AGRICULTURE ROOM
)22
EFFECTS CIF ELEVATED CUING
' TEMPERATURE; ON THE STRENGTH
AND DURAIBILITY CIF MUM
QIRCH PLY7V3CD MINTS MADE
WITH ROOM-TEMPERATURE-SETTING
UREA CLUES
Original report dated 1945
Information !Reviewed and Reaffirmed 1961
No. 1339
11111
111111 1
FOREST PRODUCT'S LABORATORY
MADISON 5, WISCONSIN
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CURING TEMPERATURES ON THE STRENGTH
AND DURABILITY OF YELLOW BIRCH PLYWOOD JOINTS
MADE WITH ROOM-TEMPERATURE-SETTING UREA GLUES
1
JOHN M. BLACK, Chemist,
W. Z. OLSON, Technologist,
and
H. D. BRUCE, Chemist
2
Forest Products Laboratory, — Forest Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Introduction
Room-temperature-setting urea-formaldehyde resin glues produced in this country are
generally formulated to cure at a minimum temperature of 70° F., at which many hours are
required before pressure can be released. The curing of these room-temperature-setting
urea glues can be hastened by elevated temperatures and, if the temperature is sufficiently high, the glue can be cured in a few minutes. To save time in the assembly of
aircraft parts and other wood-fabrication work, the practice has developed of curing
urea glues rapidly by the use of heated presses or jigs. Whether this practice of
curing at elevated temperatures affects the quality of the glued joint is not known.
Accordingly, this study is being conducted in an attempt to determine whether rapid
curing of room-temperature-setting urea-formaldehyde resin glues by elevated temperatures
affects the strength and durability of the joints significantly in comparison with joints
made with the same glues cured at room temperature.
The general procedure was to *make plywood with different urea glues, curing at several
temperatures, testing specimens of the plywood so made for initial dry- and wet-joint
strength, exposing specimens to various conditions of heat and moisture, and nothing
whether the rate of deterioration during exposure could be correlated with the original
curing temperature.
This report presents the data obtained after the first year of exposure.
Procedures
Preparation of Specimen
This work was done on plywood for ease of preparation and rapid transfer of heat to the
glue line. Three-ply panels were made with selected 1/16-inch yellow birch veneer,
using five commercial glues, designated in this report by the letters A, B, C, D, and E.
The glues were mixed in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions.
The gluing conditions employed were:
Moisture content of veneer when glued: About 12 percent.
This is one of a series of progress reports prepared by the Forest Products Laboratory
relating to the use of wood in aircraft. Results here reported are preliminary and
may be revised as additional data become available. Original report dated November
-Maintained at Madison
Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.
,
Report No. 1339
1945.
Spread: 20 to 25 grams of liquid glue per square foot of glue line, applied to the core
ply.
Assembly: All assemblies closed; 10 minutes when the curing temperature was 80° F.;
2 minutes when the curing temperature was 160° F.; 2 and 10 minutes when the curing
temperature was 180° and 215° F; 2, 10, and 45 minutes when the curing temperature was
250° F.
Pressing: Under 150 pounds per square inch between heavy wood cauls at room temperature,
and between canvas cauls at elevated temperatures.
Curing: The panels were under pressure for 8 hours at 8o° F.; for 25 minutes at 160° F.;
for 9 minutes at 180° F.; for 7 minutes at 215° F.; and for 7 and 35 minutes at 250° F.
For the four elevated temperatures, approximately 5 minutes was required to raise the
glue line to the temperature indicated. For 8o° F. the panels were held in a room at
that temperature; for the higher temperatures the panels were pressed between platens
heated by steam or hot water.
Conditioning: After removal from the presses, the panels were stored for about 1 week
in a room held at 8o° F. and 65 percent relative humidity, before being cut into standard
shear test specimens.
Exposure of Specimens
The plywood specimens were divided into four groups, randomly selected, for exposure to
the following conditions:
1.
Continuous, 8o° F. and 65 percent relative humidity.
2.
Continuous, 158° F. and 20 percent relative humidity.
3.
Continuous, 8o° F. and 97 percent relative humidity.
4.
Alternate soaking for 2 days in water at room temperature, followed by drying
for 12 days at 8o° F. and 30 percent relative humidity.
Test Periods
For control values, 14 specimens for each glue and gluing condition were tested dry, and
14 were tested wet after soaking in water at room temperature for 48 hours. The tests
were made by pulling the specimens in shear in standard plywood testing grips loading
at approximately 750 pounds per minute.
