SURVEY
OF
TOXAPHENE LEVELS
IN
GEORGIA
ESTUARIES
by
J.
Robert
Reimold
and
The
Charles J.
Durant
University
of
Marine
Sapelo
Island,
Georgia
February
The Technical
Georgia
Institute
31327
1972
Report Series of
the Marine Science
Program, University System of Georgia, embodies reports
of a technical nature carried out in response to specific
requests by industry,
and
the public
local,
interest.
regional,
or state government
Information contained in these
reports is
in
interested
persons by writing to:
the public domain.
THE MARINE RESOURCES
Copies are available to
CENTER
55 West Bluff Road
Savannah, Georgia
31406
If this prepublication copy is cited,
as an unpublished
manuscript.
it
should be cited
TABLE
CONTENTS
OF
Page
Introduction
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Acknowledgements
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Collection Stations
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Sampling Methods an d Laboratory Proce dure
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11
Mackay River
Quadrat #2
Quadra t #29
Qua drats #2 6/ 3 4
Quadrat # 3 3
Qua dra t #56
Quadrat #6 0
Quadrat # 7 2
Quadrat #7 8
Quadrat #99
Sediment Studies
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Species D iversity
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Bioassay of Trea t e d Effluent
Futu re Research
Conclusions
References
Appen dix
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1
INTRODUCTION
During the 1 970 -1971 contract period between
The Univers ity o f Georgia Marine Institute and Hercu l e s ,
Inc. , res earch was ini tiated to focus o n the role o f toxaphene
c ontaminat i on in e stuarine eco logy.
were util ized during this time.
Dif f erent approaches
Laboratory procedures were
imp l emented or modif i ed a s outl i ned i n Wils o n, 1 9 6 9.
Stati c
b ioas say s were c onducted u s i ng e stuarine organisms c ol l e c ted
from the Dupl i n e s tuary mar s h adjacent to Sapelo Is l and,
Georgia.
Data c o l l e cted and proc e s s ed during the period f rom
1 Augus t 1 970 to 3 1 July 1971 are included i n this report.
An e f f ort has be en made to cover each portion o f the re s earch
with explanations of methodo logy and re s ults.
This procedure
deviate s from the normal introducti on, methods, re s ults and
dis cu s s ion to provide the reader with a c oherent s ummary o f
the res earch findi ngs .
The s ec tions are s ubdivided in the
following broad c ategorie s :
re s idue re s ults
( 3)
bioas s ay s ;
(1)
(except s edime nt);
(4)
e nvironmental toxaphene
(2)
trawl data; and ( 5)
s ediment analys is;
a s ummary o f
findings re lated t o the problem s o f toxaphene contamination
in the s a l t mar s h .
A l l tables re f e rred to in the text are
pre s ented in the Appendix.
Chromatograms us ed in the toxaphene
analys i s are not reprodu c ed in this report. The o riginal s are
o n f i l e at the Marine Institute o n Sapelo Island,
and interes ted
per s o n s may contact the authors for further information .
2
Acknowledgements
Thanks are extended to Her c ule s , Inc . ,
re s earch work pos s ible.
for making thi s
The inve s tigator s are e s pecially
indebted to Mr. Charle s Dunn,
Synthetic s Divisio n, Wilmi ngton,
Mr. Clel l Tyle r and Hr. Mill ard Dus e nbury of the Brunswick
operat i o n s , Her cu l e s , Inc .
for their financial support and
e ncouragement of this re s earch.
Apprec iation i s a l s o extended
to the staff of The Univers ity of Georgia Marine Institute,
particularly to Captain B. J.
operated the r e s earch ve s s el s .
Rouse and r-1r.
T. Walker who
Recogn i tion is a l s o made o f
the s upport o f the National Sc ience Foundat i o n - NSF Kit Jo n e s
Grant
(GD- 2 7 2 49)
r e s earch project .
whic h p rovided s hi p time in s upport o f this
Bioas s ay re s earch was c o nduc ted with the
as s is tance of Mr . Mal l ory S . May III, Bru n s w i c k Junior Co l lege .
3
SAMPLING
METHODS
AND LABOPATORY
PROCEDURE
Co l le c tions began within the ten quadrats s e le cted by
the u s e of random c oordinates
(Figure 1).
In th is report
quadrats 2 6 and 34 wil l be cons idered as one
( # 2 6 / 34 )
s ince
trawl s were usua l l y made continuous l y through the s e two
quadrats .
An additional collection s ite was e s tab l is h ed in
quadrat # 3 3 at the to l l bridge o n the Torras Cau s eway as this
was the c lo s e s t po int to Terry Creek where oys ters were
avai l ab l e .
In March,
1 971,
a c ollectio n s ite was a l s o
e s tab lished in Mackay River at its junction with Back River
(Figure 2 ) .
Co l l ections were a l s o made at mis c el l aneous
s tations whic h are identi f ied by quadrat numb ers in this
report f or the sake o f c onvenienc e .
Sample s for toxaphene
analysis were taken from c o l l e ctions for s pe c i e s divers ity
s tudy .
The f o l l�ring is a de s cr iption o f the f ie l d c o l l e ction
methods utilized f or di f f erent s pe c i e s along w ith a statement
o f the l aboratory preparation executed prior to extraction
o f pe stic ide s and th e analytical re s ults.
The group c o n s idered herein as
Pano peus,
S e s arma and Uc a crab s .
''smal l crab s"
inc lude s
The s e crab s were caught on
the marsh s urface by hand or dug out of their burrows with a
smal l spade.
A f ter b e ing trans ported to the l ab oratory in
jars, the crabs were ground in a b l ender and an al iquot o f
th i s tis sue was taken us ing wet we ight a s a basis for
quantitati on o f p e stic ide content after extraction .
4
Figure 2.
Study area showing Mackay River collection station .
5
Figure 1.
Study area,
showing ten quadrats .
6
Sodium sulfat e was used as a d esi c ca nt .
Five samples of this
typ e we re a nalyz ed a nd all we r e fou nd to be f ree of chlorinat ed
hyd ro ca rbo ns.
Fin fish g e n e ra which were a nalyz ed i nclude:
ancho vy; Fu ndulus , mummichog; Mugil , mullet;
A nchoa ,
Leiostomus , spot;
Brevoortia, menhad en; Cy nos cion, weakfish; Arius, sea catfish;
St ellif e r , star d rum; Gobiosoma , nak ed goby;
Ba i rdi ella,
yellowtail a nd croak e r; Trichiu rus , cutlass fish; Ce nt ropristis,
rock sea bass; Pa rali chthys, flou nd e r; a nd Rissola , strip ed
cusk- eel.
These were routi nely cau ght i n a te n foot otter
trawl tow ed by th e R/V Strik er.
with a castnet.
All mullet sampl es w e r e coll ect ed
Small fish w e re weighed, f roz e n whol e and th e n
g rou nd with sodium sulfate .
I n la rger fish th e liver and /o r
a fill et alo ng th e lat eral line was r emoved , cut i n small pi e c es,
w eigh ed, f ro ze n and then g rou nd with sodium sulfate .
The
amou nt of toxaph e ne was slightly high e r i n muscl e tissu e tha n
i n the liv e r of th e sam e fish
( Tabl e 1).
Fifty -five samples of
fin fish es from th e study a r ea w e r e a nalyzed and o nly two of
the samples w e r e found to b e fre e of toxaph e ne .
Thi rt een samples of shrimp
toxaphe ne co nte nt.
(Pena eus ) w e r e analy z ed for
Th e shrimp w e r e colle cted i n the ott e r
t rawl alo ng with the fin f ishes .
Sh rimp w e r e f ro z e n , cut i nto
small pieces , w ei gh ed , ref ro ze n a nd th e n ground in th e osterize r
usi ng sodium sulfat e as a dryi ng agent.
Ofte n the h eads
( co ntaini ng most of the di gestive t ra ct ) w e r e analyz ed s epa rately
from th e tails
(mus cl e tissue ) .
7
Toxaphene
occurred
in
the
muscle
at
approximately
of the co nc entration found in the heads
one tenth
(Tab le 2).
Only
three samples were found to be free of toxaph ene .
Blue crabs
otter trawl.
(Callinectes) wer e also col lected in the
Muscle tissue was diss ect ed, w ei gh ed, frozen
and then ground with
sodium sulfate.
The
gut
samples
included
an al iquot of a homog enate prepared from the hepatopancreas and
gametogenetic tissue
(mixed with sodium sulfate
as
a desiccant) .
The crabs appear to have a higher con centration of toxaphene
in the gut than in th e mus cle tissu e .
Five samples of crab
samples wer e extracted for gas-liquid chromatographic detectio n;
two of these were free of this compound .
Oyster samples
( Crassostrea) were co l lected by hand from
the shore or dredged with an oyster dredge .
