FIG . 86
FIG. 87
~~ --.
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Framework
73
Multi-modal parkways- White River Parkway
White River Parkway provides connectivity across multiple
districts along the edge of the neighborhood. This corridor
boasts views of the White River as well as views of Riverside
Park and the golf courses and other natural resources along
the White River. This corridor has limited cross streets and no
on-street parking, but it allows for ample pedestrian and
bicycle circulation as well as recreation cross-traffic.
Multi-modal residential streets
All streets not designated as those above will be designed as
multi-modal residential streets. These local streets have slow
traffic speeds and low traffic volumes and are meant to serve
local residents. They do not have designated bike lanes,
instead bikers must share the road with automobiles, but
there is a designated area for pedestrians. A separation zone
is used for transit, street trees, or green infrastructure to assist
with stormwater management.
74 Framework
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG . 88
10 '
I ()' ---'---
2 1' ----'---- 21'
10'
' - - - - - - - - - - - 12 ' - - - - - - - - - - '
FIG. 89
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Framework 75
DEVELOPMENT
NDLANDUSE
::Wli.MU..sT.-NJ}LBIIILlllIOUSING~.W-.E .M llSI
BlIILn. CQMMUNITlEs..~.~
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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Walkability is not only based on the condition of the physical
infrastructure, but also on destinations residents have to walk
to. In inner-city neighborhoods a major issue residents face
is the loss of jobs and industry. As industries have moved
to the suburbs, they left brownfields and vacant buildings
behind, some with no chance of reuse. Not only does the
move to the suburbs create a 'gapped tooth' appearance
in inner-city neighborhoods, but it also increases the distance
between workers and available jobs (Lopez & Hynes, 2006).
By redeveloping brownfields into open space, residential
units, or commercial development, investment returns
to the neighborhood and stimulates the local economy.
Redevelopment can cure the issue of 'spatial mismatch ' or
the increasing distance between workers and jobs and can
improve the sense of identity and place in the neighborhood
(Lopez & Hynes, 2006).
Vacant buildings can also increase the perception and,
sometimes, incidence of crime . Vacant lots become
overgrown with weeds, covered with litter, and may
sometimes be used for illegal dumping (Lopez & Hynes,
2006). This fear of crime prevents residents from walking
to destinations, socializing outdoors with neighbors, and
exercising outdoors. Research has shown that women who
live in 'safer' neighborhoods are more likely to walk to their
various neighborhood destinations than those living in crimeridden neighborhoods. Redevelopment of brownfields can
also improve the air and water quality, and thus can lead to
a shrink is cases of respiratory diseases.
76 Framework
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Redevelopment of brownfields and vacant land would
also increase density, fulfilling a goal in the Indianapolis
Comprehensive Plan. This increase in density would support
more retail and commercial establishments and create a
vibrant, sustainable neighborhood. The canal, which was
once the catalyst for the development of the neighborhood
itself, can be used as a catalyst for revitalization by
redeveloping it similar to the downtown canal. Vacant
land can also be used for the establishment of community
gardens which would foster social networks and activity and
provide a healthy eating environment for all residents of
UNWA.
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Framework 77
FIG . 90
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78 Framework
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Redevelop brownfields in the neighborhood
Retail
Locate retail and commercial buildings and their entrances
near major public transit stops on the major transit corridors29th, 30th, Martin Luther King Jr. street, and 16th streets .
Locate buildings and their entrances near
corridors with shallow setbacks
Ensure urban form celebrates, instead of blocks,
important views such as the view downtown
Ensure all residents live within one (1) mile of a full service
grocer
Residential
Infill housing to increase density and improve the 'gappedtooth' appearance of neighborhood
Infill existing 1070 vacant lots adding an estimated
additional 2611 res idents to the community
Ensure an 80 :20 ratio of market to affordable housing
units in all new multi-family and single-family
developments
Develop multi-family housing near canal and major corridors
Incorporate public space such as plazas or park
space in developments
Provide areas for community supported urban
agriculture
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Consider architectural style of context when designing new
housing--both single- and multi-family dwellings
~.
Refer to building typologies for appropriate size, style ,
density, and open space requirements for new residential
development
Ensure windows are all all sides of multi-family dwellings
Place entrances in highly visible areas for multi-family
dwellings
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Framewor k 79
Community Commercial Pedestrian-Oriented Retail and
Service Corridor
This land use category is for retail development of less than
125,000 square feet. This development will lie along the
major arterial corridors or 29th, 30th, Martin Luther King Jr.
street, and 16th street and will be concentrated at the
major intersections. This development will be anchored
by a supermarket or drug store, will contain 10-40 stores
total, and will cover a market area radius of 1-3 miles.
Establishments in this retail area include drugstores, grocery
stores, banks, restaurants, clothing stores, hobby shops,
coffee shops, specialty retail, destination retail, etc. Much
of this commercial development will be mixed-use, retail,
residential, and office use. These corridors will serve to
reinforce existing retail along MLK and 16th Street and
expand commercial development along the other major
corridors.
Neighborhood Retail and Service Node
The small-scale commercial nodes will serve basic resident
needs within a quarter mile walking distance. These will be
located at secondary, minor bus stops in the heart of the
residential development. These would be anchored by
convenience stores and post offices and will contain 3-20
stores with a total retail space of 10,000 to 30,000 square feet.
The market area radius will be less than 2 miles. Examples
of retail tenants in this scale development include hair
salons, medical offices, drycleaners, insurance offices, and
restaurants.
Village Mixed-Use Node
This land use category focuses on a mixed-use core of
office, retail, open space, and public and semi-public
uses. This will node will be located within the northern part
of the neighborhood separated from the southern half by
Interstate 65 as a retail service node for that section of the
neighborhood. Strip and large scale freestanding retail uses
are prohibited.
light Industrial
This land use development will be concentrated in the
southern part of the neighborhood and will consist of
industrial uses that have no, or extremely limited, outdoor
uses. This development will create minimal impact on
adjacent residential uses.
