New
Mexico
Bureauof Mines
and
Mineral
Resources
Open-File Report 91
Basic Petrographic Data
Compiled for Hydrogeologic Study
of the San Juan Basin, Northwest New Mexico
William J. Stone, Hydrogeologist
July, 1979
Contents
Introduction
...................
1
.......
1
Overview of Hydrogeologic Study
............
The San Juan Basin
..............
Previous Petrographic Work
..........
UsingThisReport
..............
Purpose of This Report
Acknowledgements
...............
.................
Objectives and Samples Used
.........
TexturalAnalyses
2
3
6
7
8
9
9
LaboratoryProcedures
............
9
Discussion of Results
............
11
...............
and Samples Used . . . . . . . . . .
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
.............
16
.................
21
MineralogicAnalyses
Objectives
Analytical
Discussion of Results
ReferencesCited
13
14
Illustrations
. . . . . . .4
Figure 2..Tim
e.stratigraphic framework. San Juan Basin. . . . 5
Figure 3.. Texture of San Juan Basin aquifers
. . . . . . . . . 12
Figure . .4 Composition of Tertiary sandstone aquifers
. . . . . 17
. . . . 18
Figure..5 Composition of Cretaceous sandstone aquifers
Figure..6 Composition of Jurassic/Triassic sandstone aquifers
. 19
Table ..1 Results of textural analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table . .2 Results of mineralogic analyses
. . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix..
Computer plots of cumulative curves and histograms
. 24
Figure .
.
1 Location and Structure. San Juan Basin
..
1
INTRODUCTION
Overview of Hydrogeologic
In
July,1972, the
Study
New
Mexico
Bureau
of
Mines
and
Mineral
Resources undertook a study of the ground-water resources in
the
New
Mexico
portion
of
the
San
Juan
Basin
to
determine
availability of water supplies for coal surface mining. The
initial
New
project
Mexico
butions
was
Water
funded
Resources
fromEl Paso
Natural
in
part
Research
Gas
through
a
Institute
Company,
grant
and
Peabody
from
by
the
contri-
Coal
Company, and Western Coal Company. The scope of the project
was expanded in 1974 to include the entire water-resource/
energy spectrum in the area, and the was
study
continued as a
cooperative
effort
of
the
Bureau,
the
Water-Resource
Division
of the U.S. Geological Survey, and the New Mexico State
Engineer's
Office.
In the present study, the Bureau
is responsible for
characterizing the geologic framework
of the Basin and helping evaluate the extent to which this framework controls the
ground-water system(s) operative there. To accomplish this
the
Bureau
1.
part
of the gtudy has involved:
Preparation of maps showing evaluation of top
(structure), depth to top, and total thickness
for
2.
all
potential
aquifers
in
the
Basin.
Construction of a series of geologic cross
sections to show the position, structure,
thickness, and lateral continuity
of Jurassic
and younger strata in the Basin.
the
2
3.
Field measurement, description, .and selective
sampling of representative straitigraphic
sections
4.
of
major
rock
units
in
the
basin.
Analyses of the petrography .(texture, porosity,
and composition) of major aquifers and selected
confining
Purpose
of
This
Although
layers
in
the
Basin.
Report
much
useful
hydrogeologic
ready been compiled by both U.S.
the
information
Geological
Survey
has
al-
and
the Bureau, the project was scheduled to run
for and
5 years,
final reports willnot appear before 1980. Presently there
is considerable resource-development activity in the San
Juan Basin, and the need for hydrogeologic information is
urgent.
To assure that interested parties have ready access
to at least the basic data of our study prior to the completion of the final report,
it was decided that a series of
Open-File Reports be prepared: the Survey would report the
basic hydrologic data (well records and water chemistry) and
the Bureau would give the basic geologic data. As outlined
above, the Bureau's geologic effort has included surface and
subsurface stratigraphic studies as well
as various petrographic analyses. The purpose of this report
is to release
the
results
of
the
Bureau's
petrographic
study
of
the
major
aquifers in the San Juan Basin. Results of the subsurface
stratigraphic study are reported in OF-89 (Stone and Mizell,
1978). Measured section descriptions are presented inOF-90
(Stone, 1979).
3
The
San
Juan
The
San
Basin
Juan
Basin
is a
Laramide
depression
at
the
eastern
edge of the Colorado Plateau. The Basin covers about
30,000
mi2 in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado (figure
1).
Structural relief in the Basin amounts to about
6,000 ft;
monoclines are the most prominent structures. Faults are
known
tobe abundant along the southern margin of the Basin,
but
the
the
area
occurrence
of
soft
hinders
field
shales
at the surface of
recognition
of
much
faulting
of
outside
this
area.
The hydrogeologic study of the San Juan Basin has focused
*
mainly on the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) and overlying rock
units because 1) except in a narrow belt near the outcrop,
underlying
deposits
are
generally
too
deep
Basin to be economically usefulas aquifers,
in
most
of
the
2 ) the hydrologic
and geologic characteristics
of the deeper units are too poorly
known, and 3 ) present energy development, specifically uranium
mining, directly involves no units deeper than the Morrison.
The stratigraphic framework and nomenclature of the deposits
of interest in the present study are given in figure
2. In
general, this sequence of deposits reflects a shift from
largely
continental
deposition
in Triassic
and
Jurassic
times,
to alternating marine/nonmarine shorezone deposition, continental
deposition
in
Tertiary
time.