Eight to ten
oysters were shucked into a jar and ground in the blender .
An
aliquot of this was mixed with sodium sulfate, fro z en and then
re- ground to the consisten cy of powder.
prepared for extraction .
The sample was then
All of the tw enty-on e oyster samples
analyzed contained toxaphene.
One sample of ribbed muscle
(Modiolus) (taken by hand from the mud surfa ce ) and blood ark
(Area)
(caught in the oyster dredge) were tr eated in t he same
manner and found to contain toxaphene.
The salt-marsh periwinkle
(Littorina) was collected from
Spartina leaves or the mud surfac e .
prepare these for extraction .
Two methods were used to
8
In one method the snails were broken with a hammer and a wet
weight o f the tissue obtained; the sample was frozen and then
ground in the blender with sodium sulfate.
In the second method,
whole snails were dried at 100°C for four to five days,
broken
with a hammer and the dried tissue separated and ground in a
Wiley
Mill
(using
a
40 micron sieve).
A dry weight was then
taken as a basis for analysis and the powdered snails were
mixed with sodium sulfate.
method
In the six samples prepared by this
(the second) no toxaphene was recovered.
The seven
samples prepared by the first method were all found to contain
toxaphene.
In one instance half of a collection of snails was
held alive in the laboratory for twenty days and then analyzed
by the first method.
The amount of toxaphene recovered
decreased 25% from the original analysis.
Of the thirty-one samples o f Spartina altern iflora, the
salt marsh cordgrass, collected for analysis, eighteen were
found to be free of toxaphene.
Collections of green grass were
cut from standing growth w ith garden shears and placed in
labeled bags for transport to the laboratory.
The grass was
cut into 6" lengths and each leaf was repeatedly washed with
water and dried at 100°C for four to five days.
Upon complete
drying the grass was ground in the Wiley Mill and mixed with an
appropriate amount of sodium sul fate.
quantitation.
Dry weight was used in
(Other current research related to Spartina at
the Marine Institute reveals that the dry weight is approximately
30% of the wet weight) .
9
S ampl e s of dead gra s s we r e t ake n from st anding st em s still
attach ed to the roo t sy stem .
ma nner a s the gree n gra s s.
The se we r e treated in the same
I n Ap r il, 1971, gr een a nd dea d
Sp artina s ampl e s collect e d side by sid e rev eal ed th e d ead g r a s s
co ntained mo re toxaphe ne than th e g r een g r a s s
po s sible expla natio n s a r e that 1.)
( T abl e 3 ) .
Two
the gra s s m etabolize d
mor e toxaphe ne du ri ng the previou s growi ng sea son tha n thi s
sea so n b ec au s e th er e was more toxaph ene in the water theni or
2 .)
the de ad g ra s s ab sorb s more toxaphe ne pa ssively than the
g re e n g r a s s actively met aboliz e s from the shallow s e diment s .
Bi rd s which h ave been coll ected for analy si s include th e
pied-billed gr eb e
s easi de spa rrow
dowitcher
r a il
(Po dilymbu s) , redwing blackbir d
(Ammo spiza) , long-bille d m arsh wren
(Lim nod romu s) , bo at-tailed gr ackle
(Sora )
{Agelaiu s ) ,
an d scaup
( T elm atodvte s ) ,
(Ca s s i dix) , cl apper
(Aythya) .
In the l a r g e birds, the liver and b rea st mu scle w er e
a nalyzed sep ar ately.
Th e t i s su e w a s w ei ghed ,
( w et we ight ) ,
cut up , f rozen a nd g rou nd with so dium sulfate .
Small bir d s we r e
ski nned , we i ghed , froze n whol e, choppe d up, re -f roz e n a nd ground
with sodium sulfate in the o ste riz er.
Seven o f fift een s ampl e s
conta i ned tox aph e ne , eight contai ned DDE and el even wer e
co ntam i nated with d ield ri n .
Mi scellaneou s sample s analyz ed fo r toxaph en e i nclude:
o ne diamond-b ack terrap i n live r , a st arfi sh
ch annelled wh elk
(A ste r ia s), a
( Bu sycon ) a nd some sea l ettuc e
s ampl e s wer e an alyzed o n a w et we i ght ba si s .
( Ul va ) . The s e
10
They were appropriately chopped,
frozen and ground with
sodium sulfate in preparation for extraction.
Another sample
type included water which was squeezed from wood chips collected
on the bottom of Terry Creek.
This interstitial water was
filtered and then extracted.
Water samples
were
extracted as follows:
one liter of
water was shaken for two minutes with 1 00 ml of 6 % ethyl ether
in petroleum ether and the ether phase collected.
This
procedure was repeated twice and the ether phase concentrated
and partitioned with acetonitrile.
The acetonitrile was
evaporated to dryness and the residue eluted from a Florisil
column, concentrated and then injected into the gas chromatograph.
Extraction of tissue samples was carried out by the
following procedure:
the mixture of tissue and sodium sulfate
was extracted for four hours with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet
apparatus at a rate of one cycle every 6 or 7 minutes.
The
extract was concentrated and partitioned with acetonitrile;
the acetonitrile evaporated to dryness and the residue eluted
from a Florisil column.
The extract was then identified by gas
chromatographs equipped with electron capture detectors
(tritium source).
Column packing and operating parameters
were as follows:
Columns:
5' x 1/8", glass, packed with 3% DC- 200
on Gas Chrom Q, 80/100 mesh.
Temperature:
Detector
Injector
Oven
Carrier:
prepurified nitrogen at a flow rate of
40 ml/minute.
Chart Speed:
3011/hour.
11
All calculations were made on the basis of 100%
recovery and toxaphene concentrations stated in parts per
million
(ppm).
Environmental samples with 0.25 to 0.15ppm
were recorded as "trace" and concentrations of less than
0.1 5ppm were not distinguishable from zero.
Water samples
with 0. 25 to O.OOlppm were reported as "trace" while water
samples with less than O.OOlppm were not considered statistically
significant.
COLLECTION STATIONS
The areas of collection are shown by Figures 1 and 2.
Mackay River:
This station was established in March 1 97 1
and oysters were collected on a monthly basis.
Analysis of
the samples revealed toxaphene in increasing amounts from March
through June.
This increase may possibly be indicative of the
increasing proportion of gametogenetic tisuse to muscle tissue
during these months instead of increasing amounts of toxaphene
in the water.
July,
1971 .
The amount of toxaphene decreased markedly in
If the above hypothesis is true,
this might indicate
that the majority of the oysters had spawned by that time.
All
five oyster samples from this station contained toxpahene
(Table 4) .
Quadrat #2:
This station is largely marsh surface area
covered with Spartina and bordered by one small creek.
It was
necessary to navigate this creek in a small outboard and
collections of fish had to be made with a castnet.
Nine samples
were taken from this quadrat and analyzed for toxaphene content.
12
Littorina, small crabs and green Spartina were free of toxaphene
while dead Spartina, Fundulus and mullet were found to contain
toxpahene in measurable amounts
(Table 5 ), the mullet bearing
the highest concentration of toxpahene
Quadrat # 29:
this quadrat.
( 3 3 to 3 5 ppm) .
Collections were made in Terry Creek for
Forty-eight samples were taken for analysis by
gas chromatography; six were found to be free o f toxaphene,
however,
five o f these were birds.
was of small crabs.
The remaining clean sample
The sediments taken here and elsewhere
will be discussed in a following separate section.
Anchovies,
Fundulus and Littorina samples all revealed high concentrations
o f toxaphene.
The concentration in these organisms has
generally decreased from July and August 1970 to June and July
1971, even though they are still high.
high toxaphene concentration
The Spartina had a very
( 18 to 98ppm)
and the wood chips
which abundantly line the bottom also contained large amounts
o f toxaphene.
(The interstitial water pressed from these chips
was filtered and then both filtrate and filter paper extracted
for toxaphene.
The great majority of the toxaphene was found
on the filter paper while the filtrate was comparatively clean.
This would indicate that little toxaphene actually dissolves
in the water but rather the greater amount is carried on the
particulate matter in the water) .
Analysis of birds from this
quadrat mainly indicates that while birds are contaminated with
toxpahene more have dieldrin and DDE in their tissues.
s ummarizes the data from this station.
Table 6
13
Quadrats #26/34:
This area is a portion of Little River
through which a continuous trawl could be made.
Nineteen samples
from these quadrats were analyzed for toxaphene and six were
found to contain none.
The clean samples included estuarine
water, sma�l crabs, terrapin liver
dieldrin) ,
(though it contained
green Spartina and dried Littorina.
Toxaphene
contaminated samples include all fin fishes analyzed, oyster,
Littorina, starfish, blue crab, green and dead Spartina.
Table 7 depicts the concentrations of toxaphene for the various
samples considered.