80 Framework
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG. 91-93
EXAMPLES OF COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
RESIDENTIAL
JEVELOPMENT
Single Family 5-8 units per acre
The majority of the UNWA neighborhood is categorized as this
residential land use. Existing land use categories of this scale
and density will be maintained. Infill development should be
be of the same desntiy.
Single Family 8-15 units per acre
This density is the highest desnity single-family residential
development and lowest desntiy multi-family development.
This type of single - and multi-family development will serve to
transition between the lower desnity single family use and the
higher desntiy multi-family dwelling units.
Multi-family> 15 units per acre
This density will be concentrated along major corridors
such as MLK, 29th, 30th, and 16th Streets and will also be
concentrated along the canal. This desnity will be located
near the major bus stops os well as along the corridors with
the potential to be used for other forms of moss transit. This
development will be categorized by townhomes, rowhouses,
and apartment buildings.
FIG. 94-96
EXAMPlES OF RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
_ ._ -- -
Landscape Architecture Undergr,1duatc Thesis
Frame\\'ork
81
The following building typologies will be used to guide both
infill and new residential and retail development. Exterior
design of these building will be based of the surrounding
context to ensure the new or infill development fits within the
neighborhood context. Existing homes are one to two story
frame buildings bulit in the traditional American bungalow
style. Exterior materials consist of both wood and vinyl siding
and brick facades.
INFILL SINGLE FAMILY
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82 Framevvork
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
13JJJLPIN(f
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FIG . 103-04 -
SHARED COURT TOWNHOMES
CORNER, CONTEXTUAL ROWHOUSES
-
FIG. 107-08
GARDEN COURT APARTMENTS
FIG. 109-10
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Framework
83
PUBLIC OPEN
SPACE NETWORI
•• • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • •
Public open space is important for a variety of reasons. It
offers the opportunity for physical activity and also provides
a site for the formation of social relationships. Research has
shown that the proximity one lives near parks and open
space is associated with their participation in physical
activity. n"'lis is especially true with children (Weathers, 2007).
Parks provide the venue for a variety of physical activity
from running to organized sports to gardening. Parks are
also important to the health of seniors, an important issue
to note as the UNWA neighborhood has a higrl percentage
of senior residents. A study in Tokyo found seniors who lived
in neighborhoods with walkable green spaces lived longer
than those living in neighborhoods without walkable green
spaces (National Recreation and Park Association, 2010).
Open space networks also provide the opportunity for urban
agriculture and local food production.
Parks and open space create an environment that improves
mental health as well. Studies have shown that access to
green view and environments can improve impulse control,
resilience, cognitive functioning, and overall mental health
(National Recreation and Park Association, 2010). Parks and
open space can improve the mental health of residents
suffering from ADHD, depression, stress, and anxiety. Parents
of children with ADHD actually rated outdoor after school
activity programs as significantly more helpful than those held
indoors. One study showed that ADHD children who took a
twenty-minute walk in an urban park actually improved their
84 Framework
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
concentration performance (National Recreation and Park
Association, 2010).
Parks also offer the setting for establishing social networks and
community relationships. Research has shown that residents
living in socially cohesive communities are more likely to
help neighbors through hard times and share information
about relevant community news or job openings . strong
social cohesion also increases residents' incidence of
political participation (Ellen & Turner, 1997). According to the
National Recreation and Park Association, when people are
connected to nature, they feel less isolated and focus less
on themselves and more on the community. Parks and open
space can lower crime rates, increase feelings of safety,
and lead residents to have a stronger feeling of belonging
(National Recreation and Park Association, 2010).
Riverside Park, a regional destination, is located on the
western edge of the UNWA neighborhood. While the
neighborhood boasts this 95.7 acre park, it lacks smaller
neighborhood, community, and mini parks that could
increase walkability, physical activity, and improve the
overall health of the residents. There are two large portions
of the neighborhood that do not live within a quarter mile
of a park or open space, and this plan proposes a variety
of potential spaces for establishing these smaller parks and
creating a complete open space network in UNW A.
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Framework
85
FIG . 111
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86 Framework
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Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
0 .1:1
0.8
Provide all residents with park space within at least 1/4 mi.
walking distance from their home
Ensure park and open space meets National Recreation and
Park Association (NRPA) standards
Community park space: 5-8 acres per 1,000
population
Neighborhood park space: 1-2 acres per 1,000
population
Mini park space and pocket parks will be
designated based on remaining acreage of
community and neighborhood park space.
Incorporate park space and plazas as components of largescale developments, concentrating open space in a large
area as opposed to d ispersing the open space into smaller
pieces if avoidable.
Incorporate mid block connections when blocks are greater
than 600' wide.
Utilize vacant land and brownfields as sites for new open
space
Create new community park near Fall Creek,
connecting Watkins Park, Fall Creek Park, and the
greenways
Design parks, open spaces, and recreational facilities to
accommodate various age groups.
Incorporate playgrounds and active recreation
facili1'ies as well as passive recreation areas
Incorporate paths and greenways
Incorporate furnishing, drinking fountains, lighting,
and other pedestrian accommodations
Incorporate community gardens, urban
agriculture, and farmers markets
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Framework 87
•• •.J
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FIG.112
NEIGHBORHOOD AND
REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY
GATEWAYS, HEARTS, AND
EDGES
STREET CHARACTER
LAND USE AND
DEVELOPMENT
PUBL IC OPEN SPACE
NETWORK
-
.
90 Canal Master Plan
A
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Just as the canal was the catalyst for the formation of North
Indianapolis and what would eventually become the United
Northwest Area Neighborhood, the canal is once again an
opportunity for development and revitalization. This focus
area master plan explores how the urban design framework
can be implemented along the canal and how the
guidelines can be used to spark revitalization.
