New
Mexico
Bureau
of Mines and
Open-File
RECHARGEAT
Mineral
Report 338
THE V E G U I T AL A N D F I L LS I T E ,
SOCORRO COUNTY, NEW MEXICO
William J. Stone
Senior Hydrogeologist
June 1988
REVISED AUGUST 1990
SEE ADDENDUM
Resources
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
1
Regional Setting
1
Methods
sampling
Analysis
3
5
5
Results
6
Conclusions
8
Acknowledgments
11
ADDENDUM (see for important corrections)
11
References
15
Appendix
-
Description
of
Cores
17
Figures
Location map
Lithologic logs
3.
Chloride vs depth profile
A-1. Moisture and chloridevs depth profiles
and geology, Veguita Hole BH-1
1.
2.
2
4
9
14
Tables
1.
2.
A-1.
7
Results of chloride analyses
11
Analysis of basal clay, Hole V-2
Results of chloride analysis, Veguita Hole BH-1 13
INTRODUCTION
When
Veguita
the
Store
northern
neared
Counties
acquired
to serve
asa new
Socorro
County
landfill
capacity 1985,
in Socorro
75 acres
approximately
facility
for
the
of
opposite
and
Valencia
land
adjacent
the.
south
of
portions
Veguita
of
the
two
counties. The site lies in the Casa Colorada Grant.
If the land
grid
is
projected
into
the
site,
it
occupies
the
northern
parts
of Sections16 and 17, Township 3 North, Range2 East (Figure1).
In response
of
the
toa suit
adjacent
land
brought
against
owners,
a site
the
counties
characterization
by
study
some
was
called for by Socorro County. The work was performed under
contract by John W. Shomaker, Inc. of Albuquerque. Asa
supplement to that
recharge
was
evaluation,
evaluated
by
pre-development
the
New
ground-water
Mexico
Bureau
of
Mines
an3
Mineral Resources. The purpose of the recharge study was to
determine
downward
This
the
at
average
the
report
gives
long-term
site,
under
the
results
rate
the
at
which
influence
of
the
of
Bureau's
water
has
mov?-d
precipitation
alone.
recharge
investigation.
REGIONAL
The
Veguita
structural
site
Basin
is
within
SETTING
situated
the
in
Mexican
the
Albuquerque-Belen
Highlands
Section
of
th,?
Basin and Range physiographic province. More specifically, it
lies
upland
at
the
surface
western
edge
extending
of
the
Llano
from
the
Manzano
Rio Grande Valley (Machette,
1978).
valley
froma position
averaging
river.
1
de
Manzano,
Uplift
the
westward
The site overlooks the
approximately
140 ft
above
the
broad
to
the
0
Figure 1.
50011.
Location of Veguita study area and auger holes.
A veneer (lag) of coarse gravel lies at the surface
or the
higher divide areas of the property. Beneath this are
unconsolidated
Figure 2 and
sediments
the
of
Appendix
the
show
Santa
Fe Formation
that
(Tertiary).
the 99
upper
ft of
thip
unit
consists of clay, silty clay, silty sand, sand, and gravelly
sand. These materials represent deposition in stream channels,
floodplains, temporary lakes,as well as dune fields. Thickness
of
the
Santa
Fe
in
this
vicinity
is
2,000 ft, based
approximately
1977, Figure 20, crosson an oil well north of the site (Kelley,
.
section D-Dl)
Data
lies
presented
at
by
Spiegel
(1955) suggest
depths 70-125
of
ft
below
the
the
property
water
and
table
that
ground-
water flow is southwesterly toward the river.
A hydraulic
gradient of 5-15 ft/mi is indicated. Although Spiegel (1955)
gave
no
chemical
that
water
from
analyses
two
for
water
wellsa sulfate
had
in
this
township,
he
re-orted
taste.
METHODS
Recharge
was
determined
by
the
chloride
mass-balance
In this relatively simple and inexpensive procedure, it is
assumed
that
P'Clp =where
R'Clsw
P = average
I
annual precipitation (in/yr), Clp
= annual chlo-ide
R = recharge rate (in/yr)l Clsw
=
input via precipitation (mg/L),
average
soil-water
Rewritten
for
chloride
recharge
R
P and
Clp
are
either
this
=
content
below
the
root(mg,/L).
zone
becomes
(P'Clp)/Clsw.
obtained
3
from
the
literature
or
by
m?-thod.