More specifically, theEntrada-Todilto-Sumerville-Zuni/
a
Bluff/Cow-Springs
interval
probably
represents
deposition
in
various desert environments (eolian dune field, inland sebkha,
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
-
.
.
. . .
. .
..
. .
. .
.
.
_ - .
.. .
.. -.
..
. .
..
..
..
.
.
. : ._
.
..
. .
..
. -
..
- .
-. .
. .
.- ..
.
.
..
.
..
1
.
.
.
.
_.-. .
..
1
.
-
.
. .
- .
.
. .
. .
.
Figure 1. Location and structural elements of the
.
San Juan Basin (as modified from'Kelley,
. .
1951, by Beaumont and others, 1976).
.
\
..
. -
-
- .
.
.
:
.
,
..
. .
.
.
"
.
. ...
.
NORTH
.
SOUTH
I
Durongo
Areo
. . .
.
,
. ..
.
. .
._
Gron t s
Arao
.
. .
.
...
.
.
. .
..
.:,.
. .
,;
..
il
' '
,
. .::... ... . ..
. . .
,
"
..
.,.:.
. . ..
,
.
..
.
.. . .
.
, .
, .. . .
,.
.
..
...
. . . .
r.,..
. .. . .
.Figure 2.
, :
Time-stratigraphic framework and
SanJuanBasin(modifiedfromMolenaar,
nomenclature,
1977). . . . :
Tria5sic'through
.Tertiary,'
..
: ' ;,',
.. . . .
. ...
.
, .'
.............
'
. . .. . .
a.
6
lake).
The Morrison Formation represents deposition under
wetter conditions, perhaps alternating meandering/braided
fluvial stream systems. The Dakota Sandstone records the
initial
vast
invasion
Cretaceous
of
this
seaway
portion
on North
which
America
extended
from
by
the
the
Artic
Ocean
135 million years ago. The Mesato the Gulf of Mexico some
verde
Groupof the
San
Juan
Basin
transgressive/regressive shorezone
records
the
alternating
deposition that character-
ized this sea. Transgressions are represented by the Dakota
Sandstone,
Borrego
Pass
Lentil
of
the
Crevasse
Canyon
For-
mation, Hosta Tongue of the Point Lookout Sandstone, and
the Cliff House Sandstone. Regressions are documented by
the Gallup Sandstone, Dalton Sandstone Member of the Crevasse
Canyon
Formation,
the
main
body
of
the
Point
Lookout
Sand-
stone, and the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone. With the final
retreat of the sea, marked by the deposition of the Pictured
Cliffs
Sandstone,
nonmarine
conditions
returned
and
prevailed
throughout Plaeocene and Eocene time.To date no Oligocene
deposits have been found in the Basin proper, suggesting
they
have
sional
been
cycle
Previous
subsequently
was
eroded
or
that
the
modern
ero-
initiated
as early as Oligocene time.
Petrographic
Work
Although it is beyond the scope of this report to
review
all
the
petrographic
work
done
over
the
years
on
post-Triassic rocksof the San Juan Basin,
it is appropriate
to identify for the reader selected references which also
contain textural or mineralogic data. Most of the works
7
cited
contain
excellent
bibliographies
which
give
additional
references.
The
mentary
most
rocks
comprehensive
covered
by
petrographic
the
present
work
on
the
hydrogeologic
sedistudy
was
done by Willard (1954 and 1964), based
on samples from outcrops in the western part of the San Juan Basin. His studies
included
the
Chinle..Formation_and
overlying
units
through
the
Satan Tongue of the Mancos Shale as well as the Chuska Sandstone.
The proceedings of the Grants Uranium Region Field
Conference (chaired by Kelley,1963) includes numerous articles
on the ore mineralogy of the Morrison Formation. A report
on the Morrison Formation by Sears and others (1974) includes
a section
results
on
of
petrographic analyses. Owen (1963) presented
textural
and
mineralogic
analyses
of
the
Dakota
Sandstone. Sabins (1963) reported on various petrographic
characteristics of the Gallup Sandstone. Shetiwy (1978) and
Mannhard (1976) gave petrographic data for the Point Lookout
Sandstone
and
La
Ventana
Tongue
of
the
Cliff
House
Sandstone
(respectively) along the eastern edge of the Ba,sin. Dilworth's
(1960) reporton the Farmington Sandstone Member of the Kirtland Shale includes a section on petrography. Powell (1972)
O j o Alamo Sandstone. Brown
reported on the petrography of the
(1976) gave textural and mineralogic data for the Nacimiento
and San
Using
0
Jose
This
Formations
near
Aztec.
Report
Textural
data
2.
are given in table
are
given
in
table
1 and
mineralogic
data
In both of these tables data are ar-
ranged by stratigraphic unit, facilitating the search for
8
d a t a on a u
nitofinterest.
ablefor
ace a v a i l -
To d e t e r m i n ew h a td a t a
a g i v e n area of i n t e r e s t ,s i m p l ys c a nt h e" L o c a t i o n "
column i n t h e s e t a b l e s .
For a v i s u a l p r e s e n t a t i o n
and 6 .
