by addition of lime salts to the lower or apertural end.
As the mantle,
which lies about the muscular region, is instrumental in this
process, anything affecting the mantle will in all probability
affect also the shell.
If the vital activity of the secretory
surface is increased because of a prosperous condition of the
organism, it follows that the shell will increase in size and
grow faster than it otherwise would, and if the organism becomes
impoverished,
slowly.
the shell will stop growing,
or will grow but
In other words, there is a close relationship between
the shell and the organism.
10.
An inspection of a number of shells shows that some grow at
varying rates while others grow more steadily.
Unequal rates
of growth produce distortion of the axis of the shell, which is
easily distinguished from the straight axis of the shell growing
steadily.
Some shells grow faster than others, a fact which
causes variation in the angle of growth.
When shells stop grow-
ing as a result of unfavorable conditions, there is a tendency
for the shell to thicken at the aperture.
When the conditions
favoring growth return, the thick aperture is absorbed and secretion commences anew.
The remains of the aperture are usually
to be seen as longitudinal ridges on the outside of the shell,
and are called lines of growth.
ITS RELATIONS TO THE SOFT PARTS.--- The animal, so to
speak, builds additions to its house as it from time to time can
afford, and makes few alterations, so that not only the present
status but also the past history of the creature is indelibly
stamped on its habitation.
In this connection Kefferstein re-
marks, "The shell supplies us with the best means of knowing the
animal.....
Having learned the close relationship which exists
between shell and animal, we find therein ample justification
for attaching especial importance to the shell in a systematic
point of view."
The shell, moreover, is a structure easily
measured, and its permanency of form is a great factor.
From this evidence it
follows that,
in a study which at-
tempts to deal with phylogenetic and ontogenetic problems, var-
iations from the normal can be studied best by observing the
shell, which, although it is lifeless material, has been moulded
11.
by and represents the peculiarities of the living, for the shell
can be measured accurately, while the soft parts cannot.
With-
out immediately stating what problems are to be solved in a study
of this sort,
it
will be profitable to treat briefly of the
variations which occur in the shape, size, thickness and markings of the shell.
VARIATIONS IN THE SHAPE.--- The shape of the shell varies
within limits wide enough to be readily observed even by the
untrained eye.
In general, the shape is rhomboidal, and varies
from long rhomboidal to rhombic.
The long rhomboidal shell is
shown in Fig. 1, Plate 5, and is markedly different from the
rhombic shell shown in Fig. 1, Plate 6.
VARIATIONS IN SIZE.---
In every community, we may find
if
we like, individuals varying in size from the newly born to the
giant.
But in organisms which,
like Purpura, pass through a
free-swimming larval existence, and become adherent to the rocks
when they have attained some size, it is evident that a collection from rocks will not show the true range in size.
The ef-
fect of environment on size is taken up on Page
VARIATION IN THICKNESS.--- The shells vary considerably in
thickness, some being as thick as heavy window-glass, others
being as thin as an egg-shell.
Taken all in all, thickness seems
so important a character that it should be measured in work of
this sort.
VARIATION IN MARKINGS OF THE SHELL.---
The shells are
sculptured in
three distinct ways,-- by imbrications,
and by ribs.
Imbrications are raised, longitudinal flutings oc-
by sutures
12.
curing at intervals on the shell.
They represent the lines of
growth of a shell possessing a fluted outer lip.
A shell of
this sort is
Some shells
figured on Plate 3, Figs.
16 to 18.
present no imbrications, some show a few, and some are profusely
imbricated.
The imbrications can be compared to a piece of cor-
rugated tin roofing.
A sutured shell is one whose whorls are
distinctly marked off from one another by a more or less deep
channel or groove.
This is figured on Plate 3, Figs. 19 to 21.
Shells may be not sutured, or they may be distinctly sutured.
Purpura lapillus is
never markedly sutured,
but since other spe-
cies of Purpura show marked sutures, this character should not
be overlooked.
Ribbed shells are those in which there are mark-
ings having the form of ridges running parallel to the sutures.
These are seen on Plate 3, Figs. 22 to 24.
Purpura may be con-
spicuously ribbed, obsoletely ribbed or not ribbed.
VARIATIONS IN COLOR.--- The color of the shells varies from
pure white, through pink to red and through yellow to brown.
Banded shells are to be found, the arrangement usually being a
double band on a lighter ground.
A further description of the
color of Purpura will be found on Pages 29 and 30.
/'-7 A~ -E 27.
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k
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13.
STATISTICAL.
CHARACTERS MEASURED.---
Of the measurable characters of the
shell, the following ones have been chosen as being the most
valuable and likely to contain among them the particular character which may be used solely in future investigations on PurDavenport (
pura.
) says, "Confluent species are usually sep-
arated chiefly by one most distinctive character.
This charac-
ter may be termed the chief differential.and may be used alone
to measure the isolation and divergence of the groups, to test
their specific value."
it
If such a chief differential is found,
will be used to distinguish P. lapillus from others,
later work.
in a
The characters chosen were Nuclear Angle, Adult
Angle, Shape Ratio, Total Length, Imbrications, Sutures, Ribs,
Excavation of the Columella and Teeth.
Nuclear Angle.--- The nuclear angle is the angle of growth
made by the nuclear whorls.
It
is
figured on Plate 2,
Figs.
7
to 10.
It may be less than, equal to, or greater than the adult
angle.
If it is less than the adult angle, it is difficult to
measure, and so I have in all such cases recorded it as being
2 degrees less than the adult angle, which I regard as a fair
estimate.
adult,
it
If the nuclear angle is equal to, or greater than the
can be measured with accuracy.
As a matter of fact,
there are fewer of the first type than of either the second or
third.
The character of nuclear angle I chose because I thought
it was the part of the shell which showed least the effect of
14.
the individual's own environment,
a phylogenetic character.
and would be more or less of
If we assume the inheritance of ac-
quired characters, the nuclear whorl will show what influence
the environment had on the previous generation.
It will, then,
be the part which tells the story of the inherited environment.
But speculation aside, the fact remains.that the nuclear whorls
are formed withing the uterus or soon after leaving it and are
in all probability little influenced by the individual's own
environment.
Adult Angle.--- The adult angle is the angle made by the
last whorl with the whorls above.
It is practically the angle
formed by a compass joint when each arm .of the compass bears on
the last whorl and one other point on the shell between the last
whorl and apex.
The adult angle may be smaller than, equal to,
or larger than the nuclear.
to 10.
It
is figured on Plate 2, Figs. 7
The character was chosen as being one which helped give
the shell its form, variations in this respect being very apparent to the eye.
Moreover, the "shoulder" of the shell, or the
bulging last whorl characteristic of many shells is recorded by
noting the adult angle.
The agle corresponds very well to that
which Bumpus ('98) used in measuring Littorina littorea.
The
accuracy of this measurement is probably to one degree.
Shape Ratio.--- This is the name which I have given to the
ratio between the partial length and the total length of the
shell.
The partial length is measured on the ventral side of
the shell, and is the vertical projection of the distance between the apex of the shell and the top of the aperture where
\
A~lult
Atl.
,
Angle..
P7LA 7r•aT.
F g.7.
(3
0
F,
FIE, 10
Fig. 8
:1
T TALo LEacw-rH.
j
Fig. It.
a
Fig.. Iz.
0
F;g. •3.
K1 0!
15.
the outer lip joins the columella.
The total length is the
length of a straight line joining the tip of the spire and the
lowest point in the shell.
Fig. 11.
The two lengths are seen on Plate 2,
The reason for choosing these two dimensions was that
they played a part in determining the shape of the shell.
The
broadest part of the shell occurs as a rule, at the top of the
aperture, so that the ratio outlines the contour of the shell
fairly well, especially when taken in connection with the adult
angle.
A shell, for instance, with a shape ratio of 50 shows
that the top of its aperture and probably its widest part is
midway between the apex and the end, so that the shell is diamond-shaped.
A ratio of 33.3 shows that the widest part of the
shell is about 1/3 of the way down, and that the shell is consequently kite-shaped.
Knowing also the adult angle in each
case, we can outline roughly the shape of the shell.
great exactness must not be insisted upon.
Again, too
By averaging a suf-
ficiently large number of individuals, it is possible to get an
estimate of the shape of a lot of shells in this way. The ratio
Partial
as R length
R appears as R Rappears
Total length
Imbrications.--- Imbrications are longitudinal, fluted
ridges which represent previous outer lips.
Besides being of
importance in indicating the rate of growth, they are important
from a systematic point of view, since some species are invariably imbricated, while P. lapillus is as a rule not imbricated.
It was found convenient to divide shells into three groups;-0,
those not imbricated; 1,
cated; and 2,
those slightly or somewhat imbri-
those well imbricated.
The shells were arranged
16.
in these groups by the eye, and forms were frequently met which
were difficult to place.
In the main, however,
the system worked
well and there was no difficulty in relegating most of the
shells to their proper classes.
The three types are shown on
Plate 3, Figs. 16 to 18.
Sutures.--- Sutures are grooves, or channels, separating
whorls and consequently run spirally around the shell.
Here
again the shells were grouped into classes according to depth
of sutures.
The first class, 0,
contained shells without a
trace of a suture; class 1, shells with slight or very shallow
sutures; class 2,
shells most markedly sutured.
None of the
P. lapillus found showed very marked suturing, though many
showed quite distinct sutures.
The character is valuable, since
many allied species have marked sutures.
difficult one to measure.
The character was a
It is figured on Plate 3, Figs. 19 to
21.
Ribs.--- Ribs are ridges on the surface of the shell parallel to the whorls.
24.
They are well seen on Plate 3, Figs. 22 to
The shells were put into three classes:--0, those without
ribs (smooth shells); 1, those somewhat or obsoletely ribbed;
and 2, those well ribbed.
It was a comparatively easy matter to
distinguish these three types.
Teeth.--- These are outgrowths of the shell which occur on
the inside of the outer lip just in from the edge.
The shells
show great variation in this character, whole sets being without
teeth, and other groups having a large number of cases of well
developed teeth.
This leads us to think that this character may
17.
be due to some general cause like nature of location, or that
it may be correlated, or, as Tryon suggests ('82),
of the shell.
with the age
"The outer lip is usually thin and sharp in im-
mature shells, but is thick in adults as a rule and possesses
calcareous projections called teeth."
Thickness.--- Although thickness has not been measured in
connection with this research (the column so headed is not used,
being based on an incorrect principle), it must be noticed
briefly.
The species varies widely in thickness, shells being
much thicker in some localities than in others.
Shells become
thickened by an increased secretory activity, and thick shells
become thinner by absorption of the shell material by the animal.
Weight.--- Every shell was weighed, the scales being read
to 0.1 of a gram and the weight recorded.
The shells were pre-
pared for weighing as follows:-- The muscular region was in all
cases removed, the splanchnic region either was or was not removed, at its option, so to speak, while the hepatic region was
in no case removed.. The average weight of the middle third was
0.2 of a gram, and that of the part left in also 0.2 of a gram.
Varying amounts of moisture bring the probable error in weighing
to about 0.5 of a gram.
Columella.--- The columella is the central apire of the
shell which at the last whorl forms the inner border of the
aperture.
The character of this part of the columella varies
greatly in different individuals, and in some species constitutes a specific difference.
In order to measure it, I observed
•
I*I'
... .•.:• i
•!•ii7•7 i~i 7
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r·: ·. ii'·'
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+ t
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•
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p.·1 -·.I .ri
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t
18.
to what extent the surface of the coluunella forming the inner
Figs. 12
side of the aperture deviated from a straight line.
to 15, Plate 2, show what arbitrary types of columella excavation were chosen.
When there was no departure from a straight
line, it was called 0, and successively greater departures were
called 1, 2 and 3.
There was rarely any difficulty in separa-
ting the shells according to this character.
THE 4MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.---
Nuclear angle, adult angle,
total length and shape ratio were all measured with one instrument, which I devised for the purpose.
This instrument I have
called, for want of a better name, a conchometer.
It consists
essentially of a modified compass joint and protractor scale for
measuring and reading angles, and a millimeter scale arranged
to read off the total and partial lengths.
The instrument is
figured on Page 4. The compass joint is provided with two arms
bearing flanges which project outward 3/4 of an inch.
The left
arm is fixed to the backboard, its tip being at zero of the paper scale affixed to the board.
This scale is covered with
celluloid, and over it the other arm moves freely.
The scale
has an arc of 105 deg. and can be read directly to .5 deg.
Parallel to the backboard and in front of the edges of the flanges is fixed a glass plate on the surface of which is etched a
series of 60 arcs one millimeter apart, starting with 3 m.m.
from the centre.
The centre is accurately placed over the piv-
otal centre of the compass joint, and firmly cemented to a block
attached to the backboard.
A similar scale ruled in ink is at-
tached to the backboard in such a way that corresponding arcs
will coincide on the two scales, as one sights across.
This is
,b
;od50
*0
5
Ii
r
A,
FVC. 2 9.
19.
to avoid errors in reading due to parallx.
To use the instru-
ment, the backboard is secured in a vertical position.
The
shell is measured by lowering it in such a way that its apex is
downwards with its ventral side outwards.
It is lowered by
means of a rod shown in the figure as hanging from a peg in the
backboard to the left of the joint.
It consists of a piece of
stiff wire 7 1/2 in. long, made with an eye at the lower end,
to which is fastened a piece of medium wire 1 in. long. bearing
at its terminal end a plug of cotton wool.
This plug is insert-
ed into the aperture of the shell and in this way the shell can
be handled conveniently.
When the shell is in place, the mov-
able arm of the compass is adjusted to fit the shell, and the
angle which it makes is
read off on the scale.
adult angle is measured.
After this the
The nice fit of the joint to the shell
depends on the manipulation.
Greater accuracy is obtained by
keeping the inner surfaces of the flanges polished, so that the
coincidence of the whorls can be determined by the method of
reflections.
The adjustment being made, the angle is read off
on the scale and recorded.
After both angles have been meas-
ured, the arm is moved to let the shell descend as far as it will
and the total length is found by sighting across the end of the
shell and taking the reading.
The partial length (the length
from the apex to the place where the lip joins the body of the
shell) is read by noting where this point comes on the glass
plate.
These measurements having been taken, the shell is re-
moved, its sculpture noted, and it is then weighed.
A concen-
ient form of scales is the one shown on Plate 5, Fig. 30.
The
·-·i:-
I
:1J S~
:.L
-"ul-I
C·:~~v...,
-- ·
.r·
~~
t.
-·~n.
,r
., "
;I ;·-k~.
n,
.r-
Fi.
3 0.
~
.U,
~F~YJ'~'r"
20.
shell is then put into a shallow tray in its proper order so
that it may be identified afterwards.
The data are obtained for the two sexes in each locality
separately, the localities being taken one after another.
I
have measured the males first in all cases, but it is not probable that this would have any effect on the reliability of the
observations.
The data are recorded on sheets showing also the sex and
serial number of each individual, the data for a single specimen being found on one horizontal line.
The column headed Shape
contains the ratio R, found by dividing the partial by the total
length, both of which characters are recorded on the sheet.
The
ratio was worked out on a slide-rule of convenient form, and
one well adapted to the purpose.
Plate 5, Fig. 31.
A figure of it is shown on
The principle on which the instrument is con-
structed is simple, and by it ratios can be worked out with
great rapidity.
All other data were recorded directly.
STUDY OF THE DATA.--- Having obtained the data, our next
duty is,
by plotting curves for each character,
to determine in
what way the individuals group themselves about the average, or
to find out their density at different points of the probability
curse.
This will tell us whether the character in question var-
ies conservatively about the mean, or average, or varies radically.
This is done by first arranging the data of a single
character (say, total length) of one sex of a single locality
in numerical sequence from the least value to the highest.
The
numbers (called variates) are then grouped into classes of equal
21.
range in such a way that, if possible, the classes will contain
an increasing number of individuals as the mean is approached,
that the class containing the largest number shall be nearest
the mean, or better, that the mean may lie within this class,
and that the classes shall lie symmetrically on each side of the
class of greatest frequency.
In other words, it is a legitimate
proceeding so to manipulate the series of values as to get them
into a curve approaching the curve of probability as a limit.
