Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research
ISSN: 2276-6324
http://www.sjpub.org/sjeer.html
© Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
Research Article
Published By Science Journal Publication
Volume 2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 10 Pages, 2013 Doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach
Sunday Adesogan
Accepted 3rd July 2013
Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria
Abstract
This report contains the inventory of sewerage technology in the
urban cities of the country with their associated problems and
recommendations on how to adopt a local technology that could
meet the need of our society. Preliminary activities involved
literature search to find out what has been done in this regard in
the past. This was followed by training of the enumerators. Pilot
study was undertaken during the training using the city of Ibadan
as the focal city in the southwest geopolitical zone. This was done
to ensure that when our enumerators are sent to the field, they will
be able to replicate what they have done during the pilot study.
Then the country was divided into six according to the geo-political
zones. The study approach involved the use of survey instruments
(questionnaires) to gather primary data relating to sewerage
systems in Nigeria. The questionnaires were in two Parts, with the
first part addressing general information while the second part was
an interview guide used for collecting data from selected
stakeholders. Facilities were surveyed in communities where they
exist and determination of their coordinates was carried out by
members of the project team with the aid of GPS units. During the
field survey, photographs were taken and compiled. Data collected
were classified, organised and analysed manually. Findings were
represented graphically and it constitutes the bulk of this report.
Keywords: Sewerage; Technology; Approach; Nigeria: Inventory
Introduction
Urban sewerage technology is an intricate issue of special
concern to any nation in the world (Anonymous, 2008).
Inventory of urban sewerage technology in Nigeria must be
addressed in its entire ramification to ensure adequate
sanitation and hygienic environment in the country. The
problem posed by sewage to human health is an important
issue globally (Koren, 1980). In developed countries urban
households consider sanitation as a service and people are
ready to pay for it as long as there are sound and reliable
providers (Feachem et al, 2007). In order to gather baseline
information on sewage technology, inventory of Sewerage
Technology of the urban areas of Nigeria was embarked
upon with the collection of the geographical coordinates of
these sewer lines using Global Positioning System (GPS)
units, wherever they are available.
Among the characteristics of living things is excretion, which
is basically the ejection of harmful waste products from the
body. These waste products include sweat, urine and faeces.
The last two could be termed as sewage, although sewage
actually is the waste water of a community (Feachem et al,
2007). Everybody knows that the sight of sewage of a
community is unbearable if proper disposal measures are
not taken. In Nigeria people sometimes dispose their wastes
into streams, a habit hazardous to human health. Sewage
should be treated before its disposal in order to prevent
pollution of the surface and groundwater’s, and to reduce
the spread of communicable diseases caused by pathogenic
organisms present in sewage (Ogedengbe, 2001).
The treatment of sewage is mostly a combination of physical
and biological processes and sometimes a chemical process
is included when the sewage is very concentrated (e.g.
sewage from residential and industrial buildings) or mixed
with industrial wastes. The biological process involves the
action of bacteria, protozoa and algae on sewage under ideal
conditions.
In a developing country like Nigeria with old cities and
communities, wastewater or sewage generated are often
discharged into pit latrines in rural areas while they are
discharged into septic tanks, soakaways and cesspools in
towns and cities. These systems are problematic as soils
become saturated with pollutants and effluents with very
high suspended and dissolved solids causing environmental
pollution and even groundwater pollution in some cases.
Environmental pollution from wastes generated by human
activities has been a major challenge and problem to
environmental engineers all over the world.
Wastewater is defined as, “the spent or used water of a
community or industry which contains dissolved and
suspended matter” (American Society of Civil Engineers,
1982). The words wastewater and sewage are used
interchangeably throughout this study. The pipes conveying
the wastewater are referred to as sewers. Sewage or
wastewater can be defined as the used water and added
waste of a community which is carried away by drains and
sewers. Sewage is created by residential, institutional,
commercial and industrial establishments (Anonymous,
2008). Raw sewage includes household waste liquid from
toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is
disposed of via sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes
liquid wastes from industry and commerce (Wise, 2009).
According to West African Health Board (1991) some terms
and terminologies include Interceptors, Mains, lateral, Relief
Sewer, Rising Mains. Pressure Sewer system, Vacuum
S c i e n c e
J o u r n a l
o f
E n v i r o n m e n t a l
E n g i n e e r i n g
Sewers. Wetwells, Manholes, Diversion and Junction
Chamber. The primary aim of this study is to carry out the
inventory and current status of urban sewage technology in
Nigeria. This study was undertaken as part of the ways to
improving basic sanitation and hygienic practices
nationwide in order to ensure achievement of the
millennium development goals (MDG) target on sanitation.