P o i n t s on t h e s e p l o t s
see f i g u r e s 3 , 4 , 5 ,
of t h e d a t a
are i d e n t i f i e d by a number which
is the"analysis
number" l i s t e d i n t h e f i r s t
t h et a b l e s .I nt h e
case o ft h em i n e r a l o g i c
column ofeachof
d a t a , a na v e r a g e
compositionhasbeendeterminedforeachofthethreegroups
o fa n a l y s e sp l o t t e d( T e r t i a r y ,C r e t a c e o u s ,a n dJ u r a s s i c /
Triassic).
Acknowledgements.~
were performed
Most o f t h e t e x t u r a l ( m e c h a n i c a l ) a n a l y s e s
by t h r e e g e o s c i e n c e g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s
B u r e a ur e s e a r c ha s s i s t a n t su n d e r
a t New Mexico Tech while
by s u p e r v i s i o n :
F l e i s c h h a u e r , J r . , Robert C. Brod, a n dS c o t t
Other t e x t u r a l a n a l y s e s r e p o r t e d h e r e
are reported in theses
l o g i cs t u d y
Anderholm.
were c o n d u c t e d f o r a n d
done i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e h y d r o g e o -
andsupported
analystorthesissource
K.
Henry L.
by theBureau.
The i d e n t i t y o f t h e
i s g i v e nf o re a c hs a m p l e( t a b l e
The t h e s i s by Brod ( 1 9 7 9 , Hydrogeologyand
t h e Ambrosia Lake--SanMateo
1).
Water Resources of
a r e a , McKinley and Valencia
C o u n t i e s , N e w Mexico) was i n f i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n
w r i t i n g so was n o t i n c l u d e d u n d e r R e f e r e n c e s
as of t h i s
Cited.
Most of t h em i n e r a l o g i c a l( t h i n - s e c t i o n )a n a l y s e sp r e s e n t e dh e r e
were made by Steven
graduatestudent
D.
a t N e w MexicoTech,
r e s e a r c ha s s i s t a n tu n d e r
Craigg, a geoscience
whileserving
my s u p e r v i s i o n .
a s Bureau
A s w i t ht h et e x t u r a l
9
analyses,
some
results
presented
are
drawn
from
Bureau-
supported theses. Analysts/thesis sources are identified for
each sample (table2 ) .
TEXTURAL
ANALYSES
Objective and Samples Used
The objective of this portion of the petrographic study
was
to
determine
the
general
textural
characteristics
of
the
major and minor aquifers in the San Juan Basin. Owing to the
size
of
realized
the
area
that
a
and
number
comprehensive
of
rock
textural
units
involved,
analysis
of any
it
was
one
aquifer, let alone all aquifers;was beyond the scope of the
*
hydrogeologic study. It was nonetheless deemed useful to
analyze a few samples of each aquifer to obtain actual texturalparameters
for
descriptive
purposes.
A total of3 6 samples from18 stratigraphic units was
analyzed (table 1).
This includes one to four samples of each
aquifer. A conscious effort was made to analyze each member
or rock type in formations having a wide range of lithologic
characteristics. Although most samples represent aquifers,
some
confining
Laboratory
beds
a l s o analyzed.
were
Procedures
In general, the procedures used in dissaggregating and
sieving the samples, as well
a s t h e statistical parameters
of
(1974). The fine
used to describe them, were those Folk
fraction
was
further
analyzed
by
pipette
or
hydrometer
methods
TABLE 1.
Anal.
No.
1LF
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
23
21
22
24
25
Unit AIS
Sample No.
Tc
SJR-69
AR-B
Tsj
6
OB
Tsj
Tn
Tn
Toa
Toa
Toa
OB
OB
OB
SA
LF
SA
Kk(f)
Kk(f)
KDC
Kbc
Kkh
K
m
f
Kmf
Kpl
Kcda
Kmm
Kg
Kg
KO
$Kd
Kd
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Jmb
Jmw
Jmw
33
34
Jem35
Jem36
Jeu
Jeu
37
Trw
Jms
San JuanBasin. 1
Results of textural (mechanical) analyses of major aquifers,
Location
(1/4,sec,T,R)
<1
Size Fractions ( 0 ) - %byweight
C
M
F
VF
SIC
2-31-2
3-4
>4
4.98
59.09
69.19
22.46
40.36
8.94
Agg
9.76
26-12
8-1
28-1
SJR-11
SJR-14
SA-1
62.80
26.65
11.8
62.06
35.89
40.50
13.58
40.55
Total
0
26.90
7.28
4.83
6.04
8.72
24.75
40.59
18.54
4.96
2.07
2.11
2.15
2.03
5.73
39.29
5.91
0.34 100.00 2.00
4.90 99.99 1.00
7.05 99.98 1.00
7.28
99.99
2.66
13.00 100.00
1.00
20.08 '100.00 1-2
6.54100.00*
3.00
25.24 100.00 1-2
Mode
Verb
LF
,LF
LF
LF
LF
SA
SA
LF
BB
BB
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
BB
SJ2-4-1
SJ2-4-2c
SJ:!t-3-2
SJlW-3-3
SJR-68
BMS3-1
BMS3-2
SJR-40
RR-4.
