1
E
AGRICULTUR ROOM
•
1
GRINDING OF LCIALCRY PINE.
RELA-,_ :ON CIF WOOD PROPERTIES
ss
AND GRINDING CONDITIONS TO
PULP AND PAPER QUALITY
No. 11G3
Pevised June 1958
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
UNITED STATES QEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
MADISON 5 , WISCONSIN
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
•
GRINDING OF LOBLOLLY PINE. RELATION OF WOOD
PROPERTIES AND GRINDING CONDITIONS TO
1
PULP AND PAPER QUALITY—
By
E. R. SCHAFER, Engineer,
J. C. PEW, Engineer,
and
C. E. CURRAN, Former Chief, Division of Pulp and Paper
2
Forest Products Laboratory, — Forest Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Abstract
In the production of mechanical pulp for newsprint from loblolly pine, wood
having a relatively wide range of properties can be used, but the range of
grinding conditions is closely limited. For newsprint purposes, the best wood
was that with a growth rate of less than 10 rings per inch and an age of less
than 35 years. Green wood yielded better pulp than seasoned wood. Knotty
wood required more power than clear wood to produce an equivalent product.
Blue-stained wood can be used to a limited extent without much detriment to
color. Compression wood lowered the strength and color of the pulp in proportion to the amount present. Heartwood in the young, fast-growth pine had
no deleterious effect on color or in causing pitch trouble. In the older, slower
growing pine, the presence of heartwood caused an increase in strength as compared with the same type of wood without heartwood, but pitch troubles were in
evidence and color was poorer whether heartwood was present or not.
-Presented at the Fall meeting of the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, DeSoto Hotel, Savannah, Ga. , October 18-21, 1937. Originally published in Paper Trade Journal 105(20)41-48, Nov. 18, 1937.
2
—Maintained at Madison, Wis. , in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.
Rept. No. 1163 (revised)
-1-
Agriculture-Madison
•
As with other species, the pressure of grinding pine must be adjusted to the
sharpness of the stone surface. A dull stone surface, that is, one with wellworn grits and rounded edges on the grooves, seems the most suitable for the
grinding of pine. High temperatures were found to have an advantage in increasing the fiber length and strength of the pulp, increasing production, and
in lowering power consumption per ton of product, provided the high temperature was attained, not by decreasing the quantity of shower water, but by increasing its temperature so that a normal consistency of 4 to 5 percent was
maintained.
The experiments confirm the feasibility of making satisfactory groundwood
from southern pine if the wood is properly selected and grinding conditions
are carefully controlled.
Introduction
The objective of this work was to determine the influence of the various characteristics of loblolly pine on the properties of the groundwood pulp, and, furthermore, to determine the most suitable grinding conditions for producing a
newsprint grade of pulp. In general, the characteristics of loblolly pine are
similar to those of all southern pines. Two types of variables were studied:
1. Variables affecting wood properties, which included: (1) the percentage
volume of heartwood, (2) the percentage volume of springwood, (3) the rate
of growth, (4) knots, (5) seasoning, (6) blue stain, and (7) compression wood.
2. Variables affecting grinding conditions, which included: (1) pressure of
wood against the stone, (2) temperature of grinding, (3) consistence of pulp,
and (4) stone surface.
The Wood Used and Its Preparation
The loblolly pine used in these experiments was selected from sites near
Sumpter, S. C., and Bogalusa, La. , and from Washington Parish, La., and
Walthall County, Mississippi. The wood was shipped immediately after cutting and the experimental work started shortly after its receipt at Madison,
Wisconsin.
Logs between 5 and 6 inches in diameter were selected for the study of the
wood variables, such as heartwood content, rate of growth, and the like. The
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-2-
logs were barked by hand and sawed into pieces 9 inches in length. As many
pieces were taken from each log as there were grinder runs to be made in a
given series. Ordinarily the wood for one grinder run consisted of 10 pieces,
one being taken from each log in the lot. In some of the experiments the pieces
were squared so that the pressure of the wood on the stone would be uniform.
Care was taken to avoid including large knots or irregularities and also to discard a considerable portion of the dryer ends of the log. Thus each run in a
series was made with practically identical wood. The pieces comprising a
grinder run were stored in a closed container at a temperatures of 38° F. ,
thereby maintaining the known moisture content until needed.
Equipment and Experimental Procedure
A small 2-pocket grinder carrying a pulp stone Z6 inches in diameter with an
11-inch face and equipped with various temperature- and power-measuring
instruments was used in these experiments. An artificial stone composed of
aluminum oxide abrasive, grit 406, grade K, bond 30 was used in the grinder.
This is a relatively coarse-grit stone with a bond of medium hardness.
Since it was desired in a large part of the work to maintain a constant stone
surface from series to series, grinder runs were made periodically throughout the course of the experiments under a given set of conditions and with duplicate wood in order to determine whether an appreciable change was occurring in the stone surface. The results indicate that only slight differences can
be attributed to stone wear. The effect of varying the stone surface was investigated afterward in a separate series.