E l
no recovery
Figure 2.
Lithologic logs for Veguita auger holes.
measurements made on site. Clswis determined from samples of
the
unsaturated
zone
(above
Preliminary
tests
the
suggest
water
the
are valid (McGurk and Stone,
1985).
table).
general
lab
procedures
used
The method has been widely
used in arid settings (Allison and Hughes, 1978; Allison and
others, 1985; Stone, 1986).
SAMPLING
Samples
of
the
unsaturated
zone
were
taken
at
two
sites
by
means of coring with
a hollow-stem auger rig. More specifically,
a CME-55
continuous
sampling
system
with
a 5-ft
split
barrel
was
hired for the work. Each 5-ft core at Hole V-1 was subsampled at
1-ft intervals for the recharge study. Samples were taken
1- in
oz screw-top, plastic jars.To prevent moisture loss, thes? were
also
sealed
with
plastic
electrical
plastic bags, and stored out of sun.
the
taken
in
report)
acrylic
liners
for
tape,
placed
in
zip-top
Cores at Hole V-2 were
permeability
tests
(see
Shomaker’s
.
In
the
consistency
case
of incomplete
that
the
partial
recovery,it was
core
was
assumed
obtained,
for
then
the
barrel
became plugged. Thus, the core obtained was routinely assigned
to the upper part of the interval drilled. For example, if only
3 ft
were
assigned
recovered
in
the
interval
10-15 ft,
the
core
was
toa depth of 10-13 ft.
ANALYSIS
Various
First,
steps
moisture
are
content
necessary
of
each
in
order
to
determine
sample
is determined
is weighed as it
gravimetrically. In other words, each sample
5
clsw.
comes
from
the
field,
dried
remove
tomoisture,
oven
then
weighed
again. The weight loss is attributedto moisture content. Next,
samples
are
shaken
gently
with
a known volume
of
deionized
water
to remobilize the salt (chloride). The resulting solution is
decanted
off
and
its
chloride
measureda pH
withmeter
content
and chloride electrode. The chloride content of the original
soil water (Cl) in each sample is calculated using
-
C1 = (Cle-W/Sd)/(Sw-Sd/Sd-J)
Cle = chloride
of
water
and
Db
Once
contentof the extract (mg/L),W = weight
added
(g), Sw = wet
= dry
extraction Sd
(g),
in
weight
is
the
C1
where,
Db
of
bulk
values
the
sample
density
of the
are
weight
of
the
(g),
J = weight of the
sample
calculated
sample
jar(9)
(approximately
1.5).
for
each
sample,
they
are
plotted versus depth. A typical plot is characterized aby
chloride
peak
near
the
surface
corresponding
to
the
root
2078.
Plants take up water but leave salts behind. This accumulates
of
over time to produce the chloride peak. For every volume
water that comes in, through
precipitation/infiltration, an
equivalent volume of water moves downward by piston flow. In
most
storms
there
is
rarely
enough
precipitation
to displac?
any
water out of the root zone. However, intense storms do res’llt in
deep percolation/displacement.
This shows up as lower ch1o-ri.de
values below the peak. Only these are used to determine Clsw.
RESULTS
In spite of partial
recovery
due
to plugging
of
the
co-e
barrel, enough samples were obtained. Chloride content of the
soil
water
varies
from
less 1than
to just
6
over
115 mg/L (Table 1).
- - .-
.
- .".
"
Table 1.
~
~~
.
..
.
-.
"
Results of chloride analyses, Veguita HoleV-1.
Sample
Sample
Moist.
Dry
D
Ceop
Sntothei n t
No.
(ft)
(gm)
(cu.m/cu.m)
(gm)
Wt.
1
W t . Wtr.
Fldded
C1 i n
E x t r aS
co
t il
( PPm)
C1 i n
Wtr.
(mg/l)
..................................
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2:s
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
T...
a: .>.