66-5
SJ3-5-3
SJ3-6-1
553-6-3
553-6-7b
SJ3-2-3
SJ3-3-10
86-6
SW,21,29N,13W
Agg
9.00
SW,21,29N,12W
Agg Agg Agg
SW,32,30N,15W
57.44Agg Agg Agg
SW,32,?ON,15W
0.00
SE,13,22N,13U
?
SW320,19N,lW
?
SW,20,19N,lW
0.00
SE,5,29N,16W
0.18
NW,14,14N,8W
0.18
NW,20,13N,8W
2.00
NW,21,30N,19W
0.30
NW,17,27N,19W
0.20
NW,17,27N,19W
0.53
NW,17,27N,19W
0.02
NW,26,30N,20W
1.30
SE,34,28N,ZOW
0.05
SE,14,13N,lOh
A w
36.12
60170 23.50
56.14
4.60
60.20
0.49
7.80
9.05
5.86
1.95
2.18
79.10
20.40
8.00
27.60
19.40
76.00
6.15
72.09
66.10
65.89
83.73
63.24
48.05
13.30
64.60
71.20
62.80
70.70
14.50
49.03
15.78
9.28
5.98
8.88
23.97
34.55
2.70
9.80
13.80
4.60
4.70
2.90
30.74
7.73 99.99*
3-4
2.30 100.00
3.90 100.01*
42.56 100.00*
11.60 99.96
2-3
16.82 100.00
19.08 100.00
5.17 100.00
10.68 100.02
15.04 100.00
2.90 100.00
4.90 100.00
6.80 100.00
4.50 100.00
5.20 100.02
5.30 1oo.00
14.04 100.01
LF
8B
BB
LF
SJ3-3-4a
66-7
BB-8
SJ3-1-lob
BB-9
553-1-7
SJ3-1-8
SE,34,28N,ZOW
SE,14,13N,lOW
SE;14;13N;lOW
SW,14,30N,21W
SE,14,13N,lOW
SW,14,30N,21W
SW,14,30N,ZlW
0.70
91.60
38.30
1.10
0.24
0.00
0.70
13.60
2.75
44.54
15.70
31.69
0.60
1.40
71.30
3.10
.12.07
52.70
50.41
18.50
43.50
8.50
1.59
2.75
27.00
10.00
72.30
41.40
6.00
0.98
2.32
3.40
7.68
8.50
13.00
100.00
100.02
99.98
99.90
100.02
99.90
100.00
2-3
<1
1-2
2-3 .
2-3
3-4
2-3
SW,14,30N,21W
SW,23,13N,lOW
SW,14,30N,21W
SW,23,13N,lOW
0.00
0.16
0.00
0.00
4.80
11.01
0.03
0.72
47.00
62.49
14.40
3.67
38.90
9.30
16.35
73.10
12.40
99.93
3-4
52.04
43.56
9.19
100.00
99.20
2-3
2-3
99.99
SW,Z3,13N,lOW
0.34
72.35
17.94
2.64
6.73 100.00
~~
"
~~~
~
~
LF SJ3-1-3
BB 86-10
553-1-2
LF
BB 88-11
BB
86-12
1-2
3-4
>4
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
1-2
VF
M
VF
VF
F
F
F
F
F
F
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
M
F
F
F
F
2-3
M
F
1-2
0
Median
Verb
Sig
Sorting
Sg
Verb
1.77
1.07
0.77
M
1.43
M
1.60
F . 2.51
F F2.90
M
M
M
F
1.36
1.99
M
2.56
F
1.fro
1.41 1.52
.NA
.. .
.NA
...
NA
2.50
M
C
C
VF
..
'
M
VF
VF
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
FF
2.50
1.70
2.40
2.60
2.30
2.40 F.
1.70 M
2.50
F 2.67 F
M
F
M
VF
F
Mean
Verb
1.70
0.88
0.61
1.43
1.27
2.02
2.30
~. .
3.20
1.70
3.87
3.93
2.85
2.50
2.25
2.60
F
VC-G
3!
2.50 F
C1.00 VC-G.
1.00 C
2.50 F
2.00 M
3.403.38.VF
3.10 VF .
1.80
3.97
3.98
2.96
2.83
3.08
2.57
2.67
2.83
1.77
2.60
2.69
2.33
M
c
M
VF
VF
F
F
VF
F
F
F
M.
F
F
F
0.56
0.97
1.05
0.55
1.10
1.44
SIM
Ratio
MW 293
M
19.4
P
13.1
12.7
M
6.7
P
4.0
P
VP
P
14.3
3.0
~~.
...Nn. 11. . .-9
0.'70
NA
NA
MW
NA
NA
0.43
1.0
1.5
1.45
1.70
0.39
1.03
1.16
0.70
0.91
MW
P
P
I4
0.25
0.50
0.54
0.99
P
M
MW
M
..M
M
..
42.5
1.5
1.4
7.6
5.0
4.2
19.1
8.4
5.7
33.5
19.4
13.7
21.2
2.a1
..