Results and Discussion of Experiments
The general properties of groundwood pulp from various types of loblolly pine
compared with the average properties of commercial newsprint groundwood
pulp are shown in table 1. The details of the experiments are presented in the
following paragraphs.
Series 1. Effect of Heartwood
The young, fast-growth wood selected for this series, averaging 9.1 percent
of heartwood by volume, was divided into 4 lots, 1 lot for each grinder run.
Of one lot one-half the heartwood was bored out, three-quarters from another
Rept. No. 1163
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•
lot, all from a third lot, and none from the fourth. The conditions of grinding are shown in table 2. The color of the resulting pulps was practically unimpaired by the presence of heartwood in the quantities existing in these
samples (table 3).
A grinder run was then made with squared-off bolts that contained larger
quantities of heartwood and were cut from the center of logs that had been
stored in the yard 3 months with the bark removed. In this sample the volume
of heartwood was 52.1 percent. The resulting pulp was slightly poorer in color
than that of the previous runs.
From these tests it may be concluded that, for mechanical pulping, young
heartwood in loblolly pine (the diameter of the heartwood in the wood used being less than 2 inches in most cases) is not detrimental so far as pulp color is
concerned even though the heartwood is somewhat reddish in color.
The effect of heartwood in older wood with a higher springwood content but of
about the same growth rate was determined under somewhat different grinding
conditions. The data are given in tables 4 and 5. The wood used in grinder
run No. 206 was practically the same in physical properties as that used in
grinder run No. 204, that is, it was of slow rate of growth and medium springwood content, except that the wood in grinder run No. 204 contained 40 percent
heartwood. The heartwood in this older wood apparently caused a marked increase in the strength of the pulp in relation to the power consumed, as compared with the heart-free material. However, a loss of 2 parts whiteness and
2.6 percent total luminosity in the photometric analysis was caused by the heartwood, and pitch was very evident whether heartwood was present or not.
The age of the wood may be considered as of minor importance yet cannot be
wholly neglected, since it is linked up with heartwood formation. Out of 539
logs having a growth rate of less than 11 rings per inch, 33, or 6 percent, were,
over 35 years of age. The average heartwood content of the 33 logs was 5.1
percent by volume, the maximum being 21.5 percent, in a log 56 years of age,
and the minimum 0.1 percent, in a log 36 years of age. The average heartwood
content of the 506 logs less than 35 years of age was 1.3 percent by volume, the
maximum being 12 percent. Even though the average for all the logs including
those greater than 35 years old was only 1.6 percent of heartwood, the younger
heartwood seems less deleterious than the older, and therefore it appears that
for the best results, the wood should be less than 35 years of age.
Series 2. Effect of Springwood
Two lots of wood of practically equal rates of growth (batches 4 and 5, table
2), containing respectively low and medium volumes of springwood were each
Rept. No. 1163
-4-
ground at three different pressures. In another lot of wood, batch 6, in which
the bolts had all been turned in a lathe to about the same diameter, the rate of
growth and volume of springwood of the remaining wood were about equivalent
to that of batch 4. The wood in batch 6 was ground at approximately the intermediate of the pressures used in batches 4 and 5. A companion lot of wood,
batch 7, also turned in a lathe to the same diameter but with a high volume of
springwood in the remaining wood, was ground at the same intermediate pressure. Finally there is included in this series a run on wood, batch 8, of extremely high rate of growth and volume of springwood which was also ground at
the intermediate pressure. It may be noted from the data that, in general,
higher volumes of springwood yield slightly stronger pulps but at the expense
of a slightly increased power consumption. There is also, in general, a slight
improvement in the color of the pulp as the volume of springwood is increased.
This was confirmed later in grinder runs Nos. 201, 202, and 203 made with
fast-growth wood (table 4). The grinding rate was lower with the high springwood material (grinder run No. 202) than with either the medium springwood
(grinder run No. 201) or the low springwood (grinder run No. 203). Since the
power input was about the same in all three cases, a higher power consumption
per unit of wood ground resulted with the high springwood. There was little
variation in the strength of the pulps produced, but the pulp from the pine of
high springwood content showed a much lower retention on the 24-mesh screen
in the screen analysis test than the other two pulps (table 5).
Grinder runs Nos. 204 and 205 (table 4) were made with slow-growth material
containing medium and low contents of springwood, respectively. The material
with little springwood ground more slowly than that with medium amounts of
springwood, but the power input was also lower so that the power consumption
was the same in both cases. The wood with low amounts of springwood produced shorter fibered pulp of lower bursting strength than did the material with
medium amounts of springwood (table 5).
It is concluded that while certain advantages may be gained by using wood with
high volumes of springwood, they are not marked and may readily be overshadowed by other factors.
Series 3. Effect of Rate of Growth
For this series of experiments two lots of wood (batches 9 and 10, table 2) of
slow and medium rates of growth, respectively, were so selected that all other
properties were nearly identical. These were each ground at three pressures.