34
35
36
37
38
.39
4(3
41
42
43
44
4s
46
47
48
49
50
1.52
0.61
4.24
3.76
4.22
3.68
5.1 0
2.52
1.64
43
2 09
0.59
2 8()
1.33
2.94
6.29
5.46
6.62
6 0 I:)
6.52
7 50
6.7.3
1.68
C)
.
.
.
.
.
.3u
2.35
2
3.09
.3.62
1 .82
0.64
3.72
13.65
0 36
90
0.87
.
I
3.55
7.70
3.57
1 .54
1.97
2.2.3
2.04
1 .7.3
1.48
1.59
1 0 .69
1 0 92
IC1 90
11.92
9.42
..
.
54.69
81 03
59.48
7s.2s
36.82
81.79
32.67
80 57
80.58
40.18
42.90
R1.21
80.28
44.19
80.
89
44.09
49.73
80.69
81.63
54 05
48.
04 8(3 86
80. 72
47.66
rJ9.88
8()81
8O..38
48.70
49.82
81.62
36.31
81.13
34.69
8 0 . 29
35.62
81.48
3.3.42
81.71
34.51:)
82.26
32.2:;
80 73
33.94
80 81
45.48
81.63
40.13
80.07
48.37
79.75
45.12
81 .02
42.93
79.80
80. .32
5.3.46
48.35
81.41
44.40
81.31
53.61
79.49
49.69
RC). 48
57.3.3
80.62
SO. 62
80.42
37.51
8 0 . 42
28.88
81.76
46 02
79.74
51.49
81"48
3:)
1):(
79.49
41.81
79.71
44.93
79.81
52.
36 81.09
49 YO
80 1R
45.59
80.45
32.49
79 80
28 "74
R1 ( 3 0
25.89
81 04
28.85
80.52
40* 18
80.
95
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
.
3 80
10.78
115.26
91.83
9c'.
29
92"59
t35.49
65.52
27.
70
35.48
4E1 .32
11.48
4.. 92
4." 22
6.34
2.49
.
3 .1a:(
:3 05
2.76
3.29
3..37
2 9C1
4. 70
3.56
..
3.,&
3 1
:,2
~.26
.
-l
2.89
F.68
1 .87
7.12
30.59
h .85
4 .3s
2.9u
1.69
2.14
4.58
5.15
3.lh
5.57
5.131
4.78
4.22
.
.
1.21
1.08
1 1:1.3
1. 0.3
0.71
Moisture content is generally less than
5 cu. m/cu. m, except between
30 and 4 0 ft
The
bulge
and
below
95 ft.
chloride
profile
representing
the
is typical,
obtained
root
zone
and
(Figure 3).
A secondary
ft.
of nearly5 mg/L is obtained.
A Clsw
Published
lower
values
below
that
peak of30 mg/L occurs ata depth of56
for
P and
values
witha shallow
Clp
were
used
in
the
recharge
calculation. The value of8.18 in/yr used forP comes from
Sabinal, approximately 3 mi
Socorro,
of
the
site
(Gabin
and
The value of
0.37 mg/L used for Clp comes
Lesperance, 1977).
from
west
approximately
30 mi
to
the
south
(Phillips
and
others, 1984).
The
mass-balance
equation
gives
a recharge
rate
of
approximately 0.7 in/yr. This is slightly higher than valu?s
1986).
reported previously for New Mexico (Stone,
expected
in
view
of
the
sandy
texture
of
This is to be
most
of
the
material
this site (Santa Fe Formation). It
is a reasonable baselin?
value
for
deep
be
noted
should
percolation
that
the
driven
by
recharge
precipitation
rate
alone.
It
above
is
a lony-term
given
average.
It may include input from wetter conditions in th?
geologic
past.
CONCLUSIONS
Deep
percolation
rate
after
the
landfill
is
in
operation
should not be appreciably higher. The aridity and presumed lack
of
liquid
waste
should
essentially
preclude
the
development
a
of
leachate at the Veguita site.
As an additional precaution,
trenches
should
be
covered
with
8
relatively
impermeable
mate-ial
at
v)
N
m
when
filledto hinder
infiltration/leachate
formation.