F
.
n~74
M
1R 7
1.83
M
0.92
0.91
M
M
17.9
6.1
2.51
1.00
1.17
2.66
2.17
F
VC-G
M
F
F
VF
VF
"
3.18
3-4
F F
F
VF
VF
3.05
3.00
2.50
3.50
3.50
F
F
VF
VF
2.50
3.50
>4.00
1-2
M
1.50
M
1.67
0.75
0.47
1.26 1.00
0.83 0.75
1 .ll
1.36
0.75
4.48
0.67
0.68
0.50
0.45
2.25
F
1.24
VF
SLT 1.88
M
0.25
1.19
15.7
101.1
M
42.1
P
28.4
P"
12.0
MW 10.8
M
6.7
MW
P
9.8
9.8
7.1
1.3
M
P-M
MW
P-EP
M
13.9
Anal.No.=analysis
number. Units, Tc=Chuska Ss,. Tsj=San Jose Fm., Tn=Nacimiento Fin., Toa=Ojo Alamo Ss., Kk(f)=Farmington Ss. Mbr. of
K i r t l a n d Sh., Kpc=PicturedCliffs S s . , Kch=Cliffhouse S s . , Kmf-Menefee Fm., Kpl=PointLookout S s . , Kcda=Dalton S s . Mbr. o f Crevasse Canyon Fm.,
Km=Mulatto Tongue of Mancos Sh., Kg-Gallup S s . , Kd=Dakota Ss., Jmb=Brushy Basin Mbr. o f M o r r i s o n Fm., Jmw=Westwater Canyon Mbr. ofMorrison
Fm., Jms=Salt Wash Mbr. of Morrison Fm., Jb-Bluff S s . , Js=Sumnerville Fm., Jeu=Upper Mbr. o f Entrada S s . , Jem=Middle Mbr. o f Entrada S s . ,
Trw=Wingate S s . , A/S=analyst/source(SA=Scott
K. Anderholmn; BB=Brod, 1979; OB=Brown, 1979; LF=HenryL.
Fleischhauer,Jr.).SizeFractions,
0=ohi.Grv=aravel.
VC=verv coarse sand. C=coarse sand. M=medium sand. F = f i n e sand. VF=verv f i n e sand., S~.~
/ C = s i l t and clav: these abbreviations
alia &der Rode, h d i a n , a n d Mean; Verb=verbal.Sorting,Sig=inclusivegraphicstandard
h i a t i o n ofFolk (1974, p.461; Sg=graphicstandard
d e v i a t i o no fF o l k (1974, p. 45). Sg i s used where s p e c i f i cs i z eo ft h e9 5 t hp e r c e n t i l eu n c e r t a i n .V e r b a ls o r t i n g ,E P = e x t r e m e l yp o o r ,
.P=poor, M=moderate, NW=moderately well, NA=not applicable, S/M=sand/mud r a t i o . See f i g u r e 3 andAppendix f o r p l o t s o f t e x t u r a l d a t a .
Samples
markedby
under Size Fractions contained appreciable
amounts o f aggregate and thus werenot plotted. Additional data
w
l
i appear i n New
Mexico Tech M S . theses by S.K. Anderholm and S.D. Craigg.
~
~~
~
~
:"*"
~~
~~
11
phi sieve set was sufficient for general classification purposes. Samples were weighed to the nearest hundredth
of a
gram by means of
Textural
a
data
triple-beam
were
or
analyzed
automatic
with
balance.
the
aid
of
a
computer
program which prints three sheets for each sample: a page
giving the raw data (initial and final sample weights, sizeclass weights, class weight percentages, and cumulative weight
percentages), another giving a cumulative curve and histogram
plotted on
the
same
set
of
axes,
and
a
third
page
presenting
statistical parameters computed for the sample. Information
from sheets1 and 3 of the computer printouts
is summarized in
table 1 so they arenot reproduced here; however the computer
plots
for
each
sample
are
given
in
the
Appendix.
Discussion of Results
Results
of
textural
analyses
were
or triangular
plotted
diagrams having end members as follows: silt and clay, very
3).
fine and fine sand, and coarse and medium sand (figure
Two
general
one in the
populations
of points
medium-coarse
sand
are
corner
apparent
on figure 3 ,
and
one
in
the
very
fine-fine sand corner.
The
coarser-grained
population
includes
mainly
rocks
of
Tertiary age, but three Cretaceous, rocks, two Jurassic rocks,
and the only Triassic unit sampled also plotted there (see
table 1 for detailed information). Most of these are 'Sluvial
in origin. The exception is analysis 21 representing the
marine offshore-bar facies of the Gallup Sandstone, which
is usually coarse. The finer-grained population includes
13
nearly
equal
numbers
of Jurassic
and
Cretaceous
rocks
and
a
single sample of Tertiary rock. Two samples of Tertiary rock
plotted
midway
between
these
populations,
apparently
because
of an intermediate coarser sand fraction and relatively high
mud content. The Jurassic rocks represent deposition in eolian dune, inland sebkha, or fluvial floodplain environments,
whereas,
the
Cretaceous
rocks
represent
various
marine
and
nonmarine coastal environments of deposition. The Tertiary
sample is of fluvial floodplain origin.
Much of the fine material reported in the analyses
is
secondary, that is, the product of diagenesis (and weathering
in the case of outcrop samples). This is especially true in
view of the feldspathic composition
of the rocks (as shown in
the following section)but also in view of the abundance of
sand- to pebble-sized clasts
of mud (rip up) which characterize
most of the rocks studied. Both the feldspar and mud chips
disintegrate
than
when
Although
to
produce
deposited,
this
makes
not
but
only
also
size
an
analysis
a
finer
median
anomolously
a
poor
grain
high
tool
mud
for
size
content.
determining
original depositional environment of these rocks, it does not
preclude its use in obtaining useful textural parameters for
the aquifersa s they exist today.