Quadrat #33:
This collection station at the Torras
Causeway toll bridge was established in March 1971.
The amounts
o f toxaphene fluctuated in the fourteen oyster samples taken here
(Table 8}.
Toxaphene was determined in a blood ark from this
station while Ulva
Quadrat #56:
(sea lettuce } collected here had no toxaphene.
Littorina, Spartina, ribbed mussel and
estuarine water were collected for analysis at this location.
Ten samples were extracted and three found to be free of toxaphene
(green Spartina and Littorina }.
Table 9 shows the results of
the toxaphene analyses from this station.
An unusually high
concentration of toxaphene was found in Littorina in July 1971.
Quadrat # 6 0:
Twenty-four samples from this branch o f
Clubbs Creek were analyzed.
Five samples
Littorina} were found free o f toxaphene.
(Spartina and dried
Fin fishes, shrimp and
one sample of Spartina from August make up the contaminated
samples.
Table 10 depicts a gradual decrease in amounts of
toxaphene found here.
14
Quadr at # 7 2:
Near the mouth of Clubbs Cr e ek, twenty
Sm all cr abs and Sp artin a
s ampl es were colle cted .
1 9 7 0 ) w er e not contamin ated with toxaphen e .
( ex c ept Aug .
Fin fish es , shrimp
and Littorin a demonstr at ed m e asurable conc entr ations of
tox aphen e
An chovi es, shrimp and Sp artin a all
( Tabl e 11 ) .
d emonstrated a d e cr e as e of tox aphen e concentr ations during th e
study p eriod .
Qu adr at # 78:
location.
S event een s ampl es w er e coll e ct ed from this
Eigh t s amples with no measur able tox aphen e in cluded
tissues from blue crab , dri ed Li ttorin a , whole shrimp and bo at­
t ailed gra ckl e.
Sp artin a
shrimp head and thorax,
samples .
( gr e en and d e ad) , Fundulus , an chovies
and mullet m ade up the cont amin ated
Fundulus , anchovi es and Spartina all h ave signific an t ly
l ess toxaphen e in June and July , 1971 ,
O ctober ,
1 9 7 0,
compar ed to Au gust and
(T able 1 2 ) .
Quadra t # 9 9:
Six of sixt een s amples test ed from Pl ant a tion
Cr eek contained toxaphen e.
Thes e six in cluded an chovi es , shrimp
head and thorax , oys ters and spo t .
The wat er , Sp artina, shrimp
abdom en, Littorin a , cutl ass fish and croak er h ad no m e asurable
amounts of toxaphen e
( T abl e 13 ) .
Thes e wer e the only fin fishes
found b etw een Au gust 19 7 0 and July 1 9 7 1 at any st ation that did
not cont ain toxaphen e .
15
SEDIMENT
S TUDIES
The first s ediment sample s w er e coll e ct ed in the
Terry Cr e ek s tudy ar ea in May 19 6 9 .
On e grab s ample w as taken
f rom t h e mud surf a ce at mean low water level a t the jun ction
of Dupr e e and T erry Cre eks on t h e North eas t shor e
( Figur e 1).
T h is sample consist ed of mud and ground wood p articl es .
Laborato ry analys is ind i cated a toxap hene con c ent rat ion of
over 4 , 2 0 0ppm .
For conf irm at ion, a portion of the s ediment
s ample w as analyz ed at the University of Wis consin Wa t er
Labo r a tory and found to contain 4, 7 0 0ppm tox aph en e.
In
addit ion , an aliquot of our ext r a ct was an alyzed by the USD I
Biolog i c al Laboratory , Gulf Breez e, Flo r id a, whi c h show ed
4, 6 0 0ppm toxaphene .
On July 1 6 ,
1 9 6 9 , another s edim ent gr ab s ample taken at
approxima tely the s ame ar e a consisted pr imarily o f mud.
sample cont ain ed 1 , 5 6 6ppm toxap h ene .
mouth o f T erry Cre ek
This
A sampl e taken at t h e
(jun ction w i th Ba ck Riv er ) on t h e s am e
dat e contained 31 0. 7ppm toxaph ene .
S edim e nt s ampl es w e r e tak en on the No rth s hor e of T erry
C reek ,
2 0 yards E ast of Dupr e e Cre ek, M ay 1 ,
4 5mm I . D.
cl ear pl astic cor e barrel .
1 9 7 1, w it h a
The core barr el , s harp en ed
on the bottom end, w as for ced by hand 3 5cm into the s ediment.
The barr el w as then fill ed with estu arin e wat e r, stoppered,
withdrawn from th e sediment , stopp er ed on the bot tom and t he
ex c e s s wat er decant ed off the top .
T he cor e barrel w as r eturn ed
to the l aboratory and sliced in to Scm po� tions .
16
The sample from each Scm tube was placed i n a beaker and
tho rough ly mixed .
A po r tion o f this w as spread thin ly in a
pe tri dish and allowed to d ry a t ambien t tempe r a ture fo r six
d ays.
S amples fo r ex tr a c tion ranged f rom 5 to 1 5 g r ams, d ry
sedimen t, depending o n the dep th of the s ample.
The tox aphene
concent rations o f these samples are found in Tab le 14 .
Tox aphene h as a very high affin i ty fo r exp anding l a t ti ce cl ays
su ch as are found in m arsh mud.
This exp l ains the re l atively
The surf a ce to S cm
low concen tra tion in the uppe r s and l ayer.
s ample chrom a tog r am w as almos t iden tic al to the te chni c al g r ade
tox aphene s tand a rd.
The 1 0 to lS cm s ample g ave a good
ch romatog r am fo r an environmen tal s ample.
The 15 to 2 0 cm
s ample chroma togr am showed a resemb l an ce to tox aphene bu t w as
somewha t dis to r ted .
The 25 to 3 0 cm s ample ch rom a togr am showed
a tremendous build -up o f pe aks in the firs t p a r t of the
chrom a tog r am .
These ch rom a tog r ams we re qu an ti ta ted as
" a hyd ro c arbon resembling tox aphene".
O the r sedimen t s amples we re co l le c ted wi th a 7 0
cle a r p las ti c co re barre l on June 10,
19 71.
mrn
I . D.
The l a rger co re
barrel c re a ted less in ternal f ri c tion and thus en ab led us to
col lec t a co re s ample o f 8 0 cm in dep th .
The s amples we re
ext r a c ted f rom the co re barre l in lO cm in c remen ts by fo rcing the
s ample ou t wi th a tigh tly fi t ting rubber plunge r.
ex t r a c ted in the above des c ribed manne r .
w as taken a t th ree loc a tions:
S amples were
This se ries o f co res
# 1, No r th shore o f Te rry C reek,
17
5 0 y ards E ast o f the ju nction with Dupr ee Creek;
# 2, South
shor e o f Terry Cr eek about one hal f th e dista n c e from th e
Her cules out f all to Back River;
#3,
South shor e o f Terry Cr eek
5 0 yards West o f the junctio n with Back River
(s e e Figur e 1 ) .
All s ampl es were t ak e n at m e a n low w at er level .
Th e chrom atogr ams from this s eri es fo cores exhibited
gener ally the s am e p atter n of cha ng e with i ncr easi ng d epth
as did thos e ru n o n the smaller core .
Tabl e 1 6 i ndi c ates
that tox aph e ne h as a gr eater a f finity for wood chips than for
mud .
This m ay or m ay not be true .
The wood chips w ere
i ntroduc ed i nto th e pl a nt e fflue nt dit ch befor e th e e f flu e nt
r e a ched the estu ary a nd may h ave absor bed l arg e qu a ntiti es at
this tim e .
We have theori es but no r e al expl anatio n o f th e
high toxaphene l evels at the 3 0 to 5 0 cm depth as show n i n
Table 17 .
Th e chrom atogr ams o f thes e two sub -s ampl es more
clos ely r es embl ed t e ch ni c al gr ade tox aph ene th a n the sub -samples
colle ct ed above or below.
This l e ads one to sp e cul at e that
ther e had b e e n an overtur ni ng o f the s edim ents in this ar e a.
This is f e asibl e si nce there ar e
other disturbances c aus ed by r ai n;
1. )
frequ e nt mud slides a nd
2 .)
shrimp trawlers c ausing l arg e w ak es; a nd
d aily trips by
3.)
ple asur e cr a ft
cr e ati ng smaller w ak es .
Two s edim e nt s ampl es w er e coll e ct ed June 23,
1 9 71, shortly
a ft er th e t erminatio n o f th e U . S . Army Corps o f E ngineers'
dr edgi ng o f Terry Cre ek .
Th e loc al news m edi a quoted a figur e
o f lO, OOOppm toxaphene i n th e dredg e spoil at th e mouth o f
Terry Cr eek .