The overall objective of this study is to carry out an
inventory of the existing technologies as a starting point for
choosing best practices and innovative, adaptable and
sustainable urban sewerage technologies. The study was
Study Methodology
R e s e a r c h
( I S S N :
2 2 7 6 - 6 3 2 4 )
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carried out in all the thirty six states in Nigeria, including
Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The scope of this
study is however limited to urban cities in Nigeria. The
scope of the research include: (a) Identifying urban sewage
technologies presently used in Nigeria. (b) Collecting
information and data on design and status of the different
technologies. The study area consists of all the urban cities
in Nigeria. Figure 1 is a Map of Nigeria showing the six
Geopolitical Zones. The country is bounded in the north by
Niger Republic, the west by Benin Republic, the south by
Gulf
of
Guinea
and
east
by
Cameroun
Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Showing the Six Geopolitical Zones (Source: GNL, 2005)
The research involves a purposeful survey of the sewage
technology in Nigeria. The study adopted was the
experimental action research which involved the use of
structured questionnaire (Awoyemi, 2009).
Preliminary activities involved literature search to find out
what has been done in this regard in the past. Training of the
enumerators and selection of various urban cities of the
States in Nigeria were also carried out at the preliminary
stage of the project. Pilot study was undertaken during the
training using the city of Ibadan as the focal city in the
southwest geopolitical zone. This was done to ensure that
when our enumerators are sent to the field, they will be able
to replicate what they have done during the pilot study.
Then the country was divided into six according to the geopolitical zones. The study approach involved the use of
survey instruments (questionnaires) to gather primary data
Relating to sewerage systems in Nigeria. The questionnaires
were in two parts with the first part addressing general
information while the second part was an interview guide
used for collecting data from selected stakeholders.
Facilities were surveyed in communities where they exist
and determination of their coordinates was carried out by
members of the project team with the aid of GPS units.
During the field survey photographs were taken and
compiled. Data collected were classified, organised and
analysed manually. Findings were represented graphically
and it constitutes the bulk of this draft report.
A reconnaissance survey of each zone was carried out with
the field enumerators to acquit them with the study area.
Thereafter, the area was broken into six sub-divisions, two
persons to each division to carry out the survey. Available
data in all the states were collected using photograph, focus
group discussion, using GPS to get the co-ordinates of the
treatment plants and interviews.
How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
S c i e n c e
J o u r n a l
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E n g i n e e r i n g
Administration of Questionnaire
Questionnaires were administered to the operatives of the
identified sewage treatment plant by direct interview and
focus group discussion through our field enumerators in
each of the selected urban cities in the country to collect
information on:










Type of
sewerage technologies and authority
responsible for the operation
Sewerage technology in the urban city.
Location of sewage treatment plant and functionality of
the technology.
Typical wastewater generated from each department.
Quantities of wastewater generated per day.
Methods of storage, collection, transportation and final
disposal being used in managing wastes from the
sewerage technologies stations.
Authority responsible for wastes management.
What is responsible for the choice of technology
adopted?
The status of the existing sewage technology.
Design parameters for the existing sewage technologies.
Field Study
The sampling method of the survey was a purposeful survey
based on the 2006 census of the country. An urban city is
defined as a city with a population of 50,000 and above.
Therefore 143 cities spread across the six geo-political
zones were visited for sewerage treatment. The survey
involve the use of personal observation In-depth interview
of Key Personnel, Household Survey through the use of
Questionnaire, researcher’s observation strategy and
physical involvement in each of the urban cities. Data
collected during survey included the functionality of the
plant, the population to serve, source of sewage and method
of treatment was collected particularly on existing sewage
technology, sewage treatment facilities, functionality,
utilisation and wastewater disposal in sewerage
technologies stations. The primary facilities and the
specialized services were based on the questionnaires and
professional judgement of the project team based on the
standard Sewage regulation and administration as obtained
in the literatures.
The logistics involved field visits for data acquisition. The
country was divided into six zones, corresponding to the 6
geo-political zones and each zone was assigned a Zonal
Leader. Each zonal leader appointed project supervisors
(Enumerators) Corresponding to the number of political
entities (States or FCT) in the zone. These zonal leaders
supervised the state enumerators under them.