MINERALOGICAL
Objectives
The
of the
~
and
main
Samples
Used
objective
of
petrographic
study
the
was
ANALYSES
mineralogical
to
determine
analysis
the
portion
mineralogic
14
e
characteristics
of
the
major
and
minor
aquifers
in
the
San
Juan Basin. A secondary objective was to learn the frameworkmatrix-cement-porosity relationships for these rocks. As in
the textural study,it was realized thaton1y.a few samples
could be analyzed. Nonetheless it was felt that the results
would be useful, if only for descriptive purposes.
A total of56 samples representing20 rock unitswas
This involvedoneto six samples from
analyzed (table 2).
each unit. As in the textural study,
an attempt was made to
analyze
all
major
rock
types
or members
within
lithologically
variable units.
Analytical
Thin
Procedures
sections
were
prepared
by
the
Bureau
preparation
laboratory. Most required impregnation under vacuum.
Microscopic
examinations
were
made
with
a
Leitz
polar-
izing microscope and mechanical stage. Point counts were
recorded
on
two
eight-item
manual
lab
counters.
Analyses generally consisted of three steps:1) examination of a hand specimen of the sample with a binocular
microscope, 2) a general scan of the thin section with the
polarizing
microscope
to
provide
familiarity
with
the
mineral-
3 ) point counting with the polarizing
ogy of the sample, and
microscope and mechanical stage. During the general scan,
such thingsas grain-size range, modal grain size, sorting,
roundness, sphericity, elongation, textural maturity, grain
contacts, and accessory minerals were noted. The point counting included two phases: 1) counting of 100 points to determine
i
TABLE 2.
RE! s u l t s o f # . . i n e r a l o g i c ( t h i n s e c t i o n ) a n a l y s e s o f m a j o r
San Juan Basin aquifers. 1
~
Anal.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Unit
A/S
Sample No.
(1/4,sec,T,R)
Tc
Tsj
Tsj
Tsj
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Toa
Toa
Ta
Ta
SC
SJR-54
NE,6,35N,30E
70
25
SC NE,23,25N,4M
SJR-48
DE AR-B
DB
6-7
SC
SJR-46
SC
SJR-50
OB
6-3
DB
DB
SC
SC
SC
SC
6-4
6-5
SW,28,29N,12W
SJR-11
SJR-14
SJ-lW-46-lb
SJ-lW-4B-Zd
Average
T e rftoi ar r y
K k (i i4)
Kk(f)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Kg
Kd
34
35
36
37
38
39
Kf
Kf
Kpc
Kpc
Kch
Klv
Klv
K
m
f
K
m
f
Kpl
Kpl
Kpl
Kpl
Kpl
Kpl
Kcda
I IK
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kd
SC
SC
SC
SC.
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
Location
Whole Rock
(X)
Frmwk
Cem Por
Mtx
Framework(%)
Q
F RF
3
2
2376
1
9
66 32
2
19 37
57
6
16
61 32
7
8
4
6
8
61 31
8
14
2
0 42
48
10
70 12 (18)
46 39 15
38.5
(60)
1.5
91
6
3
76
(9)
15
32 55
13
a
9
3
5
3 29 54
17
81
4
9
6
51 Cslt-C
34 15
85
10
3
2
73 18 9
74 14 10
Cslt-VC
14
2 18 68
8
71
SW,24,3lN,lOW
SE,22,31N,lOW
78
NW,12,20N,2W
NE,27,31N,'lW
84
NW,27,31N,lOW
NH,27,31N,10W
SE,22,3lN,lOW
-SW,28,29N,12W
SW,24,30N,14W
SW,24,30N,14W
3
4
(10)
(6)
2
4
s,andstone aquifers
analyzed
62
SJ-2-4-1
,29N,13LI
SW,21
SJ-2-4-2c
SW,21,29N,13W
77
SJR-59
(Navajo M
'..!)
SJR-64
Juan
(San
Mine)
SW,32,30N,15M
SJ-114-3-2
53-111-3-6
SW,32,30N,15W 42
SJR-68
SE,13,22X,13W
SJR-23
NH,16,19lN,lW
SJR-42 .