18
A compos ite from 1 0 po ints covering the spoil ar ea
(r esult ant from two days dr edg ing operat ions ) w as spl it w ith
Her cul es ,
In c . , for an alys is .
Our an alys is of the compos it e
s ample r eveal ed 32 . 8ppm to xaph en e wh ile Her cules ,
3 0 . 6ppm toxaph en e in th e spl it s ampl e .
In c . , found
Another spl it s ampl e
was collected the same day from dragline spoil in Hercules,
wood yard at the n ew do ck s it e .
Inc . ',
Th is w as a dry , lumpy s ample
and not w ell m ixed pr ior to spl itt in g th e s ampl e w ith H er cul es ,
Inc .
Our an alys is r eveal ed 4 3 6 . 6ppm and Her cul es'
SOO. Oppm toxaphene.
s ampl ing st ations,
about
surfa c e s ed im ent s ampl es from two r egul ar
# 3 4 and # 78 , cont a in ed 10 . 4ppm and 3 . 02ppm
toxaphene r esp ect ively on th e s am e date.
Oth er marsh mud s edim ent s amples were coll ect ed from
South End Cr eek on S ap elo Isl and .
The s ampl e w as w ash ed and
s i eved throu gh a s cr e en w ir e s i eve to el im in ate any sh ell and
l arg e plant m at er i al .
S ixty gr ams , w et we i ght , of the slurry
w as pl a c ed into each of four beakers and thr ee of th es e
( B , C and D) sp i k ed w ith t e chn i c al toxaph en e dissolved in
a c eton e .
Beaker A, w ithout toxaph en e , w as k ept open in th e
l abor atory .
Sp i k ed s ample C w as cover ed w i th a vented glass
cover and k ept in full sunl i ght for 4 days .
Sp ik ed sampl e
w as l eft in full sunl ight for 4 days with no cover .
D
All
s ampl es w er e th en dr i ed at amb ient t emp erature in th e l abor atory
for four add it ion al days under ident i c al conditions before be ing
extr a ct ed .
The s ampl es at th is t im e w eighed approx im ately
25 grams e ach .
19
Sample A g ave a clean chromatogram wh i c h s howed no
contamination t hat would interfe re w i th toxaphen e analy sis .
Sample
B,
covered with pl a s t ic , was ident ical to techni cal
grade toxaphe ne.
Sample C, glass cover ed , showed very littl e
chang e from Sample B.
Sample D, open , s howed a drastic change
after only four d ays in open sunlig ht.
The re sul ts of this expe riment indicate t ha t the glass
cove r of Sample C filtered out ultra violet radiation which
po ss ibly d estroy s toxaphene .
Sample D , exposed to full sunlight,
indicates that tox aphene is r ather qu ickly broken down
(t heoretically by the ultra viole t l ight) .
The beakers in the above exp eriment w ere 1 2cm deep and thus
inhibited full sunligh t on the ent ire sample for most o f the day .
Experiments will b e initi ated in low - sided petri dis h e s and
expo sed to open sunlight and to ar tificial ul tra violet light
for varying period s o f t im e .
Bioas says using mar ine o r ganisms
will be condu cted in t he near future to determine the toxi city
of the photo -altered toxaphene .
S P ECIE S D IVE RSITY
Traw l samp le s colle cted with a ten foot o t ter trawl
( 1 - 3/ 8" me s h) durin g the 19 7 0- 1 9 7 1 study pe riod were returned to
t he laboratory .
After sorting, different s pe cie s w ere wet -weighed
and t he total length of each fish wa s recorded .
Field phy s ical
data collected simultaneously w it h the trawl in cluded salin ity ,
wat er temperature, tide stage, time of day, climate conditions ,
trawl dura tion and trawl identification number .
20
All trawl da ta was placed on key pun ch cards for later
computer manipulation.
Spe cies diversity indices have been considered by
investigators to be an index of environmental quality of a
given e cosystem.
1 9 7 0) .
( Harrel and Dorris 1 9 6 8; Dahlberg and Odum
These investigators suggested that spe cies diversity
will decrease with in creased contamination or pollution.
The present study proposed that diversity of fin fish and
e conomi c epifaunal invertebra tes could serve as one indi cator
of the effects of toxaphene and other contaminants in the salt
marshes east of Brunswi ck, Georgia.
To date, three different spe cies diversities have been
calculated for the trawl data from this study .
For the "spe cies richness" component of diversity,
Margalef
( 1 9 5 8) suggests the following:
D1
where o
1
=
=
diversity,
( 1)
(S - 1) /log N
S
=
number of spe cies, and N
=
number
of individuals .
The second species diversity index used is a ccording to
Menhini ck
( 1 9 64) where:
D
2
=
( 2)
S/N
here, S, and N have the same definition as before .
A third species diversity index, that of Odurn et al .
( 1 9 6 0) was used where:
n3
=
S
*
1 0 0 0/ N
here too S and N have the same definition.
21
The res ult s
of
species
diver s ity
quadrat are summ a r i zed in T ables 1 8
-
indices
20 .
for each
different
The monthly values
are contrasted to c al cul at ion o f o1, o2, and o3 from t r awl
samples t aken in the Du plin estu ary, S a pelo Isl and, Geo rgi a .
The results demonst rate th at lowe st d ive rsity indi ces o f all
sample areas
considered were found
in quadrat
#29
(Terry
Creek)
th an any othe r loc ation .
This d at a h as not been s tatisti c ally t re ated due to the
need to colle ct additional se ason al information.
At the
con clusion o f the second ye ar of the cu rrent rese arch cont ract,
additional s pe cies dive rs ity indi ces will be com puted on d at a
f rom the f i rst and second ye ars using the IBM 3 60-65.
Compute r
p rograms a re presen tly being w ritten fo r computation of the
addi tion al following species diversity ind i ces:
Sh annon-Wiene r dive rsity i nd ex H
H
=
s
-
�
i=l
P. log
1
P.
1
whe re P i is the pro po rtion of ind ividuals in the ith spe cies .
This inde x suggested by M a r gale f
(1968)
is a widely used index
that inc re ases as both the numbe r of spe cies and equ ability o f
s pe cies abund an ce in c re ase .
Lloyd and Ghel ard i 1s
(1964)
rel at i ve spec ies abundan ce or
equ ab ility index:
where sl is the numbe r o f s pe cies p redicted by the
"broken st ick11 model of MacArthu r
obse rved s pe cies .
(1957) and S is the numbe r o f
22
As long a s the type of data remain t h e s ame,
Sanders
(1968) claims h i s rarefa c tion me thod will allow c ompari s on
of unequal s ample s izes \vh i c h would resu l t in the pre s en t
s tudy f rom une qual trawl length s .
T h e data from th i s three­
year summary w i ll a l s o be compared by th i s technique.
A leng th frequency plot of each f i sh s p e c i e s would be
mean i ngle s s a t thi s time s i nce no comparable d a ta are
ava i l able f or compari son .
Here too,
i t i s more e f f ic i en t
and environmenta l ly meaningf ul to compare the f irs t and
s econd year trawl data.
Henc e,
f ur ther manipulation o f the
f irst year trawl data w i l l be postponed until the end o f the
s ec o nd contract y e a r .
A l l trawl data i s available for
inspection at the Mar ine Ins ti tu te .
It i s i mportant to p o i nt out that many var i able s may
e f f ec t the catch e f f ort .
It i s ant i c ipa ted that repeated
monthly s ampl ing during the three y ears of the contract will
provide s tat i st i c ally s ig ni f ic an t environmental c onclu s ions
in s pite of d i f f erenc e s in trawl time, t i de stage,
water temperature,
sali nity,
s ea s o n of the year a nd climatic c o n d i t i o n s .
Once again, �omputer evaluat i o n o f the data will als o most
e f f i c i ently be cond u c ted on at least two or three years'
d a ta.
23
B I OA S SAY OF
Hercule s,
Inc .
"T REATED EFFLUENT"
pre s ently i s operat i ng a pilot plant
f or the detox i f i c ati on o f its waste products from the
toxaphene producti on pro ce s s .
to reduce the toxicity of
the
The pilot plant i s d e s igned
effluent from
the
operations
b e fore i t e nters the e s tu arine waters o f Terry Creek.
B i o a s s ay s were de s i gned to gain a preliminary indic ati on
o f the tox icity of this treated e ffluent to s e le cted
e s tuari n e organ i s ms .
Static b ioas s ays were u s ed for thi s
preli m i nary r e s e a rch.
A fres hly collected s amp l e o f e f f lu e nt from the p ilot
plant was d iluted with e stuari ne water collected from the
o c e a n b e a c h at Sapelo Island.
The dilution o f the e f f luent
with e stuar i n e a nd d i sti lled waters res ulted in s al i n i t i e s
i n the e stuar i ne r a nge
(15 to
2 0 ° /oo).