Included in the series is the grinder run of the wood, batch 8, mentioned above
of extremely high rate of growth and volume of springwood, which was ground
at the intermediate pressure.
Rept. No. 1163
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•
The effects noted in tables 2 and 3 are that, at the intermediate and high pressures
of grinding, the wood of faster growth rate gives pulps with slightly better
strength at the expense of increased power per ton of product, but that, on
the other hand, at the low pressure, the wood of medium rate of growth gave
pulp of better strength with somewhat less power consumption. The pulp from
wood with high rate of growth and high volume of springwood (grinder run No.
175) ground at the intermediate pressure was not markedly different in properties than that from the woods of slow and medium rate of growth, or with a
medium volume of springwood, ground at that pressure.
Comparing the results of grinder runs shown in tables 4 and 5, made with wood of the
same springwood content but of different growth rates, runs Nos. 201 with 204
and run No. 203 with run No. 205, it is evident that the slower growth wood,
in spite of the lower power consumption involved, is less desirable than fastgrowth wood. The slower growth wood gave pulps with shorter fiber and lower
strength per unit of power consumed. The pulps from the slower growth wood
were inferior in color, being on the average about three points lower in whiteness. Moreover, greater difficulty was experienced on the wet machine with
slow-growth wood because of pitch in the machine felt.
The. results indicate, on the whole, that for a quality of pulp suitable for newsprint the rate of growth should not be less than that used in these experiments,
that is, about 10 rings per inch, and that the faster the rate of growth the more
satisfactory the results are apt to be.
Series 4. Effect of Knots
Wood containing knots and wood free of knots was cut from the same logs. Each
was divided into two lots and ground at different pressures. The two lots of
knotty wood contained about the same total external knot area.
Knots in the wood appeared to lower the grinding rate (tables 2 and 3),and raise the
power consumption but cause slightly stronger pulps to be produced. This is
attributed to the probability that the knots, which grind slower than the clear
wood, take most of the load and in effect lower the pressure on the surrounding clear wood. Referring to grinder runs Nos. 141 and 142, it is noted that if
the pressure on knotty wood is raised sufficiently above that used with the clear
wood to give about equal grinding rates the pulps obtained are practically equal
in quality, but considerably higher power consumption is required for the knotty
wood.
Aside from the consideration of strength and power consumption, it is known,
of course, that the presence of much knotty wood introduces an objectionable
amount of dirt.
Rept. No. 1163
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•
Series 5. Effect of Seasoning
Green loblolly pine containing 44 percent of dry wood (56 percent moisture)
was divided into four lots. The first lot was kept green, in a room maintained
at 38° F. and 95 percent relative humidity. The other 3 were seasoned in a
room controlled at 80° F. and 65 percent relative humidity. One of these lots
was raised to a content of 65 percent dry wood and the other 2 to 85 percent.
The effects of grinding the seasoned wood are shown in tables 2 and 3. The drier
wood as compared with the green material ground slightly slower, consumed
more power per ton, and gave a considerably shorter fibered pulp with lower
freeness, but without affecting the strength properties greatly.
One of the lots of wood, which had been dried to a content of 85 percent drywood, was afterward soaked in water for several days, but the amount of water
taken up was found to be small. A vacuum and pressure treatment was then resorted to in order to drive the water into the wood. After the treatment the
wood had a dryness of 46 percent. It was allowed to stand 24 hours in this condition before grinding. It is noted in grinder run No. 167 that the power consumption of this wood was more than that with the original green wood and the
strength somewhat better.
The color analysis shows that green wood gives a pulp of better color than that
obtained from seasoned wood.
Series 6. Effect of Blue Stain
The wood for the blue-stain experiments was cut into boards 1 inch thick by
2-1/2 inches wide, and then divided into two lots. Both were sterilized with
steam at atmospheric pressure for 1/2 hour. One lot was then inoculated with
Ceratostomella pilifera, one of the most common blue-stain organisms found
in southern pine, and stored in a closed container at normal room temperature and humidity until it was completely stained. The other lot was kept free
from stain in a cold room.
Tables 2 and 3 show that there is no appreciable difference in the strength of the
pulp from stained and unstained wood. Test sheets made of various mixtures
of the two pulps were subjected to photometric analyses. The results shown
in table 6 indicate that use of up to 10 percent of blue-stained wood causes a
masking of the natural orange tint without loss of whiteness. Blue-stained
wood used in the amount of 20 percent or more causes a distinct loss in whiteness.
Rept. No. 1163
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•
Series 7. Effect of Compression Wood
A study of the occurrence of compression wood in black spruce and its effect
on the quality of groundwood pulp showed it yielded pulp of lower strength and
shorter fiber than that obtained from normal wood. 3- Compression wood in pine
was found to have similar effects. Certain of the bolts used in grinder run No.
