CR[C01 TOWT PRonucTs tAe 'PATON
LialiARY
'EFFECTS CU WOOD PRESERVATIVES ON
ELECTRICAL MOISTURE-METER READINGS
Information Reviewed and Reaffirmed
April 1953
No. 11211682
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
Madison 5, Wisconsin
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
EFFECTS OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES 07
ELECTRICAL MOISTURE- TelETER READINGS
- -
ManTwood preservatives contain metallic salts that may act as
electrolytes and thus change the electrical properties of the wood, The
Forest Products Laboratory, in cooperation with the American Lumber and.
Treating Company, has investigated the effects on moisture-content readings'of p reservative chemicals in pressure-treated woods.
The measurement of the moisture content of wood by the use of
electrical moisture meters has a distinct advantage over other methods
because their convenience and speed reduce the time required to determine
the moisture content of any p iece of wood to a •few seconds. They also
represent the only practical method of determining the moisture content
of finished woodwork in place without seriously damaging the wood. For
these reasons the use of electrical moisture meters has become widespread.
Unfortunately, readings of moisture content in wood with electrical
moisture meters may be subject to serious errors, Wood is not a homogeneous substance. Several factors besides the moisture within the wood
may affect moisture content values as determined by an electrical moisture
meter. Among these disturbing factors are: (1) density, (2) species,
(3) resins and soluble extractives, (4) moisture gradient, () surface
moisture, and (6) temperature of the wood. Correction tables have been
established for some of the electrical moisture meters to overcome the
effect of specific gravity (density), species, and temperature. Corrections are less easily made for variations of moisture content such as a
steep moisture gradient or surface moisture, and no corrections have been
made specifically to overcome the effects of natural resins and soluble
extractives,
Eouipment Tested
Two widely used types of electrical moisture meters were used to
determine the effects upon their accuracy of preservatives containing
metallic salts. These were 411 electrical-resistance type and a radiofrequency power-loss type,
ElectriCALIILLLtanclfTYDe
(fig.
The electrical-resistance type of meter
1) evaluates moisture
content by measuring the electrical resistance in the wood, The electrical
resistance of the wood increases as the moisture content in the wood
Report No. R1682
-1-
MEST rPuOCTLARORArOe
LIBFARY
decreases and decreases as the moisture content increases. Changes in
resistance as free water is removed from the wood are small, while changes
in resistance . after removal of hygroscopic water begins are great. The
evaluation of moisture content by measuring resistance at moisture content
values greater than the fiber-saturatio n point cannot,. therefore, be expected to be so accurate as evaluation of moisture content at values less
than the fiber-saturation point. Further, the resistance in wood at any
moisture content less than 5 percent becomes so great that an attempt to
determine such values by the resistance method is impractical. Therefore,
the usual operating . range of the resistance meters is from 5 or 6 percent
to 24 to 26 percent based oa the oven-dry weight of the wood, although some
are calibrated to indicate moisture content values as low as 3 percent and
as high as 120 percent.
The density of wood does not greatly affect the electrical resistance
of wood, and errors resulting from variations in density are not important.
There are, however, inherent difference s in specific resistance between
species. Corrections for species can easily be made, and manufacturers of
resistance-type meters usually furnish correction data with their instruments.
Mectrical contact is generally made for the resistance-type meter by
driving needle points into the wood so that the flow of current is parallel
to the grain. The points are usually mounted in a block of insulating material and are so arranged that they can be readily*driven into and withdrawn
from the wood. - When the needle-type electrode is used in wood containing
the normal drying gradient, the 'moisture meter indicates the moisture content at or near the points, since the wood becomes a better conductor as
the moisture content increases. For wood having a drying gradient, the
moisture content at .a depth of one-fifth the thickness is a fairly accurate
average for the piece. An estimate of the average moisture content can
therefore be made by driving the needles into the wood to a depth of onefifth the thickness of the piece. Further, by driving the electrodes to any
desired depth, one can evaluate the moisture content at that particular
depth. Obviously, failure to consider the moisture gradient may result in
serious error when making readings on the larger sizes of lumber with the
resistance-type moisture meter when needle points are used.