All s tat i c a s s ay s
were cond ucted i n one g allon rectangular gla s s aquari a with
gla s s covers.
a n airstone.
Compre s s ed a ir was used for aeration via
Compari so n s b etwee n tox i c i ty were made u sing
"raw" o c e a n water,
and membrane filte r e d
( 0 . 4 5 J1. pore s ize)
ocean water b ut no s igni f ic ant dif f erences were ob s erved,
c o n s e quently unaltered ocean water wa s u s ed f or all further
d ilution s .
A s ample o f the e f flu e nt u s e d f o r each b i o a s s ay w a s
a nalyzed for toxaph e ne and other c hlorinated hydro carbons
prior to the a s s ay s .
mixed,
The e f f lu e nt a n d d ilut ion water were
and pla c ed in g la s s aquari a .
24
E stuarine organi sm s u sed in the bioa s says were
The se e s tuarine fauna
coll ec ted wi th a ten foot o tter trawl .
collected from th e Duplin Estuary
(adjac ent to Sap elo I sland )
were placed in flowing seawa t er holding tank s in the labora tory
for 48 hour acclima tion prior to bioa s say s .
the se condition s are s ta ted below ) .
u sing the whi te shrim p
(Ariu s feli s);
Bioa s says were conduc ted
(Penaeu s s e ti f eru s ) ;
tonguefi sh
( Exc eption s to
sea ca t fish
( Sy mphuru s plagiu sa ) ; and mulle t
(Mugil sp. ) .
The re sul t s of th e bioa s says are summari z ed in Table s
21 - 25 .
Absenc e of da ta indicated by
a
da sh indica te s tha t
particular combina tion o f factor s wa s no t te s ted .
All
concentration s of bioa s say media ar e ex pre s sed in part s p er
billion
( p. p . b. ) . Thi s i s the toxa phene concentra tion of
the dilu ted e ffluent u sed for each sta tic bioa s say.
The
frac tional ex pr e s sion u sed for each conc en tra tion and
replicate i s the number o f living organi sm s at the end o f
the duration o f a s say over the to tal number of living
organi sm s u sed at the ou t set of the as say .
An exam ple 3/ 5
indica te s that ini tially five organi sm s w ere u sed in the
assay and a t the end of the exposure period three of the
organi sm s were s till living.
Con trol a s says u sed for each
experimen t con si s ted of ocean wa ter and d i s tilled wa ter
dilu ted to the same salini ty a s the a s say t e s t solu tion s;
however , the control m edia contained no trea ted e f fluent.
25
The
mean survival
is
tabulated
as
per
cent
o£
tota1
number
used surviving after exposur e fo r a given time and a t a
c e rt ain concent ration of t r e at ed e ffluent .
These p reliminary results sugg est toxicity to
estuari ne o rg anisms at 8 p . p . b . tox aphene in the diluted
effluent.
dat a.
No fu rther conclusions can be d r awn from these
This work does suggest the urgent need for accurate
flushi ng r at es and hydrog raphic d at a on Te r ry C r e ek .
In o r de r
to compute actu al field dilutions of t h e toxaphene pl ant
ef fluent, hydrog r aphic dat a will be requi red to predict
dilution f acto rs du ring v arious tidal regimes .
26
FUTURE RESEARCH
The fi rst year of the research has focused on seve ral
different facets o f toxaphene con tamination and estu arine
ecology.
Dur i ng the second year,
emphasis will shif t f r om
routine field collections to a more concentrated effort to
"fill in" the d ata where a dditional observa tions seem
ne cessa ry.
One new f acet to be investiga ted will be sediment-grass
relati onships.
Using ma rsh sediment, standard toxaphene will
be mixed w i th the mud i n varying concentra t io ns.
A subsampl e
o f th is mud wi l l be exposed to u l travio let light for va rying
l engths of time.
Fo l l owing a recovery of the "UV li g ht-treated
toxaphene" a por tion will be ana l yzed and another por t i on used
for sta tic bioassays.
Anothe r portion of the ''labeled" mud
will be used for g rowing Spar tina
consta nt envi ronmenta l condit ions.
(sa lt ma rsh cordgrass)
under
Th is may e nable
quantifi c a tion of the flux of toxaphene through S p arti na.
For a more quantitative approach to this, the use of 3 6 cl
lab e l ed toxaphene may b e provided by Hercules,
Inc.
Anoth er f ocal point during th e second contract year w i l l
b e the sediment concentrations of toxaphe ne in the marsh a r e a
under consideration.
of the quadrats .
Duplicate cor e s will be taken in each
Also,
if dredging is resumed in Ter ry Creek,
we wil l have adequ a t e b a ckground d ata on sedime n t conce ntrations
o f toxaphene .
27
I n the field,
will
the
birds,
more
ev a l ua t ed for tox aph en e .
be
Terry
are a
Creek
significant
be
staff
new
alre ady in teres ted
benthic respiration,
budget o f
carbon
contaminants
the
appears
of tox aphene,
to
in
c ontai n
this
industrial
employed to l earn m o r e about the
es tuarine detritus food
Several
and detritivores
S i n c e the Sp ar tin a
#29)
(quadrat
concentrations
contaminant will
are
insects
web.
me mb er s
Institute
looking into prim ary
in
community
marshes
contrasted
of the Marine
me taboli sm and
production,
the organic
influenced by indu stri al
to the
more pristine marshes
adjoining
Further stud ies will probably b e propo sed
S a pelo Is l and,
during the nex t contract year to ex p a nd the present s t ud y
in scope and duration.
Efforts
al so may be direc ted
toward
separating out the effects of t ox aphe n e contami n a tion from
other
cont amin ants.
industrial
The
studies
importance of
calculations
Thi s data will f acilit a te
of
for
techniques
hydrographic
effluen t
concentration and
hydrogr aphic ex amin a tion
used
to predict
t i dal
coupled wi th therm al im agery
of the
Brunswic k
all
future
dilution.
of Terry
Several
Creek
are
Current research efforts u tili zing r emo te sens�ng
av ailable.
te rms
for complete
need
in Terry Creek an d su rroundi n g are as c an not be
overemph a si zed.
can be
th e
and
hydrography
St.
Simons
in
inundation in
can
yi eld
the m arsh
I s l a nd
.
the
marsh.
meaningful
watershed
This
d at a in
be tween
28
CONCLUSIONS
Based o n the data reporte d h erein, toxaphen e
Brunswick marsh
co ncentr a tio n i n fau n a and flora of the
a rea has decreased during the first contr act ye ar
197 0 through June 1971).
(1 July
The follow ing lists a summary of
the res e arch results:
1.
Uniqu e
an in dustrial con t aminant a s an ecologic al
use of
label h as been ma de in
further
quantific ation of the
estuari ne detri tus food web.
2.
Toxaphene has been found i n signific ant qu antiti es �n
Sp artina al ter n if lor a
Loisel
(salt
mar s hcordgrass) in the
marshes borderi ng Terry Creek .
3.
Measurable
qua nt ities of toxaphe ne h ave
s alt marsh p eriwin k l e
( Littorina).
Littorina may be involved in
web.
the
been
f ou nd i n the
This too suggests that
Spartina d etritu s food
There is no measurable toxaphene in these snails,
however,
if
they are dr ied 4
to
5 d ay s at
1 0 0°
prior
to
toxaphe ne a n alysi s .
4.
Although
the
fiddler crab
scientific
li ter ature
has
(Uca) t o b e a d e tritivore,
consid ered the
preliminary
d ata
su gg ests that fiddler cr abs collecte d during this study
co nta in e d
they may
no
not
me asurable qua ntity of toxaphene; consequently
be
This, howe ver,
part
of the Spartin a
requires
further
detritus
docum ent ation.
food web .
29
5.
Fin fish de tri tivores including killifish, mulle t,
menhaden and anchovies all were found to contain measurable
quantities of toxaphene .
This reconfirms their role in
the Spartina detritus food web .
6.
Toxaphene is concen trated in the white shrimp head and
thorax
(which contains the diges tive system) by a factor
of about ten times that found in the edible abdominal
section.
7.
The concentration of toxaphene in mullet is sligh tly higher
in muscle tissue than it is in liver tissue.
8.
Concerning marsh sediment samples, surface sedimen t
chromatograms
(for toxaphene analysis) more closely
resemble technical grade toxaphene chromatograms than
deeper core chromatograms .
Although the sediment
concentrations of toxaphene vary wi th distance away from
Terry Creek, the surface mud chroma tograms s till closely
resemble chroma tograms of technical grade toxaphene.
9.
Toxaphene concen trations in marsh surface sedimen t decrease
wi th exposure to sunlight.
I t is suggested that ultra­
viole t radia tion may be responsible for this degradation .