Questionnaires were distributed to Health officers in the
selected local government area (LGA) in the urban cities of
Nigeria in order to extract relevant data on sewerage
R e s e a r c h
( I S S N :
2 2 7 6 - 6 3 2 4 )
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technology within the LGA. It is assumed that the Health
Officer would know what sewerage technology is used in
his/her area of jurisdiction. Data collected at the LGAs was
then correlated with similar information collected at the
appropriate Ministries and Corporations of the political
entity.
Assessment of Existing Handling Methods
The existing methods of handling each of the three key
elements of sewerage technology (collection, disposal and
treatment) were assessed
to see if these meet the
international standard of operations and in the case of
treatment, the physical quality of the effluent were observed
to see if there are any substantial improvement to the
physical quality of the inflect . It was during this assessment
that photographs were taken and compiled.
From the assessment and evaluation, an option for a safe
management of the sewage was developed. The survey
served as a barometer to gage the best form of sewage
treatment in some particular areas of the country
Results and Discussion
The research was limited to urban cities in the country. In
143 urban cities used as case study, the collection, disposal
and treatment of sewage from residential and industrial
sources were investigated. To facilitate the data collection
procedure, this study brings to greater prominence the
situation of Nigerian sewerage technology. Improved
efficiency also has positive financial implications as it means
less money will be wasted on valuable resources released to
the environment. These simple and seemingly obvious facts
raise the key question of why this is not occurring
automatically in the industry without the stimulus of outside
intervention.
Sewerage Data in Various States of Nigeria
As presented in Table 1, a total of twenty six Sewerage
plants were evaluated in the urban cities of South-western
Nigeria out of which four were not functioning. The table
provides a summary that includes the location, functionality,
method and level of treatment. The coordinates provided
are for plotting purposes and correspond to the location of
the treatment plant or the Agency responsible for the
system where information about the system was obtained.
Detailed description of each sewerage system is provided in
this report, with photographs and drawings where available.
Figure 2 shows the geographical spread of the 26 sewerage
systems in the country.
The figure shows the
preponderance of sewerage technologies in the southern
part as compared to other parts. Only Kaduna has a
functional system in the north while Kano has a nonfunctional system. Similarly, the only functional system in
How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
S c i e n c e
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o f
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R e s e a r c h
the middle belt is in the FCT while Benue has a nonfunctional system. Despite the preponderance of sewerage
plants in the south, many of the southern States lack
functional sewerage system or do not have at all these
include Bayelsa, Ondo, Anambra, Ebonyi, Abia, Imo, Cross
River and Akwa Ibom.
Figure 4 shows the national distribution of the sewerage
systems and the different types of treatment technologies
used. Combining the Figure with Table 1, it becomes
obvious that the four systems that are non-functional
technologies are treated mechanically. These non-functional
treatment plants are located in Markurdi Central, Kano
Central, Ifruga Estate in Porthacourt, Rivers State and
University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. All the eight (8)
surveyed treatment treated through Biological Method are
functional. These are the Sewerage Technologies located at
Abakpanike Estate, in Enugu State, Etope Estate in Rivers
State, Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) Ife, University of
Ibadan and University of Lagos. Others are the treatment
plants at Abesan, Oke-Afa and Olusosun, all in Lagos. This
observation would suggest that Biological methods are more
sustainable than mechanical in the Nigeria environment.
Coupled with most of the reasons provided as causes of nonfunctionality it will appear that maintaining a biological
treatment plant is more cost effective than comparable
mechanical treatment. The only Surveyed Sewerage
Technologies that uses both Biological and Mechanical
Methods was found at Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti.
STATE
F.C.T, Abuja
Markurdi
Kaduna
Kano
Enugu
Edo
Delta
Rivers
Lagos
( I S S N :
2 2 7 6 - 6 3 2 4 )
Biological Treatment Technologies
Biological treatment is a more natural waste water
treatment process than other waste treatment methods.
Microorganisms feed on the complex materials present in
the waste and turn them into simpler substances, preparing
the water for further treatment. The point of this process is
to reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) level.
Biological waste treatment also cuts costs because there
isn't a great amount of energy that is needed for the process
to be performed, thanks to the hard-working organisms
Mechanical Treatment Technologies
Mechanical systems utilize a combination of physical,
biological, and chemical processes to achieve the treatment
objectives. Using essentially natural processes within an
artificial environment, mechanical treatment technologies
use a series of tanks, along with pumps, blowers, screens,
grinders, and other mechanical components, to treat
wastewaters. Flow of wastewater in the system is controlled
by various types of instrumentation. Sequencing batch
reactors (SBR), oxidation ditches, and extended aeration
systems are all variations of the activated-sludge process,
which is a suspended-growth system. The trickling filter
solids contact process (TF-SCP), in contrast, is an attachedgrowth system. These treatment systems are effective where
land is at a premium.