Additionally runoff (including arroyo flow) should be diverted
from
reaching
the
If a leachate
controlled
Unsaturated
by
fill
and
should
the
flow
somehow
texture
behaves
(Winograd, 1974).
trenches.
of
develop,
the
just
its
materials
the
opposite
migration
below
of
would
the
be
trench.
saturated
flow
Under saturated conditions, coarse intervals
(sand and gravel) are high-flow pathways. By contrast,
SUC?
materials are barriers
to unsaturated flow. Under unsaturated
conditions
flow
is
greatest
through
fine
intervals
(clay
an3
silt).
Conceptually, a leachate
encountered
stop,
eithera sufficiently
ora sufficiently
migrate
wouldthus move
laterally
fine
until
it
coarse
downward
horizon,
horizon,
along
ran
of
out
where
which
fluid
until
it
or
it
it
would
would
the
horizon
ended/changed. The interbeds of silty sand, silty clay, and clay
beneath the site (Figure
2, Table 3 , and Appendix) shouldmuse
any
leachate
that
might
develop
to
move
more
laterally
than
vertically. The thickness of the silty clay at the bottom of
Hole V-2 (Table 3 ) is not known as drilling stopped within it,
but other beds on the order6-7offt were penetrated. Such
material
that
would
might
In
landfill
slow
the
downward
progress
of
any
leachate
and
the
present
plume
develop.
viewof the
results
regulations,
the
of
this
Veguita
study
site
is
deemed
suitable
for
solid waste disposal. With proper management it should provide
no
threat
to
local
ground-water
10
quality.
Table 3.
Analysis of basal clay, Hole V-2. Under mineralcgy
S =
smectite, I = illite, K = kaolinite, I/S = mixed layer
illite/smectite.
Texture ( % )*
Sand
silt
Clay
42
56
2
Mineralogy
(parts
in
S
I
K
3
2
2
10)
I/S
3
*sand = greater than0.062 mm
silt = 0.016-0.062 mm
clay = less than0.016 mm
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This
work
was
done
without
charge
a public
as
serviceto
Socorro County. Lab and computer work was performed by Lori
Leser (undergraduate student, New Mexico Tech). Clay analyzis
was
done
under
the
supervision
of
George
Austin
(New
Mexico
Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources). Drilling costs wer? born
by
Socorro
County.
ADDENDUM TO OPEN-FILE REPORT 338
Due
to
soil-water
an
error
chloride
in
calculating
values
and
thus
soil-moisture
recharge
content,
rate
the
originally
reported for the Veguita landfill site are incorrect. Howe-rer,
the
original
useful
report
information
is
and
retained
is
of
in
the asfiles
it contains
historical
interest
in
other
terms
of
court case. The error arose when the lab assistant mistakenly
calculated
should
moistureas simply
have
been
the
calculated
dry wt minus averagejar
wt.
wet
w t minus
usingw t wet
minus
the
dry
wt; it
drywt, divided
by
To make matters worse, raw data
11
the
were
never
entered
recalculation
was
in
the
lab
book
and
could
not
be
so located,
impossible.
Fortunately, however, samples from another hole at the site
(BH-l), cored in April 1990 by Cathy Aimone-Martin (New Mexico
Tech
Department
of
Mining,
Environmental
and
Geological
Engineering), provided an opportunity to re-evaluate recharye at
the site. In addition to samples, she provided moisture coytent
(as % by weight), sample depths and
a lithologic
log
for
th2
hole. The moisture values were converted
to grams of moist-Ire
per
gram
of
soil:
moisture w t =
%xdrywt
----------
.
100
Chloride
content
was
analyzed
as
described
in
the
original
contents
for
this
report.
Correct
moisture
and
chloride
hole
are
given in Table A-1. Moisture and chloride profiles, as well aas
lithologic log, are presented in Figure A-1. The chloride
profile
shows
chloride
Using
that
bulge)
the
the
but
lowest
hole
the
got
chloride
chloride
value
below
the
content
root
had
occurring
zone
not
below
(main
leveled
of?
the
bulge
(120.82
mg/L at 60 ft) and the same values Pfor
(8.18 in/yr) and Clp
(0.37 mg/L)
as in the original report,
a minimum
0.025 in/yr
is obtained. This value is more in line with values
recharge
rate
of
1986).
from similar settings elsewhere in the state (Stone,
The
recalculation
shows
that
recharge
is
even
slower
originally reported. Thus, the original conclusion that deep
percolation
should
not
be
appreciable
appropriate.
