Chapter 10
1995 - 2001
Internet Time
1
1995 - 2001
 Netscape
+ Internet
 Microsoft + Lawsuits
 UNIX – GNU + LINUX
 Dot com
2
Microsoft and Apple

1984 Mac TV Commercial


Early days, Apple & MS worked together


Not IBM, but Microsoft problem
BASIC for Apple
Mac
Magnificent interface; no applications
 MacPaint and MacWrite
 MS Multiplan – MS spreadsheet
 1982 – MS had agreed to develop software for Mac
 1985 – MS Excel for Mac


MS programmers learned to program for GUI
 Charles
Simonyi, Xerox PARC, GUI WP Bravo for Alto
3
In the meantime…
 MS
wanted Mac interface for 8086
 Separate
 MS
products, common interface
reputation not good
 Lotus
1-2-3, WordPerfect
were better
 Lotus was developing suites

Symphony for PC, Jazz for Mac
 Other
sw being developed
4
How did MS beat Apple?

1984
MS, Intel licensed products
 Result:
clones
 Variety and less cost
Windows GUI
 MS Office – 80% of Mac capability at
much lower price
 1995: MS/Intel became standard

5
Microsoft Lawsuit
/ Monopoly – like IBM
 Filed 1997 – settled November 2001
 Several states & European union
refused to go along – pending
 As with IBM, will advances in
technology negate court actions?
 Anti-Trust
6
SW Development at MS

Charles Simonyi, Hungary
 1970’s
– Xerox PARC – BRAVO – WYSIWYG
WP

“Hungarian” Programming
 To
manage large, complex projects & large
teams
 All code for a project submitted to central file at
end of day; compiled into a daily “build”
 If your part caused crash, you had to fix it
 “Build” was basis for next day’s work
 Once functional, team had to use it
7
SW Development at MS (cont.)
MS Results:
 No social or family life, eating from vending
machines, “death march” to fix build
 Steady stream of “improved” versions of
Windows & an ever expanding suite of
applications
 MS had purchased many applications then
rewrote for Windows
 MS Office
8
Internet Explorer & Legal Problems
Bundled Internet Explorer with Windows
 Bought license for Spyglass, a browser

A
descendent of Mosaic
Prevented Spyglass from selling a
Windows version of the browser
 Internet Explorer 4.0 released 1997

 Netscape
& Justice Department claimed “tight
integration” was contrary to anti-trust laws
9
Legal Precedent
 “Look
and Feel”
1987: Lotus vs. Paperback S.W.
Copied “look & feel” → illegal
 FUD – “Fear, Uncertainty, & Doubt”
1960’s: Data General vs. IBM
Announced IBM 360 just to “scare”
customers of Data General
10
Legal Precedent (cont.)
 Tie-In
Well-established
in anti-trust
legislation
“Tie-in” required customer to
purchase another product to get
desired one
11
Charges Against MS
1990: FTC investigated agreements
with IBM – OS/2 development
 1990: FTC – MS gained access to a
prototype pen-based computer by GO –
MS announced at a trade show it would
integrate pen-based input into Windows
 Never did; GO folded (FUD)

12
Charges Against MS
Justice Department – bundling
products into Windows – threats only
 1994:
Decree: would not “tie” sales of
one product to another (i.e. require
purchase of another product)
 Would also release API details to other SW
developers
 Consent
13
Charges Against MS

By 1995 – customers seldom “bought” Windows
 Came
on the computer
 Made distribution costs lower
 Consent Decree: MS could NOT require h.w.
company to install Windows – but did charge per
chip; not per install

1995 – MS announced planned purchased of
Intuit (Quicken), one of few application
companies with a significant market share
 Dropped
when Justice Department objected
 MS Programmers had learned much about product
14
Charges Against MS
 1997:
Internet Explorer 4.0 – bundled
 Netscape
claimed a MS “tie-in”
1994 – Netscape posted free Navigator on Web
(individuals)
 Business paid small fee
 “Lock-in” customers to pay for additional products
 Their stock soared

 1996 – AOL chose IE over Navigator
 Violated consent decree – “tie in”
 Since free – cutoff Netscape’s revenue
15
Charges Against MS

1998: “Look & Feel” of
Mac in Windows 2.0
Apple had licensed
interface for v. 1.0
More than year,
dropped, both
needed cooperation
16
Microsoft Defense???
 1997:

Steve Ballmer
“to heck with Janet Reno”
 1998:
Gates deposition
 nervous
 MS
& evasive
internal e-mails
 very
embarrassing
17
The Prosecution
 Judge
Thomas P. Jackson:
In an interview stated prejudice
against MS
Caused most of his judgment
overturned in 2001
Was removed from case
18
MS and Networking
1995: Introduced MSN – proprietary n.w.
 1996: Exchange – groupware
communications system
 Outlook: e-mail
 Free Services