Table 1: Sewerage Technologies Captured in the Urban Area of Nigeria
LOCATIONS OF SEWER
LINES
Wupa central Plant
Markurdi central
Nigerian Brewery,
Kaduna
Kano central
Abakpanike Estate
Nigerian Brewery,
Benin
NNPC, Warri
Shell Petroleum Main
Office and Staff
Quarters Warri
Ifruga Estate, Rivers
Etope Estate , Rivers
Chevron Office, Rivers
Shell Petroleum office,
Rivers
Abesan
Oke Afa
Alausa
Olusosun
Nigerian Brewery,
Lagos
KIND OF
TREATMENT
Mechanical
Mechanical
LEVEL OF
TREATMENT
Complete
Complete
Biological
Partial
Mechanical
Mechanical
Complete
Complete
Mechanical
Complete
Mechanical
Mechanical
Complete
Complete
Mechanical
Biological
Mechanical
Mechanical
Biological
Biological
Mechanical
Biological
Mechanical
Biological
P a g e |4
Partial
Partial
Complete
Complete
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Complete
Partial
LONGITUDE
7.380470
8.496710
LATITTUDE
9.021910
7.724560
STATUS
Functioning
Not Functioning
Functioning
8.558002
11.984488
Not Functioning
Functioning
6.334431
Functioning
5.515570
5.539423
4.779042
4.785990
4.786335
4.784149
Functioning
Functioning
7.426657
7.523686
5.622182
5.740021
5.740724
7.009141
7.003762
7.005839
7.005724
3.292370
3.300730
3.352090
3.356550
3.364784
3.388970
10.508529
6.518289
6.591050
6.527210
6.623650
6.633710
6.480348
6.516493
Not Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
S c i e n c e
Ekiti
Oyo
Osun
Ogun
J o u r n a l
o f
E n v i r o n m e n t a l
University of Lagos
ABUAD
UCH
University of Ibadan
I.I.T.A Ibadan
Nigerian Brewery,
Ibadan
OAU, Ile-Ife
Nigerian Brewery,
Ilesha
Agbara Industrial Estate
E n g i n e e r i n g
R e s e a r c h
( I S S N :
2 2 7 6 - 6 3 2 4 )
P a g e |5
Mechanical and
Biological
Partial
5.223361
7.612281
Functioning
Biological
Mechanical
Mechanical
Partial
Complete
Complete
4.528612
4.785830
3.086104
7.516464
7.624270
6.505113
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Mechanical
Biological
Mechanical
Mechanical
Partial
Partial
Complete
Complete
3.903897
3.901553
3.896732
3.969622
7.405737
7.433328
7.495748
7.397722
Not Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Functioning
Figure 2: Status of Sewerage Technologies Surveyed in Urban Areas of Nigeria
National Overview of Urban Sewage Technology
The study showed that the majority of sewage disposal
methods in the country are the septic tanks. This is
graphically represented in Figure 3. There are also
abundant pit latrines while sewer lines, though the primary
concern of this study, are
Minimal. The results show that although sewer lines are
mostly used in southwest and north central (Abuja, in
particular) old methods such as soil pit and defecating in the
bush are still prominent, particularly in southwest, southsouth and north central geopolitical zones.
How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
S c i e n c e
J o u r n a l
o f
E n v i r o n m e n t a l
E n g i n e e r i n g
R e s e a r c h
( I S S N :
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Pit Latrine
Septic Tank/Water
Closet
Sewer Line
Bush
Soil Pit
Figure 3: Sewage Disposal Pattern in Urban Areasof Nigeria
Figure 4: Methods of Sewerage Treatment Employed in Urban Cities of Nigeria.
The survey revealed that virtually all urban sewages are not
treated. The only places where sewerage technology is
employed in the country are some selected institutions.
These include University of Ibadan, which employs
biological treatment method, International Institute of
Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan in Oyo state, Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife in Osun State, Afe Babalola University,
Ado-Ekiti in Ekiti State and Wupa sewage treatment plant in
Abuja which uses mechanical treatment. There are some
other place like estates where sewage are been treated in
the urban areas of Nigeria. Examples are Agbara Industrial
Estates in Ogun State, Abakpanike Estate in Enugu, Ifruga
and Etope Estates, both in Portharcourt. Lagos State govt
have three functional plants built recently-refer from the
waste water office in Ikeja. It was discovered that industrial
areas form the bulk of the places where sewerage
technologies are located. These are places like Shell office in
Portharcourt and Warri, Chevron office in Portharcourt,
Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) in Warri,
Nigeria Brewery at Kaduna, Benin, Ibadan, Lagos and Ilesa.