The temperature of the wood must also be considered in making readmeter, since the resistings of moisture content with the resistance-typ e
ance of the wood increases at low temperatures and decreases at high
temperatures. As with variations among species, reasonably accurate
corrections for temperature can be easily made and the makers usually
provide correction data with their instruments.
Radio-freeuenc- Power-loss T
The radio-frequency power-loss type of meter (fig. 2) evaluates
moisture content by measuring the power absorbed by wood from a highfrequency alternating electric field, which is proportional to the product
of the dielectric constant and the power factor of the wood,
Report No. P1682 -2-
Both Dower factor and dielectric constant depend upon the amount of
moisture in the vood. The exact effect of such facters'as temperature 01',_
the wood, wood structure, resias, and soluble extractives on 'the radio frequency p0Wei loss isnot known, tut each is probably small., Density 4.,s
known to affect the dielectric constant, but its relation to power factor -likewise is not well established,
A calibration for a number of species is made for each radiofrequency power-loss moisture
variations
If
in densityocc-er
other than those used as a basis for calibration -- the moisture content
as determined by this type of meter is in error ; proportional to this
variation.
The electrodes of this type of meter are four metal plates in the
form of cpadrants that are assembled into a circular disc but insulated
from one another by an air space, The moisture content of the -wood is
determined by pressing the electrodes firmly against the wood sUrface. The'
power loss in the wood is indicated by . the -position of the needle 'on an
arbitrary scale on the dial of a-meter. The instrument dial may alto be
calibrated directly into moisture content for Dou g. las-fir or other species
on the muter dial. The'moiOture content of another species can be, obtained
from the reading on the arbitrary scale and conversion tables that are
furnished with the meter being used,. Sincci-the contact is made with the
surface of the wood being tested, the smoothnoss of the surface and the
presence of surface moisture may affect the readings, The instrument is
calibrated for readings from 0 to 50 percent on an arbitrary scale, and for'
readings from 0 to 25 percent on a scale for reading the moisture content
of Douglas-fir direct, The 0 to 50 arbitrary scale was used in these tests.
A dial-reading scale capable of weighing -to an accuracy of. 0,5 gram
was Used to weigh the test specimens. A triple-beam balance . capable of
weighinez. to an accuracy of 0.01 cram as used to weigh the moisture-content
sections in deter4iiining moisture content by the oven-dry method..-s
Vaterials Used in Tests
Preservatives
Wood'containing four of the Iiiore common commercial wood preservative
materials was used to test the effect of such preservatives upon moisture
readias. These preservatives were Wolman salt (Tanalith) , containing 37,5'
percent sodium chromate, 25 percent sodium fluoride, 25 percent disodium
hydrogen arsenate, and1'4.5 percent dinitrophenol; Wolman salt (Erdalith)
containing 55.6 percent potassium dichromate, 33.3 percent copper sulphate,
and 11,1 percent arsenic pentoxide; chromated zinc chloride containing not
less tan 17.5 percent sodium dichromate and not less than 77 5 percent
zinc choride; and creosote, grade 1, conforming to American Wood-Preservers'
Association Standard 4f.
Report No, R1682
-3-
Wood.
Preservative-treated southern yellow pine, Douglas-fir, and western
hemlock were selected for this study. Fifteen specimens of 2- by 6-inch
southern yellow pine sapwood and five specimens of 2- by 6-inch southern
yellow Dine heartwood; fifteen specimens of 2- by 6-inch Douglas-fir
heartwood and 15 of 1- by 6-inch Douglas-fir heartwood; and three specimens
of 2- by 6-inch Western hemlock heartwood were used.