Through the framework , a basic design and development
concept was formed. The canal is highlighted in all
framework plans to the left and from there one can see the
potential the canal has in each plan.
This focus area was developed in detail from ensuring there
are adequate amounts of parking per dwelling unit to the
retail square footage that can be sustained by the new
residential development. Building typologies follow those laid
out in the urban design framework and the character of the
open space was developed through perspective. Pedestrian
bridges serve to create connections and establish a strong
pedestrian network as well as establish focal points along the
canal. This plan shows how the UNWA neighborhood can
once again become a vital, sustainable, healthy place to
live, work, and play .
••••••••••• •••••••••••••••• ••••••••• •• • • •• • • • • • • •
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan
91
FIG . 113
•
•
•
•
SOFT, VEGETATED
EDGE
CENTRAL PLAZA
DEVELOPMENT
FOCUS AREA
MAJOREjW
PEDESTRIAN
CONNECTION
NEXUS FOR CANAL,
DEVELOPMENT, FALL
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SETBACKS, HEIGHT
•
•
•
IMPORTANT
PEDESTRIAN
CONNECTION
*-
9 2 Canal Master Plan
A
ONNECTINTO
DOWNTOWN
CULTURAL TRAIL
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
WAPAHANI TRAIL
CONNECTION
• •••• • •••• • •••••• ~~ ~""~~FI"~.!'.'-.
MAJOR
DEVELOPMENT AREA
DOWNTOWN
CONNECTION
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • It: • • •
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan
93
FIG. 115
The Wapahani Trail Connection will connect the new canal
to the existing trail system along the White River. Lying along
the single-family residential development, it will continue the
soft, vegetated edge until it reaches 30th Street. The trail will
be buffered by vegetation to create a sense of privacy for
the residents as well as create enclosure for those walking
along the canal. At the end of each road will be a rest stop
for pedestrians and bicyclists and these rest stops will have
bollards to prevent vehicular traffic. An example can be seen
in Figure 120.
Mini Park
A mini park is proposed for the small lot near Interstate-6S. This
park will act as a buffer between the residential development
and the interstate while also serving as a destination for
bicyclists and pedestrians along the Canal Tow Path and
Wapahani Trail. This mini park is 1.2 acres and has amenities
such as picnic pavilions, water fountains,
Gateway
This gateway along White River Parkway will consist of fiag
and light poles with the UNWA logo, historic pictures, and
bold color scheme. The gateway will not only serve as
a gateway for the neighborhood but also for the canal.
A totem pole will be located at the small plaza near the
pedestrian bridge crossing the canal as a gateway element
and public art piece. This gateway can be seen in Figure 119.
Neighborhood Park
Due to the extent of vacancies on this block and the need
for neighborhood park space, a neighborhood park is
proposed for this block. The park is 3.7 acres and will feature
amenities such as a playground, basketball courts, and
picniC pavilion.
Contextual Townhomes
These townhomes will be of the American Bungalow Style
similar to the surrounding single-family context. They will serve
to transition to the higher density mixed-used development
along the canal. These can be seen in Figures 101 and 102.
Rowhouses
Row houses serve to transition from the medium- and highdensity single family development to the apartment buildings
along the canal. These can be seen in Figures 107 and 108.
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan
95
The section of the canal features the majority of the
residential and retail development. It is located in the heart of
the neighborhood and is designed to create a destination for
UNWA residents and the greater Indianapolis context.
FIG.116
Mixed-use Retail/Residential
Along 29th and 30th Streets retail and residential uses will be
clustered. This is located along the community commercial
pedestrian-oriented corridor and will have 25,000 square
feet of retail space that will be anchored by a grocery
store. Parking for retail will be a surface lot while parking for
residential units will be on the first and second fioors of the
apartment buildings.
Residential Development
Multi-family residential development w ill be concentrated
around the canal. The residential development w ill be
similar to that of the downtown canal and will range from
townhomes to courtyard apartments. The development will
transition in size and density from the existing single-family
development to the 4-5 story apartments. There will also be
residential development geared for senior living. Over 700
dwelling units will be added along the extent of the canal.
Neighborhood Park
This neighborhood park is 4 acres and will feature amenities
such as a playground, basketball court, formal and informal
gardens, basketball courts, and picnic pavilions. This can be
seen in Figure 123.
Community Garden
The community garden, located near the elementary school,
Neighborhood Park, and senior living development will
serve many purposes. It will be a site for learning, recreation,
and social networks. This also provides the opportunity for a
healthier eating environment. This can be seen in Figure 122.
Boat launch
The boat launch and surrounding plaza acts as a public open
space and a node along the larger waterway network. Here
one can grab a boat or a bike and travel along the various
waterways. This network improves physical and social health
as well as the connectivity of the Indianapolis area. This can
be seen in Figure 124.
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan
97
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This section of the canal connects the new development
and trail system to the existing Fall Creek Trail. This section also
acts to transition from the UNWA neighborhood to downtown
Indianapolis. This does so by a transition in scale, water
features, and materials.
Community Park
Along Fall Creek is an abundance of brownfields and old
industrial sites. A community park is proposed for the reuse of
this brownfields. This community park is 47.5 acres and adds
a major piece in an overall green network for Indianapolis.
It features a trail system, picnic pavilions, community center,
and boat launch.
Aqueduct
The Fall Creek Aqueduct is a unique feature for the UNW A
neighborhood. This master plan proposes to create a viewing
platform for the aqueduct as well as an adjacent plaza
where events can be held. This can be seen in Figure 125.
Manufacturing trail and plaza
The trail lining the manufacturing and industrial area of the
UNWA neighborhood is treated much differently than the
other sections of the canal. The trail lines only one side of the
canal and terminates in a large basin and plaza similar to the
downtown canal near the IU Medical Center. A cross section
of this can be seen in Figure 126.