12
at
the
site more
is even
than
yet.
Table A - 1 .
Sample
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Results of chlorideanalysis,VeguitaHole
Sample
Moist
DryUet
Ut
Depth
(ft)
(B)
54.26
5
60.30
7
60.60
9 58.4959.99
0.03
17
60.98
20
59.86
26
58.13
32
63.77
36
59.04
42 62.6363.54
47
59.94
52
39.37
57 55.97
57.35
62
54.88
ut
Content
(9)
(gig)
SpL
Ut Utr
Ut
Added
0.03 116.08
53.01
0.02 98.67
59.31
0.02
59.51
58.49
59.71
0.02
59.71
58.68
0.02 101.65
58.68
57.14
0.0298.39 57.14
62.80
0.02
62.80
0.02
58.13
58.13
0.02
4.3 103.5562.63
59.18 59.18 0.01
38.85 38.85 0.02
0.03
55.97
0.03 99.7753.67
53.67
53.01
59.31
59.51
13
BH-1.
(8)
100.02
97.95
97.01
103.04
99.18
108.17
118.55
118.07
CL
in
e x tsr oa icl t
(PW)
2.8
6.8
10.0
1,281.10
15.3
11.2
10.3
7.5
5.6
4.5
4.9
2.4
1.9
1.3
Cl in
water
(mg/L)
306.57
848.44
1,260.54
1.364.73
1,338.18
968.58
6F9.11
57'5.83
533.20
1,343.27
549.27
200.40
120.82
I
0
r
I
::
1
m
0
I
0
-k
I
g
I
m
0
I
0
b
REFERENCES
Allison, G. B., and Hughes, M.
W., 1978, The use of environmental
chloride
and
unconfined
tritium
to estimate
aquifer:
total
Australian
recharge
to an
Journal
of
Soil
v.
Research,
16, p. 181-195.
Allison,
G.
B., Stone, W. J., and Hughes, M.W., 1985, Recharge
through
karst
and
dune
elements
a semiarid
of
landscape
as
indicated by natural isotopes and chloride: Journal of
Hydrology, v. 76, p. 1-25.
Fleischhauer, H. L., Jr., and Stone,W. J., 1982, Quaternary
geology
Mexico
of
Lake
Bureau
Animas,
of
Mines
Hidalgo
and
County,
Mineral
New
Mexico:
Resources,
Nev
Circular
174,
25 p.
Gabin, V. L., and Lesperance,L. E., 1977, New Mexico
climatological data, precipitation, temperature,
evaporation, and wind--monthly and annual means:
W. K.
Summers and Associates, Socorro, New Mexico,
436 p.
Kelley, V. C., 1977, Geology of the Albuquerque Basin, New
Mexico:
New
Mexico
Bureau
of
Mines
and
Mineral
Resourc~?s,
Memoir 33, 60 p.
Machette, M. N., 1978, Dating Quaternary faults in the
southwestern
United
States
by
using
buried
calcic
paleosols:
U.S. Geological Suxvey, Journal of Research,
v. 6, no. 3, p.
369-381.
McGurk, B. E., and Stone, W. J., 1985, Evaluation of laboratory
procedures
for
Bureau
Mines
of
determining
and
soil-water
chloride:
New
Mexico
Mineral
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15
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cf
Mines and Mineral Resources, Hydrologic Report
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16
American
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on
APPENDIX
Brief F i e l d Description
17
of
Cores
Hole V-1 (chloride samples)--Just north of
middle of property near boundary.
existing
trenches
in
..................................
Sample
NO.