There are several practical difficulties involved in this part
of the method, which can be understood only by handling the
data.
In working for the end result, two factors are present;
first, the inclusiveness of the classes, and second, the startingpoint of the series.
It is always possible in homogeneous
material so to choose these two factors that a normal frequency
curve shall be obtained, but the proper combination is often
hard to find.
We get by this process (called seriation of data) a series
of classes having median values at equal numerical distances
apart from the lowest to the highest, and the number of individuals occurring in each class known as the frequency of the class.
It is now necessary to plot the curve of frequency, which is
done by erecting rectangles along a base line where the breadths
of the rectangles represent the class range, and the heights
represent the number of observations i.e., the frequency of the
class.
The middle points of the tops of adjacent rectangles
are then connected by straight lines, and the resulting broken
line is known as the curve of frequency.
22.
There are three constants of the curve which are especially
useful in this work.
ard deviation.
They are the mode, the mean and the stand-
The mode is the middle quantity of the class of
greatest frequency.
The mean is the average magnitude of all
the measurements, and in a normal curve lies at the centre of
gravity of the polygon.
found by the formula
It is indicated by the symbol M, and is
AM-=
where V is the magnitude of any
class; f its frequency;>indicates that the products of the magnitudes multiplied by the frequency of all the classes are to be
added together; and n is the number of variates, or individuals
measured.
The standard deviation, denoted by cr, is a measure of the
variability of a character,
since it
becomes greater as the
character becomes more variable and less as the character becomes less variable.
The standard deviation is a concrete num-
ber, being expressed in the same unit,
(degrees, per cent.,
millimeters, grams) as the magnitude of the character.
The con-
stant is
the de-
found by the formula
~=-ljf
, where x is
viation of the class from the mean; f, the frequency of a class;
and S as before, indicates the sumnmation of the various products; n being the number of variates.
Having found these constants, we have a ready means of comparing each character separately (1) in the two sexes, (2) in
two localities widely separated, (3) in different environments
in the same locality.
We can thus hope to connect the individ-
uals with the environment and prove statistically that differences in one are coincident with differences in the other.
The data following have been carefully revised, and mis-
23.
takes eliminated so far as possible,
will bear critical examination.
and it
is hoped that they
COLLECTION NO. 1.
MALE SHELLS FROM EASTPORT I.
101 SPECIMENS.
EASTPORT I. Males.
Collection made Sunday, December 3, at 2:30 P. M. at
Easter's Head, Eastport, Me.
Position sheltered, being in a cove (Prince's Cove).
The
shells were gathered partly from the rocks lining the cove, and
partly from under a wharf where the wave action was somewhat
less.
The shore was rocky, rugged and covered with rock-weed.
(Fucus).
The food supply is made richer than it
otherwise would
be by the fish gurry and drippings from the wharf, to which fact
I attribute the large number of whelks (Buccinum) and sea-urchins
in the immediate neighborhood.
The stratum is on the whole
muddy.
The Purpura grew not far from low water mark, and were
found growing in their characteristic way (p. 3).
uniformly colored brown,
rock.
They were
immitating closely the surrounding
The brown varied from a dark chocolate to dull yellow.
sketch of the surroundings is annexed.
For valuable suggestions as to collecting, etc., I am indebted to Mr. Jerry Sullivan, of Eastport, the famous old boatman who has piloted the naturalists of the last two decades
around that rich locality.
__
__
A
PLATE VI.
EASTPORT I.
F igs. 31-34
-
Males.
Nuc lear Angle.
35-38
Adu lt
39-42
Tot al Length.
.····r.n--rr.l.nr·~.
i;··n·r·nu-I-~~:
II-~C -TIii
I
38 :
i
i·.
s
`( ·r··-'
~,5~rJ~*LC:
Locality, Eastport I.
-
),
ZH
HdKZ
44
H0
4
Et F4
S72.01 72.01.30.
4r.CSW
O
44--)
4
11.
Measurements.
E4
it
16) P
36.7 10.3 0 01110 113.101
40.5 5.181 0 0 i1Il1.531
8. 130.7 5.88 O 0
1I0
3
010'0 11.151
4
10.
37.0 5.59 0
S976.5 76.5 27.
11.
40.7 9.0o0 0 0 1 0 12.43
i975
10.
38.1 5.91 0
74.7 71.0 29.5 12.
e
77.5 74.5 29.5 11.5 39.0 6.87 1I0 18
11.51
73.7 3.7
26. 1 9.
e74.074.023.
o o
oi
6
1.55
7
1 1;I2.30
34.7 5.32 0!0010011.39
9
40
1
5.
5
0 1 0 1.54
e
.5
2
1.53
9 75.5 75.5 27.
75.5 26.
1.
:jcU
i
0U2
E-4
P4
S73.21 73.21 29.5 12.
'9 74.3 76.7A 26.
Males.
22
5.56I
1.8
e 69.0 59.5 35. 15.5 44.2 10.1 0 0 o 1 3.51
11
1 71.0 66.0 32.
10.
12
0e 69.5 64.51 31.
10.7 34.5 8.12 O 0
31.2 7.91 0 0 0 0 1 2.541
I 0 1 2.52
e 65.5i 61.51 31. 12. 38.7 8.031 0: 0 1!1 0o12.50
13
14
0 75.51 75.5 30.
10.
33.5110. 3
S75.0 75.0 27.
11.
40.7 5.521 1
1.50
16
e 75.01 72.0 28.
12.
42.8j8.73 i 2 0 0 0 2 2.45
17
E 72.5 Ii
72.5 28.
I 10.
35.71 5.4810 0 0 I8
i0!11.54
18
8)
75.5 72.5i 31.
42.07.90 11..0
19
89 76.5 76.5 26.5' 10.
37.7 8.09 0
;
75.0 75.0 27.
10.
0
2 1 0 3.10
0 0 02
.
1
37.0 5.62 2
0 00
1 2.15
20
2 1.52
21
9 74.5 67.51 28.5 10.5 36.81 8.761 0 01!00;2.501
22
e 71.5 66.01 26.5 i11.
41.4 5.72i 0
23
e
69.0 64.5 27.
12.
44.4 5.58 0 0 1 0 0 1.51
24
e
72.02.2.51 31.
12.
38.7 8.
25
I
1~__.J
1
l
1 1.521
1202.58
I
1I
Locality, Eastport I.
Males .
Measurements.
t................
i
75.5
9 78.0
e
74.0
9 72.5
I
0(I
W 1)
-40
I
I
I
o
-
70.51 25.5 10.
39.3j 5.91 2 O0
j0 0
78.0 24.5110.
40.7 6.00! 0,0o1 01.201
70.0 31.51 12. 38.0 7.95•
01 0
1
66.0 34.
0
8 76.5
76.5
9172.0
!13.5 39.6 11.50
"i
.
1.511
28
1 13.51
29
.3.51J
34.0 9.00
0
69.5 28.
10.
35.7 8.95
001 I0 12.50
9 75.0
75.01 27.
10.51 38.9 5.70 0 0
e1 67.0
9 76.0
o 1.54
76.0 26. 10, 38.5 8.481 o1 1•
10 12.21
9 70.0
69.0 25.
E9 71.0
71.0 26.
.
9 70.0 70.0 27.
9 72.5
40.0 6.3 0
1i0.
9.5 38.0 7.38
11.
42.3I 6.?21
110.5 38.8 7.40 1
27
2.51
10.
64.0
26
11 0 2.65
.1.54
0 1 2
30.
31
32
33
34
01 1 11.85
35
0 0 1i 1 1.75I
36
0 1
37
2 2.00
13.
43.3 7.5010
0 1 0 1 2.251
38
e 70.0 70.0!28.
11.
39.317.7010
0.211! 2.171
39
9,70.0 70.0 25.
ii.
44.0 4.47 0 0 i 0 i 1.12
40
9 66.0
66.0 26.5 10.
37.8 5.5010 0 100 0o1.46
41
9 67.0
67.0 25.
9 178.0
78.0 23.
3
8.
34.8 6.5110
72.0 72.0 22.
7.
31.814.6810
fe
72.5130.
10.
40.0 5.67 0
9 75.0
65.5i 30. i 8.
e
61.5 31.5 13.5 42.7 7.0210
63.5
9! 65.0
65.0! 30.
9 73.5
81.5
19 77.5
0 0 1
liJ
42
O00 1.50
43
010 1b0 0.33
44
26.7 12.7 0 1! 0I01113.801
0 011o 1 2.22
45
46
40.0 17.42 0 0 0 1 1i2.431
47
67.3 30.51 12.
39.4 11.2 0
48
77.0 27.5 10.
36.5 9.66 0 0 2 1 0 2.66;
49
8. i32.0 6.22 0 o 2 0 0 1.56,
50
77.5 25.0
i12.
I
I
0
i013.421
I
Locality, Eastport
I.
Measurements .
Males.
'C
4+3 a,
Z
0
I
oa
a
Cd
0
0
cPa
73.01 73.0i 33.
14.
42.4 12.5
0 2 1 1 4.10
51
75.00 75.0! 32.
13.
40.7 12.3
52
13.
43.2 6.921
011101 3.95
0
0 1 i 0 ll1 i 2.07
3.10
54
4.91
55
77.5
65.51 30.
75.0
64 .5
31.51 14.
,i
44.3 9.85
53
78.0 78.01 33.
13.
39.3 14.9'
81.5 81.5 31.
12.
38.6 9.551
2.95
56
79.0i 25.
11.
44.0 5.92
1.48
57
71.01 64.01 27.
12.
44.41 7.461
71.5' 66.51 30.
13.
43.31 7.341
74.0O74.01 27.
10.
37.01 6.92
1.87
60
79.0; 79.01 30.
12.
39.917.03,
2.11
61
78.01 78.0
27.
11.
40.8i10 .9
2.95
75.51 68.0! 32.
14.
43.718.101
0 1 2 2 2.69
62
71.01 71.01 30.
12.
40.0! 8.85
0
69.01 69.0! 29.
13.
44.7 9.20:
0
73.5
68.0
12.
72.0
72.01 25.51 11.
82.0i
29.5
58
59
63
64
2.67
65
40.610.58,
I 011102
o
o 3.12
66
43.01 6.15'
1.57
67
1
0
'1
i0
O0 1ol
2 ;1.17
68
40.7 11.4;
3.16
69
10.
40.0 7.25,
0;i 0 0o i1111.81
70
10.
37.0 6.70
011011 1.80
71
oo
0l I
43.0 4.58
76.0
76.01 27.
11.
80.0
80.0 25.
74.51 74.5 27.
75.5
70.01 26.5
10.
37.7 6.20
72.5
65.01 27.
10.
37.0 8.101
80.01 75.51 27.51 12.
72.51 72.5 30.5! 12.5
A
0 11 1
2.02
0 1 012l
2.20
,1
0 11 2.69
67.01 56.01 25.51 11.
I
00101I
1 11
0
i
0110I
112l 1.65
72
2.17
73
2.50
74
2.02 i
75
43.6 9.10
40.9 8.65
01 1
i1
Locality, Eastport I.
Males.
Measurements.
ct
c,
boD
74.5
74.5
23.
39.2
7.80
2 1.08
76
84.5 79.0
27.
33.3
8.05
1 2.18
77
72.0
22.
41.0
3.87
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COLLECTION NO.
2.
FEMALE SHELLS FROM EASTPORT I.
110 SPECIMENS.
PLATE VII.
EASTPORT I. Females.
Figs. 43-45
Nuclear Angle.
"
43, 46-48
Adult
"
49-52
Total Length.
Locality, Eastport I.
Measurements.
Females.
I
-i
0:
(D
-I
4-)a
oEl
E-l -I
P4
.5 73.5
32.
13.
40.5t 1(0.9
01
.5 65.5
32.
14.
S43.7 9
0
30.5
12.
39.3 i1 1.81
0
12.
34.2 i1 5.21
1.9 1
0
31.
13.
42.01 :
29.
11.
38.0 6
32.5
12.
36.8 1i
32.
12.
37.5i 9 .40
32.
14.
43.7' 6 .80
73.5' 32.
13.
40.5 ii0.61
31.
10.
32.2 9
182 .5 79.01 29.
11.
38.0! 1
31.
13.
42.01 8
42.4' 1 1.31
73
71
75
.0
77
71.0
.5 71.51 35.
,' 76 .0
S74
76.0
.5 78.0
, 77.5
76.0
l65 .0
I 73.5
S75
60.5
.5 75.5
1
3.05
2
3.59
3
5.39
4
i0o3.68
5
21I 0 01
o
11 0
0
.95i
3.50
0 I1ll
Io
0
0
0
0
2.02
6
4.68
7
3.00
8
2.14
9
10
1 1 01 3.40
0
0
3.00
11
3.12
12
2.49
13
3.40
14
4.57
15
3.35
16
1 171
.0 71.0
I '73
.0
63.51 33.
14.
.5
65.01 36.
15.
1'71 .5
66.01 32.
13.
40.5! 1 0.41
0
0
31.
12.
3.861 1 1.6j
0
3.59
17
67.51 31.
12.
38.6 9 .92i
0
18
72.51 32.
14.
43.7 8
1210i0
0 1 3.17
2 1 2 2.64
3.00
20
79
.0 73.5
'73.0
!72
i
141.6 112.71
.251
V'79 .0
74.0i 29 .5 10.
33.8 1 0.1
76.0
Hý
76.0i 30.
33.4! 8 .95
10.
75.0
75.0! 30.
11.
80.0
80.01 30.
11.
78 .5 78.51 29.
11.
37.8 1 1.5
74 .5
14.
42.4 10.9
62.01 33.
i
°
36.6 9
36.6
17
,1oi
0
.35
0
0
0t
00
0 21
i0
2
19
2.68
i0
21
r
O
.50
2.20
r
22
2.86
i
23
i Ol
3.35
24
13.58
I
25
!o
i
Locality, Eastport I.
7x•
o h
Ji~
I
Females.
.
,.
.
Measurements.
oKI
0
to
t-4
12.
37.5 13.3 1011101110 14.251
~ '76.5 76.5127.
10.
37.316.78 10 10 i 1111.831
173.0 73.0 26. 10. 38.3 6.2310 0 1 0
i11.
142.3. 6.35 0
74.0130.
S171.5
71.5 33.
113.
43.3 8.75 2
26
27
i
28
1.62*i
0 1 1 1i1.651
o
12.5 37.8 10.20 0
29
o 1'1.72
30o
21 1 2 2.62 "
31
1 0 1 3.38
32
77.5i 73.0 27. 10. 37.31 6.60o o o
i74.0
1 o
-
81.0 75.51 32.
70.5 70.526
2.
•/i
73.5 73.5 27.
L0.
37.3i 9.45i 0 0 - i1
i071.5 69.51 28.
10.
35.7 7.55 1 0O
p171.0 69.0 28.
11.
39. 315.651 2 0 0121.53
I
2.55
133
112.11
34
35
1
2!
175.0 71.0 26. 10. 38.515.900o oi0;
0 1.53
39. j7.
3
70.570 0.5 28. 111.
j71.51 67.51 33.
,80.01
78.0 30.
o0 n 7 A.
. .
33
1115.
145.41
06
37
01 io i3.39
38
0 0:1
35
10.2010
1 0
33.4 10.2 0 02il2
10.
1
4 10 Pi
36
1
2.
39
i13.14
13.40
4o
1
.
75.5 75.5128. 11. l39.31 7.5120 1 li 1 2.10
...
. . ..
. .
76.0 76.0127.
11.
40.81 8.4310 0 0 0 1 2.27
74.5 74.51 34.
133.
38.3 8.1511
,,
41
42
0 1 121 2.77
I
i 11•
72.51 67.0 28. 113. 46.4 6.10 0 060oo01.71
43
44
76.0 73.5 29.
10.
34.51 6.90 0 0o110oo 2.oo0
45
79
79.0 32.
12.
37.4 9.10 0
022.92
46
67.01 32.
14. 143.6 10.2 O 0 1 11ii3.30
47
75.0
1
176.51 68.0133.
14.
42.4113.8 0
79.5 76.0 32.