Runnel Trail
This section of the trail transitions from the UNWA
neighborhood to the downtown connection. This section
of the trail separates pedestrian and bicycle traffic through
materials and scale and is lined by a runnel to continue
the visual and physical connection to the canal. This
runnel terminates at the MLK gateway in a basin where it
symbolically drains into a basin that seems to lead to the
downtown canal waterfall. A cross section of this can be
seen in Figure 127.
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan
99
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This is the final section of the canal master plan. The
downtown connection is important to connect UNWA to
the overall Indianpaolis context. It offers the opportunity for
a different audience and demographic to enter the UNWA
neighborhood from downtown and for UNWA residents to
have easy access to downtown features and amenities.
Martin Luther King Jr street/Canal Gateway
This gateway serves as an entrance to both the MLK
streetscape as well as the UNWA Canal. It has aspects of
the MLK streetscape such as the totem poles and paving
materials ans has the runnel and paving materials of the
canal trail system. This can be seen in Figure
Cultural trail
Because of the abundance of road systems between the
UNWA canal and the downtown canal, creating a successful
streetscape is key in connecting the two sections of the canal
and creating a large pedestrian network. This streetscape will
be designed as a section of the cultural trail so it visually and
physically connects into the downtown pedestrian network
and extends it into the UNWA neighborhood. A cross section
of this can be seen in Figure 128.
Pedestrian Bridge
The final connecting tissue between the UNWA canal and the
downtown canal is the pedestrian bridge. This bridge, similar
to the BP Bridge in Chicago will cross over Interstate 65 ramps
and Martin Luther King Jr. St and will serve as a safe pathway
for all pedestrians. It will be functional and aesthetic, serving
as a pedestrian link and gateway.
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 101
FIG.119
102 Canal Master Plan
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG. 120
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 103
FIG . 121
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104 Canal Master Plan
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
.•
FIG. 122
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 105
106 Canal Master Plan
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG. 123
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 107
"I
108 Canal Master Plan
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
'
FIG. 124
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 109
FIG. 125
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110 Canal Master Plan
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
...
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Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 111
cullural
Iruil
traffic
bdfer
FIG. 128
112 Canal Master Plan
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG . 129
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 113
FIG. 131
FIG. 130
PEDESTRIAN
AND BICYCLE
TRAIL
PED/BIKE
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BOAT LAUNCH
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ACTNE AND
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RECREATION
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PED/BIKE
COt\It\IECTIONS
A healthy environment is welcoming to all
incomes, ages, and races and has a clear
identity and sense of place.
A healthy environment offers the
opportunity for physical activity through
walking, biking, and recreation.
- gateways
- bicycle and pedestrian connections
continued along dead-end streets
- public art
- playgrounds
- pedestrian bridges
- active recreation friends
- civic space and parks
- signage and street elements that
celebrate neighborhood history and identity
114 Canal Master Plan
- connections to fall creek and wapahani
trails
-canoe boat launch and bicycle sharing
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG. 133
FIG. 132
OPEN SPACE
•
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CONNECTIONS
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TO
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A
A healthy environment is connected, both
A healthy environment has a mixture of
within the neighborhood and to the greater
Indianapolis area.
land uses, encourages investment, fosters
economic growth, and provides adequate
services for residents.
- designated bus stops located near major
retail and residential areas
- pedestrian/bicycle only crossing along
canal
- trail connects UNWA to downtown
pedestrian and bicycle connections
continue along dead-end streets
- mixed-use development, variety of land
uses
- variety of densities, housing types, and
building typologies
- additional 25,000 sq. ft. retail, 700 dwelling
units, 56.3 ac. open space
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 115
FIG. 135
FIG. 134
SEMI-PRIV ATE
SPACES
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PUBLIC SPACES
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A healthy environment offers a variety of
social outlets and encourages networking
and interaction between residents and
visitors.
- 56.3 acres of park and open space [1.2 ac.
mini park space, 7.6 ac. neighborhood park
space, 47.5 ac. community park space]
- varying degrees of public, semi-public, and
private space
- connection to downtown draws varying
demographics and visitors to UNWA
116 Canal Master Plan
A healthy environment is a safe place,
where residents feel free to walk, exercise,
and socialize.
- passive/natural surveillance, eyes on the
canal, open space, etc.
- distinguishable public and private space
- parking lots defined by curbs and plantings
- exterior doors visible to neighbors
- windows on all sides of multi-family
dwellings
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG . 136
GROCERY
STORE
COMMUNITY
GARDENS
I
]
,
A
A healthy environment provides access to
fresh food from both local producers and full
service grocers.
- addition of full service grocer on 29th street
- community gardens incorporated within
public open spaces
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 117
118 Canal Master Plan
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
FIG. 137
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Canal Master Plan 119
The United Northwest Area Neighborhood has the potential
to become one of the most ideal places to live, work, and
play in Indianapolis . The neighborhood lies in the heart of
many Indianapolis amenities, but is not yet a destination
itself. This framework in meant to be a guidebook on how to
get from here to there and to once again create a healthy,
sustainable, livable inner-city neighborhood. The framework
celebrates the history of the neighborhood, builds upon the
existing strengths, and seeks to improve its weaknesses. The
framework connects the neighborhood back to Indianapolis
and connects the neighborhood residents to each other.
It provides the opportunities to play outside, meet one ' s
neighbors, live affordably, and work close to home.
The canal master plan shows the potential the waterway
has as a catalyst for neighborhood revitalization. What once
sparked the development of the neighborhood itself can
once again be used to draw new residents into UNWA and
improve the neighborhood for those who already call UNWA
home. It will act as a place to live and work and provide
opportunities for all ages and incomes.
The framework and the master plan could not be
implemented in simply a year or two, but instead are meant
to serve as long term guides for how to bring the United
Northwest Area into the future. While 'finished' now, their
implementation would involve change and evolution as the
neighborhood changes and evolves itself. These plans serve
as a starting point for what could eventually be one of the
most vibrant and dynamic places to call home.