SE,19,19NS1W
21 76
SC
SE?5,29N,j6W
SJR-5
SC
SJ-1W-2B-34
SCSE,5,29,16V
SJR-6
SC
SJR-7
SC
SJR-8
SCSE,5,29,16W
SJR-9
SC
SJ-111-1-2
NW,7,31N,16W
BB
28-16(1)
BB
2B-7(2)
BB
~~-3i3j
5JR-31
SJR-34
SJR-41
BB
1?-3(4)
SC SE,:6,21N,lW
SJR-2
BB
1A-16(5)
SW,4,29M,16W
SE,5,29,16W
SE,5,29,16:/
NW,15,13N,8W
NW,14,14N,BW
13
NW;20;13N;aW
NW,;,30N,19W
kE,26,28N,20W
i4W,21,30N,19W
SW,16,14N,9W
SC
SC
SC
SE,14,13W,lOW
38
16
8
73
63
69
58
a2
8
2
9
7
23
4
19
-
3
3
60
76
78
62
73
80
61
67
63
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
3
31
7
6
I
O
3
2
38
15
12
2
4
4
11
14
5
7
0
6
7
4
9
4
5
8
1 13
-
9
3
2 29
4
11
32
26
8
8
4
3
6
4
-
5
6
3
-
3
10
1
2
5
-
-
3
3
2
7
3
6
9
4
7
6 41
2
6
Average
Creraceous
for
sandstone
aquifers
analyzed
56
Tn:
BB
1A-1
Average for
Jurassic
SW,23,13N,lOW
80
0
and T r i a s s i c sandstone
aquifers
analysed
3
~~~~
Texture
17
80
64
81
67
74
79
80
83
84
29
9
17
3
8
7
7
1
1
1
4
3
28
12
26
25
20
19
13
59 26 ii
62 23
14
70 16
67 20
60 26
69 21
59 35
57
64 31
62 30
15
13
14
10
6
12*
5
8
74
70
73
56
78
57
14 12
28
2
23 4
2*
19 3
42
1
69
24
7
73 25
2
5
72 23
Size
Range
Cslt-C
v-f-c
C-VC
C-VC
Cslt-C
M-GrV
. VC
C
Cslt-C
Cslt-C
Mo
M
M
VC
VC
S r t Sph
RdnS
M
W
A-WR
A-WR
P-M
M-W
SA-R
SA-R
F
W
A-WR
C
VP
SM-WR
VC
M
SA-Sr
C M S R
C
M-W SR-R
MtC P
SA-WR
F
VP A-SR
F/M I1
A-WR
M
M
A-WR
Elong
P-E Sub
,EL-VE
P-E Sub
VEL-VE
F-G
G
P-E VEL-VE
P-E Sub
VEL-VE
F-G
Sub
Sub
F
I
G
P-E VEL-VE
P-G VEL-E
P-E Sub
VEL-VE
P-E VEL-VE
Sub
P-G YE-VEL
P-G VE-VEL
P-E VE-VEL
P-EA/LASub"
VE-VEL
P-E VE-VEL
P-E VE-VEL
Sup
P-G VE-VEL
P-E VE-VEL
Sub
P-G VE-VEL
I
VF-M
VF-VC
CSLT-F
Cslt-M
Cslr-F
Cslt-F
Cslt-M
Csl'L-M
Cslr-M
F
M
VF
F
VF
VF
M
F
W
W
SA-R
V
4
I
A-R
... . .
..
..
. . -. .
.
VF-c
Cslt-M
VF-C
VF-C
VF-C
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
4
I
MW
P-E. VE-VEL
P-E Sub
VE-VEL
F-G SE
P-E ?
F-E I-SE
P-G I
P-G I
c-E VE
ti-E E
G
F
M
A-SR
P
A-R
A-SR
I1
W
VW
A-SR
A-R
A-R
SA-WR
SLT-F
VF-M
SLT-C
F
W
F
4
I
SA-WR
A-WR
SA-R
A-W
A-R
A-R
A-SR
SA
SA
SI T-M
F
VV
SA
VF
VW
I1
VC-C
Cslt-F
F-C
F-C
SLT-C
VF-M
VF-M
VF-M
F
M
M
M
M
F.
F
C
W
I.1
F
F
4
I
VW
W
M
W
SR
G-E
E-EL
Clas
SA
A
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
LA
LA
LA
LA
SA
I
I
A
SA
I
I
A/SA
SA
SA
SA
Sub
SA
I
LA
LA
A
A
A
A
A
LA
LA
- .- .-- -
SA-R VE-VEL
Sub
F-E
SA-WRVE-VEL
P-E
SA-WR P-E LA VE-VEL
Sub
A-SA
G
E
SA-WR P-E Sub
VE-VEL
A-SA
E-EL G-E
M
TM
Sub
Sub
Sub
I
Sub
I
I
T
M
_..
IA
LA
LA
I4
LA
SA
A
M
A
M
A/S = analyst/source (BB = Brod, 1979; OB = Brown, 1976; SC = Steven D.
Anal No. = a n a l y s i s number. U n i ta b b r e v i a t i o n s same as i n Table1.
Craigg).Frmlk
= framework, Cem = cement, Mtx = matrix, Por = p o r o s i t y . Q = quartzpole, F = feldsparpole,
RF = rock fragment p o l e( o f
Folk's, 1974, sandstone:lassification);
* = does n o t t o t a l 100% so n o tp l o t t e d . C s l t = coarse s i l t , VF = v e r yf i n e sand, F = f i n e sand,
M = medium sand, C = coarse sand, VC = verycoarse sand, Grv = gravel. Mo = modal g r a i ns i z e . S r t = estimatedsorting(Folk,1974);
VP = verypoor, P = poor,, M = moderate, K!.l = moderatelywell, W = w e l l , VW = v e r y w e l l .
Rdns = roundness(KrumbeinandSloss,
1956, Fig.4-9);
A = angular, SA = subangular, SR = subrounded, . R = rounded, WR = w e l l rounded. Sph. = s p h q r i c i t y (Krumbein and Sloss, 1956, Fig.4-9); P = poor,
F = f a i r , G = good, E = excellent.Elong
= elongation(Folk,1965);
VEL = veryelongate, EL = elongate, SEL = subelongate, I = intermediate,
SE = subequant, E = equant, VE = .veryequant.