211, table 4, contained large amounts of compression wood. These were segregated from the main lot and ground separately. The data are tabulated as runs
Nos. 211-A and 211-C. The wood of run No. 211-B was free from compression
wood. It is noted that moderate amounts of compression wood, as indicated in
runs Nos. 211 and 211-A (table 5), cause a slight reduction in fiber length and somewhat lowered strength properties in the resulting pulp. Wood consisting all of compression wood, as run No. 211-C, gave a very weak, bulky pulp of poor color.
Series 8. Effect of Pressure
Wood of medium rate of growth and low volume of springwood was ground under
various pressures. The effects noted in tables 7 and 8 agree with that experienced on
other species. For the given stone surface and temperature, the power consumption and the strength of the pulp drop considerably with rising pressure.
There is also a substantial increase in the production rate and freeness and a
slight increase in the fiber length as indicated by the screen analysis test. For
pine, as in the grinding of other woods, the pressure must be adjusted according to the stone surface in order to obtain the desired results.
Series 9. Effect of Stone Surface
It has been reported that a good stone surface for use in grinding southern pine
is obtained with a combination of a 9-cut, 4-1/2-inch lead spiral burr and a 4cut straight burr. 4 After completion of grinder run No. 175, burrs of these
types were applied to the stone and followed with a wearing-in period of 60
hours on miscellaneous wood. Several grinder runs were then made under
various conditions. Referring to the series in tables 7 and 8 and comparing results
of grinder runs Nos. 132 with 177, and 122 with 176, it is noted that under the
same grinding conditions the new surface gave pulp of poorer strength, but
lower power consumption than the previous surface, indicating it was sharper.
3
—Pillow,
M. Y. , Schafer, E. R. , and Pew, J. C. Occurrence of Compression Wood in Black Spruce and Its Effect on Properties of Groundwood Pulp.
Paper Trade J. 102, No. 16; 36 - 1936.
4Herty, C. H. Wood in the South for Newsprint. Paper Mill and Wood Pulp
News, 58, No. 2; 20 - 1935.
Rept. No. 1163
-8-
S
Grinding at a lower pressure with the new stone surface (run No. 179) gave
about the same power consumption as a higher pressure on the previous surface (run No. 168). When the new surface had been well worn in and used with
a higher pressure (grinder run No. 201) a pulp of much better quality was obtained.
These tests, while not extensive, indicate as pointed out previously, that the
pressure to be used depends on the sharpness of the stone surface. It furthermore appears that the pattern is secondary to the condition of the surface and
that a surface with well-worn grits and rounded edges on the grooves seems
the most suitable for the grinding of pine.
Series 10. Effects of Temperature and Consistency
The effect of the temperature of grinding loblolly pine has been reported. 5, 6
Briefly it was found that the grinding process was favored by high temperatures, provided high consistencies are avoided by the use of warmed shower
water. Increasing the plasticity of the wood by preheating it in water to the
grinding temperature had relatively small effect as compared with elevating
the pit temperature. It is believed that much benefit may be obtained, not only
in the grinding of pine but in grinding other species as well, by conserving the
heat of grinding and returning it to the grinder in white water at higher temperatures than customarily employed. The advantageous effect of a higher
temperature noted in the work referred to prompted the use of a temperature
of 190° F. in the supplementary work shown in tables 4 and 5.
Miscellaneous Tests for Comparison
In tables 7 and 8 are shown several tests made for comparison with the pine
experiments. Grinder runs Nos. 169 and 170 were made with black spruce
in the green condition. Comparing the results with those obtained in somewhat similar runs on pine (grinder runs Nos. 144 and 145, series 8), it is
seen that for an equal power consumption on this stone surface, higher pressures are required with spruce, which not only grinds faster but yields pulps
5Schafer, E. R. and Pew, J. C. Effect of Temperature and Consistency "n
Mechanical Pulping. Paper Trade J. 101, No. 13;71 - 1935.
6Schafer, E. R. , Pew, J. C. , and Knechtges, R. G. Effect ofHigh Pit Temperatures and of Preheating of the Wood on the Grinding or Loblolly Pine.
Paper Trade J. 103, No. 2; 29 -1936. TS 41.
Rept. No. 1163
-9-
•
of much higher strength. In grinder run No. 170 (black spruce) pulp of higher
than average quality was produced at somewhat below average power consumption.
Comparison of the pulp from grinder run No. 168 (series 9) with the commercial spruce pulps P 1037 and P 1101 indicates that this pine pulp is equal to the
commercial pulps insofar as pulp tests are concerned. The pulps from grinder
runs Nos. 201, 202, 203, and 211 (table 4) also compare very favorably with
these commercial pulps in all strength, color, and suspension properties
(table 5).
Newsprint Paper Tests
The pulp from grinder run No. 211 prepared from fast-growth wood was made
into newsprint papers which were standard in every respect. The groundwood
was combined with either pine sulphite or pine semibleached kraft. A groundwood pulp made from slow-growth pine wood was combined with semibleached
kraft and made into a newsprint sheet that was satisfactory from the standpoint
of strength and finish and only slightly darker in color than average newsprint.