Further research is sugges ted for confirmation.
10.
Sediment samples from the shor t lived dredging opera tion in
Terry Creek
(June 1 9 71) revealed toxaphene concentrations
of 3 3ppm in the dredging spoil.
30
1 1.
Bas ed o n analy ses o f w at er s ampl e s ,
tox aph ene app e ar s
to b e co n f i n ed to the suspended m aterial i n the w a ter
and no t d i s solved i n the e s tuar i ne w at er .
12 .
P r e limi n ary s t a ti c bio a s s ay s of sel ec ted e s tuar i ne
f au na sugg e s t th a t tox aphe n e co n c e ntr a tio n s gre a t e r th an
8 p.p.b.
13 .
in the diluted " tre a t ed e ff lu ent '' m ay b e toxic.
Specie s diver si ty in th e v ar io u s s tudy qu a dr a ts more
clo sely r e semble s s p ec i es diver s i ty of the Dupli n e s tuary
tow ard the e nd o f th e fir s t co n tr a c t y e ar .
31
REFERENCES
Dahlberg , M.
D . and E . P . Odum.
1970 .
Annu al cy cles of
spec ies o ccurren ce , abundance , and d ivers ity in Georg i a
Estuar ine F ish Popul at ions .
83
(2) :
Amer. Midl . Natur.
3 82-39 2 .
Harrel l , R. C .
an d
T.
C.
Dorr is .
1968 .
Stre am order ,
morphometry, phys iochemical condit ions , an d commun ity
stru cture of benth i c rnacro invertebr ates in an interm ittent
stream system .
Lloy d , M .
and R .
Arner . Midl . Natur .
Ghel ar di.
1964 .
80 ( 1 ) :
220-251 .
A t able for cal culat in g the
equ abil ity component o f spe c ies d iversity.
33 :
42 -425 .
McArthur ,
R.
19 5 7 .
On the re l ative abun dance of b ir d s pe c ies .
Proc . Natl . Aca d. Sc i .
Marg alef, R .
3:
19 5 8 .
(Wash . ) .
45:
293-29 5 .
Info rmation theory in eco logy .
Gen .
Syst .
3 6-71 .
1968 .
Perspe ctives in Ecologic al Theory .
Un ivers ity of Chi c ago P ress .
Menhin ick , E. F .
1964 .
Ch ic ago 1 1 2 pp .
A comp arison o f some spec ies divers ity
in d ices appl ied to s amples of f ield insects .
45:
Odum ,
J . An irn . Ecol .
Eco logy .
8 59-86 1 .
H . T . , J . E . Cantlon, and L . S .
Korn i cker.
19 60 .
An org an i z at ional h ier ar chy postul ate for the interpret ation
of spec ies -in d iv iduals distr ibut ion , spec ies antropy and
ecosystem ev alu at ion an d the mean ing of a spec ies -var iety
index .
Ecology.
41 :
3 9 5-399 .
32
Sander s , H .
study .
1 9 68 .
Marine benthic diver sity , a comparative
Arner . Midl . Nat ur.
Wil son , Alfred J .
1969 .
8 3 ( 2) :
38 2 - 3 9 2 .
Pe stici de Analytical Manual for
BCF Contracting Agencie s .
Gulf Bree ze , F la. ,
1 6 pp.
APPEND I X
33
lQua dra t
1f
60
Da te
Jul .
Type
I
Tox . ppm
7 1 l iver
6 . 28
"
"
mus c le
2
"
l iver
33 . 85
"
"
mus c l e
35 . 6
7 . 65
Ta b l e 1 .
Var ia t i on o f toxa ph ene concentr a t ions
in mu l l e t l iver a nd mus c le t is s ue .
R!!_ad r a t
1f
72
"
"
"
60
Da te
Type
Oc t . ' 7 0
mus c l e
"
Jul . ' 7 1
"
Oc t . ' 7 0
Tox . ppm ,
heads
mu s c le
. 64
7 . 29
Tr a c e
heads
2 . 38
mus c le
1 . 30
"
II
99
''
mus c le
0 , 00
"
"
heads
2 . 83
heads
1 1 . 15
Ta b l e 2 .
Var ia t ions o f toxa phe ne concentra t ions
i n shr imp heads a nd mus c le t i s sue . *
iQuadr a t 11
Tox . concentr a t i o n
d ead
gr een
78
0.0
1 . 11
72
0,0
0.0
0.0
Tr a ce
60
0.0
0.0
99
0.0
0.0
2
0,0
1 . 76
56
0.0
1 .61
2 6 /34
Ta b l e 3 .
Toxa phene c oncentra tions
i n Spa r t ina in Apr i l 1 9 7 1 . *
"
* "Tr a c e ind i ca t e s l e s s
than . 2 5 ppm .
34
Da te
PPM
ToxaphenE
!Mar
'71
, 69
IAPr .
' 71
71
�y
'71
1 . 60
[un .
'71
2 . 04
lrul. ' 7 1
Tr a c e
Ta b l e 4 .
Toxaph e n e in oys te r s
f r om Ma ckay River . *
Date
Aug . ' 7 0
Type
* "Tr a c e " i nd i ca t e s
l e s s tha n . 2 5 ppm .
PPM
Toxaphene
sma l l crabs
0.0
Spa r t ina
2 . 45
Oc t . ' 7 0
Li t t or ina (dr ied)
0.0
A_pr . ' 7 1
Spar t ina (gr e e n)
0.0
Spa r t ina {d ead)
1 .76
Jun . ' 7 1
Spar t i na (gr een)
0 .0
Ju l . ' 7 1
Fund u lus
10 . 4
mu l l e t l iver
33 . 85
mu l l e t mus c le
35 . 6
"
"
"
"
Ta b l e 5 .
Conce n t r a t ions o f toxa phene in samp l e s
f r om Quadr a t #2 .
35
Da te
Ju l . ' 7 0
II
II
II
II
Aug . ' 7 0
II
"
II
Oc t . ' 7 0
II
II
Feb . ' 7 1
II
II
II
II
May ' 7 1
II
Jun . ' 7 1
II
II
Jul . ' 7 1
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Table 6 .
Type
Li t tor i na (he ld a l ive)
Spar t ina (gr e e n)
Spar t ina (d ead)
Spar t ina (gr e e n )
Li t tor i na
wa ter
Fundu lus
anchovy
Spar t ina (gr e en)
sma l l c r a bs
a nchovy
Fu ndulus
anchovy
Fundulus
f i l te r pa per
f i l tr a te
f i l ter paper
a nchovv
Fundu lus
Fundu lus
anchovy
Spar t ina
L i t to r i na
PPM Toxaph e ne
43 . 9
33 . 7 6
1 8 . 10
29 . 9
61.9
, 01 7
73 . 83
236 . 36
72 . 7 6
0.0
172 . 1
80 . 7 1
2 1 . 39
51.9
::::::--1 00 . 0
. 01 5
>100 . 0
1 8 . 07
53 . 7
50.5
13 . 8
98 . 8
23 . 25
Wi l l e t br e a s t
Wi l le t l iver
Redwing br eas t
Redwing l iver
Sea s ide spar r ows
Long - b i l led wren
Dowi tcher br e a s t
Dow i t cher l iver
4 .08
1 . 89
5 . 14
Other
--
1 3 6 . 5 ppb DDE
8 . 07 oob Die ldr in
2 9 . 8ppb Die ldr in
1 1 8 . 5 oob DDE
7 3 . l ppb DDE
Tr a ce D ie ldr in
2 7 2 . 5 ppb DDE
3 2 . 5oob D i e ld r i n
7 2 . 4ppb DDE
2 1 . 95 oob D ie ld r in
3 9 . 0oob D ie ldrin
Concentr a t ions o f pe s t i c id e s in samp l e s from Quadr a t #29 .
36
Tvoe
Da te
PPM
To xa oh e n e
wa ter
0,0
sma l l c r a bs
0.0
Soa r t ina (gr een)
1.1
Ja n . ' 7 1
tur t l e l iv e r
0.0
Feb . ' 7 1
ovs ter
1 . 94
s e a s tar
1 . 56
naked gobi
2 . 95
blue c r a b gu ts
3.1
Aug , ' 7 0
II
II
II
II
Apr . ' 7 1
II
II
II
Soa r t ina (gr e e n)
II
II
II
'71
Mav
Jun . ' 7 1
II
Jul 1 7 1
II
II
nrus c l e
(d e ad)
Tra c e
0.0
Tr a c e
Lit t o r ina (dr ied)
0.0
s tar d r um
5.3
Soar t ina (gr e e n)
0.0
anchovv
3.1
a nchovv
4 . 34
s uo t
Tr a c e
Li t tor ina
Tra c e
Ta ble 7 .
Conc e ntr a t i ons o f toxa phene in s amp l e s
f r om Quadra ts {f2 6 /34 .