How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
S c i e n c e
J o u r n a l
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l
E n g i n e e r i n g
The majority of sewage disposal method in the country is
water closet and septic tank followed by pit latrine. Some
states had design of sewer lines for effective sewage
treatment but due to the fact that water supply is grossly
inadequate, coupled with the huge initial project costs, the
proposal has not been implemented. For example, Oyo state
had not implemented the design prepared several years ago.
R e s e a r c h
( I S S N :
2 2 7 6 - 6 3 2 4 )
P a g e |7
Figure 3 shows the different kinds of sewerage treatment in
Nigeria. It was discovered that majority (about 65%) of the
sewerage technologies in the Urban Areas are treated
mechanically of which most of it are located in the industrial
areas. This is followed by Biological treatment method
(about 31%). The treatment method whereby Biological and
Mechanical methods are used is the least (about 4%) means
of sewerage treatment in the country.
65%
31%
4%
Biological
Recommendations
Mechanical
Mechanical and Biological
Figure 5: Relative Abundance of Sewerage Technologies in Urban Areas of Nigeria
A few recommendations were made on the basis of
observations made during the study and some of the results
presented in the report. There is a need to review the status
of those sewer lines that are non-functional with a view to
determine the cost of rehabilitation as against
reconstruction. The ultimate goal would be to make them
functional while avoiding those factors that put them out of
use.
Such factors may include maintenance, foreign
technology without appropriate adaptation and lack of
resources (human, material, and financial). The concept of
adopting adequate sewerage system (sewage collection and
appropriate cost-effective treatment method) in relatively
small but distinct concessions should be encouraged or even
mandated. Such concessions would include Institutions of
higher learning, military barracks, housing estates (Federal,
State or private), etc. This would be the natural extension of
the relative success of sewage systems in the FCT and the
Southwest, some of which have been established for decades
and are still operational. The individual systems can later be
integrated if the need arises.
The innovative improved septic tank system used in Enugu
State deserves some special attention. It is surprising that it
has not been introduced to other States, particularly in the
southeast geo-political zone, despite its efficiency and ease
of maintenance. Apart from being introduced to other geopolitical zones, it is being recommended that the system
should be studied in a few Universities of Technology with a
view to document its characteristics and improve on its
performance. It is a valuable technology that can be
introduced to other developing countries, if encouraged. The
design of treatment plant in form of improved septic tank
system could be in the form of sewage treatment seen in
Enugu State Housing Estate Abakpanike, Enugu.
How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
S c i e n c e
J o u r n a l
o f
E n v i r o n m e n t a l
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R e s e a r c h
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DESIGN LAYOUT
Operations
Figure 6: Suggested Improved Septic Tank Sewage Treatment Method
Each house is designed in such a way that they must be
connected to the main pipe for water supply and human
waste carrier pipe. The main sewage pipe is connected to the
control pipe that run through each street to the main central
treatment tank and Reserve tanks. When the main tank is
filled up, this process, the main sewage tank is treated with
weeds. This process continues until the tank is filled up with
total solid from the faces and the tank is sealed up ready for
evacuation. In the process of evacuating the main tank, the
reserve tank is open up for use. It is suggested that the
federal government should adopt a policy where cities are
Laid down with layout/design as shown in above. Finally,
one should not overlook the inter-relationship of
infrastructural development of the nation. For example, the
success of any sewerage system and it’s functionality at any
instance is dependent on availability of water supply. In
many cases in Nigeria, there would be adequate water
reservoirs and appropriate distribution systems but no
electricity to pump the water. Hence, recommendations
include provision of mini-water schemes whereby the
government looks for sources of raw water that could be
harnessed separately for mini-water works and which will
meet the city’s ultimate demand if integrated together.
How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266
S c i e n c e
J o u r n a l
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R e s e a r c h
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The government should also look into the issue of
formulating and enforcing sewerage legislations both at the
State and Federal levels with respect to the level of sewerage
treatment to be embarked upon in the country. This should
include enforcement of quality standards for discharge into
the waterways of the country. It should also come with
some incentives for industries that comply.
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How to Cite this Article: Sunday Adesogan, "Sewage Technology in Nigeria: A Pragmatic Approach" Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, Volume
2013, Article ID sjeer-266, 9 Pages, 2013. doi: 10.7237/sjeer/266