•••••••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• •••••• •••••• ••••• •
122 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 12 3
Neighborhood: refers to the environment in which one
lives and can be deFined in terms of the social, physical,
economic, or political environment.
Severely-distressed neighborhood: refers to a neighborhood
characterized by high rates of poverty, unemployment,
vacancies, and crime. They are also characterized by lower
levels of academic attainment and poorer health outcomes
for residents.
Health: refers to a combination of the social, physical, and
mental well-being of an individual or group, not simply the
absence of infirmary
Revitalization: refers to the process of redeveloping or
redesigning a specific area in order to create a healthier,
sustainable environment, improve the local economy and
give new life to the area.
Sustainability: refers to the idea that interventions done in or
on an area at the present time will sustain or improve the lives
of future generations and the environment in which they live.
Sustainable Design: refers to design methods that improve
the current economic, physical, social, and environmental
conditions of an area or place while making sure the design
will sustain or improve the conditions of future generations
and the environment in which they live.
Inner-city: refers to a type of neighborhood located near a
city-center core within the metropolitan area of a major city
as opposed to suburban.
Neighborhood Effects: refers to the ways in which the
neighborhood environment in which one lives affects their
behaviors, choices, and health.
livability: refers to the degree in which the neighborhood
provides the environment for a healthy life.
124 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 125
The history of the United Northwest Area began with the
construction of the Central Canal in 1837 and its opening in
1839. This shifted the development from the east side to the
near west side (City of Indianapolis, 2006). While the Canal
proved to be an ineffective route for the transportation
of goods through Indianapolis, it did attract industries and
settlement to the neighborhood including Nathaniel West's
cotton mill, Udell Ladder Works, the North Indianapolis
Wagon Works, and the Henry Ocow Manufacturing
Company (Indianapolis Univeristy Purdue University
Indianapolis Polis Center). This increase in development
spurred the platting of North Indianapolis starting in 1873, the
predecessor of the UNWA neighborhoods. The Indianapolis
Belt Railway Company was also incorporated and eventually
led to the development of a stock yard along the river. The
location of the stockyards and the Belt Railway made them
a focal point for central Indianapolis and made them ideal
for the import and export of livestock (Indianapolis Univeristy
Purdue University Indianapolis Polis Center).
By 1890, the population of North Indianapolis was around
1,479 and with the implementation of the streetcar, the
population began to grow (City of Indianapolis, 2006). The
neighborhood supported two churches and a country club
that featured tennis courts, a clubhouse, and a nine-hole
golf course. It also featured the Flanner House, an open
door settlement house for African Americans stung by
the post slavery era. The Alpha House, also housed in the
neighborhood, served aged African American women while
the Indiana Industrial School for the Blind served as another
social institution for the neighborhood and surrounding
context. In 1895, North Indianapolis was annexed in order to
obtain cheaper natural gas rates (City of Indianapolis, 2006).
After the turn of the century, on the cusp of a blossoming
economy and increased mobility, the neighborhood began
to grow. What was once rural country roads became
frequently travelled urban corridors and more churches
sprang up as people moved into the area. Many of the
historic homes erected during this boom still exist in the
neighborhood. Golden Hill was erected during this time as
a neighborhood for the city's most prominent families, and
is still home to a concentration of wealth at the fringe of the
neighborhood, a stark contrast to the modest homes within
the core. Early commercial development was concentrated
along Clifton Street because of the electric rail line and from
1913 to 1974, St. Vincent's hospital was the leading employer
126 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
for the residents (Indianapolis Univeristy Purdue University
Indianapolis Polis Center).
A key feature of the neighborhood during this time was not
the manufacturing or prominent homes, but in fact, the
Riverside Amusement Park. Riverside Amusement Park is seen
to tell the story of the rise and fall of the neighborhoodstarting in the early 20th century with modest beginnings
through its booming development and finishing with
racial tensions and disinvestment. This park featured rides,
concession stands, and a dance hall and the park attracted
thousands of visitors who came to see the big bands and
orchestras. This park made UNWA one of the city's centers
of entertainment and during the middle of the century, as
Riverside Amusement Park was expanding, George E. Kessler
developed a plan for Riverside Park and over 75 percent
of the homes in the neighborhood were constructed. The
Children's Museum also relocated to the neighborhood
during this time and many of the churches in the area
expanded or built new buildings, improving the appearance
and prominence of the neighborhood (Indianapolis Univeristy
Purdue University Indianapolis Polis Center).
Post World War " the neighborhood began the decline
of the UNWA Neighborhood. Racial tensions were high
not only because the amusement park, a focal point for
entertainment refused to admit African Americans except
on certain days, but because the churches and surrounding
institutions played into racism as well. From the late 19th
century on the neighborhood was home to a significant
number of African Americans and as white fiight occurred
during the post-World War II years, the neighborhood
transformed into a racially diverse but segregated
community of almost entirely African Americans. White fiight
was not the only event that created a drastic change in
the neighborhood, though (Indianapolis Univeristy Purdue
University Indianapolis Polis Center). The construction of 1-65
split the neighborhood in two, causing economic and social
confiicts (City of Indianapolis, 2006). During construction ,
over 3,000 families left the UNWA neighborhood and this
out migration continued in the preceding years (Indianapolis
Univeristy Purdue University Indianapolis Polis Center).
From 1960 onward can be described as the neighborhoods
modern history. The racial transformation could be seen
clearly in the various church congregations as poor African
Americans filled the void left by the white, middle class
fiight to the suburbs and this led to disinvestment in the
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 127
neighborhood. Again, Riverside Amusement Park refiected
the economic and social conditions of the neighborhood
as it shut its doors at the end of the 1970s. When St. Vincent
left the neighborhood in 1974, the neighborhood suffered
another economic blow as its largest employer moved to
West 86th Street. Churches began springing up as the most
active social organizations in the area, with Mt. Zion Baptist
Church leading the way. Mt. Zion strove to create a 'cradle
to grave' atmosphere for the neighborhood residents by
building apartment complexes, day care centers, and a
nursing home. The Flanner House was another prominent
figure in the neighborhood during this hard time and these
organizations continue to playa crucial role in the area
(Indianapolis Univeristy Purdue University Indianapolis Polis
Center).