•
Rept. No. 1163
-10-
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Rept. No. 1163
•
Table 2.--Effect of wood properties on the grinding of loblolly pine
2
Grinder:Batch-:
run :
:
.
:.
Grinding conditional
i
Energy
:Volume :Volume : Rate :Dryness:Density dry: Age :Service :Pressure:Grinding:Power : :of stone:of wood :rate:Dry:input :consumption'
:weightk•een:
:
of
: of
: of :
.
: since : on 4 :wood per:
:
: volume
:heart- :spring-:growth:
: laet : stone- :24 hours:
.
.
wood : wood :
•.
.
.
:burring:
•
'. :
Average properties of the wood Classification
.•
Ho. : Ho. 1
cu.
:Percent:Percent:Rings :Percent: Lb. per
ft.
•
.
.
: inch :
•.
.
:Years : Hours : P.s.i. : Tone : Hp. : Hp. days
.
.
:
•.
:
.•
.•
.•
.•
SERIFS I.--EFFECT OF HEARTWOOD
123 :
126 :
125 :
124 :
149 :
: 5 8 .7: 9.2 : 51.0 :
: 0
:Heartwood free
:Containing heartwood : 2.3 :Containing heartwood : 4.5 :Containing heartwood : 9.1 3 :Containing heartwood : 52.1 : (/) • (7) : 78.0 :
2
2
2
2
30.1
26.3
: 29.0: 120.5 :
122.0 :
121.5 :
121.0 :
27
27
: 1.05 : 44.5 :
: 1.02 : 48.3 :
42.3
27
27
45.4
: (7) • 138.6 :
26
: 1.05 : 48.8 :
.96 : 45.1 :
:
.59 : 36.6 :
:
45.o
47.2
46.6
61.2
SERIES 2.--EFFECT OF SPRINGWOOD
127 •
129 :
131 :
147 :
128 :
130 :
132 :
148 :
175 •
li :Low apringwood
:Low apringwood
:Lew springwood
:Low apringwood
:Medium cpringvood
:Medium apringwood
:Medium epringwond
:High apringwooei
8 ;High springvood
4
4
6
5
5
5
7
.1 : 54.8 : 5.5 : 47.7 :
:
I
:
.98 : 45.1 :
:
30.8
25.3
28
: 15.7 : 122.5 :
21
123.5 :
124.7 :14
21
: 16.0: 157.4:
28
: 13.5 : 123.0 1
124.1 :
21
:
.33 : 26.9 :
.62 : 37.3: .89 : 39.1 : .58 : 37.6 :
23.6
23.4
126. q :
: 13.0: 138.1:
: 6.3 : 157.3 :
13
21
21
:
:
:
.60 : 41.6 :
68.3
: 27.0 : 127.2 :
28
:
• 128.2 :
129.5 :
21
13
:
:
.86 : 38.4 :
.60 : 34.7 :
44.5
57.2
.30 : 27.1 :
90.5
: 13.0: 127.6:
128.8 :
130.9 :
28
:
21
13
21
:
:
:
.79 : 44.8 :
.56 1 34.5 :
56.3
60.8
82.3
20
1
28
:
20
:
28
:
.56 : 35.1 :
.90 : 48.2 :
62.9
53.2
21
21
21
21
:
:
:
:
.58
.56
.49
.52
:
:
:
:
63.9
66.2
70.7
73.2
25
:
.52 : 32.8 :
62.5
25
:
.50 : 36.3:
72.5
29 .4
I .3 • 56.4: 4.9 : 48.4 :
.7 • 67.9 : 5.0 : 42.5 :
:
:
1
: 0
: 0
1 :
: : 78.5: 3.7 : 37.0 :
1 83.5 : 2.1 : 36.3 :
.65 : 33.8 : 51.0
72.5
63.2
43.7
64.2
.30 : 28.4 : 93.o
55.3
.70 : 39.1:
:
:
SERIES 3.--EFFECT OF RATE OF GROWTH
133 •
135 :
137 :
9 :Slow rate
9 :Slow rate
9 :Slow rate
: 1.5 : 60.4 : 10.0 : 49.0 :
1
29.6
27.8
.6 : 61.5: 4.8 : 44.9 :
134 : 10 :Medium rate
.
.