10.
31.2111.0 0
72.0 70.01 32.
14.
43.7 9.40I
Ilrm LL ^Int^li-i··_I·YI)~II-ICI^--LI·r^--LIYI-
1·
0 1
0 I 4.58
2 0 03.66
0 20 0 3.00
rr11 II1111"11-·LIILL-··-LJ~·I---_L--L
I
-I-·--..-.--c---·-ilIr-.x__i
i
,
48
49
50
-.. l~·_·^___L··.~-___~__·_l_·~·L_·_·_
. ·_!·____1
Locality,
43 a)
--I
II
i
I
Measurements.
Females.
Eastport I.
-I
I
-M
C1
0
o.
70.01 70.0 30.
I
12.
40 .0 9.651
72.5
69.0
32.
12.
37.5
65.5
61.5 32.
14.
43.7 13.0
x
10.
33.4
79.5; 75.0
29.
11.
38.01 8.25
70.01 66.5
33.
15.
45.41 11.3
78.0O78.0
27.
9.
33.31 9.10
10.
34.41 10.5
11.
36.7
85.01 84.0
30.
72.0j 70.0
51
52
53
7.501
30.
ia9s'
79.01 79.0 29.
oi 2.89!
oi
7.45
a,
9' 75.01 75.0
ia
3.
54
0
0 2.891
0 112
2 1 034.170
55
56
0 012
0 0 0 2.47
0
0121 212.5,
0j3.705
57
58
11.2
0o 1j21 013.35 1
59
32.. 11.
34 .3 7.75
0 2 10 01 2.484
60
67.5
32.
12.
37.5
i
75.51 71.5
32.
12.
37.51 11.0
0 12
68.5
68.5
29.
11.
38.01 6.05
0 0 1 2 1.752
63
75.01 68.0
29.
12.
41.4
0 0 1 01 2.29
64
77.01 72.5
27.
10.
37.01 6.73
10
1 1 1.81
65
78.01 73.0
34,
12.
35.21 11.0
0 1;01 0 3.73
66
i¢81.0177.0
27.
12.
44.31 10.2
11 0 0!2.771
67
72.01 68.0
34.
12.
35.21 11.2
o0l
11
3.83
68
78.5: 78.5
28.
10.
35.7 10.1
1 0
2.87
69
72.0 72.0
26.
11.
42.31 6.55
i
76.51 74.5
29.
11.
38.0 8.70
0 10
SI
73.51 73.5
30.
12.
40.0 8.45
0o100 2.53i
72
72.5! 72.5
29.
12.
41.4; 10.1
0 11012.92;
73
72.0! 64.0
34.
13.
38.31 12.2
0 2 0o 14.15
74
79.01 75.0
30.
10.
33.41 8.50 I
0 iii12 2.55
75
Il
i9
I
10.7
7.90
61
1 3.53
@
62
70
1 2.52
71
Locality, Eastport I.
F emale S
4.
Measurements.
75
r(D
q H 0w43I-H+34-1
b73 1032.
ci:
E-4
.75.5
79.0
13.
~liC
I
i
H
6. 32.
13.,
40. 6 12.8
79.01 31.
12.
38.6j 14.7
71.0
71.01 31.
84.0
84.0! 27.
72.5
72.5' 27.
0 1 1 014.10
76
0 1 1 1 4.60
I 77
012 00 1.90
80
I
O0
0
12.
38.6
10.
37.1" 7.80
10.
7.03
8.40
0
i
0
4i
is]76.5
O0
74.01 26.
10.
38.5! 5.95!
I80
1.551
81
0
73.5
73.51 28.
10.
6.78j
73.5
73.51 29.
12.
41.4! 10.11
80.0
0 1I122
0
80.01 31.. 10.
32.31 11.0'
01 2 0111 2.951
83
0i
1 12
84
0
3.401a
.1
0
9.
29.0! 9.651
0 it0
1
o03.00
67.5! 32.
12.
37.41 9.751
01 0 113.13!
78.0
74.0! 34.
14.
41.0113.21
0 2 10 4.51!
74.0
70.0! 32.
12.
010 1
0'I81.5
is. 75.0
0i,
79.5
0•2 0012.95
90
0 0 1 012.351
91
0 1111 2.00
92
10.
63.0! 32.
14.
73.0 73.0' 28.
11.
83.5 79.5! 27.
11.
68.0 63.5! 30.
12.
79.5 76.51 31.
11.
35.51 i0.i
77.5
67 .5131.
12.
38.6
71.5
71.51 25.
10.
40.01 5.9011 0i
80.0 80 .0 27.
10.
37.11
39.3i 7.861
62.0
62.0o 28.
11.
6.281
77.5
77.51 27.
11.
40.7
73.5
70 .030.
11.
36.71 7.35j
.
i87
88
29.
66.5
85
3.30
37.4i 10.21 1
0
5.751
0
9.231
0
39.3 8.401
0
40.71 7.43
0
40.0! 8.40,
0 77.0 64.0
10';
S'0'
31.
I
01 1 111.90
93
2 011 1 2 3.30
94
8.80: 1
i
8.55j
...
1
1.47
96
0
0
oilo i 2.310
0 1 0 22.201
99
100
i
Locality, Eastport I.
~I-~~I~-~-Females
----
--
Measurements.
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'i
oe
I
E-i 0
72.5
67.0
31.
13.
i 75.5
73.5
28.
8.
68.0 68.0
27.
10.
37.1 5.92 S0l
81.5 25.
10.
40.0
e81.5
C
42.0 6.45
33.3
2.00
5.42
5.25
1.301
102
1 02 1.601
103
11o 1.1 2 1.31
104
1.31
105
0.10
106
J 1.40
0.85
107
2 0 10 1 2
75.0
24.
10.
85.0 85.0
20.
7.
'75.0
75.0 75.0 25.
41.7 5.45
35.2
5.00
I
!
10.
40.0
79 0 18.-
7.
38.9
iA 84.0
84.0
19.
9.
42.3 5.26
1o00.01
109
'72.5
72.5
19.
8.
42.1 5.26 0 010
1 1 0.01
110
479.0
5.60 01010
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COLLECTION NO.
3.
MALE SHELLS FROM EASTPORT II.
189 SPECIMENS.
EASTPORT II. Males.
Collection made Monday, December 5, at 5 P. M. on the mainland opposite Clark's Ledge,
Eastport, Me.
Position is exposed to the full sweep of the tide which at
this point runs swiftly.
The shells were gathered from the jut-
ting rocks which completely invest the shore at this point.
The
food supply is very abundant on account of the proximity of several sardine factories.
These places pour oil and fishy matter
onto the shore to such an extent that the shells have the peculiar odor which accompanies American sardines, and the rock-weed
fairly reeks with it.
feed on such material.
There can be little
doubt that Purpura
Rock-weed is abundant.
C"The carrion-eating whelks (Buccinum, Purpura, Murex) consume the fishes and other creatures, whose remains are always
plentiful on rough and rocky coasts."
Tryon.
PLATE VIII.
EASTPORT II.
Figs. 53-56
Males.
Nuclear Angle.
"
53, 57-59
Adult
"
60-63
Total Length.
t
1!:,i ,:/'
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1: i
Locality, Eastport II.
Males.
Measurements.
i0.
o
IU
ii
28.
10.
35.71 7.87
66
27.
10.
37.21 6.11
'9 80.5 75.5 26.
ie
I80.0
el
elI
68.5
It
10 i :S/
76
81.5 81.5 27.
K
ii
te1
ie
oi
)
77.5
24.
68.5 26.5
11.
40.71 6.68
9.
34.7' 6.69
10.
41.7 4.80
12.
0 i
0)
oi
0
o
1
1.65
2
1.80
3
1.74
4
2 1.15
5
2 1.20
6
211.00
7
2 1.75
8
11 0 1i 0 1
0 o i
10
45.2 4.53
1i 2.20
0
68.5
I
68.5
27.
78.5 68.0 28.
ie
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67.0
10.
37.21 3.72
I
11.
39. 3 6.26
10.
45.51 3.181
0
67.0
22.
I
9
27.
10.
73.01 26.
10.
e!°
83.01 25.
9.
73.,5 66.5 31.5 12.5
78.0! 78.01 27.
je 78.01 78.01 26.5
,9 82.5
e9 70.5
io
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9
1o
0 1 0 1.65
10
1 1.65
11
38.6! 6.35
36.01 6.621
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13
1210
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9.
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0
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14
9.
34.01 5.931
0 1 1: 1 1.57
15
82.51 25.
10.
40.0
5.20i
0
0 1.30
16
30.
1.5.
43.31
7.681
0
1 2.30
17
80. 5;70.51 29.
11.
38.0
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1 2.20
18
10.
41.71 7. 921
00
0
0 1.90
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0
0 ,1 ! 0! 0 1.25
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19
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.i°i70.01 70.01 24.
I
37.21 6.11
72.5
72.5i 25.
i970.0 65.o0 25.
10.5 41.21 5.291
ei
40.0
3.60!
0 0.90
21
40.9i 4.57:
2 1.12
22
33
6.42!
1 1.73
23
10
35.71 6.96:
0 1.95
24
11
I1
39.71 8.11
211i 11 2.35
25
79.0
79.01 24.
10.
80.0
75.0! 27.
n
82.5i
79.01
ie75.5!
28.
71.51 40 va
II
20
10.
i
ie
9
0
ie8i 76.0
83.0
i
I, ,
110
1 0.70
0
66.0 66.0
-
0
3
1 0
Locality, - Eastport II.
4
o 60
Ix
4 0
Measurements.
Males.
0H I4Z. . I
a1)
fn
S cDd D,
0
z
75.01 75.0
9. 35.9 5.80 1 0 00 lI'.45
25.
26
9
e ---- 75.5 24. 9. 37.6
1e 77.01 67 .031. 11.5 37.
e) 83.0i
76.01 24.5
9.
36.81 5.4210
9.
14 2 . 8 3.33
82.0o 76.51 28.
10.
35.7 6.420
,e
1e
29
0
0 0 0.70
30
0 I
0 011.80
31
1 1 i1.37
1
33
0 0 1 0 1.05
34
27.
10.
84.0 72.0
28.
11.5 41.1 6.42 0 0 I 1i
75.0o.24.
9.
E968.0i 65.0
I81.0
110.
26.
49 78.5 78.5 29.5 10.
S78.01 71.5
i
1 0 1.16
38
1 1 0 1.16
39
34.0 7.86 0 0 1 1 1 2.32
40
0 1 011.05
41
0 1
!38.4 4.45 0
0
37.6 4.38
9.
34.7 4.92101 0
9.
39.3 3.70
19 75.0 69.5 25.
9.
36.0 5.20 1 I0; i
19 77.0 67.0
i27.
9.
33.3 6.200
9e 70.5 67.0
27.
10.
9e 75.0 70.5
27.
91 76.0 71.5
28. i11.
S----82.0
26.51
e
73.0 73.0 26.
e9179.01 79.0
23.
ie 85.0 i78.0 123.
Si.
9.
9.
36
37
9.
24.
35
0 1oi
I0.93
9. 37.6 4.8300
81.0 24.
80
i
37.6 4.70 0 0 1010 1.131
9. 37.6 3.8 0
1o 74.0 67.5 24.
32
0.90
77.01 70.5
9e 75.01
28
0 2 0 0 1.33
9. 140.9 4.102 0 1 0
37.2 3.88 0
27
011.30
0o12.27j
0
9.5! 36.6 5.251
79.o01 71.51 22.
9
i
.321 01 0
e) 79.0 73.51 21.
e 74.01111
74.01 26.
0
5.41 0
1 .1.28
i
42
i i 0 0 0.85
43
1 1'.30
44
1.671
45
01
01
37.2 4.340 ;0 1 0
1.17
1
46
33.3 5.50 0 001 0 11.49
39.3 7.70 0i 0li
47
0 25
48
34.0 6.65 1 0 1 1 2 1.76
49
8.5 35.8 4.87 1 0 01 001.12
I
i...
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.
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i .... ... .. '............ .. ....
i
Locality, Eastport II.
Measurements.
Males.
I
I
H
.
I,
(..
3.
I
4-
0
el
---- 73.01 23.
i968.5 64.0
4.
43.51 3.48 0 0 O0
i0
0.80°
51
10 10
41.7 3.9711 0 111 10.95
52
10.
! 79.0179.0124.
9.
e 73.0 68.51 23.
8. 134.8 3.70 01010o 0o
so80.0 s80.0o 23.
37.6 3.97 11
1
010
0i0.950
53
0.856
54
6.
26.2 5.30
22.
9.
41.0 3.87 0 0 0 1 1 0.85"
56
S80o.o 80.0 22.
9.
41.0 4.19
0
0
IJio0.921
57
78.0 78.0 26.
9.
34.7 5.750
0
0
1.50
58
40.7 14.93 1i'0 11 1 1]
1.33
59
S73s.o73.0o
969.0 69.0 ..27. I 11.
9179.0 75.0131.
11.
9 80.01 75.0 I 27.
2
35.4 8.98 0
1.22
0 1i 10
55
2.78!
60
38.8 8.19 1i 00 1 0 2.21
61
S75.0 75.01 24.
9.51 39.7 4.17 2 0 1 1!2 1.00
62
e 72.51 72.5
9. 36.01 4.87 0 0
63
I 10.51 1
25.
)973.01 70.5 31.
12.
8 -705: 61.0:932
32; 6113
13.
I
72.5*
60'
V
L-. * U
z?
1 0;1.22
38.766.45 00 1:01112.00;
64
40.7
7.29 0 0
40.77.29
65
9. 0 0!.
.
1
V
1
66
01.
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I
9 77.0 71.51 26.51 10.
37.81 6.05i 2 0 0 1 2 1.60
68
9179.0 74.0 27.
9.
33.3 5.931 0 0 1i 0 11.601
69
8.
32.0 5.51 0
2 1 0 1.38,
70
1 0 1.4
00ol0
1.46
72
9i 75.5 71.0125.
o
. ,
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.
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1
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i
.. ,9.7... .
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0 I
oi 67.5 26.
10.
38.6! 5.61!0
9 85.51 77.0 26.
10.
38.6 6.7310!0 1 11
71.0 71.01 26.
10.
38.6 66.7 10Ol
19171.0 65.0 27.
10.
37.2 5.68 0 0 1 0 0 1.53
72 .
n
1.751
0172 1.751
68000I.3
73
74
75
Locality, Eastport II.
0 so.0
4
r
I
4.2
HP.4-5
.
4- r.
11 70.5 70.5 23.
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oo
4.
&
80.5) 80.5 26.5
Measurements .
Males
8.
3
10.
4
U
..01
76
8.0
7.120
0 1 E'1 0 2.07
77
0 74.0j 70.0 26.
10.
3
78
0 70.0 67.5f29.
11.
3
79
1 78.5 70.025.
6.01 5.080
1 31 0!201 1 0 1.58i
0 .27
9. 3
e
976.5
68.0124.
9.
e175.0
70.0o 28.
80
0 1 1 010.50
o
81
11.
3 9.3 5.79 1 0 1 01 111.62
82
S79.0o 79.01 27.
10.
3
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1e 78.0 78.01 23.
9.
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I
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9 77.0 77.0123.
iS70.5
74.0
3'7.612.0810
Ii
7.0 6.410 0 0 0 0 1 1.83
i39.2
1.15
84
9.
36.01 4.60 010 00 0 11.15
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9.
3 9.21 3.9211
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10.5 42.11
25.
70.5! 23.
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4 3.61 3.26 0
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6.51 2 9.21 3.38i 1 0 1 1 1 0.75
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9077.0177.0 21.5j
6.51 2 9.214.340
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1 75.0 75.0 24.
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8. 136.31
76.51 6.5622.
3.2010
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73.0 71.01 28.
8
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76.5 73.5 25.5
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76.5 76.5 22.- i.
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9. 13 9.2
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96
97
98
1 1 0.85
99
4.66 0!010 0:1 1.07
100
Locality,
Males
Eastport II.
Measurements.
5.
I
e 75.0 75.o! 24.
o 83.0 79.01 26.
E 75.0 68,01 22.