Sixteen-foot boards were cut into five sections as shown in figure
3. Each of the 3-foot, 9-inch sections was treated with one of the
preservatives, and the 1-foot section from the center of the board was
kept as an untreated sample.
The pressure treating was done in a small pilot plant. The method
of treating and the retentions obtained were held as closely as possible to
commercial standards. After the 3-foot, 9-inch sections were treated the
ends were trimmed (fig. 3) and discarded, leaving the center 1-foot test
'section free from the effects of end penetration. The retentions obtained
are given in table 1.
All test samples were end coated with two coats of aluminum paint to
prevent excessive end evaporation during the moisture content cycle.
Test Procedure
The test specimens were exposed to a series of four controlled moisture content changes. .Table 2 shows the relative humidity, temperature,
and moisture content to which untreated wood will equalize and the length
of time specimens were stored in each condition.
The specimens were first exposed to 90 percent relative humidity and
9Q0 F. and were weighed periodically until they showed no further change in
weight, thus indicating that they had reached a moisture content in
equilibrium with these conditions. Toioisture-content readings were then
made for each specimen with both types of electrical moisture meters. The
readings were made on one face near the center of each specimen. Each
specimen was also weighed. After these readings were made, the specimens
were exposed to 65 percent relative humidity and 80° F, and the process
repeated. The specimens were then exposed to 30 percent relative humidity
and 800 F. Thereafter the samples were exposed to 40° F. and about 90
percent relative humidity. In order to further increase the rate of
moisture pick-up during this exposure, the specimens were sprayed with
water once a month for the first 9 months.
Report No, R1682
-4-
Moisture content and weight were read following this period of
exposure. Sections were then cut near the center of each untreated control
specimen and its moisture content was determined by the following formula:
Green 1,!.t. - Oven-dry Wt.
Moisture content (percent) = (---------- ) x 100
Oven-dry T'1t.
With the moisture content and weight of each specimen determined,
the oven-dry weight was calculated by the formula:
Oven-dry Wt.
Green Wt. x 100
100 + moisture content (percent)
One is further able to calculate the moisture content based on the
calculated oven-dry weight of the samples at the time each weight was made
during the experiment. The moisture content of the untreated samples was
also calculated on the basis of the oven-dry weight of the sample and these,
being the most accurate values available, were used as the "actual"
moisture content values. Moisture content values determined with the
electrical moisture meters were compared with these values. Deviations
from these calculated values represent., for the untreated sampies,.errors
in moisture meter readings. For the treated samples,'these deviations
represent,
addition, the effects of.preservative chemicals.
Results
The curves in figures 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 show the moisture content of
each group of specimens as determined by both typ es of electrical moisture
meters at three equiiibriuu moisture content conditions, and the actual
moisture content of the untreated specimens as determined by the oven-dry
method,
Final moisture content values were determined by the oven-dry method
for all treated specimens as well as the untreated controls. Calculated
moisture content values for all specimens at the three equilibrium moisturecontent conditions based on these final values are shown in table 3, The
moisture content values for the untreated specimens fall within a narrow
range, indicating that the moisture content of the untreated specimens had
reached equilibrium with the conditions being maintained. The moisture
content values for the specimens treated with Tanalith and. Erdalith also
fall within a narrow range, but those for the specimens treated with
croesote and chromated zinc-chloride showed considerable variation.
Report No, R1682
-5-
The specimens were first exposed to the 80° F, and 90 percent relative humidity, next to 80 0 F. and 65 percent relative humidity, and finally
to 80° F. and 30 percent relative humidity. A. preservative treating
material, such as creosote, which reduced the drying rate by retarding the,
movement of moisture, or chromated zinc-chloride, which reduces the vapor
pressure, will cause the moisture content of the treated wood to equalize
more slowly and at a, higher than normal value. The preservative material
may also cause some reduction in weight of the moisture content sample
during oven drying. The moisture content value thus affected will be
higher than the true value.