At the end of 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of exposure, from each of exposure conditions 1, 2,
and 3, five specimens were tested dry after conditioning in a room at 8o° F. and 65 percent relative humidity, and five were tested wet after soaking for 48 hours in water at
room temperature. At these same times, five specimens from exposure condition 4 were
tested wet.
Enough specimens were prepared and exposed to continue the experiment for 3 years with
testing periods at 18, 24, 30, and 36 months.
Results
The average values of the shear strength and wood failure data obtained from the plywood
shear tests are presented in tables 1 through 7.
Report No. 1339 -2-
From the data for glues B, C, and D, there appears to be no significant difference in the
quality of the joints cured at the different temperatures and tested as controls. For
these three glues, there is little or no evidence in the data of tables 1 and 2 that the
plywood joints, made at any of the several curing temperatures, fell off in joint quality
during the 12-month exposure to 80° F. and 65 percent relative humidity. These urea
glues deteriorated in joint quality when exposed to 158° F. and 20 percent relative
humidity according to the data of tables 3 and 4, and there is some difference in the
rates of deterioration in the joints set at different temperatures, but the differences
are not pronounced. What evidence there is indicates no ill effect by curing these glues
at elevated temperatures and perhaps even some slight benefit. Also, from the effects
of the continuous exposure to 97 percent relative humidity (tables 5 and 6) and alternate
soaking and drying (table 7), the differences in the durability of these three glues due
to differences in curing temperature are not pronounced and may not be significant.
The joints made at 250° F. with glue A exhibited poorer performance, generally, under
the exposures than those made at 8o° and 180° F., but the control specimens made at
250' F. with this glue were poorer in quality than those made at 80° F. or 180° F.
The joints made with glue E and cured at 215°F._and at 250' F. for 2 minutes after 2 minutes
assembly time were, in general, of poorer durability than those made at lower temperatures
or at 250° F. with longer assembly time or longer curing time. The comparative quality
of the joints in the control specimens, however, was in this same order.
In the case of glues A and E, therefore, there was a difference in durability in the
plywood specimens cured at different temperatures, but there was a parallel difference
in the quality of the control joints. To ascertain more conclusively whether the curing
temperature was responsible for the mediocre quality of certain of the control joints,
two to five additional sets of panels were prepared with these two glues under the same
conditions at different times, cut into shear specimens, and tested for joint strength.
The data from these experiments are given in table 8, in which each value represents the
averaged results for one set of panels. From these data it is apparent that low or high
wood failure was not consistently associated with any particular curing temperature or
combination of curing time, temperature, and assembly period, but that panels that gave
relatively low wood failure occasionally occurred at the different temperatures. From
the available evidence, it would be expected that the occasional panels showing low
original wood failure would exhibit relatively poor joint durability under exposure,
and this might happen with glues A and E with any of the curing temperatures.
As a broad conclusion from the data thus far obtained in this study, it appears that, for
the five glues tested and the particular exposure conditions employed, there was no
important effect on the original joint strength or joint durability by the temperature.
of curing within the range 80° F. to 250° F.
4
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SUBJECT LISTS OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
The following are obtainable free on request from the Director, Fort
Products Laboratory, Madison 5, Wisconsin:
List of publications on Box and Crate Construction and Packaging Data
List of publications on Chemistry of Wood and Derived Products
List of publications on Fungus Defects in Forest Products and Decay in Trees
List of publications on
Glue, Glued Products,
and Veneer
List of publications on
Growth, Structure, and Identification of Wood
List of publications on
Mechanical Properties and
Structural Uses of Wood and Wood Products
e;
List of publications on
Fire Protection
List of publications on
Logging, Milling, and
Utilization of Timber
Products
List of publications on
Pulp and Paper
List of publications on
Seasoning of Wood
List of publications on
Structural Sandwich, Plastic
Laminates, and Wood-Base
Aircraft Components
List of publications on
Wood Finishing
List of publications on
Wood Preservation
Partial list of publications for Partial list of publications for
Furniture Manufacturers,
Architects, Builders,
Woodworkers and Teachers of
Engineers, and Retail Woodshop Practice
Lumbermen
Note: Since Forest Products Laboratory publications are so varied in
subject no single list is issued. Instead a list is made up
for each Laboratory division. Twice a year, December 31 and
June 30, a list is made up showing new reports for the previous
six months. This is the only item sent regularly to the Laboratory's mailing list. Anyone who has asked for and received the
proper subject lists and who has had his n q me placed on the
mailing list can keep up to date on Forest Products Laboratory
publications. Each subject list carries descriptions of all
other subject lists.