 Yahoo,

1997: MS bought Hotmail - $400 million
 Runs

Hotmail – portals
on UNIX
MS presence on Web grows
19
ARPANET and Internet
William Wulf, May 1993:
“I don’t think any of us know where this
is going anymore, … but there’s
something exciting happening, and
it’s big.”
-Former DEC Engineer
-NSF in late 1980’s
20
Paul Ceruzzi
 November
1997
 Shaquille O’Neal billboard
 www.Shaq.com
 Internet
was now part of
entertainment, consumer spending,
and popular culture
 Mainstream America
21
Acceptable Use Policy – NSF - 1990
1988 – 1995
 “NSF backbone services are provided
to support open research & education
in and among US research and
instructional institutions, plus
research arms of for-profit firms when
engaged in open scholarly
communication & research. Use for
other purposes is not acceptable.”
 NSFnet:
22
Acceptable Use Policy – NSF – 1990
Allowed “announcements of new products
or activities… but not advertising of any
kind”
 Allowed “communication incidental to
otherwise acceptable use, except for
illegal or specifically unacceptable use”
 Unacceptable: “Extensive use for private
or personal use”

23
Growth of Internet
1992 – restrictions lifted
 Jan. 1992 – one trillion bytes/month
 Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion bytes/month
 1995 – NSF net “dissolved”
 By
Structure
for commercialization was
already there
24
Internet Legislation
Al Gore – CNN interview “… took
the initiative in creating the Internet.”
 1992: Congressman Rick Boucher, Va.
 1999:
 Amendment
to support networks for purposes
other than research & education
 When signed by President Bush (#1) – ended
“acceptable use policy”
25
Congress’ Vision of Internet
 Summary
pg. 322
 Opposite of what happened
 High-speed government n.w. for
research
 Researchers would pay for use
 Telecommunications companies
would build and charge
26
Java
 Bill
Joy – SUN
 Need
a new language
 Advances of C++, with low-level of C or
assembly
 1991:
James Gosling at SUN
– renamed Java
 Announced March 1995
 Oak
27
Java #2
 Could
run on almost any computer
 Web designers: animation,
movement, interactivity
 “Write once – Run anywhere”
 UCSD – p-system – 1980’s
 Pascal
based
 2 stage translation – failed
 Now
HW was faster
28
Java Hype
 Media:
way to break MS hold on
personal computing
 MS got license from SUN
 Yet
another lawsuit – MS broke agreement
 Embraced
by those wanting to sell via
Internet
29
Early dot.com Sites
 Amazon
– 1995
 Jeff
Bezos
 1995 – 100 orders/day
 2000 – 100 orders/minute
 Dec. 99 – Bezos Times Person of Year
 eBay
– 1995
 Pierre
Omidyar
 2001 – 7 million on-going auctions
30
Policing the Internet
 Amazon
 Customers
wrote book reviews
 eBay
 Feedback
on buyers & sellers
 Individuals
provided control &
screening service that the company
could not
31
Search Engines & Portals
 Sites
to help users navigate the web
 1994 – Yahoo! – Filo & Yang
 Students
at Stanford
 Key-word index
 Altavista
– early search engine
 Google
 Sergei
Brin & Larry Page
 Ranks based on other links
32
Web Critics
 Tim
Berners-Lee
 Not
tailored for personal use
 Doug
Englebart, Ted Nelson
 Why
must we all use http?
 Web is one-way, shouldn’t be
 Scientific
use has been forgotten
33
Tragedy of the Commons
– Garrett Hardin, biologist
 Contrasts benefits to individuals vs.
damage to common resource
 Only regulation will prevent tragedy
 Internet hasn’t come close to tragedy
 1968
 Worms,
viruses, Y2K, 9-11,dot.com
collapse
 Pollution – pop-ups, porn, spam
34
Linux
Torvalds – Finland – born 1969
 1991 – goal to write PC version of UNIX
 Studied Minix – Tannenbaum’s version
 Discussion Group
 Linus
 Asked
for likes/dislikes of Minix
 Posted Linux in 1992
 Continued
to grow in size & quality due
to contributions of many
35
GNU
Richard Stallman, MIT
 GCC – GNU C Complier
 Used
 Asked
for Linux
for public support for free GNU
software system
GNU General Public License
 Place
GNU in public domain
 All modifications must also be placed
in public domain
 SW using it must be in public domain
 Can sell it, though
 MS Criticism: not the “American way”
of free enterprise
What has happened since 2001?
 New
devices
 New apps
 What next??
38
Chapter 10
1995 - 2001
Internet Time
39