Despite all these efforts to improve the neighborhood, the
1990 census revealed the neighborhood face high rates
of poverty, crime and decay. This led to the Department
of Metropolitan development to designate an area as a
redevelopment area. At this time the crime rate was 9.4
per 100 residents compared to the larger city's 7.8 per 100
residents (City of Indianapolis, 2006). During this time a new
health center open on Martin Luther King Jr. Street and a
plan to redevelop School 41 into apartments, proposed
by the Pilgrim Baptist Church, began. Redevelopment
of Riverside Amusement Park also began during this
time and the site is not home to single family homes and
condominiums.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
128 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 129
A healthy environment is one that has connections to the
context that expand job opportunities and foster upward
mobility, has access to healthy eating environments, allow
for physical activity and walkability, and are safe and
sustainable environmentally, economically and socially.
Distressed or low-income neighborhoods lack many of
the features required for healthy residents and this leads
to various neighborhood effects which lead to problems
that can be improved or prevented through healthy
neighborhood design and a focus on the urban environment.
Problems:
The foundation of the research project addresses the sub
problems developed in the problem statement. Research has
been conducted on how the urban fabric has changed over
time, how distressed neighborhoods are defined, the effects
of concentrated poverty and the mechanisms for these
effects. Current and historical revitalization methods have
been explores and principles of a healthy environment have
emerged .
Site specific problems that were addressed in the urban
design framework were the lack of neighborhood and
regional connections, geographic and social isolation,
poor street design and walkability, lack of investment, the
gap-toothed urban fabric, lack of park space, and unsafe
environment. The canal revitalization master plan addressed
the lack of investment along the canal, social and physical
isolation, and finally, the lack of a distinct identity.
Methods, Data Collection:
Initial research was gathered through the use of JSTOR and
Academic Search Premiere accessed through Bracken
Library. All plans that addressed the United Northwest Area
Neighborhood or pieces thereof were obtained through
the City of Indianapolis Department of Metropolitan
Development's website, the City of Indianapolis Parks
Department website, and the United Northwest Area
Neighborhood Community Development Corporation.
These plans were used as references for the urban design
framework in order to create a comprehensive vision
for the neighborhood that addressed current and future
issues. Throughout the project, more information on healthy
neighborhood principles was gathered to further inform the
framework and master plan .
Census data and the neighborhood plans were used in
130 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
determining whether the UNWA would be an appropriate
site for the project. Then, GIS information, transit plans, aerial
images, site visits, meetings with community members, and
the neighborhood plans were used to develop the site
inventory and analysis and determine what mechanism
of distress the neighborhood face and what issues the
framework needed to address. Sanborn maps were also used
to explore how the urban fabric of the neighborhood has
changed over time. This information was obtained through
the College of Architecture and Planning: Indianapolis
Center's Director, Brad Beaubien, Google, personal site visits,
the Indianapolis Department of Metropolitan Development,
the Metropolitan Planning Organization , Indiana University
Purdue University Indianapolis, and discussions with the UNWA
Development Corporation members.
Case studies were used to explore how communities
around the United States have addressed community
and neighborhood health, active living, and creating
neighborhood urban design frameworks . References and
documents from Urban Land Institute and National Parks
and Recreation Association were also obtained through the
internet to assist with issues throughout the project.
Analysis and Synthesis:
Through the Census demographic and housing condition
information as well as the GIS analysis I understood where
the vacant housing was, the condition of the overall housing
stock, the income of the and from the literature I can
understood how the conditions came to be. This informal"ion
will also give me an estimate of where the population and
housing stock of the community was headed. Synthesizing
this information together I determined where and what kind
of housing is needed. Commercial vacancies and potential
development was determined in the same method. ULI
information was used to determine appropriate square
footages for the target population in the canal master plan.
The GIS information, site visits, and discussions with community
members were used to determine where/along what
corridors the commercial development would occur.
GIS and transit plans were used to determine existing and
the lack of connections as well as to determine how to make
the existing transit system more efficient. Site visits determined
the conditions of transit stops in order to determine how they
should be improved. Site visits also aided in determining
where a lack of pedestrian and vehicular connections
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 131
occurs and where it should be improved. Literature was also
synthesized with site analysis to create the neighborhood
connections plan.
The census information was combined with the GIS files
to determine what residents have access to park space
within l~ of a mile of an open space. The existing population
was analyzed to determine the ratio of neighborhood,
regional, and community park space and it was determined
the neighborhood did not meet the current needs for
park space. With the framework planning to incorporate
additional residents, the park space ratios must be adjusted
as the population increases. The ratios were based off
the National Parks and Recreation Association standards.
The site visits and discussion with community members,
synthesized through GIS and Google, were used to review
where the community buys their food. Through analysis, it was
determined where new grocers should be and, incorporated
with public open space network analysis, where urban
agriculture should be.
An analysis of the streetscapes, existing and planned
commercial and residential, and park space led to the
development of the streetscape framework plan and
section cuts. The new streetscapes will connect residents to
places within their neighborhood, increasing walkability and
providing greater opportunity for physical and social wellbeing.
This framework was then used to design the canal
revitalization master plan. Other resources that assisted this
plan were GIS, aerial photos, site visits and photos, and
various books on graphic and design standards.
13 2 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
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Appendices 133
Figure 1 [p o8] - Families gathered in UNWA in the 1950's
Figure 2 [po 10] - Youth center along MLK
Figure 3 [po 11] - Brownfield along Burdsal Parkway
Figure 4 [po 11] - Brownfield along Montcalm Ave.