TM = t e x t u r a l m a t u r i t y ( F o l k ,
1974); I = immature, Sub = submature, M = mature, Sup = super
mature.Clas
= c l a s s i f i c a t i o n( F o l k ,1 9 7 4 ) ;
A = arkose, LA = l i t h i c arkose, SA = subarkose. See Figures 4, 5, and 6 f o r p l o t s offramework
composition.
16
the relative abundance (percentage) of framework, cement, matrix,
and porosity and2 ) continued counting, ignoring everything but
framework grains’, until a total 300
of framework points had
been
covered
to
determine
the
mineralogy
of
the
framework
of
the sample. An attempt was made to keep the spacing between
points and rows of points appropriate for the grain size of
the sample. This was controlled by selecting the appropriately
knotched knob for
advancing
X and Y position
the
of
the
mechan-
ical stage the desired distances. Results were grouped
~.
according to three categories as used in Folk’s (1974) sandstone classification: quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments.
Analyses
were
then
plotted
on triangular
diagrams
having
these
categories as poles, and the samples were classified according
to Folk (1974). For clarity, the thin-section data are presented in three separate figures: figure 4 presents data for
Tertiary rocks, figure5 shows data for Cretaceous rocks, and
figure 6 gives
Averages
are
Discussion
data
for
indicated
of
the
by
Jurassic
the
and
Triassic
diamond-shaped
rocks.
points.
Results.
A comparison of figures4, 5, and 6 leads one to conclude
that
the
mineralogy
of
the
aquifers
of
the
San
-
:is.: Basin
Juan
-.
-~
”
.
.. .
quite similar and, regardless of age,
,they~-aFe
:~arkosic.~~.~
.:
~
~
~
~
-
Based on the relatively small number
of samples analyzed, the
Tertiary units are mainly arkose-lithic arkose, whereas, the
Cretaceous,
Jurassic
and
Triassic
rocks
are
fairly
equally
divided among the arkose, lithic arkose, and subarkose classifications.
17
a
._
Figure 4 .
CompositionofTertiarysandstoneaquifers,
SanJuanBasin.
Samples i d e n t i f i e d by a n a l y s i s numbers ( t a b l e 2 ) ; average shown
by diamond. Q = quartz,. F = f e l d s p a r , RF = rockfr.agments,
F:R = f e l d s p a r t o r o c k f r a g m e n t r a t i o ,
SA = subarkose, A = arkose,
LA = l i t h i c a r k o s e @olk,1974); s e l e c t e d q u a r t z p e r c e n t a g e s m a r k e d .
for reference.
18
RF
F
Figure 5.
Composition of Cretaceoussandstoneaquifers,
( s e e f i g u r e 4 for e x p l a n a t i o n ) .
SanJuanBasin
19
3 1
I: I
1:3
F: R
Figure 6.
Composition of J u r a s s i c and Triassic s a n d s t o n ea q u i f e r s ,
SanJuan Basin ( s e e f i g u r e 4 f o r e x p l a n a t i o n ) .
'RF
20
As noted under "Textural Analyses" above, diagenesis and
of feldspar
weathering have no doubt reduced the amount
which
originally occurred as framework grains. This feldspar presently
shows
up
in
the
samples
as mud and is counted
with
the
matrix
rather than the framework. As is generally the case, therefore,
classifications
given
apply
to
the
present
rock
rather
than
the original deposit. The compositions reported should nonetheless
0
be
useful
for
water-quality
interpretations.
21
REFERENCES
Brown, D. R . ,
the
Hydrogeology and water resources of
1976.
Aztec
CITED
quadrangle,
M.S. thesis,
New
San
Mexico
Juan
County,
New
Mexico:
Institute
of Mining and
Technology, 174 PDilworth, O. L . ,
1960, Upper Cretaceous Farmington Sandstone
of northeastern San Juan County, New Mexico:
M.S.
thesis, University of New Mexico, 96 p.
Folk, R. L., 1965, Petrology of sedimentary rocks:~ Austin,
T-e-xa-s..
,:. emphill
Publishing
CO.,159 p.
Folk, R. L., 1974, Petrology of sedimentary rocks: Austin,
Texas, Hemphill Publishing Co., 182 p.
Kelley, V. C. (chrmn.), 1963, Geology and technologyof
of the Grants uranium region: New Mexico Bureau Mines
Mineral Resources Memoir15, 277 p.
Krumbein, W. C., and Pettijohn, F. J., 1938,
Manual of
sedimentary petrography: New York, Appleton-CenturyCrofts, Inc., 549 p.
Krumbein,
w.
C., and Sloss, L. L., 1956, Stratigraphy and
sedimentation: San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Co.,
497 p.
Mannhard, G. W., 1976, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and
Paleoenvironments of the La Ventana Tongue (Cliff House
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22
Owen, D. E., 1963, The Dakota Formation of the San Juan
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Powell, J.
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A
S.,
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.
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23
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1 9 2 2 , A scale of gradeand
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N e w Mexico Bureau of MinesandMineral
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W i l l a r d , M. E.,
1 9 6 4 , Sedimentologyofthe
r o c k so ft h eT o d i l t oP a r k ,
New Mexico:
BureauofMinesandMineralResources
47 p.
Upper C r e t a c e o u s
New Mexico
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