Lithology
General
(ft)Depth
"_"_"""""""~
1
2
3
0-1
Sandy gravel, light gray
1-4
No recovery
4-5
Sandy
5-9
No recovery
9-10
Gravelly
gravel
as
sand
above
and
clay
10-14
No recovery
4-9
14-20
Silty clay, red
10
20-21
Gravelly sand, loose
11
21-22
Clayey sand, reddish tan
22-24
No recovery
24-26
Gravelly sand, pink
26-29
No recovery
14,15
29-31
Silty sand, pink/red
16,17
3 1-3 3
Clay
33-34
No recovery
18-22
34-39.5
Clay
23-30
39-5-41
Sand, very fine
to fine, and gravel
in places, reddish brown
47-49
No recovery
49-50
Sand
50-54
No recovery
54-56
Sand asabove but
gravelly at base
56-59
No recovery
59-60
Sand
60-64
No recovery
12,13
31
32,33
34
18
and
as
as
and
silty
above
above
clay,
with
but
gravel,
reddish
rusty
less
mottles
gravel
coarser,
pinkish
brown
gray
.................................
Sample
NO.
Lithology
General
(ft)Depth
"_"""""
35
64-65
65-69
36
69-70
73-74
74-75
75-79
green
rusty
Clay,
No recovery
above
as
Gravelly
sand
No recovery
Sand,
very
medium,
fine
to gray
41,42
79-81
81-84
No recovery
above
Sand
with
as
some
granules
84-85
43
85-89
89-91
91-94
No recovery
above
Sand
as
No recovery
gravel
above
Sand
and
as
46-50
94-99
"_"""""""
No recovery
Gravelly
yellowish
sand,
gray
70-73
37-39
40
above
gravel
as
and
Sand
TOTAL
DEPTH= 99 ft
19
Hole V-2 (permeameter samples)--Due west of V-1
Holeat middle
(in E-W sense) of narrow divide which is last sizeable
finger of high ground on west end of property.
"""""~""_"""""""""""""""~""""~""""Sleeve
General Lithology
NO.
(ft)
Depth
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1
0-1.5
Gravelly
1.5-4
No recovery
Gravelly
above
sand
finer
as
but
4-5.25
2
3
9
sand
5.25-5.75
Clayey
silt
5.75-9
No recovery
9-11
Clayey
above
silt
as
11-11.5
Sand,
very
fine-fine
11.5-14
No recovery
14-15.5
Sandasabove,butuptomedium
15.5-19
No recovery
19-20.75
Sand as above, finer in botton half
20.75-24
No recovery
24-24.5
Pebbly,
clayey
sand
24.5-25.75
Sand as above but no pebbles
25.75-26.50
Alternating sand and silty clay
26.50-29
NO recovery
29-32.75
and
Interbedded silty clay, clay
silt: clay chocolate colored,waxy
32.75-34
No recovery
34-35.75
Pebbly, silty sand
35.75-37.75
Silt and sand, powdery
material at surface
37.75-39
No recovery
39-39.5
Sand
39.5-40.25
Clay,
20
as
above
silty
(?)
white
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Sleeve
No.
Lithology
General
(ft)Depth
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
40.25-41.25
Sand
41.25-43.25
silty
clay
and
43.25-44
Sand,
very
fine
to fine
44-44.75
silty
clay
44.75-46.5
Sand, very fine to fine
46.5-49
No recovery
49-49.5
silty
49.5-51
Sand, very fine to fine
51-51.5
silty
51.5-54
No recovery
54-55.5
Sand, very fine at base, to
fine
medium at top
55.5-56.25
Alternating silty clay, silt, and
very fine sand
56.25-59
No recovery
59-60.5
Sand,
60.5-64
NO recovery
64-66
Sand
66-69
NO recovery
69-70.5
sand
as
70.5-71.5
clay
and
71.5-74
No recovery
74-77
Clayey sand, some pebbles
77-79
No recovery
79-81.25
Sand,
81.25-84
NO recovery
21
as
above
clay
clay
clay
as
very
as
above
fine
to
medium
above
above
clayey
fine
to
sand
medium,
some
granules
Sleeve
NO.
18
19
20
Depth (ft)
General Lithology
84-86.5above as Sand
86.5-89
No recovery
89-91.5
Sand
half
91.5-94
No recovery
94-96.25
Sand as above
96.25-99
Clay,
chocolate
texture,
light
brown
as
above,
but
clayey
TOTAL DEPTH = 99 ft
.................................
22
in
lower