Tables 4 and 5 show the range of the moisture content values for
individual specimens within each group as determined by the electrical
moisture meters and the oven-dry method.
TablO 6'shows specific gravity values determined from a 1-inch
section cut near the center of each test specimen at the completion of the
study. The figures are based on green (soaked) volume and green (soaked)
weight,
Conclusions
The wood preservatives used in the experiments discussed in this
report affect the electrical conductivity properties of wood and, therefore,
the readings obtained with electrical moisture meters, Of the preservatives
used, chromated zinc chloride increased the conductivity of the wood to the
greatest extent, resulting in excessively high moisture content readings.
Tanalith Wolman salt increased the electrical conductivity of the wood
materially, but considerably less than did chromated zinc chloride and only
slightly more than did Erdalith Wolman salt.
Creosote, on the other hand, ap p arently decreased the electrical
conductivity of wood, resulting in low moisture content readings.
The effect of the preservative materials on electrical moisturemeter readings is small at a low moisture content but becomes progressively
greater as the moisture content increases. The usefulness of electrical
moisture meters is decidedly limited by the effect of wood preservative
materials that change the electrical properties, and only at emisture
content values below those common to preservation operations (20 to 30
percent) are the readings reliable.
1:ioisture content readings with,the resistance type of moisture meter
were more nearly accurate than those with the power-loss type of moisture
meter,-, Readings with the latter type were low in the low-moisture content range and excessively high in the high moisture content range.
Report No, 21682
-6-
•
There appears to be a direct relationship between specific gravity
and moisture content values as determined by the high-frequency power
loss type of meter. The values were high for most specimens having a high
specific gravity and low for most specimens having a low specific gravity.
Table 7 shows average moisture-content values for the four specimens
in each group that were of high specific gravity compared to the four in
each group that were of low specific gravity, except for southern yellow
pine heartwood, where the averages are for two specimens of high and two of
low specific gravity.
Tables for correcting readings
shown by' an electrical moisture
meter to give the actual moisture content should be based on the type of
preservative and on the amount and distribution of the preservative per
cubic foot retained after treatment. Correction tables based on the data
of this study must be limited in application to the same species and sides
that have been pressure treated with the same amount of the same
preservative chemicals used in this study, but may be of value as
indicators of the nature of the corrections.
Report No. P1682
Table 1.-Average retention
reservative
Wood specimens
Preservative
Chromated
zinc
chloride
Douglas- : Douglas- : Western
• Southern : Southern : hemlock
fir
fir
:
pine
:
pine
:
2" x 6" : 2 4 x 6" : 2" x 6" : 1" x 6" : 2" x 6"
: sap wood . heartwood heartwood : heartwood : heartwood
.
.
.. :
.
:
,
: Lb. y...21 : Lb. per : Lb. per : Lb. Der ; Lb. per,
cu. ft.
cu. ft.
: cu. ft.
: cu. ft.
: cu.. ft.
.
.
:
:
.
--
• 0.30
:
0.31
:
:.
:
0.31.
0.30
0.30
:.
:
:
•
.
.
.
.
.
.52
.56
:
.52
:
.56
:
.
..52
:
.
:
•
:
:
:
:
,
:
1.09
:
1.11
1,09
1.11
:•
1.09
:.
:
:
.
:
Creosote
:
Wolman salt
(Tanalith)
Wolman salt
(Erdalith)
8.02
7.94
:
:
7.94
:
16.25
7.94
:
Table 2.--2uration and conditions of ex p osure to which all specimens
were subjected.
Duration
Relative
o fhumidity
storage
Months
:
Percent
6
:
90
6
:
:
65
6
12
Report No. R1682
Temperature
0 T.ii
;....
:
Percent
:
80
.•
21
80
:
12
.