Figure 5 [po 14] - Houses in UNWA
Figure 6 [po 15] - African American family living in UNWA
Figure 7 [po 15] - Townhomes in UNWA in the 1950' s
Figure 8 [p o 17] - Excluded cities map, Indianapolis, Indiana
Figure 9 [po 24] - Maslow 's Hierarchy of Human Needs
Figure 10 [po 29] - Image from New York Active Design Guidelines
Figure 11 [po 29] - Image from New York Active Design Guidelines
Figure 12 [po 29] - Image from New York Active Design Guidelines
Figure 13 [p o30] - Image from South Lake Union Design Guidelines
Figure 14 [p o30] - Image from South Lake Union Design Guidelines
Figure 15 [p o30] - Image from South Lake Union Design Guidelines
Figure 16 [po 31] - Image from Bowden Urban Design Guidelines
Figure 17 [p o31] - Image from Bowden Urban Design Guidelines
Figure 18 [po 31] - Image from Bowden Urban Design Guidelines
Figure 19 [po 32] - Indianapolis Downtown Canal
Figure 20 [p o32] - San Antonio Riverwalk
Figure 21 [po 32] - Fort Lauderdal Riverwalk
Figure 22 [po 33] - BP Bridge
Figure 23 [po 33] - Passerelle Mimram
Figure 24 [p o33] - Simone de Beuvoir Footbridge
Figure 25 [p o36] - Indiana
Figure 26 [po 36] - Indianapolis
Figure 27 [p o36] - United Northwest Area Neighborhood
Figure 28 [po 37] - Context Map
134 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Figure 29 [po 38] - Summary of Demographic Profile
Figure 30 [po 39] - Vacancies Map
Figure 31 [po 40] - Historic Firehouse
Figure 32 [po 40] - Canal at Burdsal Parkway
Figure 33 [po 40] - Swimming pool at Riverside Park
Figure 34 [po 40] - Sole North-South Connection at Clifton Street
Figure 35 [po 41] - Inventory
Figure 36 [p.42] - Walkability Analysis
Figure 37 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 38 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 39 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 40 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 41 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 42 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 43 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 44 [p o43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 45 [po 43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
Figure 46 [po 44] - Final Tree Cover Analysis Map
Figure 47 [po 45] - Analysis
Figure 48 [po 46] - Retail and Residential Analysis map
Figure 49 [po 47] - Mass Ave Precedent
Figure 50 [p o47] - Broad Ripple Precedent
Figure 51 [po 50] - Park and Open Space Analysis map
Figure 52 [po 51] - Park Pavilion
Figure 53 [po 51] - Basketball court
Figure 54 [po 51] - Swimming Pool
Figure 55 [p o51] - Park Pavilion
Figure 56 [po 51] - Playground
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 135
Figure 57 [po 58] - Neighborhood and Regional Connections Plan
Figure 58 [po 62] - Gateway, Hearts, and Edges Plan
Figure 59 [po 64] - Signage and Wayfinding Character
Figure 60 [po 64] - Martin Luther King Jr. Streetscape
Figure 61 [po 64] - Examples of totem poles
Figure 62 [po 64] - Examples of totem poles
Figure 63 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Building Character and Materials
Figure 64 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Building Character and Materials
Figure 65 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Building Character and Materials
Figure 66 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Building Character and Materials
Figure 67 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Building Character and Materials
Figure 68 [p o65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
Figure 69 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
Figure 70 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
Figure 71 [p o65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
Figure 72 [p o65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
Figure 73 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Open Space Character
Figure 74 [po 65] - Kit of Part s- Open Space Character
Figure 75 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Open Space Character
Figure 76 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Open Space Character
Figure 77 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Open Space Character
Figure 78 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Pedestrian Conveniences
Figure 79 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Pedestrian Conveniences
Figure 80 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Pedestrian Conveniences
Figure 81 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Pedestrian Conveniences
Figure 82 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Pedestrian Conveniences
Figure 83 [po 68] - Street Character Plan
Figure 84 [po 71] - Pedestrian Corridor Cross Section
136 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Figure 85 [p o71] - Commuter Corridor Cross Section
Figure 86 [po 72] - Urban Link Cross Section
Figure 87 [po 72] - City Beautiful Cross Section
Figure 88 [po 73] - Parkway Cross Section
Figure 89 [po 73] -Residential Street Cross Section
Figure 90 [po 78] - Land Use and Development Plan
Figure 91 [po 80] - Examples of Commercial Development
Figure 92 [po 80] - Examples of Commercial Development
Figure 93 [po 80] - Examples of Commercial Development
Figure 94 [po 81] - Examples of Residential Development
Figure 95 [po 81] - Examples of Residential Development
Figure 96 [po 81] - Examples of Residential Development
Figure 97 [po 82] - Building Typologies
Figure 98 [po 82] - Building Typologies
Figure 99 [po 82] - Building Typologies
Figure 100 [po 82] - Building Typologies
Figure 101 [po 82] - Building Typologies
Figure 102 [po 82] - Building Typologies
Figure 103 [po 83] - Building Typologies
Figure 104 [p o83] - Building Typologies
Figure 105 [po 83] - Building Typologies
Figure 106 [po 83] - Building Typologies
Figure 107 [po 83] - Building Typologies
Figure 108 [po 83] - Building Typologies
Figure 109 [po 83] - Building Typologies
Figure 110 [po 83] - Building Typologies
Figure 111 [po 86] - Public Open Space Network Plan
Figure 112 [po 90] - Framework to Focus Plan Concept
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 137
Figure 113 [po 92] - Concept Diagram
Figure 114 [p o93] - Master Plan
Figure 115 [po 94] - Wapahani Trail Connection
Figure 116 [po 96] - Major Development Area
Figure 117 [po 98] - Fall Creek Connection
Figure 118 [po 100] - Downtown Connection
Figure 119 [po 102] - White River Gateway
Figure 120 [po 103] - Canal Towpath Rest Stop
Figure 121 [po 104] - Central Plaza
Figure 122 [po 105] - Community Garden
Figure 123 [po 106-7] - Neighborhood Park
Figure 124 [p o 108-9] - Boat Launch
Figure 125 [po 110] - Acquduct
Figure 126 [po 111] - Canal Cross Section
Figure 127 [po 111] - Canal Cross Section
Figure 128 [po 112] - Canal Cross Section
Figure 129 [po 113] - MLK Gateway
Figure 130 [po 114] - Guiding Principles Diagram
Figure 131 [po 114] - Guiding Principles Diagram
Figure 132 [po 114] - Guiding Principles Diagram
Figure 133 [po 114] - Guiding Principles Diagram
Figure 134 [po 115] - Guiding Principles Diagram
Figure 135 [po 115] - Guiding Principles Diagram
Figure 136 [po 115] - Guiding Principles Diagram
Figure 137 [po 116-7] - Aerial of New Development
138 Appendices
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 139
Figure 1 [po 8]- Families gathered in UNWA in the 1950's
http://images.indianahistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.