"Tra ce " ind i ca t e s l e s s tha n
. 2 5 p pm .
37
Da t e
Type
1 8 Mar . 1 7 1
II
1
Apr . 1 7 1
oys ter
2 . 27
b l ood a r k
1 . 07
oys ter
2 . 84
II
8 A2__r . 1 7 1
II
1 3 Apr . 1 7 1
II
2 2 Apr . 1 7 1
II
1 May 1 7 1
II
4 May 1 7 1
3 . 64
3 . 80
2 . 03
3 . 82
U1va 1a c tuca
0 . 00
oys ter
3 . 36
1 3 May 1 7 1
2 1 May 1 7 1
2 5 Ma y 1 7 1
2 Jun . 1 7 1
1 0 Jun . 1 7 1
2 3 Jun . 1 7 1
1 3 Jul . 1 7 1
Ta b l e 8 .
PPM Toxaphene
"
II
I I
,,
II
II
II
5 . 60
2 . 59
1 . 17
1 . 12
2 . 06
1 . 35
1 . 15
Conc e n tr a t ions o f t oxa ph ene in s amp l e s
from Quad r a t # 33 .
38
Da te
Aug , ' 7 0
"
_Type
wa ter
PPM Toxaphene
. 015
Li t t or ina
3.0
Spa r t ina (gr e e n)
1 . 49
Oc t . ' 7 0
Littor ina
0.0
Apr . ' 7 1
Spa r t i na (gr een)
0.0
Spa r t i na (d ead)
1 . 61
Mod i o l us
2 . 86
Jun . ' 7 1
Spar t ina
0.0
Jul . ' 7 1
Lit tor ina
1 . 81
Lit t or ina
16 . 74
"
II
II
"
Ta b l e 9 .
Conc e n tr a t ions of t oxa ph e ne in samp l e s
f r om Quad r a t # 5 6 .
39
Da te
Aug . 1 7 0
II
II
"
"
"
II
Apr . ' 7 1
II
II
'71
Jun . ' 7 l
II
Jul . ' 7 1
II
II
II
II
II
46 . 7 3
4 . 11
3 5 . 42
shr imp
3 . 03
Lit t or ina (dr ied)
.
59
0.0
Fund u l us
15 . 5 8
s hr imp heads
1 1 . 15
shr imp mus c l e
II
PPM Toxaphene
mu l le t
Spa r t ina
Oc t . ' 7 0
II
spo t
Fundu lus
II
Mav
Type
1.3
a nch ovy
25 . 1
anchovv
lost
Spa r t ina
0.0
Spa r t ina
0.0
cr oaker
1 . 97
spot
1 . 37
Spar t ina
0.0
spo t
1 . 15
shr imp heads
tr a c e
ye l lowta i l
2 . 71
a nchovv
1 . 02
Fund ulus
2 .48
mu l l e t l iver
6 .28
mu l le t mus c le
7 . 65
Ta b l e # 1 0 .
Concentr a t i ons o f toxa phene i n s amp l e s
fr om Quad r a t 1fo60 .
"Tr a ce ' ' ind icates le s s tha n . 2 Sppm .
40
Da t e
Aug . 1 7 0
"
II
II
Oc t . ' 7 0
II
II
Fe b . ' 7 1
II
Apr . ' 7 1
II
Tvpe
S DO t
26.2
anc hovv
1 7 . 37
sma 1 1 c r a bs
Snar t i na
s hr imD head s
shr imp mus c l e
II
II
II
. 64
1 . 27
wea k f ish
2 .51
Sna r t i na
0.0
Spar t i na
0.0
s ta r d r um
II
7 . 29
menhaden
Jun . ' 7 1
II
. 61
1 0 . 24
s e a ca t f ish
Jul . ' 7 1
0.0
a nch ovv
Ma v ' 7 1
"
PPM Toxaphene
tr a c e
. 65
Spa r t ina
0.0
shr imp heads
2 . 38
s hr imp mus c l e
trace
a nchovv
2 . 11
sma l l crabs
0.0
sma l l c r a bs
0.0
Lit tor ina
Ta b l e {fol l .
Concentr a t ions of t oxa phe n e in s amp l e s
fr om Qua d r a t {fo 72 .
C ' Tr a c e 11 ind i cate s l e s s than . 2 5 ppm . )
4l
Da te
Type
PPM Toxa_phene
Aug , ' 7 0
Spar t i na
1 . 22
Oc t . ' 7 0
Fundu lus
7 .6
II
Apr . ' 7 1
II
"
May ' 7 1
II
Jun . ' 7 1
II
Ju l . ' 7 1
II
II
II
II
II
a n chovy
36 . 7
Lit tor ina (dr i ed)
0.0
S�a r t ina (gr e e n)
0.0
Spar t ina (d eadl
1 . 11
blue crab gu t
(Ar o c l or 1 2 5 4 '1
II
b lue c r a b mus c l e
s hr imp heads
1.8
Spa r t ina
0.0
a nch ovy
2 . 35
s hr imp heads
0.0
mu l le t mus c le
2 . 38
Fundu lus
2 . 36
gr a c k le
gr a ck l e
(DDE
&
Die 1 . )
II
Table #12 ,
Concen tr a t ions o f t oxa phe ne i n samp l e s
fr om Quad r a t # 7 8 .
42
Da te
Aug , 1 7 0
II
Oc t . 1
70
"
"
Apr . 1 7 1
"
II
II
"
Type
PPM
Toxa ohe ne
wa ter
0.0
a n c h ovy
4 . 51
Spar t i na
0.0
s hr i mp head s
2 . 83
s hr imo mus c le
0.0
oys ter
1 . 77
spo t (mus c le)
1 . 14
Spar t i na
0,0
Spa r t i na
0.0
Li t tor i na
(dr ied)
0,0
May 1 7 1
a nch ovy
6.7
Jun . ' 7 1
a nchovy
4 . 59
cu t l. n s s f ish
0.0
Spa r t i na
0.0
cr oaker
0 .0
shr imp heads
0.0
II
II
Ju l . ' 7 1
"
Ta b l e 1 3 .
Concentr a t ions o f t oxa ph ene
f r om Qua d r a t #9 9 .
in
s amples
Surf. to 5 e m
5 to 10 em
1 , 0 87 . 3
3 02 . 0
s a nd
wood chi p s
s and
T able 1 4 .
15 to 20 em
l , 97 2 . 0
ppm
ppm
1 0 to 15 e m
20 to 25 em
925. 0
wood chips
213 . 0
150. 3
m ud , few
wood chi p s
mud
ppm
ppm
�ppm
m ua, sana
2 5 t o 3 0 e rr
m ud
wood chi p s
2 0 to 3 0 e m
1 0 to 2 0 c m
5
1 , 324. 0
ppm
ppm
mud
30 to 4 0 em
1 , 3 67 . 2
few c hi p s
T able 1 5 .
mud
mud
m ud
1 97 1 .
5 0 to GO e m
4 0 t o 50 e m
-! 3 3 . G
1 , 236. 7
ppm
pp m
mud
som e chip
ppm
C o nc e nt r at i o n s of toxaphene i n c ore sample from the No rth shore of
1 , 340 .
1 , 85 8 . 3
ppm
77. 3
ppm
T e r ry C r e k , 2 0 yards E ast of Dupree C reek , May 1 ,
Surf. to 10 e m
3 0 to 35 e m
G O t o 7 0 em
G R . :J
ppm
ppm
m ud
mud
70 to 8 0
em
;1 , 2
ppm
mud
mud
C oncent r at i ons o f toxaphene i n c o re f 1 ·om l oc at i o n # 1 , N o rt h shore T e r ry C reek ,
5 0 y a r d s from j unction with Dupree C reek , J une 1 0 , 1 9 7 1 .
Surf . to 1 0 em
1 1 1 . 85
1 0 t o 20 e m
2 0 to 3 0 e m
3 0 t o 4 0 e rn
6 1 5 . 64
1 6 . 04
1 7 . 46
ppm
ppm
5 0 to 6 0 c n
e rn
3. 4
5 . 42
ppm
ppm
60 to 7 0 em
2. 88
nom
nom
mud
m ud
m ud
mud
few c hips
m any c hi p s
T able 1 6 .
1 0 to 2 0 em
35. 5
ppm
mud
T able 1 7 .
mud
mud
mud
C o ncent r at i on s of toxaphene i n c o re from locat i on -11- 2 , South s hore of T e r r y
C reek ,
Surf . to 1 0 e m
ppm
40 to 50
3 5 . 47
ppm
mud
�
t he d i stance from Hercul e s outfall t o B a c k R i ve r , J une 1 0 , 1 9 7 1 .