0 4
x
Cc
a8.
33.4i 4.79!
34.71 6.00!
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0i1 1 1.15
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10
101
1.56
102
36.3
4.331
103
37.6
4.171
104
34.1
4.251
105
11.
40.81 4.93
106
28.
10.
35.8
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9.
9 75.0 75.01 24.
9 74.5 70.01 23.5
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64.0O 27.
ej 86.51 86.5
0 70.0 64.0 28.
S
81.5i 21.5
9 83.0 83.0 26.5
9.
8.
9.
34.71 6.781
46.4 i 5.531
12.
8.
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6.61
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37.31 3.43i
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11.76
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107
108
109
110
111
e 77.0 77.01
7701 22.
7.
31.9 4.73
0 o0o 1;o04
112
9 66.5 64.01 27.
11.
40.81 6.18
O1 1 0 1.67
113
G 65.0 65.00 24.
11.
45.81 3.88i
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11000.93
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114
el 70.01 63.5 24.
10.
41.81 4.17i
0 1 1 0 1.00
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0 00010.67
116
9 75.0 75.0! 27.
10.
37..1 6.581
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117
91 79.0O 73.0 27.
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33.3I 5.75
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1.55
118
91 75.01 67.51 25.
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40.0
5.001
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120
e 75.5 75.5
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:9[70.5 63.51 29.
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70.0 7o.o0
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80.51 76.0 26.
0i 173.0 73.0 '25.
9.5] 34.01 6.80
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121
6.39
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10.5f 40.41 5.19
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001.90
124
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125
11.
38.0'
0 2i1
8.5
32.21 7.201
9.
36.0i
5.80 I
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Locality, Eastport II.
Measurements .
Males.
I-I-(
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73.0 73.0
27.
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i
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37
6.40
0 1
I
126
72.0 72.0
26.
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127
74.0 70.0
23.
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43.6
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3.971
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129
71.11 22.
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1 00.80
41.7
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35.7
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37.6
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132
37.6
4.581
010
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133
130
10.
73.5
69.0
75.0
75.01 24.
81.5
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39.2 5.421
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37.9
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137
1 2 1.190
138
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80.01 26.
8.5 32.7 6.36i
79.0o 72.5
72.0
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23.
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35.7
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80.01 80.01 28.
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32.2
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1
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139
73.01 73.01 22.
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41.0
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72.51 63.5 31.5 12.5 39.5 7.70
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3.191
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75.01 70.01 21.5
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Eastport II.
Males.
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Measurements.
7.
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71.5 21.
71.5
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0.651
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34.2 3.281 0
0.72
152
7.
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0.63
70.5 20.
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66.5
66.51 22.
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0.57
156
76.5
76.5 19.
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37.0
2.96 O0
0.56,
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76.5 18.
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33.3
3.6110
0.65
158
76.5 76.5 20.
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67.0 21.5
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42.0 3.17 2
0.68
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74.5
74.5 21.
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33.3 3.4810
0.73
161
77.5 20.
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35.0
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0.601
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7.5
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0.73
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0.66
164
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67.5 67.5 22.
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73.51 21.
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70.0 21.
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42.9
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Measurements .
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COLECTION NO.
4.
FEIMLE SHELLS FROM EASTPORT I I.
137 SPEC IMENS.
PLATE IX.
EASTPORT II. Females.
Figs. 64-67
Nuclear Angle.
"
S 68-70
Adult
" 71-74
Total Length.
Locality, Eastport II.
Female s.
Measurements.
•
•
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2•UL
I I
cc
-H4.
H+3o
crr
a)
p4
0O4)
o
~
CIO
S72.0 72.01 o30.
10.5 35.0
0
7.55
101
2.27
1
2.38
2
1.75
3
i 11
2.38
4
32.2 8.19 i
1 1
2.29
5
o 1
3.20
6
2.13
7
4r
S74.0
72.0,. 28V5! 11.
38.6
S70.0
66.51 25.51 10.
39.2 6.881
8.39
*1
211
f 1-
28.
10.
28.
9.
31.
12.
38.6
10.4
75.51 27.5~ 10.
s75.5
36.5
7.73
30.
10.
33.3
9.691
1
1 1
1
2.90
8
72.51 30.
11.
36.7
9.441
1 11
2.83
9
0'79.0 69.51 27.
9.
33.3
7.901
2.13
10
5.89
1.56
11
.80
12
.63
13
.60
14
.92
15
.33
16
.87
17
87.01
,/81.~5
7980.0
75.01
80.01 70.5
80.0
82.5!
35.7
8.501
74.0
68.01 26.5
10.
37.7
75.5
67.0' 31.5
12.
38.1 8.901
01
11
1,79.0! 71.01 29.
11.
38.0
9.10
1 1
72.0
66.0
10.
26.5
75.01 72.01 27. 10.
37.8
6.05
37.1 7.131
1 1
27.5
11.
40.0
8.19
S78.01 70.01 27.
10.
36.9
6.94
11.
37.3
7.43
02
111
1
0 1'
.19
18
10.
38.5
6.48i
1 1
.68
19
9.5 36.5
5.391
.40
20
.53
21
1
OO1l
.43
22
oW
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23
.90
24
.20
25
77.5
72.0
S76.0 67.01 29.5
75.01 75.0; 26.
1
173.0 70.01
I 76.01
1 71.51 26.
8.5 32.7 5.951
83.01 78.0O24.
'V; 74.51 74.51 24.
74.5
73.0 23.
- - I73.5
25.
i
6.5
27.2
9.
37.5 4.581
8.
34.8 3.921
10.
40.0 4.801
5.96!
0 2
!
Locality, Eastport II.
Females.
=--r--- 1
2.
Measu rements.
n
I
4-1 0)
4-)
0
E-4~
80.5
77.0
76.0 27.
73.5
30.
84.5 84.5 26.
80.0
75.0 30.
10.
37.01 7.22
40.0
34.7
8.72
11.
36.7
10.9
10.7
12.
9.
8.35
0
i
141
0
0
0
0
2 :0
o 111i
79.0 70.0
31.5
11.
36.5
76.5
28.
11.
39.318.09
80.0 70.0 31.
11.
35.51 9.60
73.0
70.0
28.
11.
39.3w 7.98
74.5
57.5
30.
14.
46.06 10.0
0
0
82.5
23.
8.
78.0
74.0
24.5
8.
74.0
70.5
25.
10.
40.0
77.0
71.5
27.
10.
37.1 4.37
0 1 1
78.0 70.0 27.
10.
69.5 68.0
12.
74.0
28.
0
1 1.95
2 2.62
26
I
27
I
212.17
28
113.25
29
oji .3.5
30
1110
2.18
31
0 0 P 2.97
32
0~1 112.23
33
212
1i 2.99
34
34.8i 6.22
0 0 1 111.43
35
32.71 6.04
0
00
1i1
1 1.48
36
0 2 1 1i 1.20
37
211.48
38
37.1 7.80
0 1 1 2 2.10
39
42.818.08
0 0 2 1 2.26
40
4.80
78.0
74.5 26.5
7.
28.31 6.96
0 1l1
S1 .84
41
76.0
72.0
25.
9.
36.0
5.82
0 1 1 011.46
42
78.5 78.5 26.
9.
34.7i 6.09
Oil 2! 1.58
43
82.5
9.
36.61 5.76
0
li 1.50
44
36.71 9.34
0 1 1 2 2.80
45
11.
36.71 8.35
0
0 2.50
46
10.
35.71 7.90
0
012.22
47
1 1 11.92
48
75.5
26.
72.5
68.5 30.
65.5 30.
73.0
73.0 28.
78.5
11.
I
0 o 1
83.0
25.
7.
38.1! 7.69
0
73.5
25.
10.
40.01 4.00
0[ 1 1
77.0 73.0
S23.
8.
34.8
4.78
1O
1
211.00
21.11
2 1.11
49
50
Locality, Eastport II.
Females.
Measurements.
JL4
-H44.'
12
4-b
othO
0'
76.0
24.
75.5
28.
10.
0'78.5
0' 76.0
71.5 27.
11.
67.0
'p1 84.0
10'
9.5 39.6 5.00 0
111.20
51
35.8 7.51 0
112.10
52
40.8. 6.32 1
211.71
53
29.
9.5 32.81 7.60 0
012.20
54
79.0
27.
9.
0
1 2.33
55
82.0
26.5
9. 33.9' 8.05 0
2 2.13
56
77.5
29.
34.41 9.20 0
1 2.67
57
72.5
70.0
27.5
9.
32.81 8.26 0
0 2.27
58
78.0
75.0
27.
9.
33.3' 4.27 0
1 1.15
59
0'i74.0
74.0
27.
0
0 2.22
60
76.5
0'~
76.5
27.
9.5
0
1 1.76
61
71.5 71.5
28.
10.
0
1 1.72
62
80.0 80.0
23.
8.
5.301 0
111.22
63
0
011.12
64
83.0
jP'
3
0
Cc)
Cl)
10.
11.
33.41 8.65
40.91' 8.21
35.3 6.52
35. 616.14
IH'
34.81 4.88
71.0
71.0
23.
8.
0' 67.5
0' 74.5
67.5
25.
10.
40.01 4.37 0
011.09
65
70.5
26.
10.
38.5 5.70 0
0 l.48
66
71.5
70.0
23.
8.5 37.01 4.23! 0
010.97
67
78.5 22.
8.
36.41 4.331 2
210.95
68
0178.5
75.5
24.
9.
37.61 4.95: 0
111.19
69
79.5
79.5
24.
8.
33.3' 5.32~ 0
011.28
70
0'~77.0 72.5
0',76.5 76.5
22.
8.
36.4 4.33! 2
20.95
71
23.
8.
34.8: 5.67
0
1 1.30
72
81.5
21.
7.5 35.8! 4.281 0
210.90
73
72.0
25.
8.
32.1 5.48! 0
0 1.37
74
72.5
26.
11.
42.31 5.14 1 2
2i1.34
21l.34
75
81.5
72.5
i
Locality, Eastport II.
Females.
-
4-3
d o•
-0q
76.5
I
"1-4 4-
43
43)
34.91 4.62
79.0O22.
8.
36.41 3.831
0
0 0 2 11
I
28.
11.
39.31 5.351
79.0
79.0
28.
10.
35.7 6.901
76.0
65.5
36.
13.
36.1 12.5
68.0
68.01 32.
12.
37.4i 8.65
72.5 72.5' 31.
11.
35.6 11.9.
80.0
76.0) 30.
10.
33.3 8.11i
8•
75.51 28.
9.
32.2 8.481
10.
34.5 7.951
75.,1 31.
12.
38.8 9.40)
86.0C26.
8.
30.3 7.871
73.5
73.5 25.
10.
39.3 5.241
86.0
75.5, 26.
7.
36.9 6.85)
97.0
97.0
25.
6.5
26.0 7.90!
69.5 69.5i 24.
10.
41.7 8.10
69.5
69.5; 25.
10.
40.0 5.121
78.5
78.5
24.
8.
32.71 6.521
73.5 73.51 22.
9.
41.o01 3.27
75.0
I
70.5i
29.
77.5
27.
10.
37.0 7.231
71.0
26.
9.
34.6 4.88i
76.0122.
7.
31.8 3.96
73.5 73.51 24.
8.
33.3 3.88
73.5
68.5
0
8.
i 70.0
75.0
0
76.51 23.
70o.0
.0
Measurements.
68.51 23.
68.5 68.51 24.
9.
38.3' 3.711
9.
37.51 4.13
1
0
0
10
1
10
0
1 1 11
21 1 24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,
0
0
0
77
.50
78
.93
79
.50
80
.77
81
.68
82
.43
1i
22
1)112
.37
83
1 11212 .30
85
1 111 2 .92
86
1 0 012 .08
87
0 10O21
11 111 .341
88
111 0 1.78
89
1l 2 1.97
0 1 1;1 .941
01
01
93
02I1 .95)
o!
0 i121110!0
2 1 010
01
01
91
.60
11
0
90
92
10;
1 01.J.72
112o
0111
'0
84
.28
01 1 0101
0
76
.84
2l1 1x
21
1 l24
1
01
0.
.06
94
95
.27
96
.87
97
.93
98
.87
99
0 0 1 10 .99
100
Locality,
Eastport
II.
Ix
Measurements.
Females.
ro
P4
4.0
0!
10 78.5 78.5 25.
81.0
0'
19.
32.1 5.76,
H8.4
74.0 74.01 20.
1.44
101
i 3.431
0.65
102
40.0 i 3.771
1
0.55
103
36.9
0
o1 0
71.01 20.
8.
7.
8i.
7.
35.01 3.66!
0.73
104
76.0
76.01 20.
7.
35.01 3.261
0.65
105
10 75.5
75.51 20.
7.
35.0' 3.261
0.65
106
73.5
H73.5
69.51 21.
8.
38.01 2.58
0.54
if
011
107
73.51 20.
7.
35.0
72.5
675'5 20.
7.
35.01 3.21
70.5
70.51 23.5
8.
34.1
65.5
65.5
I¢1
108
2 0.64
109
2.8.2
120.66
110
8.
36.41 3.00o
02
11210 0.66
111
8.
38.11 3.86
11
100
1 2 1 0.81
112
36.4' 2.96
10 11
0.65
113
30.01 3.26
1 o
0.65
114
Il121
0.47
115
2.69
116
2.93
117
213.47
118
2.28
119
2.80
120
20i3.42
121
2.50
122
12W0 jl 2.94
123
76.0
76.0, 21.
70.5
70.5
22.
78.0
20.
6.
75.5
20.
7.
L•t
78.0
1,';
22.
112 2!0.56
35.0
2.36
81.0
76.5' 30.5 10.
28.7i 8.841
o 1
73.0
71.01 32.
34.3
1l 1
73.5
73.51 33.
13.
39.3110 .5i
73.0
67.51 30.
10.
33.31 7.601
78.5
71.5
12.5
41.71 9.35
30.
i
9.15
80.01 31.
11.
35.51 11.1
80.0
75.51 32.5
11.5
35.41 7.70
iA
84.0 79.51 30.5
10.
221
I
12
1 0
0
1 0
82.5
IA
il
01012
2.81'
'0 2
0i
32.81 9.68'
77.5
75.51 32.
12.
37.31 9.20
'1:1
1I0' 76.0
74.5i 31.
10.
32.31 10.31
0! 0
I
0
!
1
!
1.
2.94
124
3.18
125
Locality, Eastport II.
Females.
Measurements.
H
H4-'
c~c4
4-)
Ci2
p pp
80.0
low
0
80.0
27.
8.
29.7 6.37
1.72
126
78.0 78.0
19.
6.
31.7
3.43
0.65
127
81.5 16.5
5.
30.4
2.62
0.43
128
82.5 17.5
6.
34.3
2.42
0.421
129
89.5
89.5 16.5
5.
30.4
3.03
0.501
130
76.0
76.0
16.
4.5 28.2
2.26
0.36 1
131
76.0
76.0
17.
5.
29.5 1.65
0.28
132
16.5
6.
37.6
2.25
0.37
133
5.
33.3 1.32
0.201
134
6b.U
6.
38.8
1.29
0.20
135
73.5
73.5 14.5
5.5 37.9
1.58
0.23
136
70.0
70.0 15.
6.
40.0
1.41
0.21.
137
81.5
80.5 80.5
75.5 75.5 15.
SLLý&z55 •
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COLLECTION NO. 5.
SHELLS PROM KENNEBUNK BEACH.
1477 SPECIMENS.
KENNEBUNK BEACH, MAINE.
Collection made Friday, December 1, at 2:15 P. M., at Kennebunk Beach,
Kennebunk,
Maine.
Position exposed, shore rocky and rugged, opening freely to
the sea and covered with rock-weed.
Surf action very great.
The collection lasted an hour and a quarter.
The shells were all small and of a uniform white color.
COLLECTION NO. 6.
MATLE SHELLS PROM GLOUCESTER.
188 SPECIMENS.
GLOUCESTER.
Males.
Collection made about November 4, at Bass Rocks, Gloucester, on the shore to the east of the Hotel Moreland.
Locality exposed, rocky, rugged and bearing rock-weed.