php?ClSOROOT=/p0266&ClSOPTR= 111 &ClSOBOX= 1&REC=4
Figure 6 [po 15] - African American family living in UNWA
http://images.indianahistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.
php?ClSOROOT=/p0266&ClSOPTR= 139&ClSOBOX= 1&REC= 10
Figure 7 [po 15] - Townhomes in UNWA in the 1950's
http://images.indianahistory .org/ cdm4/item_ viewer.
php?CISOROOT=/p0266&ClSOPTR= 138&ClSOBOX= 1&REC=9
Figure 8 [po 17] - Excluded cities map, Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis Comprehensive Plan
Figure 9 [po 24] - Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/regsys/maslow.html
Figure 10-12 [po 29] - Images from New York Active Design
Guidelines
City of New York. (2010). Active Living Guidelines: Promoting
Physical Activity and Health in Design. New York: City of New York.
Figure 13-15 [po 30] - Images from South Lake Union Design
Guidelines
City of Seattle Department of Planning and Development. (2010).
South Lake Union Urban Design Frameowrk. Seattle: City of Seattle.
Figure 16-18 [po 31] - Images from Bowden Urban Design Guidelines
Bowden, Australia. (2011). Bowden Urban Design Guidelines.
Adelaide: Government of South Australia.
Figure 19 [po 32] - Indianapolis Downtown Canal
http://www.foreclosurelistings.com/images/resources/indianapolisin/living-indianapolis.jpg
Figure 20 [po 32] - San Antonio Riverwalk
http://www.wildnatureimages.com/I%20to%20R/River_Walk_
Umbrellas .. JPG
Figure 21 [po 32] - Fort Lauderdal Riverwalk
http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/fiorida/fortlauderdale/downtown-riverwalk
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
140 Appendices
Figure 22 [po 33] - BP Bridge
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fO/Bp_
bridge.JPG/250px-Bp_bridge.JPG
Figure 23 [po 33] - Passerelle Mimram
http://img.groundspeak.com/waymarking/display/ lSf1 a3fd-ceba41 bb-S320-15479f4dfbbf.jpg
Figure 24 [p o33] - Simone de Beauvoir Footbridge
http://www.trekearth .com/gallery/Europe/France/North/lle-deFrance/Paris/photo425669.htm
Figure 37-45 [p o43] - KIBI and IUPUI analysis criteria
http://www.kibi.org/urban_forestry
Figure 46 [po 44] - Final Tree Cover Analysis Map
http://www.kibi.org/urban_forestry
Figure 60 [po 64] - Martin Luther King Jr. Streetscape
www.storrowkinsella .com
Figure 65 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Building Character and Materials
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/ _bGI3tlx3uOo/SI6uSMPQ7jl/
AAAAAAAAB-4/Ulm2GFiWOS4/s400/bungalows.jpg
Figure 66 [p o65] - Kit of Parts-Building Character and Materials
www.storrowkinsella.com
Figure 6S [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
http://api.ning.com/files/GDUKye-PcskOV2PPPSb3FmiehriYWH6x3p
aSU4avhAJxBpR PP3UVTQS3VVxOnyfjstyS3R DgndTbzH Drqp4KmY3T 6J
EUcxCG/CrenshawCaWall.jpg
Figure 69 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
http://greenbuildingchronicle .com/wp-content/uploads/
tdomf/6595/TSW%20Bioswale.jpg
Figure 70 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
http://www.forms-surfaces.com/
Figure 71 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
http://www.fiickr.com/photos/pandora-no-hako/5177 417964/
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
Appendices 141
Figure 72 [po 65] - Kit of Parts-Public Art and Vegetation
http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/ 1890/PreviewComp/
SuperStock_1890-45655·.i pg
Figure 74 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Open Space Amenities
http://www.forms-surfaces.com/
Figure 75 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Open Space Character
http://images.quickblogcast.com/73990-64894/playground2 .
jpg?a=80
Figure 78-82 [po 65] - Kit of Parts- Pedestrian Conveniences
http://www.forms-surfaces.com/
Figure 91 [po 80] - Examples of Commercial Development
www.storrowkinsella.com
Figure 92 [p o80] - Examples of Commercial Development
www.storrowkinsella .com
Figure 96 [p o81] - Examples of Residential Development
http ://l.bp .blogspot.com/ _bGI3tlx3uOo/SI6uSMPQ7jl/
AAAAAAAAB-4/Ulm2GFiW084/s400/bungalows.jpg
Figure 102 [po 82] - Building Typologies
http://l.bp.blogspot.com/ _bGI3tlx3uOo/SI6uSMPQ7jl/
AAAAAAAAB-4/Ulm2GFiW084/s400/bungalows .jpg
Figure 104-109 [po 83] - Building Typologies
http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.
cfm? c=49254&a=223703
142 Appendices
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Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Thesis
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