20 to 30 em
2 1. 9
ppm
mud
3 0 to 40 e m
4 0 t o 5 0c m
7 0. 65
ppm
79. 8
mud
mud
ppm
50 t o 60 em
6 0 to 7 0 e m
21 . 0
ppm
m ud
C oncent r ati ons of toxaphen e in c o re from locat i on # 3 ,
C reek , 5 0 y a r d s W st o f Back R i ve r , J une 1 0 , 1 9 7 1 .
outh shor
1 .5
ppm
mud
of T e r ry
7 0 to 8 0 e m
5 . 27
ppm
mud
Ta b l e
lB .
Spe c ie s d i ve r s i ty
a nd
i nd e x a c c o r d i n g
co l l e c t i n g d a t a
s amp l e d .
t o Me nh i n i c k
( 1 9 64 )
for e a c h q ua d r a t
(� )
Qua d r a t
029
Date
026 /034
0 60
072
099
no
0 . 49
0 . 47
Te r r y C r e e k
25
1970
Aug
0 . 37
0 . 00
0 . 37
1 . 33
Duplin
078
E s tua r y
s amp l e
23
1970
Oc t
0 . 39
0 . 68
1 . 21
1 .25
0 . 60
1 . 00
0 . 72
1 . 00
0.31
0 . 71
1 . 27
1 . 01
no
0 . 83
no
no
0 . 81
s amp l e
s amp l e
5
Jan
1971
1 . 41
0 . 50
2
Fe b
197 1
0 . 14
0 . 65
s amp l e
2
Ma r
1971
6
Apr i l
197 1
27
Ap r i l
25
Ma y
23
June
1971
1971
197 1
0 . 16
1 . 29
0 . 86
2 . 15
1 . 20
1 . 30
0 . 92
0 . 39
1 . 55
0 . 77
1 . 58
0 . 44
l . 22
0 . 56
1 . 34
0 . 61
0.21
0 . 80
0 . 70
0 . 63
0 . 42
0 . 81
l.
70
0 . 86
1 . 04
0 . 70
l.
51
1 . 81
0 . 81
0 . 89
1 . 78
1 . 60
0 . 96
l.
22
0 . 65
Ta b l e 1 9 .
Spe c i e s d ive rs i t y
f. nd e x a c c o rd ing
a nd c o l l e c t ing d a t e .
to
(D 3 )
Od um e t a l .
(1 960)
for e a c h q ua d ra t
Q uad ra t
029
Da t e
0 2 6 / 034
060
072
078
099
Te rry Creek
2 5 Aug 1 9 7 0
68
Du plin
Es tuary
1000
71
357
no
61
17
s amp le
2 3 Oc t
1 9 70
5
Jan 1 9 7 1
2
Fe b
1971
52
1 58
1 63
3 12
120
250
47
1 0 00
250
1000
90
500
400
126
7
38
no
53
no
no
83
s amp l e
s amp le
s a mp le
2 Ma r c h 1 9 7 1
25
333
2 50
387
3 63
266
57
6 Apr i l 1 9 7 1
76
400
200
500
200
500
35
3 00
63
45
107
500
200
35
333
363
2 50
155
500
571
466
333
200
BOO
428
185
500
47
2 7 Apr i l
2 5 May
1971
1971
2 3 June 1 9 7 1
Tab le 2 0 .
S pe c i e s d i ve r s i ty i nd e x a c c o rd i n g to Ma r g a l e f ( 1 9 5 8 ) fo r e a c h
a nd c o l l e c t i ng d a t e
s am p l e d .
quad r a t
(Dl )
Q u ad r a t
029
Da t e
Terry Creek
0 2 6 / 03 4
060
072
0 . 41
2 3 Oc t
1 . 14
1 . 56
4 . 59
3 . 32
5 Ja n 1 9 7 1
3 . 32
0 . 00
0 . 00
2 Fe b 1 9 7 1
0 . 75
4 . 06
no
2 Ma r c h 1 9 7 1
0 . 00
3 . 40
1 . 85
197 1
0 . 76
4 . 25
3 . 84
6 Ap r i l
27
Ap r i l 1 9 7 1
2 5 May
1971
23 June 1 9 7 1
099
Du p l i n
Es tua r y
2 5 Aug 1 9 7 0
1 970
078
1 . 65
4 . 17
1 . 43
2 . 49
4 . 22
0 . 00
0 . 00
3 . 00
3 . 89
5 . 03
no
no
3 . 53
s amp l e
s amp l e
7 .37
2 . 88
2 . 55
5 . 78
0 . 92
4 . 00
0 . 00
2 . 57
3 . 33
2 . 53
0 . 00
2 . 86
0 . 00
1 . 00
1.
1 . 28
5 . 21
1 . 85
3 . 63
0 . 00
3 . 54
5 . 10
1 . 28
2 .31
4 . 29
4 . 36
2.79
2 . 57
3 . 47
0 . 00
0 . 40
3 . 40
no
s amp l e
s amp l e
85
T able 2 1 .
Toxaphene
concent r at ion
o f diluted
e f fluent
Twenty - fou r hou r bio assay o f
" t re ated e f fluent " using white
sh rimp ( Penaeus seti ferus )
Mean
expressed
as % o f
su rv iv al
# o f organisms living
a fter 2 4 hours I # o f
org anisms at beginning
o f assay
Repli c ate 1
Repli c ate 2
control
4/5
5/ 5
4/5
86%
6 0pp b
0/ 5
0/4
0/5
0%
4 5ppb
0/ 5
0/ 5
0%
3 0ppb
0/ 5
0/ 5
0%
Bppb
1/5
3/5
40%
O . Bppb
4/ 5
5/ 5
5/5
93%
0 . 0 8pp b
4 /5
5/ 5
3/ 5
80%
Replicate 3
�
-...J
Tab l e 2 2 .
Toxa phene
c o n c en t r a t i o n
o f d i l u t ed
e f f l u en t
F o r ty - e i gh t hour b io a s s ay o f
" t r e ated e f f luent " u s i ng wh i te
shr imp ( P en a eu s s e t i f erus )
# o f o rg a n i sm s l i v i ng
a f te r 4 8 hour s I # o f
org a n i sms a t beg i n n ing
o f as s ay
Mean
expr e s s ed as
% of survival
Rep l i c a t e 1
Re p l i c a t e 2
P.e l i c a t e J
control
3/4
3/4
1/ 3
8 ppb
3/4
1/ 4
2/ 4
50%
0 . 8 ppb
2/ 4
3/4
3/4
11 6 %
0 . 0 8 ppb
3/3
3/4
2/�
0 . 0 0 8 ppb
3/4
3/3
3 / .J
81%
Table 2 3 .
Toxaphe ne
conce n tra t i o n
o f d i lu ted
e f f l ue n t
One hundred twe n ty hour b io a s s ay o f
" trea ted e f f lue n t " u s i ng s e a c a t f i sh
(Ar i u s fe l i s )
# o f org a n i sms l i v i ng a f te r 1 � 0
hou r s I # o f org a n i sms at
beg i n n i ng o f a s s ay
�1ean expre s sed
as % of s u r v i v a l
Rep l i c a te l
Repl i ca te 2
c o n tro l
2/ 2
2/ 2
10 0 %
0 . 0 3 ppb
0/4
2/ 2
33%
< O . O l ppb
6/6
6/6
100%
Tab le 2 4 .
Toxaphene
c o nc e n tra t i o n
of d i l u ted
eff luent
N i nety - s i x hour bioa s s ay o f " tr e a t ed
e f f lue n t " u s i ng tongue f i sh
( Symphurus plagius a )
# o f organi sms l i v i ng af ter 9 6
hour s I # of o rgan i sm s a t beg i nn i ng
o f a s s ay
Repl i c a te 1
Repl i c a t e
Mea n expr e s s ed
a s % of surv iva l
'l
100%
con tro l
3/3
1 . 7ppb
0/4
4 /4
50 %
0 . 4 ppb
4/4
2/4
66%
u s i ng
sea
catfish
( Ar i us f e l i s )
f or the
s ame expo s u r e
control
2/2
100%
1 . 7 ppb
3/ 4
75%
O . Sppb
2/2
2/ 2
100 %
lJ1
0
Tab l e 2 5 .
Toxaphe ne
conc en t r a t i o n
o f d i l uted
e f f luent
One hundred s ix t y - e i g h t hour
b i oa s s ay o f " trea ted e f f l ue nt "
u s i ng mu l let (Mug i l s p . )
# o f org a n i sms l i v i ng a f te r 1 6 8
hour s I # of org a n i sms used i n
b ioa s s ay
Repl i c a t e 1
Mean expres s ed
a s % of s urviva l
Repl i c a t e 2
cont r o l
3/ 3
l . Sppb
0/ 2
0/3
0%
0 . 4 ppb
3/3
2/3
83%
100%
lJl
1-'