Surf action very great.
The shells show a great variety of col-
ors and bands, a fact which may be due to the abundance of red
and green algae there.
The general color-tone of the shells is
much lighter than at Eastport, but not so light as those at
Kennebunk Beach.
The collection occupied half an hour.
PLATE
GLOUCESTER.
Figs. 75-78
S 75, 79-81
82-85
X.
Males.
Nuclear Angle.
Adult
Total Length.
Locality,
Gloucester.
Males.
Measurements.
1.
-
O43
el
i°
i
-r4 4+ý
)Q)
94.51 94.51
81.0'81.10
C
!
I
0(12
2 1.
5.
23.81 7.15
2 6.
10.
38.71 10.8
le 84.0! 84.0 1 2 3.
I1
::Tho
so
0 0 0
1.50
1
0 0 0
2.80
2
.11 0
2.36
3
34.81 1'
86.5: 21.
7.
33.3
2O
010.0
1.89
4
82.5 21.
7.
33.3' 5.48; 0 10 110
1.15
5
87.5; 87.5 2 1.
7.
33.3
1.72
6
76.5
76.512 s5.
7.
28.11 9.70' 0
2.42
7
79.0 21.
7.
33.3. 6.10' 0
!1.28
8
6.
34.2
1.28
9
83.5 22.
6.
27.3, 6.471 0 0. 01
2 O
1.42
10
96.51 96.511 8.
5.
27.9
0200
1.50
11
5.
23.81 7.5010
1.57
12
7.
33.31 9.40; 0
1.97
13
2 1.
6.
28.7! 7.92i 0
1.66
14
67.5 2 9.
11.
38.0 6.84: 0
1.98
15
1.67
16
2.22
17
'1.17
18
2.19
19
I.
iiel
89.0 84.5 1 9.
n
. LI
0
9.05 0
8.201 0
1
I0~I110
6.751 0 0 01
01
1e
0! 90.0 i 86.0 2 1.
t , 94.5, 84.512 1.
I
.; i loo00.
•e 100
loo.
2 210
02 01110i0
110
!0.0 1
0010
31.9
72.51 23.•
8.
34.8 9.651 0
~ 12
81.01 20.
"..
35.0
5.841 0 0 l 0
86.01 82.5 23.
8.
34.8
9.55, 0 111
89.0, 89.0 26.
7.
26.91 11.2! 0
2.90
20
22.
7.
31.9: 10.01 0 1 1 0
2.20
21
1 8.
4.
25.1 5. 00 0 010
0.90
22
6.
30.0 7.50 0 0 1 1
1.50
23
6.
27.3! 8.761 0 0 100
1.93
24
31.9
2.45
25
i
9i
9 I
8.35 0
7.
85.0: 81.0 22.
9
0
8.
92.0
I
I-
9i 90.01 85.5
9!86.0' 86.0
i
95.51
9 95.5 2 0.
85.51 2 2.
9 J91.5
91.5 2 2.
7.6210 Io1o0i
00111
1 11
11.2
210
o0
0 101 0i
Males.
Locality, Gloucester.
Measurements.
--I
865
Cc
4..' ¢D ,
H H
HHI-
H4-3
94
toO
86.
V.v
94.5 89.0
86.0
4.
-H 4.-
24.
20.
21.
84.0 20.5
7.
7.
0~
to
0
29.2
9.46
2.27
26
35.0
7.83
1.56
27
7.45
1.56
28
6.85
1.40
29
7. 33.3
8. 39.0
84.0 84.0 21.
7.
33.3
8.65
1.81
30
76.5
76.5 21.
7.5
35.7
8.05 0
1.69
31
85.0
85.0 21.
6.5
31.0
8.25
1.73
32
21.
7.
33.3
8.35
1.75
33
79.5 79.5 23.
8.
34.8
8.25
1.89
34
101. 101. 21.
5.
23.8
7.97
1.67
35
83.0
83.0 19.
7. 36.9
6.49
1.23
36
85.5
20.
7.
35.0
7.35
1.47
37
89.5
19.
6.
31.7
6.75
1.28
38
81.5 22.
8.
36.5
10.2
2.24
39
92.0 82.5 19.
6.
31.7
7.91
1.50
40
91.0
90.0 23.
7.
30.5
7.91 0 0 2 1 0 1.82
41
76.0
76.0 21.
7.
33.3
8.40
1.76
42
91.5
91.5 20.
6.
30.0
7.92
1.58
43
84.5 84.5 21.
8.
38.1
9.80
2.05
44
87.0 87.0 20.
5.
25.0
6.30
1.26
45
90.0 90.0
19.
6.
31.7
6.12
1.16
46
86.5
19.
7.
36.9
7.28
1.38
47
86.5 86.5 21.
8.
38.0 8.58
1.80
48
84.5 84.5
89.5
8 85.0
87.0
86.5
85.0
22.
7.
31.9 7.20
1.58
49
87.0
19.
5.
26.3
8.60
1.63
50
Locality,
---
3.
Measurements.
Males.
Gloucester.
-I
Ow K
-H4-
P4K
1.4'
4-'
4)
.4J
0CO
CO
194.0 94.0
20.
84.5
21.
20.
6.
30.0oi 8.57
6.
28.7 7.95
6.
30.0 7.40O
7.
33.3 8.69
6.
30.0 8.29
7.
~1)0
1.71
51
1.67
52
1.48
53
0oo 1.82
54
0 i1.65
55
35.0 6.84
0 0 1.37
56
8.
40.01 7.50
0 0 1.50
57
6.
30.0 6.20
02
1
0 0 1.24
58
7.
33.319.45
0
0 1.98
59
21.
8.
38.2 9.90
2
0 2.08
60
9 89.0O89.0o: 19.
5.
26.41 6.53
1
10 0 1.26
61
81.01 20.
7.
35.0 9.41
00
0 0 1.88
62
73.5' 20.
20.
7.
35.0 6.05
100
1.21
63
7.
35.0 6.84
lo
ýO 0
1.37
64
6.
28.6 7.91
01
0
1.66
65
7.
38.61 8.12
2
0 0 1.58
66
91 86.5
9 82.5 82.5
9 92.0! 87.5
9 85.01 85.01
9 85.0
85.0
9 78.0
78.0
9 96.5
96.5
21.
20.
20.
20.
20.
) 80.0
80.0o
G80. 0175.5
9 73.5
I
78.51 78.51
el 91.5 91.5!
21.
o21.
21.
91 92.0
92.01 19.
9 75.5
75.5
19.
7.
36.8 7.32
9 84.5
84.5
20.
6.
30.0 7.25
'9 81.0! 81.01 18.
6.
33.3' 9.45
9 85.5
7.
31.9 7.47
7.
35.0 7.16
77.01 22.
,9 78.5
78.51
8-51 20.
S96.5
8sjo
19e9
1978.0 72.5' 21.
H
5.
!994.0 94.0! 18.
9e77.51 77.5
8.
38.1 7.00
5.
27.8 6.28
6.
31.7! 5.32
5.
30.4 5.34
2
0
0!
ci
1
01
0
01
0
2
01
0
0
0 1.39
67
0
101.45
68
o
1.07
!o
0
10
69
1.64
70
0 1.43
71
0 0 11.47
0o
0
1.13
10
72
0
!0
i
10
10
0O
19.
96.51 16. 5
0
O
0
o
I 10 :1.05
0
'0.88
73
74
75
Locality,
Glouc ester.
.....
....
g..
Males
.........
.
Measurements.
4
-I
-
4.
-~
H
00
4-h0
xr
4.,
xi4 +Oa
403
.f-I
ci)
00
0
CO
91.0 91.0
17.
5.
79.0 79.0
19.
7.
29.4
36.9
19.
6.5
34.3 7.18
84.0 84.0 18.
6.
33.3
89.5 85.0
20.
8.
----
21.
85.0o 85.0 20.
0.93
76
0.96
77
1.36
78
1.65
79
40.0 7.82 0 1
1.56
80
7.
33.3 7.06 0 0
1.48
81
7.
35.0
7.87
00
1.57
82
18.
6.
33.3
6.69 Oil
1.20
83
18.
6.
33.3
5.44 010
0.98
84
7.
36.9
5.79 Oil
0 1.10
85
18.
6.
33.3
7.14 00
0
0 0 0 1.28
08
82.5 827.5 19.
7.
36.9
7.17
19.
6.
31.7
17.
5.
18.
---87.5
70.5
S86.0
978.0 98.0
77.5 77.50 19.
8490.0 8490.0
5.72
5.08
9.20
0 0
01
010
01-
Oil
O 0
o 1.36
87
6.26
1
0 1.19
88
29.4
5.78
1
1 0.98
89
7.
39.0
6.90
1
01.24
90
93.5 93.50 19.
90.01,90.0
6.
31.7 8.70
0 11.65
91
77.0 77.0
7.
36.9 7.33
1 1.39
92
5.
27.8
0 1.18
93
20.
7.
35.0 9.00
2
1
1
2
01.80
94
86.0 86.0
20.
7.
35.0 7.50
2
0 11.50
95
89.0 89.0
18.
6.
33.3 7.30
2
0 11.31
96
18.
7.
38.9 6.73
1
0 1.21
97
19.
6.
31.7 6.15
1
1 1.17
98
17.
5.
29.4 5.90
0 1.01
99
17.
7.
41.3 6.00 0 0 1Oil
0i1.12
I
96.0 96.0
19.
84.0 84.0o 18.
76.5 76.5
90.0 90.0
78.0 78.0
86.5 86.5
87.5 87.5
O
6.55
1O0
Locality, Gloucester.
Males.
Measurements.
-- I
CdQ)
Er,
Cd
.E-4
0
E-1ý
-C
9 82.5 82.5 19.
7.
36.9
6.60
Se82.0 82.0 17.
6.
35.3
6.38 0 1
9 85 .0 81.5 18.
6.
33.3
9 83.5 83.5 18.
6.
9 ----
1.25
101
0 0 1.08
102
5.68 0
1.02
103
33.3
5.85 0
1.05
104
6.
30.0
6.82 0
1.36
105
9 80.0 80.0 17.
7..
41.3
5.90 0
1.00
106
9 68.5 68.5 21.
8.
38.1
7.00 0
1.47
107
7.
36.9
0
1.20
108
9 92.0 92.0 18.
5.
37.8
6.32
5.72
0
1.03
109
980.0 80.0 19.
7.
36.9
6.05
0
1.15
110
e 85.5 85.51 19.
5.
26.3
7.12
1%
1.35
111
9 76.0 76.0 18.
6.
33.3
6.95 0
1.25
112
9 78.0 78.01 18.5
6.
32.6
5.85 0
1.08
113
9 84.0 84.01 20.
6.
30.0
6.65 0
1.33
114
9e 82.0' 82.01 18.
5.
37.8
5.40 0
0.97
115
S85.5 85.5 17.
5.
29.6
5.60 0
0.95
116
9l 84.0' 79.5 16.
5.
31.3
10.5 0
1.68
117
9 72.5 172.5 19.
6.
31.7 5.05 0
0.96
118
9- --91.0116.
4.
25.0
2 0.66
119
9 82.5 82.5 17.
5.
29.6 4.60
0 0.78
120
91----'83.0 17.
5.
29.6 5.06
1 0.86
121
9 98.5 98.51 16.
3.
18.8 5.00
1 0.80
122
E 76.0 76. 0 18.
6.
32.7 5.95
1 1.10
123
8---.
87.0 17.
5.
29.615.61
1 0.94
124
I I- *
----
I
80.5 20.
76.0 19.
9 76.0 76.0 19.
I 1i
0
4.15 0
31.7 5.80
0 1
IA
1
ln
125
Locality,
Males.
Gloucester.
Measurements.
6.
7ý-=
u-M 4-3•
zioa)H
H4-3
Ow)
--.
o86.0
82.0
82.0
17.
5.
29.4
5.90
21.5
7.
32.7
7.38
5.
27.8
6.62
87,.0 83.5 18.
85.5
16.5
6.
36.4
5.45
81.0
81.0
17.
6.
35.3
5.18
85.0
85.0
18.
5.
79.0
18.
79.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
0
0
0
0
1.00
126
1.58
127
1.19
128
0.90
129
0.88
130
27.8
0
5.72 0
1.13
131
7.
39.0
3.17 0
0.57
132
17.
5.
29.4
4.54 0
0.777
133
75.0
18.
6.
33.3
4.28 0
0.77
134
76.5
16.
5.
31.3
4.38 0
0.70
135
86.5
17.
6.
35.3
5.76 0
0.98
136
85.0
17.
15.
5.
29.4
4.65 0
0.79
137
4.
26.8
4.68
0.70
138
16.
6.
0.87
139
1.14
140
0.64
141
0.83
142
0.81
143
0.78
144
0.67
145
0.82
146
0.38
147
0.87
148
0.72
149
0.62
150
95.0
84.5
80.5
84.0
0
0
18.
84.0 15.
76.5
18.
1
6.
4.
5.
37.5
5.43
0
33.3
5.79
26.8
4.28
27.8
0
0
4.62
0
86.5
86.5 16.
82.5
83.5
5.
17.
5.
16.5
5.
31.3
29.4
5.07
4.58
0
0
30.4
4.07
0
93.5
91.5
16.
5.
31.3
5.13
0
82.0
9
0
16.
5.
31.3
81.5 16.5
5.
30.4
82.
16.
5.
31.3
88.5
16.
4.
25.0
2.38
0
°
O
0
5.28 !O
4.50 0
0
3.88
14o
Cc
H-AH
r-4 H
H1....
.
Cd
C7T
4
I3
PgMi1
4-3~
4
Measurements.
Males.
Locality, Gloucester.
11Ir
-ý=5 0 2-,ý
z
9 72.0 72.0 18.
7
6. 33.3 5.58 0 110 1
151
152
9 ---- 76.5 17.
6.
35.31 5.24.
1 0110 00 .89
1.53
9
83.0 16.
4.
25. 13.70 0 0 0 0 0 0 .59
154
982.5 82.5 17.
6.
35.3 5.43 0 1 2 0 0
.92
155
.72
156
9 85.5.84.0 17
9 87.5 87.5 17.
5.
. .
29.5 4.54.40 0 0 1 0.77
4. 23.7 4.54 011 010 0c.77
157
91 ----
6.
-
75.0 18.
•I
99 ---85.0 155.
l9• 85.0
....
I85.0
877.5 16.
16.
1
4. 25.04.50
90.5 16.
S93.0
I
010I00
33.3 4.28 0 0 1 1 1C
158
.77-
159
.65
160
.65
161
.65
162
.65
163
I
53.
33.3
4.34
0 1 1 0
18.8
4.07 000 011
5.
31.31 3.26
0 00 00.C .52
164
5.
31.. 4.26 010 0 1 12 C .68
j
l
II
165
e87.0 87.0 116.
5.
31.3 5.14 002 0 1 11
.82
166
9-183374.0 16.
5.
31.3 3.3310 0 o 11 00 .53
167
9 85.5 85..5116.
I
9
9
----
I93.01
l 15.
i
88.0 15.
! :I 88.0 15.
9G 88.0
74.0 16.
16.
86.0186.0
9 81.5
76.5 76.5 17.
e 90.51 90.5. 15.
9.----
515.
1 3. 20.0 I 3.54 0I 10 0 1 12i
2.
13.4 3.94 0 010 11 ic
.53
168
.59
169
.59
170
171
I
3.
5.
5.
.68
,
I
I
3.94 0 00 11
1 IC
20.0
31.3
01C ).71
4.44 0 0 10oo 1
31.3 4.260
6.
35.34.18
0 .71
173
3.
20.0! 3.471 00 0 112i( .52
174
.55
175
II2 3.
1
1
20103.681000 1122
1
1
i !1
172
Males.
Locality, Gloucester.
1
1
--
Measurements.
8.
.1 =W,
H
ccvd)
4-3G
H4a
V co
E-1
E-H
0
87.5
87.5
14.
3.
433, 4.00
4o
21.5
1 1 0.56
176
90.0
83.5 15.
4.
26.7
2.62
1 0 0.39
177
26.7
2.62
0 00.39
86.0
15.