136 : 10 :Medium rate 138 : 10 :Medium rate
23.4
: 83.5 : 2.1 : 36.3 :
: 0
8 :Fast rate
175 :
: 6.3 : 157.3 :
.32 : 26.5 :
.6o : 41.6 :
68.3
CT OF KNOTS
SERIES 4.--EFFECT
140
142
141
143
8
: 11 :Knotty wood 6
: 11 :Knotty wood-
: 11 :Clear wood
: 11 :Clear wood
1
.1 : 65.1 : 6.5 : 44.0 : :
.1 : 60.6: 5.4 : 44.o : • 65.o •
85.0 •
46.2 •
27.2
: 18.7 : 132.7 :
134.7 :
i
133.9 : 135.5 1
89.8
.42 : 38.0 :
.6o 1 51.4 : 85.3
SERIES 5.--EATMCT OF SEASONING
164
165
166
167
:
:
:
:
12 :Green
12 :Seasoned
12 :Seasoned
12 :Seasoned and resoaked
•
27.9
: 14.8: 149.0: • 149.6 : 150.5 : 151.4 :
:
:
:
:
37.4
37.2
34.5
38.5
SERIES 6.--EFFECT OF BLUE STAINS
12
173 : 13 :Blue stained
174 : 13 :Not blue stained
: (/) • (7) : (7) : 40.8 :
- 40.8 •
. -
•
(/)
: (/) : 156.0:
• 156.7:
•
1Constant conditions: shower water temperature, 80° F.; pit temperature, 150° F.; pit consistency 3 to 5 percent.
pt as otherwise indicated, identical wood was used in grinder runs associated with the same batch number. Hence, to avoid
4Exce
repetition the properties of each batch of wood are recorded only once in each series; that is, opposite the grinder run in
which it was first used.
oxide grindstone had been dressed with a 10-cut, 1-1/4-inch lead spiral burr and in service 120 hours before the start
Sheofaluminum
the experiments. Check runs made periodically throughout the course of the experiments indicated only alight change in stone
wear.
-The cylinder pressure was corrected for the friction loss in the pistons and piston rod glands and reduced to the average unit
pressure of wood against stone using the average lengths and diameter of the bolts of wood as a basis for calculation.
2Energy consumption is based on wood instead of pulp because of excessive losses of fiber on the wet machine.
trength tests were made with sheets of approximately 115 pounds per ream of 500 sheets each 25 x 40 inches.
l6ifot determined.
-The surface area of knots in the knotty wood of this batch was about 2.8 percent of the total area of the bolts exclusive of the
ends.
-S ee also table 6.
10
--Blue stained by inoculation with Ceratostmiella pilifera.
Rept. No. 1163
Table 3.--Effect of wood properties on the grinding of loblolly pine
Grinder:
run :
Properties of pulp test sheets
Properties of pulp suspension :
Color analysis
:Bursting:Tearing : Tensile: Solid :
:strength:strength :strength:fraction: 2
:B/es-:Primary:Secondary: Total
:Freeness:Retained:Passing :Fiber
:blue: hued : hue. :luminosity
:Schopper: on :150-mesh:length
:Riegler :24-mesh :
: index
Screen analysis
•
•
•
No.
Cc. :Percent :Percent : Mm.
:Pts. per:Ome. per
:lb. per :lb. per
: reams?
:Pas•ts:Percent: Percent : Percent
P.s.i.
•
•
SERTES 1 --EFFECT OF HEARTWOOD
123
126
:
125
124
149
: .075 :
0.10
.10
:
:
0.38
.44
:
:
: 59.0
:0.078 :
: .078 :
:
: .078 :
: .079 :
.10
:
.37
.54
•
335
330
2.8
2.8
•
:
330
:
:
:
:
33o
:
3.4
•
300
:
:
2.5
:
2.9 :
55•o
55.4
54.6
55.7
.09
.12
:
:
.42
x
:
687
637
605
755
742
:
:
:
:
:
0.26
.27
.27
.27
.25
:
:
:
:
:
66
66
65
66
64
:
:
:
:
:
4.5-o : 4.1- y :
4.5-Y : 3.8-0 :
5.1 - 0 : 3.6 - Y :
4.5- y : 3.8-o :
5.8-o : 4.1- y :
74.6
.5-Y :
74.5
:
:
73.9
70.2
74.3
73.7
74.3
73.9
SERIES 2.--EFFECT OF SPRINGWOOD
127 :
129 :
360
303
:
:
2.9 : 52.4 : .081 :
57.1 : .077
2.5
131
147
:
:
238
303
325
:
:
:
1.8
3.1
:
:
56.1
54.7
130
132
148
175
:
:
:
:
248
197