:
30
90
Equilibrium
moisture
content
80
40
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Table b --- ri f.1_1.2-291KL9....LETilIZ-Y2.11..1 f s on 1122111_2f_a9±12.2re LOt and
green volume
Tanalith ; Erdalith
Range : Control : Qhromated : Creosote
zthc
chloride
Southern yellow je sapwood.
-..
Average :
Maximum :
Minimum 1
0.465
.500
:
:
.433
'
0.486
.599
.415
:
:
0,494
.551
:
;
.439
0.447
.534
.420
.606
.410
:
.
Souther., yellow-..a-in
bc,artwood
- .--..;'.._.:_:_._...........-Averago
.495
:
.536
:
.507
Maximum :
.547
:
:
.644
.533
.443
:
.479
.535
0.4?1.
:
.511
.577
.432
:
:
;
.540
.666
,446
:
.,
:
.450
.533
.373
.
.451
.571
.366
.513
•.
.629
:
.414
:
. 432
.531
.360
,
Douplas-fir , b y b
Average
Maximum :
iqiniuum ;
.449
.524
.390
..
'
.459
.532
.406
.
:
:
.478
.551
.428
:
:
Douglas-fir 1 by 6
Average •
haximum :
Minimum :
,440
.516
.346
,438
,523
.365
:
:
:
:
:
.441
.50
.380
Western bemlock heartwood
Average :
Maximum
Minimum
.441
.453
.427
Reoort No. R1682
:
:
.454
.474
.-±35
.441
.454
.4.17
.447
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Figure 4.--Average moisture content of pressure-treated and untreated
2 by 6 Douglas-fir as determined with, A, a resistance type and, B,
a radio-frequency power-loss type of moisture meter. Curves Nos. 1,
Tanalith-treated wood; curves Nos. 2, Erdalith-treated wood; curves
Nos. 3, chromated zinc chloride-treated wood; curves Nos. 4, creosotetreated wood. All specimens in equilibrium with relative humidity
shown at 80° F.
7 V '2,11A0
Figure 5.--Average moisture content of pressure-treated and untreated
1 by 6 Douglas-fir as determined with, A, a resistance type and, B,
a radio-frequency power-loss type of moisture meter. Curves Nos. 1,
Tanalith-treated wood; curves. Nos. 2, Erdalith-treated wood; curves
Nos. 3, chromated zinc chloride-treated wood; curves Nos. 4, creosotetreated wood. All specimens in equilibrium with relative humidity
shown at 80° F.
Z
4143 F
Figure 6.--Average moisture content or pressure-treated and untreated
2 by 6 southern yellow pine sapwood as determined with, A, a resistance type and, B, a radio-frequency power-loss type of moisture meter.
Curves Nos. 1, Tanalith-treated wood; curves Nos. 2, Erdalith-treated
wood; curves Nos. 3, chromated zinc chloride-treated wood; curves
Nos. 4, creosoted-treated wood. All specimens in equilibrium with
relative humidity shown at 80° F.
Z 17 74144 F
Figure 7.---Average moisture content of pressure-treated and untreated
2 by 6 southern yellow pine heartwood as determined with, A, a
resistance type and, B, a radio-frequency power-loss type of moisture
meter. Curves Nos. 1, Tanalith-treated wood; curves Nos. 2, Erdalithtreated wood; curves Nos. 3, chromated zinc chloride-treated wood;
curves Nos. 4, creosote-treated wood. All specimens shown in equilibrium with relative humidity shown at 80° F.
z M 741As
Figure 8.--Average moisture content of pressure-treated and untreated
2 by 6 Western hemlock heartwood as determined with, A, a resistance
type and, B, a radio-frequency power-loss type of moisture meter.
Curves Nos. 1, Tanalith-treated wood; curves Nos. 2, Erdalith-treated
wood; curves Nos. 3, chromated zinc chloride-treated wood; curves
Nos. 4, creosote-treated wood. All specimens in equilibrium with
relative humidity shown at 80° F.
Z !4 74146 F