3
I
178
I
77.0
77.0 16.
31.3
4.00
0 0 0.64
75.0
75.0
15.
33.3
2.81
2 0 0.42
180
76.0
15.
40.0
3.08
S1 iO.46
181
86.5 82.5 14.
128.7
3.00
1i010.42
182
80.0 14.
21.5
1.64
1 0 0.23
183
80.0 80.0 14.
35.8 2.43
1 0!0.34
184
80.0
80.0 12.
25.0 2.00
1 1l 0.24
185
83.5
13.
23.2 1.85
0 0 0.24
186
83.5 83.5
13.
23.2 2.32
1 0 0 30
187
74.0 74.0
13.
30.8
110
0.20
188
1.55
179
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COLLECTION NO. 7.
FEMALE SHELLS FROM GLOUCESTER.
176 SPECIMENS.
PLATE XI.
GLOUCESTER.
Figs. 86-89
Females.
Nuclear Angle.
"
S 90-935
Adult
"
Total Length.
94-97
I
4
•1i
¸•~•
i•
4
Locality,
Gloucester.
Females.
Measurements.
t==-•
H
Cd
Da)
= ý '17-
4-bD
o0
Cd 4
P4
Cc
ow
0
CO
84.5
22.
6.
27.3
8.65
95.0
23.
H 4z
6.
26.2
24.
Ei-4
6.
87.5
'x,
,Vo
S89.0
0---S87.5
'78.5 78.5
88.0 88.0
S80.0
80.0
S95.5
95.5
95.0 90.0
22.
23.
1 1.90
1
11.1
1I1 0 0 2.55
2
25.0
11.8
0 2.82
3
7.
31.9
9.71
0 2.13
4
7.
30.5
9.45
0 12.17
5
9.
36.1
13.7
0 3.43
6
6.
26.8
10.4
012.33
7
5.
23.8 7.72
111.62
8
6.
29.3 7.93
1 1.62
9
25.
22.5
21.
20.5.
22.5
21.
88.0
88.0
80.0
80.0
20.5
7.
31.9
7.97
1 1.75
10
96.5
96.5
22.
6.
30.0
9.89
011.97
11.
93.5
81.5
22.
7.
31.9
10.3
0 2.25
12
85.0
75.0
25.
9.
36.1 14.2
0 3.53
13
91.0 91.0
20.5
5.
24.4
8.35
111.71
14
82.5
82.5
21.5
6.
27.9
7.64
0 1.64
15
81.5
81.5
22.
7.
31.9
7.60
0 1.67
16
80.5
80.5
21.
7.
33.3 6.51
0 1.37
17
0187.0
84.0
21.5
7.
30.7
8.50
0 1.82
18
80.0
21.
6.
28.7
7.54
01.58
19
81.5
22.
7.
31.9
8.75
1 1.94
20
91.0 91.0
21.
6.
28.7
6.66
0 11.40
91.0
91.0
22.
7.
31.9
9.78
80.0
80.0
21.
7.
30.0
8.68
0 1.82
23
103.
103.
19.
6.
31.7
9.80
0 11.86.
24
92.0
92.0
20.
6.
30.0
8.21
0 1.64
81.5
02.15.
21
22
25
I
I
Locality, Gloucester.
•lz
.0:
.~~r
Females.
Measurements.
i........
0
-~
4H
-D
2.
cc
S97.5 97.5 20.
0
92.
S103.
0
92
90.
5.
25.0 9.O01 0
.80
26
6
30.0 6.65 0 1
.33
27
6.
24.1 16.9 0 o0
.21
28
35.7 12.01o o o0
.34
29
0
.33
30
.
.
'0
25.
77.5
77.5128. 10.
90.0
90o.0o 24.
6. 25.01 9.7310
87.0 25.
7.
28.0 9.931 0
0
.47
31
75.5 24.
5.
20.8i 9.3810
0
.25
32
86.5 78.5 22.5
7.
31.21 9.22 0 0
.07
33
81.0
80. 0! 23.
7.
30.51 10.01 0 0
.29
34
$----
87.5 22.
7. 31.9i 7.93! 0 0
.74
35
80.0 23.
7.
.32
36
.73
37
.16
AR
75.5
A 80.0
o
- in
sn
A
n o9
n
89.0
8
93.5
93.518.
5.
----
89.0 20.
6. 30.0 8.33,0 0
.66
39
6.
.53
40
.98
41
.50
42
.65
43
.0
2...
....
P87.0! 87.0 22.
181.0 81.0 22.
Ii7.7.
'86.01,86.0120 .
6.
i
3.U .L.4
.
U:U
27.8 6.451 0 0
27.3 6.96 0 0
Ii
31. 9! 9.001
a3.
900 01
30.01 7.50 0 2
o
t84.0 8l4.0120.
6. 3o.o
89.0 89.0 19.1
6.
31.71 8.42 0 1
.60
8'6.0 86.0 20.5
6.
29.
.36
90.0 90.0121.5
7.
30.7 8.95 0 0 00 0 1.92
87.5 87.5 21.
6.
28.7! 7.760 0 0 1 0 0 1.63
99.0 99.0 21.
5.
23.81 7.26 0
0 0 1.52
48
84.5 22.5
7.
31.2 8.50 0 i 2 0 0 1.91
149
.0 2 2
7.
i31.2~1li.7! 0'i 2 0 2 2.63'
S84.51
0'87.0• 8 7 .
.5l
31.2
8 .29
6.65 0 0
1
44
.60
44
45
'
46
47
.7012 i22.63
10
50
Locality,
Females.
Gloucester
MLeasurements.
I-
C~ci
a) w
to
rI
o j
H4-3
0
r-4~
------ 4
I--~
T~
I
,a
4-)
4-)
0
87.5
20.
6.
30.0
8.08
1.61.
51
73.0
68.5
23.
8.
34.8
8.45
1.94
52
92.0
89.0
20.
5.
25.0
9.70
1.93
53
82.5
82.5
22.
7.
31.9
8.51
1.87
54
78.0
78.0
21.
7.
33.3
7.64
1.60
55
83.5 80.0
22.
6.
27.3
9.78
2.15
56
77.5
77.5
22.
8.
36.3
7.94
1.84
57
94.0
94.0
21.
7.
33.3
10.5
2.22
58
78.5
78.5 22.
8.
36.3 7.33
1.61
59
90.5
90.5
22.
7.
31.9
7.70
1.69
60
96.0
96.0
19.
5.
26.3 7.33
1.39
61
93.5
93.5
21.
5.
23.8
7.311
1.53
62
83.5
77.0
22.
8.
36.3 7.841
1.72
63
91.0
19.
5.
26.3
5.801
1.10
64
91.0
91.0
22.5
7.
31.2
9.351
2.10
65
73.0
73.0
21.
7.
33.3
7.881
1.65
66
84.0
84.0
21.
6.
28.7
7.151
11.50
67
86.0 21.
6.
28.7
8.67!
1.82
68
7.
35.0 7.71!
1.54
69
99.0 99.0 19.
5.
26.3
6.801
1.29
70
9.25
1.94
71
75.0 75.0
20.
1
86.0
79.0
21.
6.
28.7
96.0
96.0
20.
5.
25.0 7.50
11.50
72
96.0
96.0
18.
5.
27.8
8
.001
1.44
73
82.5
82.5 19.
6.
31.7
6.281
74
91.0
88.0 19.
5.
1.19
S1.60
11.60
8.431
26.3
;
i
75
Locality,
Gloucester.
I-
rI
to
Females.
9. k3b0
P
Measurements.
1
1
--
t
oW
0
t
87.5 87.5 21.
7.
33.3I 9.05 0 0 0 0 0 1.90
93. 0 93. 0 20.
5.
25.0 7.890 0 1 0 O 1.57
82.01 82.0 21.
8.
38.1 7.15! 0 0 0 0 1 1.50
78
6.
30.0 6.4500
111.29
79
....
.
8-.
--- 85.0120
as.oo 19.o.
86.0;
86.
6.
31.7! 6.301 0
0o0 0 1.20
80
83.0 81 .0 19.
5.
26.3 6.50 0 0 1 0 0 1.24
81
90.01 9.0oi 18.
5.
27.8 5.80 0 0
10001.04
82
5..180.5 21.
7.
33.3 7.94 0 i
2 0 1 1.66
83
82.0 82.0 19. i 6.
31.7 6.590 0
1 ;0 0 1.25
S84
89.01 86.0! 17.
5.
29.5 5.1810 0 0 0 0 0.88
85
----
76.0519.
6.
31.7 5.52 00 0 11 0 1.05
86
95.0 95.0 18.
5.
27.8 6.20 0 0 20 01.05
26.3 5.52 o000 OiO .05
87
I,
85.d518 .5!19.
5.
92.0 92.0 18.
5.
0
:27.8' 5.7410 110
0i 1.03
-78.0. 20.
7.
3 5.0 7
79.01 79.00 20.
6.
30.0 5.90 0 01 1 10i1.18
---97 .5 17.
90.0, 90.0 i 18.
185. 0 85.0o 18.
90.0
i
90.0 18.
.07t0
11i 11.411
76
77
88
89
90o
91
4.5 26.6 5.48 0 0 1 0 0 0.93
92
6.
i0 0 0.97
93
0 10
00 1.02
94
6.
5.
33.3 5.40 0 0
33.3 5.670
0
I
I
127.8 6.45 0 0 1 0 0 11.16 1
95
10
193.0
93.0118.
718
5.27.8
5.830 0!
1 0 0 1.05
96
78.0 78.0 20.
6. 30.0 6.00 0 00 10 !1.20
97
83.0 83.0 19.
5.
26.3 4.38 0 0 0 1i 0 0.83
98
83.0 83.0 18.
6.
33.3 5.23
99
5.
30.3 4.54 0 01 0 2 0.75
81.0o 16.5!
0
01 0 0.94.
:100
Locality,
Gloucester.
H
Ix
Females.
0
HHr
C:,
ra
K
E4
C6.
w-4-3
Cd 0
76.5
76.5
19.
6.
4-0
31.7
.9.60
5.60
5.
Measurements.
0
41
1000 1 1.06
101
0 0 01.06
102
0
85.01 85.0
19.
5.
26.3
84.0
84.0
20.
5.
25.
5.81 0 0 10
1 1.16
103
80.0
80.0
20.
6.
30.0
6.40 0 0 0 1 2 1.28
104
83.0
83.0
20.
6.
30.0
6.00
0 1 0 011.20
105
0' 92.0
0' 87.0
0' 88.0
92.0
16.5
5.
30;.3 4.50
106
5.
29.5
0 210 0 0.74
0
5.48 000 0 1 0 0 0.93
00
0 0 0 0 1.00
5.56
93.0
87.0
87.0 17.
0
107
ra
85.0
18.
5.
27.8
108
0
17.
5.
29.5
0 110
5.24
0
0' 80.0
0'
80.0
0'
82.5
20.
7.
35.0
5.66
0 0.89
109
0
1 1K0
1.13
110
0
0 0 1 0.61
ill
0 0 0 0 0.75
112
0
82.5
16.
5.
31.3
3.82
0
17.
5.
29.5 4.43
00
4.84 000
0 1 1 0.87
0 0
1 10 0 0.98
27.8 5.46
0 0
21 0 0.98
32.5
0
0
29.5 5.78
0 0.98
0 0
1 11
29.5 5.68
I 2 10.96
0 0
6.21
0 1 111.24
0
0 1.08
6.64
0
0
29.5 5.06
0 0 0 0.86
0 0
33.3 5.58
1 0 0 11.00
0 0
0 0 10 010.84
27.8 4.67
0
31.7 5.58
0 1 0 2 1.06
0
27.8 5.13 0
0 1 1 0 0.87
0 0
0
29.5 5.89
1 0 1 1.00
0
0' 75.5 75.5 18.
87.5 18.
0'
6.5 36.2
113
5.
114
0'83.5
83.5
18.5
6.
0' 98.5
88.0
17.
5.
86.5
17.
5.
0' 77.5
75.0
20.
6.
9198.0
98.0 16.5
4.
9180.5
80.0 17.
5.
0'86.5
86.5 18.
6.
78.0
18.
5.
85.0
19.
6.
80.0
80.0
18..
5.
9188.5
88.5
17.
5.
83.5
1~
K
5.30
00
IO
o
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Gloucester
Locality,
7o K
C
a) 0)
a60
'>4
a)
1
S13
-4 (D-
aC
p
Ca,
Cde
----1 79.0
5.
76.5j 76.5
5.
92.0
I
84.01 16.
80.0
88.5' 17.
76.51 20.
0 10i
0 0.87
127
0 10 1 1I 1.00
128
1 10.86
129
0o0.88
130
o010
o 0 0 1.61
131
0 0.90
132
29.5' 5.48 0 0oIolo
0 1 0 0.93
6. 35.3' 5.71
0 10 10 2 0.97
133
0I
29.51 5.13
0
29.51 5.88
6.
37.6
4.
5.381
7.
0'
86.5; 17.
5.
0'1
77.51 17.
5.
0'
5.
68.01 18.
35.0
7.561
29.5! 5.30'
0
0' 81.5! 81.5! 16.5
0'
5.191
0
5.
87.01 87.01 16.
23.7
0 1 0
0
0
0' 84.0! 82.51 17.
80.0 17.
0
126
29.5; 4.47
i
0',88.5
mto,.- a
S.,-s;
a.
E- 0 cr,i210.76
5.
92.0!
I wr4 U2
01
K
I 30.51 5.281
29.5
5. 31.31 4.801
33.31 2.90
5.
85.5 16.
134
-1 0.87
135
o 0 t0 2 0.79
136
01001
00 00 00 O 0.77
137
0
4.68
6.
i 0
0
0:1
0o
0
0
0:2
20.52
138
29.51 4.371
0 0.74
139
5.
30.5! 3.83
1 0.63
140
86.51 86.5 18.
5.'
27.8
00,
010i
4.451 01 000'0
1 1 11
93.0 15.
4.
26. 7
4.281
81.0 17.
5.
29.51 4.30i 0
5.
31.3! 4.ooi00
0'83.0" 83.0
0'
L~1
0189.0' 89.0
L'f .
16.
75.0! 75.0 18.
0' 83.51 83.5
'0'
01
.4.
60
Measurements.
Females.
16.
5.51 30.7; 4.731
5. I 31.3'
3.
20.0 3.871
76.5
4.5
28.2 3.871
80.01 80.0! 16.
'01
!! 37.6
i--iI.
86.5; 16.
!
5.
141
2 0.64
142
0 0.73
143
0 0 1 0 1 0.64
0
0 0011
144
01 11 1 0.85
145
1 0.56
146
2 0.58
147
0 0.62
148
11 0 0.54
149
0
0 1 10
0
3.50 i O
93.5; 93.51 15.
76.5 16.
0.80
0 00
3.38:
31.31 3.94,
01!11
010
0O ;1 0
001
01
0
0
oIo
I
I
1 0.63
150
Locality,
w2
1a)
93.01 13.5
82.5
82.51 16.
83.0
83.0 16.
Cd
4.
5.
5.
29.7
-H
2.231 0 0 1 0 1 0.30
31.3
3.88
0
26.7
82.5! 15.
5.
33.31 2.61j
89.51 89.51 13.
84.01 14.
86. 01 86.'0 14.
81.0 81.0o 14.
152
0.62
153
010 10 1211 0.34
154
0.39
155
0.29
156
0.34
157
0.41
158
00 0 0 0.45
159
0.36
160
0.44
161
:0.31
162
0 1 o 0.39
0Odli
010011
163
0.34
164
O. 37
165
0 01 0.25
010
0i002
166
0.25
167
0.32
168
0
4.
2.271
0000I2
0 0121
0 100 ;0
0 110
0
6.
1151
0.61
31.3, 3.81!
15.
80.0, 80.01 14.
7.
4.,
"-f 4J•
og)
90.0.
Measurements.
H
5.4
84.0
Females.
Gloucester.
42.8
2.071
01
3.
3.
23.2! 2.62'1
21.5
2.931
0oo 1 L
0: 000 101
010 '12
01
4.
28.7
3.221
0
6.