326
255
:
:
:
:
2.5
0.8
2.5
2.8
:
:
:
:
55.1
57.7
128 :
1.7
:
52.7
48.7
51.5
: .077 :
: .079 :
.o80 :
: .079 :
: .075:
.085 :
: .083:
.11 :
.12 :
.17
.14
:
:
.15
.19
:
:
.12
:
.17
:
.12
:
.38 :
657
2
.39
.45
.4o
:
95o
: 1,163
83o
:
:
:
:
.45
.48
.53
.42
: 1,15o
: 1,487
:
788
:
987
:
:
:
:
.38 :
746
:
.25
: 67 : 7.0-0 :
.27
.28
.27
.26
.27
.3o
.26
.28
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
64 :
62 :
65 :
71 :
64 :
66
69 :
7o :
5.8-o :
6.4-o :
4.1- y
1.8- y
5.8-0 : 5.0-Y :
5.1- 0 : 1.8 -y :
5.8-o : 1.4- y :
5.1-0 : 2.7-y :
75.8
4.5-o :
3.2-Y
:
77.9
71.2
73.8
76.7
: 61 1 5.9- y :
: 65 : 5.0-y :
: 63 : 5.1-0 :
4.5-o
3.2-o
3.6-y
:
:
:
71.4
73.2
71.7
:
:
:
:
67.5
71.6
71.8
76.9
.5 -y
2.3-Y :
3.2-0 :
.4 -B :
73.3
2.7-Y :
3.2-y :
: 62 : 5.8-0 : 2.3-Y
: 61 : 5.9 -y : 4.5 - o :
73.8
71.0
70.1
: 56 : 5.1-0 :
62.o
5.1-0 : 1.8-Y :
76.9
SERIES 3.--EFFECT OF RATE OF GROWTH
.11
:
.32
.14
.17
:
:
:
.33
.32
.30
648
885
:
: 1,217
:
822
:
:
:
: .076 :
.16
:
.34
:
945
:
: .070 :
: .083:
.20
:
.31 : 1,302
:
.26
.28
.30
.17
:
.42
:
:
.28
: 63 : 3.2-0
: 62 : 5.1-0
: 65 : 4.5-0
: 7o : 5.1-0
:
133
:
345
:
3.4
:
135
137
134
:
:
:
290
188
302
:
:
:
2.7
0.6
2.7
:
:
:
52.6
55.4
62.7
50.2
:
:
:
:
.081 :
.078 :
.072 :
.083 :
.14
2
278
:
1.1
:
57.8
2.3 : 67.5
2.8 : 51.5
136
138 :
175 :
213
255
:
:
:
987
:
.25
.27
.29
:
:
:
:
1.3-Y
4.5-Y
2.3-Y
1.8-Y
SERIES 4.--EFFECT OF KNOTS
140
142
:
:
141 :
143 :
172
185
230
305
:
:
:
:
0.9 : 62.4
: .072 :
.19
:
.40
: 1,571
:
.30
0.7
: .067 :
.17
:
.36
: 1,26o
:
.29
.38
:
989
:
.27
:
69.8
1.2 : 65.3 : .071 :
2.0 : 58.7 : .076 :
.18
.14
:
:
.36
: 1,220
:
.29
67
: 65
: 66
: 66
: 5.8 - o :
: 5.8 - o :
: 5.0-Y :
: 5.1 - o :
73.1
74.2
71.5
SERIES 5.--EFFECT OF SEASONING
164
:
323
:
3.2
:
50.7
: .082 :
.13
.15
:
:
.52
.55
:
92o
: 1,141
:
:
.27
.28
166
167
:
:
255
:
2.5
:
56.8
: .078 :
.16
:
.54
: 1,036
:
.28
165
:
275
212
:
:
2.4
1.4
: 55.8 : .077 :
: 62.6 : .072 :
.15
:
.43
: 1,138
:
.29
: 66 : 5.1-0 :
: 62 : 5.8-o :
71.4
4
SERIES 6.--EFFECT OF BLUE STAIN173
174
•
:
300
255
:
:
8.o
:
46.4
7.8 : 47.5
: .090 :
: .089 :
.22
.21
:
:
.6o
.69
: 1,173
:
987
:
:
.28
.28
.9-7
:
: 67 : 4.5-0 : 2.3-Y :
73.8
-Strength tests were made with sheets of approximately 115 pounds per ream of 500 sheets each 25 x 40 inches.
2
-The degree of whiteness is indicated by the lowest of the Ives reading (red, green, and blue) which was the
blue for all pulps recorded here.
;he tint is designated as follows: Y, yellow; 0, orange; R, red.
4
-See also Table 6.
Rept. No. 1163
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Table 6.--Color analysis of mixtures of pulps from Series
6 containing various amounts of blue stain
•
•
•
Ives l : Primary :Secondary: Total
2 : hue2- :luminosity
: blue-: hue Blue- :Unstaind:
stainpd :
wood.t.:
wood2
Pulp mixtures
:
Percent : Percent : Parts: Percent : Percent : Percent
and tint: and tint:
:
:
100
:
67
5
:
95
:
67
10
20
:
:
3o
5o
100
0
•
•
,
4.5-o
4.5-y
:
:
73.8
72.8
71.4
2.3-Y
:
:
:
:
69.4
:
:
:
67.6
65.5
62.0
90
:
67
:
2.6-0
:
:
:
:
65
63
6o
:
2.6-o
1
:
:
8o
7o
5o
1.3-0
1.8-Y
1.8-y
:
0
:
56
3.2-0
3.2-0
5.1-0
:
:
:
1.4-Y
2.3-Y
0.9-Y
1
-The degree of whiteness is indicated by the lowest of
the Ives readings (red, green, and blue) which was the
blue for all pulps recorded here.
-The tint is designated as follows: Y, yellow; 0, orange.
2From Grinder run 173.