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5 86.51 13.
178.5
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COLLECTION NO. 8.
MALE SHEL9 FROM NEWPORT.
101 SPECIMENS.
NEWPORT.
Males.
Collection made Saturday, April 14, at 12:30 P. M. at
Brenton's Cove and at Price's Cove.
Brenton's Cove is a sheltered spot, Purpura scarce.
Price's Cove opens to the sea and receives good wave action.
Purpura more abundant than at Brenton's Cove, but not so abundant as at Eastport, Kennebunk Beach or Gloucester.
The char-
acter of the coast is similar to that at Gloucester except that
there are no large boulders.
Rock-weed is abundant.
The two lots were mixed together and measured.
It is not
to this fact, but to the fact that few numbers were obtained
that I attributeffailure to get normal frequency curves.
A map of the locality is appended.
PLATE XII.
NEWPORT.
Pigs. 98-100
"
"
101-104
Males.
Nu clear Angle
Adult
To tal Length.
.
~gw.
-
-
Locality, Newport.
•
H
, H
9.
i 75.0 75.0 27.
10.
75.5 27.
*
4-)I
1 72.5 72.5 26.
S.....
Measurements.
Males.
'e 74.0 70.0 25.
•,
-
.
..
.7 9.050 10 1112.34
1
37.2 10.3 0 0 01 1 2.78
2
33.3 9.28110 0 1 2 2.50
1
01 3 0
3
34
9.
;4.
I
i••
9. 36.0 12.3 0
e 71.0 60.0, 27.
10
ii.
.
40.8 8.70
0
9 62.0 62.01 28.
11
39O
3
1 1
0
1 0 13.06
1
i
i 0 2 2.34
0
1
0
1
3
07,
4
5
z nr
6
36.0 9.85 0 0100 ;112.46
7
0'2.39
81
.
9
1 I
in
% -I in -
9 75.5 75.5 25.
9.
170.51 70.5! 25.
10.
40.0 9.59 10 11o
91 67.51 67.5! 30.
14.
4 6
el 6a. o065.o0
10.
35.7 12.0 0 1 1 0o 23.34
10
10.
38.5110.0 01110 0: 22.62
11
8. 32.0 9.60 0001 0 1 2.39
SI
12
28.
9 72.072.01 26.
i: iI
9 74.5 74.5~ 25.
. 7 12 . 2 0 I 1
I
I0
: 1
3
64
I'
a
S69.0 69.0 25.
11.
44.0 9.80 1i0 2 0 2 2.44
13
S..----
10.
41.7 7.78 00 1 0 111.86
14
72.O 24.
;9 72.0 72.0 23.
19 72.51 68.0 25.
9175.0 75.0 24.
19 72.01 69.0 24.
*i
39.2 9i40 0
!20 1 2.16
9..
'1,
10. 40.0 10.6 0 1 I 0 1 2.64
9.
8. 133.3 8.98 01
1 0 1 2.15
15
16
17
10.
41.7 8.80 0 0;2 0 1 2.12
18
E -.
73.0 23.
8.
34.8 10.0100 1i 0 1 2.28
19
9 ----
78.0 23.
8.
34.8 8.58
0 2 0 1 1.97
20
11 44.0 10.810 2 l10 1:2.70
21
,
H
S.---- 70.0 25.
,
--
;78.0 25.
11
I
9.
36.0 10. 6 0 1:1 l1 2.64
22
e 76.5 76.5 24.
8.
33.3 10.0 0 0 0 0 1 2.39'
23
S80.5i 80.5 23.
9.
39.2 8.
12.04
24
9. 39.21 7.280 0 0.
11 011.67
25
700
65.0 23.
0 2
Locality, Newport.
Males.
I
!
~
.I
o..a
76.525.40
4
----- 69.5126.
e0'
10.
H
44
40.0 11.340
10.
38.5 8.051o 00 012 2.09
27
9. 34.7 7.;90 0 0 10 o 2.05
28
36.0! 8.80t 0 I1 1 0 1 2.19
29
40.81 6.41 0
1.73
30
1.87
31
z
0212.81
CI
26
I
.
40.i
10.
78.51iJ 23.
0
jI
I
9.
63.5 63.5 27.
9 ----
o
l'I'
I
9 70.0 67.025.
2.
'1
G 64.0 64.0i 26.
G 70.51I 70.5 25.
Measurements.
7.50
10!1 i
l
1:
8. 134.8 7.850 0 0
0 1 1.80
32
8.
11.
34.8 9.50 0 0 1 0 I1 2.18
44.0 6.681 00 0 1 2 1.67
33
34
9.
41.0 9.30 0 1 2 0 1 2.05
35
9 68.0 64.0 24.
9.
37.5 6.24 0 0 0 1 2 1.50
36
S----68.51 23.
8.
34.8 7.45
37
,
0
-72.0123.
64.0 64.0i 25.
9
76.022.
I
0 0 2 1.71
9 60.5 60.5 28. 12. 42.87.53 00 01
II
41.017.88 0 1 0;0 0 1.73
39
36.41 6.13i 0 0 0 0
2 1.35
40
10.
43.5 7.64 0 1 1 0 1 1.75
41
11.
44.0! 10.4 0 1 1 0 1 2.60
42
40.0 12.0 0 1 2 1 0 2.98
1
I
047
43
S74.0 74.0 22.
8.
(V9¶I
0
-
I
69.0 23.
9 70.0 66.0 25.
i6.0
i9 69.0 69.0 25.
38
I
9.
! 64.5' 64.5 2
2 2.11
I
10.
1
'0i
2.8;4
1
1.79
93.0923.780100
7I
I.39.2
9
0
0
0
144
----- 75.0121.
7.
33.3 7.050 1 0 0 1 1.48
45
e 67.01 67.0 25.
111.
I 44.0 8.70! 0 0 2 022.17
46
22.
8.
36.4 8.10 0 1 1 0!11.78
47
e ---- 74.0 21.
7.
33.3 7.45 0 0 20 1i.56
48
.---69.0 21.
7.
33.3 7.45 0 0 0 0 1 1.56
49
9.
9.
41.0
8.94
41.0
8.94
00
II
e 76.0 72.0
1
73.5
22.
jel--....----I 73.5j22.
I
I
1020 211.96
1.96
1 1 :1
I
I
I
50
50
bo
10
-HO~i 40.0
•
:3 b
4 -3
*dl
,
40.0 9.40 0 1 1i0 112.35
10.
9 76.0 76.0 23.
8.
34.8i 9.10 0 1 0 0 1 2.09
7.
33.3 7.50
I
79.0 21.
1
1
51
-
9 73.5 73.51 25.
I
9 --
3.
Measurements.
Males.
Locality, Newport.
51
I
I
52
let
0 00
11 57
53
I 5i
I
9 70.0
64.0 25.
91--'6.
10.
10
40.0 7.20 0 0 1 0 2 1.80
9 ----
64.0 25.
10.
40.0 7.20 0 2 1
9
75.0 23.
I
54
12 1.98
55
8.
34.8 6.7510 0 1 0 2 1.55
56
' ---- 72.0 22.
8.
36.4 8.35 0 0 1 0 0 1.83
57
91---- 75.0 22.
9
41 0 8 60 0
0 0 2 10 1 1.88
58
S65.5 65.5 24.
9. 37.6 9. 35o 11o 2 2.24
9171.0 67.01 22.
8.
36.4 9.00 0 1 1 00 1.98
9 -...
9.
41.9i 8.50 0 2I 1 10
7.
33.3 4.43i1
76.5 21.5.
9 70.0 67.01 21.
9 ....
72.5ý
23.
65.121
10.
9---- 65.5 21.
9
74.51 25.
9 -
71.0 'i
9 --
.
--
62
9.
36.01 6.8010 0 0 0 2 1.70
65
9.
42.8
8
36.4 l 6. 781 0 1
1 0 il1 ;1.51
0 -0,
1.36
67
33.3 6.48 00 0
68 i
75.0121.
7.
i
5.381I 0 0 ' 2 0 0 1.13
'
1.36
7.
8.
8.
'
64
';
66
,i
II
I
9
2'0.93
0 0i0
8.
7.
9 74.5 67.51
21.
,I
'9 75.5 75.5 20.
61
'
63
64
71.0 22.
74.0 ' 65.5121.
60
43.5 7.90 0
0 1.81
0 00 1i0
0 10110.46,
38.2 6.95 0 0 0 i0 1.46
I
1e
1.82
59
I
33.3!7.400
I
''
1 0101
1.55
38.217.40 0 0 1 0 1 It 1.55
40.0 6.65 0 0,0 0 1 1.33
&
'
691
70
71
'
70.0 20.
8.
40.0 7.40 00
2 00 1.48
72
9 1 72.0
72.01 21.
!
8.
38.2 6.45 0 0 1 0 1 1.35
73
38.2 7.15 0 1 11 0 1 i.50i
74
41.0 7.60 0 i 0 1 0 l
75
967.5 67.5 21
9 71.01
71.0 22.I
;i
1 8.
9.
I
1.67
r~() 43
(1) (1)
Measurements.
Males
Locality, Newpo rt.
+
S73.01 73.0 21.
9.
42.8,7.15
0i0L1 0 1'1.50;
II
77
e 83.0 i 83.0 20.
S.---- 68.01 23.
9 66.51
6 6.5
21.
9 ---- 76.5 21.
76
9.
39.2 5.70I
9. 42.8 6.65
0
o
1.31
0 O11
i10 1 1 .40o
8.
38.2 7.35 0 0 10
8.
38.82 7.15 0
i
1.54
1 :0 11 1.50
78
79
80
9 76. 01 76.0 21.
81
8 70.0! 70.0 22.
82
973.01 73.0 22.
9 ----
72.0 22.
e ---- 77.5 19.
! 68.0
68.0 21.
I
0
-73.0! 21.
& 69.0 i66.0 22.
S67.51 67.5 20.
E)63.
63.0 21.
9.
41.0 7.30001
8.
36.4 7.70
1
01
1.69
6.
31.7 5.75 0 1
0 1
1.09
0
0 01 1
1. 60
8. 38.2 6.423 0 01!0 i
1.35
8. !38.2 7.15 01•
1o
~it
i1.50
8.
36.4 8.20 00010
8.
40.0 6.85 0 i lI0 i
7.
35.0 76.6510 0 1 0 1 1.330
9.
8.
37
o
l45.o 7.5o0 o
38.2 5.1510
2 1.45
1 01
.
1.081
'E-1- 73.01 19. I8. 42.2; 6.580 0 00 1 1.25
E) ----
70.5 20.
S8.
8.
S•
40.0 6.25 0101!0 1 1.25
I
42.2 7.1810 O i
1
77 .0 20.
9 79.0 79.0 18.
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
7.
35.0 6.25 0
6.
30.0 6.051 0 0 0 01011.21
6.
6.
0 2
0 i1.25
7.
133.315.90 0 0 1 0 11.00
3 8. 8
96
97
I
7. 38.8 S65.900 0 ; 1oloi 1.00i
S.---- 75.0 15.
84
0 2 1.36
•70.0 19.
9 81.51 81.5 20.
83
5.90 0 0o
i01 1.oo
5. 33.3 5.29 0
0
5..
Ojl01010.64
j33.314-2710
0
010.04
II 1
98
S99
100
101
S I
l1oo
COLLECTION NO. 9.
FEMALE SHELLS FROM NEWPORT.
94 SPECIMENS.
PLATE XIII.
NEWPORT.
Figs. 105-108
"
"
" 106-109
Females.
Nuclear Angle.
Adult
"
Total Length.
Locality,
Newport.
Females.
Measurements.
l i
IM
oW
I
IthO 4--') r,
7
1.
I
I
PI I C
f4-3
co i
C
:2;
S70.0 70.0 30.
ii.
36.7 13.2 0 0 1 0 13.95
23 ~
81.5 81.5 26.
10.
38.5 13.9 0
; 78.51
78.5 27.
I1
1 1 0 2 3.60
2
37.21 13.4 0 0 2 0 2 3.60
3
10.
34.5111.0 0 0 io0 1 3.18
4
40.01 8.90 010 i 11 1 2.67
i0.
10.
70o.o0 70.01 29.
I.
-H4
$165.5
65.5 30.
12.
0'1
65.0
65.o 128.
12.
76.0 27.
12.
44.3
10.
38.5 11.2 1 1 2 0 112.92
8
10.
1
40.0 12.9
i 0 i0 1 0
0 13.23
1 , 231
9
!
72.0
- 64.0
81- 0..
26.
25.
76.5
76.5
2
42.8 10.4 0 0 ;0 0 i2.
4
---69.0
71.5 25
72.5 28.
1 69.0
14
.2 0 0 2 0 i
91
6 i
2.
7
3.5!11.6 1 0 2 0 1 2.67
10
9. 36.0 6.8511i 010 0 21 1.71
11
10.
35.7 10.010 0 0 0 1 2.82
40.8110.6 1 0 1 0 2 2.85
12
13
27.
11.
77.0 72.5 25.
9.
36.0 10.7 I
1 i 0 0 2.67
14
9.
36.0 8.801 0 0 1 0 1 2.20
15
176.0;76.0i25.
I;
I.
-...
67 .05
25.
0
10.
40.0 I 9.15i00 0 012 2.28
.
I
16
----
68.5 26.
10.
38.5 10.910 0 0 0 0 2.84
17
.----
80.0 25.
9.
36.0i10.4 o 0 1 o 112.60
18
44.0 10.60 0 2 0 1 2.64
19
068.0 64.0
I I 25.
11.
7.9 11
y
76.5 76.5 24.
S ! IiI 9.
0'.
713 5
5110
.6
0 1 0 1 3.34
37.5110.8 00 0 0
071
1 12.58
20
I2121
71..5 71.5 22.51 9. 40.0i 7.7010 0!0 1 io 73
112
ll~i2301i
22
70.0 70.01 28.
12.
23
S66.0 66.0 25.
11.
I44.010.10
O 10 0 2.53
24
10.
40.0 11.2;0 1 0 0 1 2.80
25
0
72.0 25.
42.811.1
428
1 0 1!0 2 3.15
!
Locality, Newport.
4-1
i 4z
Measurements.
Females.
H
4.,
4:
H- Hbo
A
0
41 0 0.
0 0: -1
65.0
65.01 25.
11.
44.01 8.451
67.5
67.5 27.
12.
44.3: 10.6
24.
11.
45.9
66.5
73.0
01
i
73.0' 23.
73.5
73.51 23.
il
i.
9.
27
1.79
28
'1.97
29
1.83
30
0
0101
0:001
39.21 8. 60i
39.21 8.00o
0'0 0a
o
1 1 0 1 2.22
31
61.01 27.
12.
44.3i 8.55!
0 0 i0 1 2.32
32
9.
37.5! 10.1i
33
70.0 24.
11.
45.9! 9.201
0 !10 102.43
000
10
2.22
65.5
65.5 25.
10.
40.0i 9.151
2.28
35
r/ R
67.5j 25.
10.
40.0
10.0!
0 11 0 1 12.50
36
62.0i
58.5ii 27.
11.
40.8i 9.40
2.53
37
1.79
38
0!1
0'0
i 1.81
0
0i1 ll1 2
1.48
39
i
72.5 72.5 24.
w
H
H
i
39.21 7.801
73.5! 73.5! 23.
i
34.81 7.85
67.01 23.
8.
69.01 24.
10.
41.71 6.151
71.5 71.5!1 24.
10.
41.7
----
I
10.1i
76.01 76.01 23.
8.
34.81 9.35;
67.51 65.71 24.
9.
37.5s 7.92
I
,0' 70.0
0'i
E0 Ca P42.85
1001
41.71 9.20
70.0
I
26
io.
10.
61.0
'$4
12.
9.
7.45
2.12
75.01 24.
75.0
$4'
0
34
0111112
40
2.43
21010
00 1101 00
011
2.15
41
1.90
43
1.80
44
2101
41.71 7.50i
42
70.01 24.
10.
73.5! 73.51 22.
7.
31.8
8.78
1.93
45
72.51 23.
7.
30.5; 6.75
1.57
46
76.5: 23.
8.
1.98
47
77.5 23.