4
From Grinder run 174.
Rept. No. 1163
•
•
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Rept. No, 1163
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•
Table 8.--Effect of pulping variables in the grinding of loblolly pine
Properties of pulp test sheets
Grinder: Properties of pulp suspension :
T1111
•
:
Color analysis
:Bursting:Tearing : Tensile: Solid :
Screen analysis
:strength:strength:strength:fraction: :
:Ives?.:Primary:Secondary: Total
.
:Freeness:Retained:Passing :Fiber :
hue2 :luminosity
:blue : hue. •
on
:150-mesh:length:
:Schopper:
.
:
:index :
:Riegler :24-mesh :
No. :
:Parts Percent : Percent : Percent
:andttnt:and tint
•.
.
:
•
Cc. :Percent :Percent : Mm. :Pts. per:Gms. per: P.e.i. : .
:lb. per :lb. per :
ream'. : ream_ :
.
.
•.
•.
'
:
SERIES 8.-- TICT OF PRESSURE
131 :
238 : 1.8
303 : 2.8
144 :
127 :36o : 2.9
145 :
412 : 3.3
146 :493 : 3.6
: 56.1 :0.077 : 0.17 : 0.45 : 1,163. 0.28 : 62 : 6.4-0 : 1.8-Y : 70.2
73.1
.26 : 68 : 5.1 - 0 844:
.38 :
.15 :
: 56.8 : .078 :
.25 : 67 : 7.0 - 0 : 0.5-Y : 74.5
657 :
.38 :
.11 :
: 52.4 : .081 :
.25 : 66 : 5.1-0 • 1.1-R : 72.2
702 :
.31 :
.10 :
: 47.5 : .086 :
.21 : 64 : 5.8-o : 3.2-Y : 73.0
362:
.27 :
.08 :
: 46.8 : .087 :
4
SERIES 9.--E1TECT OF STONE SURFACE-
197 : 0.8
132 :
177 :227 : 1.0
35o : 1.7
122 :
176 :375 : 1.1
146 :493 : 3.6
178 :368 : 1.2
168 :
190 : 6.1
179 :238 : 3.6
180 :
252 : 5.3
201 :
272 : 20.9
: 57.7 : .075 :
: 58.o : .075 :
: 53.7 : .079 :
: 58.o : .075:
: 46.8 : .087 :
: 55.3 : .077 :
: 48.4 : .088 :
• 50.8 : .083 :
: 49.4 : .085 :
: 39.5 : .103 :
.19 :
.14 :
.11 :
.08
.08
.05
.25
.18
.18
:
:
:
:
:
:
.22 :
.48
.32
.39
.27
.27
.23
.68
.46
.51
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•
:
1,487:
1,039 :
725 :
648 :
362 :
420 :
1,408 :
1,073 :
981 :
953 :
.72 •
.3o : 66 : 5.1-0 : 2.7- y : 73.8
.28 • 64 : 5.1-0 : 2.7-Y : 71.8
.26 : 68 : 5.1-0 : 0.2-11 : 73.3
.25 : 62 : 5.1-0 : 3.2-Y :
.21 : 64 : 5.8-o : 3.2- y :
.23 : 64 : 5.1-0 : 2.7- y :
.28 : 65 : 5.8-o : 2.3- y :
.26 : 66 : 3.8-o : 3.6- y :
70.3
73.o
71.8
73.1
73.4
.27 : 63 : 5.8-o : 1.4-Y : 70.2
.23 • 62 : 5.8-o : 4.1-Y : 71.9
MISCELLANEOUS TESTS FOR COMPARISON
158 : 7.1
169 :
170 :23o : 15.4
1,1037 :23o : 5.4
375 : 18.o
P1101 :
• 52.8 : .083:
: 46,o : .092 :
: 69.8 : .069 •
: 40.7 : .101 :
.39 :
.30 :
.21 :
.24 :
.67 • 2,530 :
.84 : 1,512 •
950 :
.63
.71 : 1,273 :
.34 : 69 : 3.8-o : 2.7- y • 75.5
.28 : 7o : 3.8-o : 1.8- y : 75.6
1.e.y : 77.9
.22 : 7 1 : 5.1-0
.28 : 57 : 5.8 - o : 2.3 -y : 65.1
trength tests were made with sheets of approximately 115 pounds per ream of 500 sheets each 25 x 40 inches.
The degree of whiteness is indicated by the lowest of the Ives reading, (green, red, and blue) which was the
blue for all pulps recorded here.
3The tint is designated as follows: Y, yellow; 0, orange; R, red.
- The pattern of the stone surface for grinder runs Nos. 122, 132, 146, and 168 was as described in Table 1,
footnote 3. Prior to grinder rune Noe. 176 to 180, inclusive, the stone had been dressed with a 9-cut,
4-1/2-inch lead spiral burr and in service 60 hours. The surface at this time•was sharp but near the
point beyond which change was expected to be slow.
Rept. No. 1163
•