9.
34.8i 8.63 i
8.63 i
39.2118. 63i
0111111
2 1 •0 10 1.98
48
66.5 26.
11.
42.3
°1 1 1
2.30
49
2.09
50
75.5.
$4'79.01175.5!
22.
8.
8.851
36.4! 9.501
0 1 i0 0O
m
L ocality,
CI
r-H I- H
Newport.
Females.
-H43
Measurements.
01
*HD
w
- I C ISbo
CISZ
jE-4 9
V2
S70.o 70.0 24.
075.5
75.5! 26.
3.
0
I~E4cI
8.
33.3 8.10 0 0 0
Il
10.
38.5
11.40
1 2 1 1 21.94
94
51
52
9.
37.5 7.700
77.0 77 0! 4
8_
33.31 9.4010 01
i0
1 2.26
54
72.5
72.5; 23.
8.
55
70.0
70.0 23.
8.
34.8i 7.33 0 0 1 !0 1 1.68
34.8 8.30 0 0 2 0
1.91
69.0
69.0 23.
9.
39
71.5 71.57
24.
2.9
69
Oi----
76.0
91I 7.141
j
0 2 o01ii.85
53
i
n I0 n
-
-
1 1 6
-
[ .
.
.
.
56
57
68.51I 22.5
9.
40.0 7. 21 0 0 1I0 111.62
158
76.0 22.
8.
36.4 8.80 o
o10 0 111.93
59
68.51 23.
8.
34.8 6.62 1 0 1 1 2 1.52
60
77.5123.
8.
34.8 9.40 0 1 1 0 1 2.16
61
0 0 1 21.77
62
6-.
.
5
&
Il
26.
i
L
LL
C
10.
67.0i 22.5
67.011•22.•5
67.0
I
9.
40.0 6.75 0
02
i0
1
1.52
63
o 1 1 1 l.30
64
/I
!P72.5 72.5 21.
7.
21.
8.
33.3 i 6.20 1O
38.2 9.40 0 1 2 0 1 i1.97
74.0 22.
8.
36.4, 7.41 1
0 0 0 11.63
66
77.51 77.5 21.
7.
33.31 7.15 , 0 112 i 0 1 1.50
67
S.75.51 21.
8.
38.217.63 0
0 O0 0 1 1.6'0
68
8.
38.2 6.81 0 1 2 0 1i 1.43
69
7.
33.3 6.95 0 0 1 0 1
70
...
,83.5
...
~
65
/I
...
1 73.5 21.
775.0 75.0 21.
-Il•
•
i
'I
66.0 I 22.
A70.0 70.0 23.
8.
36.41 7.92 0 i1 0 1
8
34.8 7.60 0 0 1
*75.0175.0 22.
8.
36.4 7.38 0 01 01
__ 71.0 21.
----
---IS
I
74.5 22.
1.46
1 .74
71
11.75
72
;1.62
73
8.
38.2 7.44 1 0 1 0 1 1.56
74
8.
36.4 I 8.88! 0 01 I i1
75
11.95
I
!
Female s
Locality, Newport.
S I
H
%:4K
I 43
Measurements.
4-3 l 0
aco
73.o 75.o 21.
7.
33.3 6.38 0 0 0 0i1.34
79.0 79.0120.
8.
40.0:7.30 0 0 0 0 2 1.46
77
----
8.
38.21 6.481 0 0 1 0 111.36
78
35.0 5.75 1 0 2 012 1.15
79
33.3 5.15 1 0 0 l 2 1.08
80
73.5 21.
76
78.51 78.5 20.
6.
30.0' 6.62
0 0 0 1 2 1.32
81
178.578.5:21.
8.
38.2 8.78 0 0i i0 1,1.84
82
174.0 20.
7.
35.0 6.10 01
01
1 1.22
83
5..
27.8 3.78'10 210110.68
84
6.
36.314.9710 0!0 1 1)0.82
85
----75.0il6.
6.
37.5 3.13 210 0 1 2;0.50
86
78.51 78.5 15.
5.
33.3 2.00 0 0i01
2,0.30
87
40.0 2.3411 0 0 1 2 0.35
88
33.35so~o
1.87 01!0
0 1i0101o0o'0.281
1 ! 0.28
89
7-55.0 18.
80.0 16.5
.';:67.0167.0115.
5.
$70.0 70.0o 14.
6.
68.5' 68.5 13.
5.
72.0 72.0' 13.
5.
73.01 73.0 13.
4.
0
165.0 65.
1
116.
S .I' o
43.0;1.57 1 0 0 01210.221
]38.5;ii.70 i0 0 0
! !0.22
38.51 1.30!0 01 0 11W0.17
1 i
90
91
92
30.8 1.93; 10 0 0 2 0.25
38.5 1.9310
0
10 1 0.25
506
i!
'Ii
!
I
I
93
1
94
24.
CONOLUSIONS.
I will now review the foregoing data as concisely as possible, calling attention to some of the facts brought out by
them.
In looking over the curves, the fact which first strikes
one is the remarkable way in which they all approach curves of
normal frequency.
There are no multimodal curves, nor any par-
ticularly asymmetrical or skew curves among them all.
The fol-
lowing table indicates the close aggrement of the modes with the
means in the different characters and localities:
E. stands for Eastport, G. for Gloucester, f. for female,
and m. for male.
E.I.m.
E.I.f.
E.II.m.
E.II.f.
G. m.
G. f.
Mode
Mean
73.0
73.26
75.3
75.25
75.5
75.18
76.5
76.51
84.0
84.16
85.
Mode
Mean
73.0
71.75
73.0
72.77
73.0
73.4
74.21
84.0
72.93
83.86
85.0 Adult
85.20 Angle
Mode
Mean
40.0
39.16
39.0
37.7
37.81
35.97
35.9
32.0
31.73
30.0 Shape
29.58 Ratio
Mode
Mean
28.0
30.0
26.0
18.5
19.0 Total
18.74 Length
28.15
38.93
29.65
25.0
24.57
25.49
18.50
Nuclear
85.37 Angle
The arrangement of the characters into curves of normal
frequency shows stability of form, and that for a certain character in a certain spot, a definite and permanent mean value of
the character is to be found.
As a result of this, slight dif-
ferences in general averages of the same character from two lo-
25.
calities can be trusted quite as much as large differences.
From these facts, we may state that the species is stable in
each locality, i. e.,
it varies about fixed or nearly fixed
points.
THE CONSTANTS OF THE CURVES,-- THEIR VALUE.
Since the mode
and mean are so nearly coincident in this species, the employment of one rather than the other is of no consequence theoret-
ically.
As a matter of fact, however,
lated with more accuracy,
the mean has been calcu-
being carried to two decimal places,
and is thus a more delicate differential between groups slightly
separated.
Where such accuracy is not needed,
the mode will be
found more convenient because of the fewer figures required to
express it.
The standard deviation is useful, of course, in
determining the amount of variability in each character.
The
variability of a character can be compared by this constant with
the same character wherever found, or with any other character
expressed in the same units.
It is not applicable in comparing
characters which are expressed in different units.
Thus, we
can compare the variability of the nuclear angle from two localities or the nuclear angle of one locality and the adult
angle of another by means of the standard deviation, but none of
these characters can be compared with the shape ratio which is
expressed in percentages, or the total length (expressed in millimeters).
A constant has been suggested (Pearson '95) called
the "coefficient of variation" and denoted by the symbol C. V.
Which may be used to measure variability independently of the
unit measured.
The constant is derived by dividing the standard
26.
deviation by the mean, a process indicated in the formula
(-
C. V.
M- x 100.
-
The constant is recommended by several workers as being a valuable index of variability, but its use has been neglected in
this work.
The justification for the constant is found (Davenport '97),
in the following considerations:
"The relative size of the av-
erage deviation of two organs depends very largely on the relative size of the two organs.
Where the mean dimension is large,
we expect a greater deviation than where it
is small.
Thus,
the
average deviation of the stature of adult British males is about
two in.
An average deviation of two inches in the length of
nose in any race would clearly indicate a much greater variability in the nose-length than in the stature.
In comparing the
variability of two such diverse measures as stature and noselength, it is better to compare the ratios of the average deviations to the mean dimension.
Thus, since the mean stature of
adult British males may be taken at 67 in., variability in stature may be expressed by the ratio 2-
.02985.
This number in-
dicates that the standard deviation from the mean stature is
about .03 of the mean stature; which is clearly more important
than to say that it is two inches.
Moreover, the mode of ex-
pression has the advantage that it is independent of the unit
in which the dimension is measured, whether feet, millimeters,
grams,
degrees or ergs."
This view is objected to by Duncker ('99) who maintains
that the view that we expect high indices of variability where
27.
the mean is high is untenable,.
As evidence for this conclusion
he points to the fact that in the four numerical examples given
in his paper the index of variability is inversely proportional
The following case
to the mean.
taken from my own work further
showsjthe view to be untenable:
Adult Angle
E.I..
E.II.
Males
C.
C. V.
5.26
5.28
.0733
.0724
This is only one case in a number where one group shows greater
variability by the e', but less variability according to the C.V.
Thus the C. V. cannot be used as a universal measure of
variability.
We will now proceed to a consideration of the precise condition of the species P.
lapillus at the present time on the At-
lantic Coast.
In the foregoing tables, we have data from localities which
differ in geographical position and which differ also in physical
conditions; the data in regard to the animals of each sex are
kept separate; and the data concern a number of different structural characters.
As previously stated, the measurements gath-
ered in each table, when plotted, give a normal curve of frequency.
From this we may conclude that we have in each locality
a homogeneous population, and we may feel reasonably sure that
our data are reliable, and that the means and standard deviations
of these curves give us true pictures of the average condition
and degree of variability of the different characters in each
locality.
Thus we are prepared to answer certain questions that
28.
naturally suggest themselves in connection with this inquiry:-First, does the homogeneity found in each locality extend
throughout the range of the species, or do we find differences
associated with geographical position?
Second, are structural differences to be found associated
with differences in the ehvironent?
Third, is there any evidence of
sexual
dimorphism?
Fourth, what correlations are to be found in the variations
of different characters?
And finally, is there any one character that is more constant than the others, or any one by which the species may be
divided into distinct races, or varieties?
These questions will now be taken up in order.
First,-
Is the species P_. lapillus homogeneous and contin-
uous, i. e., do the charactersjary about the same points, no matter from what locality the shells may be taken, or is the species heterogeneous and discontinuous, i. e., do the characters
of the species vary about different points in different localities?
This question can be determined by comparing the modes
of several characters in more than one locality and noting the
degree of difference.
Below are placed for comparison two char-
acters from Eastport and corresponding characters from Gloucester.
Mode of Nuclear Angle, Eastport, (537 specimens)
" " "
" Gloucester, (364
"
Difference,
)
11.40
75.100
84.5.
29.
%
31.5 %
Mode of Shape Ratio, Eastport,
""
"
"
38.2
Gloucester,
Difference,
A difference of 11.4
6.7/
in the nuclear angle,
and of 6.7% in the
shape of the shells in the two localities clearly shows that the
It varies about different points in
species is discontinuous.
This shown in a still
different localities.
more striking man-
ner by the following tables, which are descriptions of the species in three localities:-- Eastport, Gloucester and Newport,
respectively,
S.
expressed in quantitative terms:
D. below means standard deviation.
Shells from Eastport (Collection of 537 specimens) may be described as follows:
0
The shell has a mean nuclear angle of
" "
adult
"
" shape ratio of
"
75,,
S.
73 ,
38%,
S. D. 5.28
S. D. 3.48%
27m.m.,S. D. 3.58
m.m.
" total length of
19%
1%
61
64
74%
and presents imbrications to the extent of
i
teeth
sutures
ribs
"
"
D. 4.67
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
columella excavation,
Color, dark brown to light buff.
Shells from Gloucester (Collection of 364 specimens):
850,
85 0,
S. D. 6.47
" shape ratio of
31%,
S.
" total length of
19m.m.S. D. 2.96
The shell has a mean nuclear angle of
"
"
adult
"
"
S.
D. 6.30
D. 4.54%
m.m.
and presents imbrications to the extent of
teeth
sutures
ribs
"
"
"
"
"
i
"
"
columella excavation,
Color, pure white,
rose-pink and
c.
"
"
"
0.5%
" 25.
" 31.
35. /aC
" 64.
striped shells.
30.
Shells from Newport (Collection of 195 specimens):
The shell has a mean nuclear angle of
"
"
"
"
adult
"
"
shape ratio of
total length of
"
710.
72 .
"
38%/.
23 m.m.
and presents imbrications to the extent of
teeth
sutures
ribs
"
c.
10%.
" 27.
19.
0
"
"
columella excavation,
"
"86.
"
51.
Color, of a uniform brick-yellow.
It will be observed that in these descriptions not a single
character retains the same mean in the several localities.
The
lots from Eastport and Newport resemble each other much more
than either resembles Gloucester.
The principal points of dif-
ference between them being that Eastport shells are more strongly sutured, having more excavated columella, are not dentate,
and are 4m.m. longer, while the Newport shells are 27/ dentate,
and more strongly ribbed.
Again, the shells from Eastport dif-
fer from those of Gloucester in the following manner:-- On an
average, Eastport shells are 8m.m. longer, 12 more acute, 7%ý
less kite-shaped, more strongly ribbed, less dentate and more
imbricated, and of a uniform brown color as against almost uniform white in Gloucester.
The shells from Newport differ from
those of Gloucester in the following manner:-- The color is of
a uniform brick-yellow, as against white or banded white at
Gloucester.
The shells of Newport are more strongly ribbed,
on anon an
average 13 more acute,and
acuteand more strongly imbricated.
imbricated.
31.
Not only does the mean of any character differ with location; but a comparison of the standard deviations from two localities shows also a difference in the extent of variability.
The reader will recall the fact that a large standard deviation
means much variability, while a small standard deviation means
little variability.
In the following table, the specimens from
Eastport and from Gloucester are compared with regard to the
standard deviations of their nuclear angles, adult angles and
shape ratios:
Standard Deviation, Nuclear Angle,
S"
"
"
"
""
"
"
"
"
0
EASTPORT, 4.67
GLOUCESTER, 6.470
EASTPORT, 5.28
Adult
"
"
GLOUCESTER, 6.30
EASTPORT, 3.48%
Shape Ratio,
"
"
GLOUCESTER, 4.54
It will be noticed that the standard deviation for the
Gloucester specimens in each case exceeds the corresponding
standard deviation of the Eastport specimens, showing very
clearly a greater average variability in Gloucester.
Again, the
majority of shells have neither imbrications nor teeth, so the
higher the percentage of shells in any locality that have these
characters the greater the variability there.
The following
table will show that the Gloucester forms are again more variable
than those from Eastport in regard to imbrications, but in regard to the presence of teeth they are just the reverse:
32.
GLOUCESTER, (364 specimens);
Percentage of shells imbricated,
EASTPORT,
(537 specimens);
Percentage of shells imbricated,
GLOUCESTER,(364 specimens);
Percentage of shells having teeth,
EASTPORT,
(537 specimens);
Percentage of shells having teeth,
0.55%
18.99%
25.27%
0.98%
Second,- Are structural differences to be found associated
with differences in the environment?
At Eastport, collections were made at two points, at which,
as stated in the descriptions of localities, the physical conditions differ in a marked degree.
This affords an excellent
opportunity to compare the species in two stations of a different character lying within the same part of the range.
Comparing the mean nuclear angle in the two stations, we
find;Mean Nuclear Angle, Eastport I.(101 specimens),
""
"
"
ll.(110
"
),
74.260
75.86
Difference, 1.600
Shells from Eastport I. may be contrasted with those of Eastport
II. in the fbllowing way, the (to me) most striking differences
being enumerated first.
the second.
The first station is quiet compared to
The total length of the shells of Eastport I. is
greater by 4m.m., the shape is 3% less kite-shaped, slightly
0
more imbrications and the nuclear angle is 2
more acute.
It is
interesting to note that the character ribs which is such an excellent differential in separating the three localities,-Eastport, Gloucester and Newport-, is practically undifferentiated
between Eastport's two stations, the values being 64.36/ and